Suffix that identifies a substance as a enzyme

 Ase

Code word formed by three nitrogenous bases on a strand of mRNA

 Codon

Process in which a bacterial cell takes in DNA released by a different bacterial cell
 Transformation

Nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine

 Adenine

The process of decoding mRNA into a protein

 translation

protein molecule that can speed up a chemical reaction

 enzyme

initiator codon
 aug

molecular units that join to form DNA

 nucleotides
nitrogenous base that pairs with cytosine
 guanine
three nitrogenous bases on a strand
 anticodon
what enzymes are made of
 protein
what activities enzymes activate
 chemical reaction
enymes control this aspect of chemical reactions
 rate
DNA is made of four different types of
 nucleotides
the amounts of adenine and thymine are almost always equal or not equal?
 equal
Watson and Crick determine the structure of DNA was a
  double helix
Once DNA replication is complete, a cell has duplicated all its
 genetic information
chromosomes are made of
 chromatin
chromatin consists of DNA and a number of different
 proteins
histones
 protein

what does purine consist of ?

 adenine and guanine

what does pyramidine consist of?

 thymine, uracil and cytosine

what are 5 primes?

 site of attachment for phosphate groups
what are 3 primes?
 site of attachment for other nucleotides
which enzyme is responsible for the unwinding of DNA?
 helicase
what does helicase do?
 unwinds DNA
how does helicase unwind DNA?
 breaks hydrogen bonds b/w nitrogenous bases
what does ligase do?
 joins okazaki fragments together
what does DNA Polymerase 1 do?
 removes primer and fills in gaps on lagging strand
what does DNA Polymerase 3 do?
 proof reading of DNA repair
what does phosphorylase do?
 activates the nucleotide by addition of phosphate group
what is the leading strand?
 1st strand to complete replication in 3` to 5` direction

what is the lagging strand?

  strand where replication takes place in discontinuous manner in 5` to 3` direction.
heterocatalytic replication
 formation of mRNA from DNA
function of mRNA
 carries information for protein synthesis from the DNA to the nucleus of
ribosomes
function of tRNA
 transfer aa to ribosomes
define transcription
 reading of code by mRNA from DNA
name the stop codons
 UAA, UAG, UGA
mutation
 change in base sequence of DNA
code for valine
 CAA
code for lysine
 TTT
code for leucine
 GAA
code for glycine
 CCC
heterocatalytic replication is also known as
 transcription
code for the 1st three bases on tRNA
 CCA

The pentose (five-carbon)sugar in RNA is:

 ribose
The pentose (five-carbon)sugar in DNA is:
 deoxyribose, with no O atom on carbon 2
Formation of a Nucleoside
 forms when a sugar combines with a base.
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
 It has a phosphoryl group attached to the C5′ —OH group of a nucleoside
How is a nucleotide named?
 is named using the name of the nucleoside followed by -5′-monophosphate
Names are usually abbreviated:-Deoxy- becomes: d--Heterocyclic base names
 become: A, C, G, T, U-5'-Monophosphate becomes: MP-
Deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate is called dCMP.
Adding phosphate groups to AMP forms what?
 the diphosphate ADP and the triphosphate ATP
What is the structure of a nucleic acid polymer?
 has a free 5 -phosphate ′group at one end and a free 3′ —OH group at the other
end
•is read from the free 5′end, using the letters of the bases
The primary structure of RNA is?
 is a single strand of nucleotides
•consists of the bases A, C, G, and U linked by 3′—5′ester bonds between ribose
and phosphate
Deoxy-sugars and phosphate groups are located where on the double helix?

 Outside

What are the steps of synthesis from DNA to protein?

 1. Replication
2. Transcription
3. Translation
4. Protein
DNA Replication involves:
 1. unwinding the DNA
2. pairing the bases in each strand with new bases to form new complementary
strands
3. producing two new DNA strands that exactly duplicate the original DNA

During DNA replication, helicase does what?

 unwinds the parent DNA
During DNA replication, polymerase does what?
 catalyzes the formation of 5′-3′ester bonds of the leading strand
During DNA replication, the lagging strand (growing in the 3′-5′direction) is synthesized
in short sections called:
 Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments to give what?
 a single 3′-5′ DNA strand
What are short segments formed by the lagging strand?
 Okazaki fragments
the starting point for synthesis in unwound DNA sections
 replication fork
the enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix
 helicase
the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds of complementary
bases
  DNA polymerase
RNA does what?
 transmits information from DNA to make proteins
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
 carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

 brings amino acids to the ribosome to make the protein.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

 makes up 2/3 of ribosomes where protein synthesis takes place

each tRNA has a triplet called what? What does it do?

 an anticodon that complements a codon on mRNA
•bonds to a specific amino acid at the acceptor stem

Protein synthesis involves

 transcription, in which mRNA is formed from a gene on a DNA strand
2. translation, in which tRNA molecules bring amino acids to mRNA to build a
protein

exons
 - code for proteins
- exons are joined to form mRNA, which goes to the ribosomes with the
information for the synthesis of protein
introns
 do not code for proteins -
- noncoding introns are removed

The activation of tRNA occurs when?

 when a synthetase uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to attach an amino acid to a
specific tRNA

3′—GAA—CCC—TTT—5′
What is the corresponding mRNA sequence?
 5'-CUU- GGG-AAA-3'

3′—GAA—CCC—TTT—5′
What are the anticodons on the tRNAs?
 3'-GAA-CCC-UUU-5'

3′—GAA—CCC—TTT—5′
What is the amino acid order in the peptide?
 Glu-Pro-Phe

The normal DNA sequence produces an mRNA that provides instructions for what?
  for the correct series of amino acids in a protein
What happens in a substitution (point) mutation?
 a different base substitutes for the proper base in DNA
•there is a change in a codon in the mRNA
•the wrong amino acid may be placed in the polypeptide
What happens in a frame shift mutation?
 •an extra base adds to or is deleted from the normal DNA sequence•the codons
in mRNA and the amino acids are incorrect from the base change
Identify each type of mutation as a substitution (point) or frame shift.

Frame shift

Cytosine (C) enters the DNA sequence.

 frame shift
Identify each type of mutation as a substitution (point) or frame shift.

One adenosine is removed from the DNA sequence.

 frame shift

Identify each type of mutation as a substitution (point) or frame shift.

A base sequence of TGA in DNA changes to TAA.
 substitution
How is a nucleoside named?
- is named by changing the end of the base name to -osine for purines
-Guanine to Guanosine-
idine for pyrimidines
-Thymine to Thymidine
tRna uses a triplet called an anticodon to do what?
 complement a codon on mRNA