BMEE204: Fluid Mechanics and

Machines
Module 3: Fluid Dynamics

Dr. Abinash Mohanta

Assistant Professor (Senior)
Department of Thermal and Energy Engg.
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
Tamil-Nadu-632014, India
(WhatsApp No.: 07008923013)
Email ID: abinash.mohanta@vit.ac.in
Cabin: SJT Annex (302W)
• In Kinematics of Fluid Flow Chapter, we studied the velocity and
acceleration at a point in a fluid flow, without taking into
consideration the forces causing the flow.
• Dynamics of Fluid Flow includes the study of forces causing the
flow.
• The Dynamic behavior of fluid flow is analyzed by the Newton’s
second law of motion, which relates the acceleration with the
forces.
• The fluid assumed to be incompressible and non-viscous.
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Airfoil
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Airfoil
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Constricted Arteries
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APPLICATIONS
INSTRUMENTS
Venturi meter
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter

 Venturimeter is a device used for measuring rate of

flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
 Short Converging Part
 Throat
 Diverging Part
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter

 Short Converging Part / Converging Cone

 Function: Accelerate the flow and create Pressure Difference
between Inlet to Converging part and the Throat.

 Angle of is 14 ° to 20 °
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter
 Throat
 Function: Stabilize the Flow and facilitate the provision of
Pressure Tapping

 Diameter Ratio: d/D = 0.4 to 0.7

D=Diameter of Pipeline

D = Diameter of Throat
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturimeter
 Diverging Part / Diverging Cone
 Function: Reduce the velocity and Increase the Pressure to its
original value to the extent it is practically possible

 Angle of is 5 ° to 7°
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MEASURING DEVICES – Venturi-meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Venturi-meter
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MEASURING DEVICES - Venturi-meter
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APPLICATIONS
INSTRUMENTS
Orifice Meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice Meter / Orifice Plate
 Orifice meter is a device used for measuring
rate of flow of a fluid flowing through a pipe.
 Principle same as Venturi meter
 Flat Circular Plate with sharp edges called orifice
 Orifice diameter: 0.5 x Pipe Diameter (or 0.4 - 0.8)
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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MEASURING DEVICES - Orifice meter

 Pressure Gauges/ Differential Manometer

Section 1: (1.5 - 2) x d, Upstream

Section 2: (0.5) x d, Downstream

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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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MEASURING DEVICES – Orifice meter
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APPLICATIONS
INSTRUMENTS
Pitot Tube
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube
 Pitot tube is a device used to measure the fluid flow
measurement invented by Henri Pitot, a French engineer
in 18th century.
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube - Principle
 The pitot tube is a differential pressure measuring device.
 It is based on the principle that if the velocity of flow at a
point becomes zero, pressure is increased as the KE
converts to Pressure Energy

Stagnation
Point
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube - Principle
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube

H H

2 1
Stagnation
Point
2
1
Stagnation
Point
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube – Advantages

 Small and do not contain any Moving Parts

 Low Cost
 Low Permanent Pressure Loss.
 Ease of installation into an existing system
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MEASURING DEVICES – Pitot Tube –
Disadvantages

 Foreign material in a fluid can easily clog pitot

tube and disrupt normal reading as a result.
 Placement inside the pipework is critical
 Low accuracy
 Low rangeability
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