KOLEHIYO NG LUNGSOD NG LIPA

Marawoy, Lipa City Batangas

COLLEGE OF COMPUTER STUDIES

Designing a Database
Management System

Submitted by:
DE TORREZ, MARK GIL
OROC, CATHY C.

BSCS – 3A

Submitted to:
SIR EXADELIO T. LAZO

TEC 200 – TECHNICAL COMPETENCY EDUCATION 1

Marawoy, Lipa City, Batangas 4217 | https://www.facebook.com/KLLOfficial/

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual and research literature, where the
researchers gain significant facts and information that will help them conceptualize
the framework necessary in this study. It consists mainly of studies that were
important and relevant to the present study.

Conceptual Literature

Database Management Systems (DBMSs) and their database languages

only offer a fixed set of data types and operations. Whenever the set of data types
supported by the DBMS is insufficient for a given application, the system has to be
“misused” in some way to handle the new type of data. Examples of that kind are
large numerical vectors and matrices, long texts, geometrical data, image data,
etc. In such cases the DBMS is used just as a “byte container”. As a consequence,
search predicates on the contents of these fields are usually not supported. The
manipulation of these attribute values by the DBMS’s DML can only be performed
in a very rudimentary way. Moreover, a high dependency between the physical
data representation and the application programs is again re-established. - To lessen
this kind of dependency was one of the major reasons why DBMSs have been developed.

According to Siar (2015), directed an investigation on the use of data and

correspondence innovation for enhancing administration by upgrading
government's part in benefit conveyance, public administration, and advancement
of participatory democracy has been picking up force in many parts of the world.
Results similarly exhibited an unmistakable absence of substantial information and
resources that could enhance the quality and speed of organization movement,
make government straightforward, empower open help in basic leadership and, at
last, bring government, natives, business, community organizations, and other
groups in society together in the administration procedure. These studies directed

Designing a Datab ase Management System 1

 by Bautista and Siar essentially expanded the requirement for the Municipal
Engineering Office to upgrade their present framework in permit recording with the
utilization of database management system. The change of the framework will
enhance system security, information uprightness, information sensibility of
documents, and exact and quick report generation that will help the workplace in
its goal to constantly better serve their constituents.

In history there was dramatically use of RDBMS (Relational Database

Management System) for storing data in the form of structured data. Moreover,
data are growing rapidly such as structured data and unstructured data due to
increases of giant technologies as well as mass data produced by users. However,
for storing the huge data i.e. Unstructured data OODBMS (Object Oriented
Database Management System) is used. Sirish Shetty B and Akshay KC [1] had
realized that the non-relational databases perform better than the relational
databases.

According to Asabe et al., (2016) explain that developing patient database

management system software would benefit the hospital management who can
have effortless access to the data securely and more easily. Health management
organizations database system is a typical type of database that is being used in
a healthcare system. The modules in the database comprises of all the important
units in any health care centre. A database is a collection of information and is
systematically stored in tables in the form of rows and columns. The table in the
database has unique name that identifies its contents. The database in turn is
further described in detail giving all the fields used with the data types, constraints
available, primary key and foreign key

According to Database Management System (DBMS) 2019 is a software

system that is created specifically to facilitate the management of databases. A
Database Management System is a software that allows users to create, access
and manage a database. In the database approach, each file in each department
is stored on a database server with a new designation, namely the table.

Designing a Datab ase Management System 2

 Each program can then access parts of the database as necessary. The moment
there are many database management systems available to meet the business
needs of every company. Each database management system has advantages
and disadvantages of each, where the decision to choose the right candidate is
certainly based on the scale, budget, and needs of the company itself.. According
to a survey conducted by DB-Engines in May 2019, the most commonly used
database management system is Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Serve.

In accordance with the needs and business scale of the organization,

MySQL is one of the best candidates to become a database management
system from an employee database
that will be built and implemented. That's because MySQL is not toocomplex and
sufficient for the business scale of the organization which consists of hundreds of
employees, unlike Oracle which is very complex and is more aimed at companies
with a much larger scale. Because the application to be built is also web-based,
so a database that is suitable for use and in accordance with the scale of the
company the organization is MySQL. In addition to these factors, MySQL is very
affordable compared to Oracle, where MySQL is a Database Management
System (DBMS) that is free to use and is licensed by the GNU General Public
License, while Oracle is a paid DBMS (Express version can be accessed free of
charge, but features -The DBMS features are limited and only recommended for
educational and testing use).MySQL is a database management system that is
used through the web where MySQL operates on a server [3]. This provides a
good opportunity for writers to develop prototypes related applications using a
web base. Our desire to build a prototype of aweb-based application is supported
by the Information Services Group's statement in 2018, namely that 48% of
professional workers in the field of Human Resources want to switch to internet-
based Human Resource applications, or familiarly known as the cloud.

Designing a Datab ase Management System 3

 Research Literature

In history there was dramatically use of RDBMS (Relational Database

Management System) for storing data in the form of structured data. Moreover,
data are growing rapidly such as structured data and unstructured data due to
increases of giant technologies as well as mass data produced by users. However,
for storing the huge data i.e. Unstructured data OODBMS (Object Oriented
Database Management System) is used. Sirish Shetty B and Akshay KC [1] had
realized that the non-relational databases perform better than the relational
databases.

According to Asabe et al., (2013) explain that developing patient database

management system software would benefit the hospital management who can
have effortless access to the data securely and more easily. Health management
organizations database system is a typical type of database that is being used in
a healthcare system. The modules in the database comprises of all the important
units in any health care centre. A database is a collection of information and is
systematically stored in tables in the form of rows and columns. The table in the
database has unique name that identifies its contents. The database in turn is
further described in detail giving all the fields used with the data types, constraints
available, primary key and foreign key

However, in paper Hardeep Singh Damesha explored in system-concepts,

advantages, limitations of Relational Database Management Systems with Object
Oriented Database Management System. Relational database are very popular
and there are found everywhere whereas the object oriented database comes into
action in mid-1984’s to remove the limitation of relational database management
system and to support some advance database application like CAD, CASE etc.
Object based database is developed due to popularity of object based
programming. So, in the field of database researchers think to combine the object
oriented programming concepts with database to enhance database into the
powerful database management system. Shengli Wu and Nengbin Wang has been

Designing a Datab ase Management System 4

 done their researched on the paper [5]. It can support both unidirectional and bi -
directional associations among objects, which is indispensable for most object
oriented database systems. Moreover, directed graph based association algebra
is helpful to query optimization, particularly putting some conditions on the
commutativity of Association and A-Complement operators ensures it to support
effectively and efficiently their implementation of ‘materialization’ operator in 0-0
database. The paper[6] of Roopak K E, Swati Rao K.S, Ritesh S, Satyadhyan
Chickerur deliveres information and shows the reasons why oriented programming
object is essential as well as beneficial and how it could be used for object oriented
databases Theresa Beaubouef and Frederick E. Petry [7], how the security is an
important issues in databases, and applications involving statistical databases and
data mining are relatively critical in preserving the security of secured data.
However, related to this type of database security also apply to rough relational
databases.

Database Design is basically the designing of the database from the

conceptual, logical, and physical model. There are a few approaches to this step
which are Bottom-up, Top-down, Inside-out, and Mixed [14]. The Bottom-up
Approach is an approach where data modeling starts from the properties or
attributes, then a larger entity is identified. The bottom-up approach starts from the
initial attributes (entities and relationships) that are analyzed by the relationship
between attributes, then relationships are formed that represent the types of
entities and relationships between entities. This approach is suitable for simple
database designs with relatively fewer attributes. The Top-down Approach is an
approach where data modeling starts from large entities first, then attributes are
identified. The top-down approach starts with developing a data model that
consists of several or many entities and relationships, then identifies low-level
entities, relationships, and associations between attributes. This approach is
explained by the Entity Relationship Diagram, which starts with the identification
of entities and the relationships between entities. The Inside-out is an approach
where the modeling of data starts from a larger cup first, then a smaller cup. This

Designing a Datab ase Management System 5

 approach is related to the bottom-up approach, but it is slightly different from the
initial identification of the main entity which then spreads to the entities,
relationships, and other attributes that were first identified. The Mixed Approach is
a combination of the Top-Down and Bottom-Up approach where both are used for
different aspects and then a merging of the results of the data model from both

There are a variety of databases that we can select from the market. The
widely used databases are Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL, Oracle and MySQL.
Looking at Microsoft.

Access, it does not encourage concurrent usage and it may be inefficient,

as the database needs to be saved into one file. It is also unable to process high
speed and large size database as compared to MySQL. In terms of costs, Oracle
database requires a licensing fee but MySQL database is a freeware. In addition,
MySQL database is easy to install, user friendly, reliable and is able to run on
different platforms. Moreover PHP can access MySQL database directly without
the need to go through ODBC (Open Database Connectivity). To conclude, PHP
script is able to run faster with MySQL database and the processing time will
definitely be shorter. The pre-school does not require complex and costly software
for its database management system hence MySQL is the ideal database for this
project.

Fulgencio (2018), distributed an electronic pamphlet disclosing the 3S Plus

Electronic Terminal, the nation's first completely robotized building and development allow
application framework. The 3S Plus Electronic Terminal is a result of the upgraded 3S
(Simple, Speed, and Service Excellence). The City Government of Valenzuela trusts that
this wander is not just lift imposed- gathering, pull in more ventures, and make open
administrations more available and helpful for its constituents, however will likewise
diminish human association in government exchanges, dispensing bureaucratic red tape
and graft and corruption in the process. This article is in line with the objectives of the
Municipal Government of Hagonoy in their goals of serving its constituents with utmost
professionalism and transparency as well as providing fast, excellent and convenient
services following the guidelines provided by the Anti-Red Tape Act of 2007 eliminating

Designing a Datab ase Management System 6

 graft and corruption practices in the governance by adapting modern technologies in their
usual way of dealing transactions and services.

Bautista (2015), expressed in her investigation that the Philippines is made out of
nearby government units (LGUs) delegated province, city, municipality and barangay
where each is permitted to deal with its own assets. In this way, strengthening of individual
barangay may in the 7 end prompt a more grounded, stronger and more prosperous
society. The approach of current innovation opens more extensive opportunities for
barangays to serve its constituents better through computerization of the archives.

A paper authored by Joshi, Gundale, and Jagdale (2018), stated that software
development is a very compound procedure. When the project developer is planning to
build a project for any organization in that case it is obvious question for the developer to
select suitable 5 Programming Language (PL) and Database Management System
(DBMS). It is a notable issue in system development because if the researcher fails to
select suitable programming language or database management system then it badly
affects the project development. It plays an important role for the researcher to select the
PL as well as DBMS. Working and useful rules for the analyst in choosing upon the
programming language and database administration framework as pivotal elements for
framework advancement must be considered.

As indicated by Sharpened Production (2019), visual basic is a programming

language and improvement condition made by Microsoft. It is an expansion of the
essential programming language that joins fundamental capacities and charges with
visual controls. Visual basic gives a graphical user interface GUI that enables the designer
to relocate objects into the program and additionally physically compose program code.
The most difficult objective of programming designing is to discover better strategies and
techniques for creating quality and blunder safe programming at sensible cost. In this day
and age of data, PCs have been connected into various expansive and basic zones of the
business.

Lallana, Pascual and Soriano (2020), stated that in different nations, Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) is being conveyed to make government more
successful, proficient, and straightforward. ICT is helping improve governments as well as
giving natives more data on their administrations. Pioneers in the e-government

Designing a Datab ase Management System 7

 development are exhibiting that by consolidating innovation with better approaches for
working, government can be a great deal more powerful and receptive to citizens. These
studies conducted by Mariano, Llana, Pascual, and Soriano supported the idea of
implementing a digitalized system for the issuance of permits in the Municipal Engineering
Office of Hagonoy. The advantages mentioned in the study presented in line with the
process of developing a database management system in handling and recording of
issued permit similar to the current studies will be beneficial to the employees of MEO and
to the constituents of Hagonoy.

The examination conducted by Canadian Executive Service Organization or

CESO (2021), said that to accomplish e-Governance goals for all divisions it needs to set
up a vital ICT design, build up an ICT advisory group and ICT unit, that can bolster the e-
BPLS framework as well as every single future MIS frameworks that will be executed as
a major aspect of the ISSP in the LGU. It needs to put resources into ICT foundation and
the SB needs to comprehend that it needs to plan budget for life cycle cost substitution of
equipment and HR specialized training. The case studies portrayed in the examinations
has the authority and responsibility to embrace the procedure re-engineering expected to
lessen the means and red-tape for the business people in their LGUs. Moreover they have
demonstrated the vision and sense of duty to computerize their LGU, not simply BPLS but
rather to build up a long haul intend to give economical eGovernance to every one of their
partners.

As per Cho (2016), Record Management System (RMS) is a piece of the general
administration framework, in view of the record administration standards, to encourage
the administration of the RMS risks related with the matter of association. This
incorporates the authoritative structure, arranging exercises, duties, rehearses, methods,
procedures and assets for building up, actualizing, working, observing, keeping up and
enhancing recordkeeping arrangement.

Selection of a particular language should be made based on overall goals of the

design. By considering the Municipal Engineering Office (MEO) requirements, the
researcher should consider the language to be used. Since the researcher will consider a
simple design that is easier to understand by the MEO personnel, then, the researcher
may go for simpler language like Visual Basic. For selection of particular language, the
researcher needs to consider the platform dependency, employees who know about the

Designing a Datab ase Management System 8

 language, popularity of the language, and unanimity of the department about language.
The selected language must be easily understandable by user as well as the researcher.
It is expected to select the language which can contribute to save time, money, efforts and
suitability in project.

Designing a Datab ase Management System 9

 SYNTHESIS

Studies that are presented from the previous section that were chosen by the
researchers are related to the current study.

Developmental research is used in this study because according to Richey and

Klein in 2015, developmental research tries to make information grounded in information
efficiently gotten from training. Developmental research in like manner incorporates
conditions in which the item improvement process is broke down and portrayed and the
last item is assessed. Since the study is the design and development of a database
management system for the Municipal Engineering Office (MEO), it involves designing
and evaluating the said proposed study. Testing of parameters and evaluation of the
results based on the ISO-9126 Software Quality Assurance Model was used to ensure the
effectiveness of the developed design and to determine the level of acceptability of the
system. The researcher has adopted the research method in designing and developing of
a database management system to handle and record permits in a more reliable, faster,
and more convenient, more secured and user-friendly design. Agile software development
alludes to a set of software development procedures in light of iterative improvement,
where prerequisites and arrangements advance through joint effort between self-sorting
out cross-practical groups. Agile SDLC provides multiple opportunities for 8 MEO and the
researcher- before, during and after each sprint. By involving the MEO personnel in every
step of the project, there is a high degree of collaboration between employees and
researcher, providing more opportunities for the researcher to truly understand the MEO’s
objectives. Conveying working programming early and as often as possible builds the
MEO's trust in the capacity to convey astounding working programming and urges them
to be all the more profoundly occupied with the improvement of the outline.

Designing a Datab ase Management System 10

 REFERENCES

Sirish Shetty B and Akshay KC “Performance Analysis of Queries in RDBMS vs

NoSQL”, Published in “2019 2nd

International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control

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Designing a Datab ase Management System 11

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