BE8255-BASIC ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS AND MEASURMENT ENGINEERING-TWO MARKS

UNIT-V Deflecting torque of moving iron instrument is directly proportional to square

1.State the function of transducers(or)Define Transducer.State the need for of current.So scale is not uniform in it.
themGive example[EE9161,N12,N11] [EE9166,N11][EE6404,N15]
[EE2201,N14, A11][EE6352,A17,N14][EC2351,M13] 6.Explainseebeck effect[EE9166,A14]
Transducer is a decvice that converts one form of energy into other form *”Two different metal conductors are joined to form junction.They are heated
usually into electrical signal.Eg:LVDT,Straingauge with respect to free ends.Then they form voltage at free ends.This effect is called
Need: as seebeck effect”
1.It is needed to measure small quantity input
2.Input is converted to electrical signal.So,l amplification is easy 7.Compare RTD and Thermocouple[EE8351,A14][EE9161,A14]
3.It is needed to measure the signal at a distant place. Thermocouple RTD
1.It generates voltage on giving input 1.It requires input voltage
2.Compare moving coil and moving iron instruments[EE9166,N13][EE192,N11] 2.Less cost 2.More cost
[EC2351,A11] 3.Mesurment speed is high 3.<easurent speed is lower
Moving coil Moving Iron 4.Accracy is less 4.Accuracy is lhigh
1.Scale is uniform 1.Scale is not uniform 5.Repeatbility is less 5.Repetability is high
2.High cost 2.Less cost
3.It is used only for 3.It is useful for measurement of 8.State the essential torques in measurments[EE8351,A14][GE6252,M16][GE
measurement of DC DC and AC however DC 2151, A15][EE2201,N09]
measurent with MI instrument is Following are essential torques:
not accurate (i)Deflecting Torque:It is used to produce deflection in instruments
(ii)Controlling torque:It is used to bring the pointer to stop near final value of
3.Define the term controlling torque[EE9166,N11] input
. Controlling torque is the opposing force needed for instrument .It makes the (iii)Damping torque.It is used to stop oscillations around final value of reading
deflecting torque proportional to the current through the coil.
9.Defineeerrors.Statecauses of errors in moving coil instruments[EE9166,M11]
3.What are active and passive transducer[EE9166,N13,M11] [EE6352,N14][EC2351,M14,M13]
Active transducer is one which generates electrical power proportional to the Error is the difference between true value and measured value
input.Passive transducers give output proportional to the input by changing their Errors are caused in PMMC instruments due to following:
resistance, inductance or capacitance (i)Weakening of permanent magnet
(ii)Weakening of springs
4.State the applications of LVDT[EE9166,N13][EE2201,A15] (iii)Resistance change in moving coil
LVDT is used to measure:
(i)Displacement 10.State the types of transducers[EE9166,M11]
(ii)Force 1. Primary and secondary transducers
(iii)Weight 2. Active and passive transducers
(iv)Pressure 3. Analog and digital transducers
(v)Position 4. Transducer and Inverse transducers

5.Why moving iron instrument scale is not uniform(or)What is the reason for non 11.Define piezoelectric effect[EE9166,M11][EE6404,N16][EE6352,M15,N16]
liniear scale of moving iron instrument[EE9166,A14][EE1161,M09]
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Piezo electric effect is one in which voltages are generated across faces of 1.The instruments are very reliable
crystal on applying force on it. 2.They are more rapid in indicating the output detectors.

12.How ammeter and voltmeter are connected in circuit.Why?[GE6252(13/12), 17.List the types of indicating instrumnts? [GE2151, N11, N10]
N17] 1.Permanent magnet Moving Coil instrument
Ameters are connected in series with the circuit.Their resistance is less 2.Moving Iron instruments
Current flowing through them is load current.So they should have less voltage 3.Thermocouple
drop,So they are connected in series 4.Dynamometer
Voltmeters are connected in parralel.Their resistance is high.Small current is to 5.Rectifier type
flow through them..So they are connected in parrallel 6.Electrostatic type
7.Induction type instruments
13.State the different types of instruments(or)Give the broad calssification of
instruments[BE8254,A18][GE2151,N17][GE2151,M12] 18.What are the methods by which controlling and damping torque can be
General Classification: obtained in an instruments [EE1161,M09]
1.Indicating instruments Methods of controlling torque:
2.Recording instruments (i)Spring control
3.Integrating instruments (ii)Gravity control
Based on operating principle: Methods of damping torque
1.Magnetic effect (i)Air friction damping
2.Thermal effect (ii)Fluid friction damping
3.Electrostatic effect (iii)Eddy current damping
4.Induction effect
5.Hall effect 19.State the advantages and disadvantages of moving coil and moving iron
instruments [EE151,A07][EE2201,N14]
14.Menttion the errors in Moving Iron instruments? [GE6252, N15,A15] Moving Coil instruments:
1.Hysterissis Error Advantages:
2.Temperature Error 1.Uniform scale
3.Stray magnetic fields error 2.It takes low power.
4.Frequency error 3.Forces are large.
4.Not affected by external magnetic fields.
15.Define the principle of moving iron instrument for attraction type? 5.High sensitivity
[GE6252,M14] Disadvantages:
In this type of instrumrents the coil through which current flows is fixed.Moving 1.Used only for DC
iron is flat disc.It is ounted between fixed coils.When current flows through fixed 2.Costly.
coil,oving iron is moved by attractive force towards the coil.So measurement is Moving Iron instruments:
made. Advantages:
1.Used or both AC and DC.
16.What are the advantages of electromechanical measuring instruments 2.Friction error is less.
[GE2151,N12,A11] 3.It is cheap.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
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1.Scale is not uniform 26.Name the dynamic characteristics of measuring instruments[EE6404,M16]

2.They are affected by error. [EC2351,N14]
1.Speed of Response:
20.What is creeping[EE151,A07][EE6404.M16,N15][EE2201,M14] 2.Lag
Creeping is the incident in which disc in energy meter rotates voltage 3.Fidelity:
applied to pressure coil only.No current flows through current coil. 4.Dynamic Error:
21.Define accuracy and precission[EE6404,A17][EE2201,N15,N13][EE6352,
N16,A17] 27.How basic instruments are converted into higher range ammeterand
Accuracy: voltmeter [EE6404,M16,M15][EE2201,M14,,N11,A11]
*Accuracy is measure of closedness with the true value of quantity A low value resistor is connected in parallel with ameter to extend its
measured by instruent range.For voltmeters a high value resistance is connected in series with meter.
.Precision:
*It is repetabilty of series of measurments 28.List the factors for selection of transducers[EE6404,M16][EE2201,N13]
1.Operating range
22.What is caliberation[EE6404,A17,M16,N15] 2.Sensitivity
Calibration is the process of checking the accuracy of instrument by comparing 3.Electrical characteristics
with standard. 4.Environmental conditions
5.Errors
23.What are the causes that incur error in dynamometer type
wattmeter[EE6404,A17] 29.Define resolution[EE6404,N15]
1.Error due to pressure coil inductance and capacitance It is the smallest change in input to instrument to bring visible change in
2.Error due to mutual inductance instrument reading.
3.Eddy current error
4.Stray magnetic field error 30.Define resolution of ADC[EE6404,N15][EE6352,N16]
5.Moving system vibration It is the measure of the number of bits an ADC is able to produce
6.Temperature error
31.Define gross and random error[EE6404,M15]
24.Why is delay line used in vertical section of oscilosscope?[EE6404, A17] Random Error: *They are due to unnown sources.They are due to following:
Horrizontal plate is triggered by a portion of output signal of vertical (i)Rounding Error:
plate.Amplification of output of vertical plate to horizontal plate takes a small *This error occurs when pointer is between scale divisions.So, a rounding
time.Toview the leading edge of signal,same amount of time delay is needed.So off is done.
delay line is provided. (ii)Periodic Error:
*This error occurs when the pointer fluctuates around correct value
25.What are basic requirements of transducer[EE6404,A17,N16] (iii)Other Sources:Noise
1.Ruggedness: Gross Error:
2.Liniearity: *It is due to mistakes by measuring person in taking reading.It should be
3.Repetability: avoided.
4.High output signal quality: *It can be avoided by following ways:
5.Dynamic response: (a)Reading should be taken with care.
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(b)Different persons should take reading for same input.The input is given at
each time.
32.Differentiate accuracy and precission[EE6404,M15][EC2351,N14]
Accuracy Precision
1.It indicates the closedness of reading 1.It indicates repetability of a reading
with true value instrument for same input
2.It depends on precision 2.It is independent of accuracy
33.State the desired properties of RTD metals[EE6404,M15]
1.Change in tresistance of metal per unit change in temperature must be large
2.Material should have high value of resistivity.
34.Define static sensitivity[EE6404,N16][EE2201,N13,N12]
It is the change in instrument reading for change in input to instrument.
35.State the types of analog ameters used for insttrumentation[EE6404,N16]
[EE2201,N13]
1.Moving coil ammeters
2.Moving iron Ameters
36.Define static error.Classify static error[EE2201,A15]
Error is difference between true value of input and instrument reading.It is of
three types:
(i)Gross error
(ii)systematic error
(iii)Random error
37.Define limiting error in measurments[EE2201,N14]
Limiting error is the maximum deviation in measurment from true value
38.Define measuring lag and fidelity[EE2201,M14]
Measuring Lag:
It is delay in instrument showing reading on giving input to it
It is two types(i)Time delay type (ii)dead zone type
Fidelity:
It is the measure which an instrument shows the input change wihout error.
39.Define primary transducer[EE2201,M14]
Primary transducer converts any form of input into electrical form
directly.Eg:thermistor.It directly changes resistance when temperature varies.
In secondary transducers,input is converted into one form by a detector
and then applied to transducers.Transducer converts it into electrical
form.Eg:Bourdan tube
40.Name some active transducer used in temperature[EE2201,N12]
(i) Thermocouple
41.Define static and dynamic characteristics of instruments[EE2201,N10,A11]
Static characteristics are those which do not change with time.Dynamic
characteristics are thse which change with time
42.Define absolute error of measurent[EE2201,N10]
The difference between true value and measured value is called as absolute
error.
43.Why ordinary wattmetrs are not used in low power factor
measurments[EE2201,N10]
1.At low power factor ordinary wattmeter deflecting torque is less
2.Also,there is large amount of errors due to pressure coil inductance.
44.What are main parts of cathode ray tube[EE2201,N09][EC2351,M11]
1.Electron gunIt gives sharp focus electron beam.
2.Flourascent screen:Electrobns of beam are incident on screen.It gives high
illumination.
3.Horrizontal and vertical deflection plates*The electrons move through
vertical deflection plates.The vertical deflection plates are given with voltage.So
electrons move up and down.
*Then electrons move horrizontal deflection plates.The veHorrizontal
deflection plates are given with voltage.So electrons move one side to other.
45.List the functional elements of measuring instruments[EE2201,N11]
1.Primary Sensing Element:
2.Variable Conversion Element:
3.Variable manipulation element
4.Data Transmission element:
5.Data Transmission Element
46.What is drift[EE2201,N11]
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Drift is the change in measured value with respect to time. Static charateristice do not change with respect to time.Dynamic characteristics
change with respect to time
47.What are static characteristics of measurment systems[EE2201,M10]
[EE6352,N15] 51.What happens when sweep signal is applied to horrizontal plates of
1.Accuracy: CRO[EC2351,A15]
2.Precision: Application of sweep signal to horrizontal plates will cause a delay in viewing
3.Sensitivity: the output.
4.Resolution:
5.Error: 52.Compare Digital storage oscilloscopes and ordinary oscilloscopes[EC2351,
6.Range: M14,M13,N12]
7.Span: Cathode Ray Oscilloscope Digital Storage Oscilloscopes
8.Drift: 1.Higher bandwidth 1.Lesser bandwidth
9.Dead Zone: 2.Speed is high 2.Speed is less
10.Threshold: 3.CRT is costly 3.CRT is cheap
11.Significant Figures: 4.Storage facility is not there 4.Waveform can be stored
48.Writem erits and demerits of Digital storage osciloscopes[EE2201,M10]
[EE6352,A17][EC2351,N14] 53.Mention significance of measurments{EC2351,A11]
Merits: Measurment is comparison of aproperty with a standard of same property.It is
1.They can measure and store the signals useful for making theories and day today life in various events
2.They can make analysis of the waveforms
Demerits: 54.Name the different types of errors in measurment systems?[BE8254A18]
1.Operating DSO is difficult [BE8255,A18]
2.It may be affected by errors 1.Gross error
2.Systematic error
49.Write the principle of LVDT[EE6352,M16] 3.Random errors
The principle of LVDT is transformer mutual induction.It has moving
core.Primary is connected to ac voltage.In secondary windings ac voltages are
induced.S1 gives voltage of es1 and S2 gives voltage of eS2. 55.State the functions of LDR?[BE8255,A18]
*Output voltage eout=es1---e2. LDR resistance varies based on light intensty falling on it.When there is
no light its resistance is high.So it acts as open circuit.So it is used in light
sensing circuit.

56.State the types of moving iron instruments?[GE6252,A18][GE2151,A18]

1.Attraction type instruments
2.Repulsion type instruments

57.Name the meters used for measuring electrcal power and energy?
[GE6252,N18]
50.Compare static and dynamic characteristics of a system[EC2351,A15] 1.Wattmeter is used for measuring electrical power
2.Energy meter is used for measuring energy
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