Agricultural engineering

 In vision 2020 of ICAR -India require total farm power 2 Kw/ha and
2300 kg/ha grain production.
 In 2013-14 farm power availability per ha was 1.84kW/ha which is to
increase 4.0 kW/ha by 2022.
 It was expected to cross 2.02 kW/ha by 2017-18.
 The small and marginal holdings taken together (0.00-2.00 ha)
constituted 86.21% in 2015-16 against 84.97% in 2010-11.
 1 hp = 0.75 KW ( 750 watts)

 Human power –
 A Strong man’s power equal to 0.1 hp (75 watts).
 Average human power
A. Male – 0.06Kw (60 watts)
B. Female – 0.048 kw (48watts )
C. Children – 0.030kW (30 watts)
 Animal power
 Average pair of bullocks = 1 hp.
 animal power according to their body weight
A. Donkey – 32 % of body weight.
B. Camel - 18 % of body weight.
C. Buffaloes – 12 % of body weight.
D. Bullocks – 10 % of body weight.
 on basis of body weight animal classified as –
 A. heavy - >500 kg
B. large – 400 – 500 kg
C. medium – 300 – 400 kg
D. small - 200 – 300 kg

Note – one pair of bullock can command about 2 ha land.

 MECHANICAL POWER
 The thermal efficiency of diesel engine - 32 to 38 %
 thermal efficiency of petrol engine - 25 to 32 %
 A power tiller (7.46kw) can command about 5 ha land.
 A tractor (26.1kw) can command about 15 ha land.

 Tractor in India
 India is the world's largest manufacturer of tractors with 50% of world's
output in 2016
 it is also the world's largest tractor market.

 History
Development of Tractor
 1890- The word tractor appeared first on record in a patent issued on a
tractor or traction engine invented by George H. Harris of Chicago.
 1906- Successful gasoline tractor was introduced.
 1908- First Winnipeg tractor trails were held.
 1911- First tractor demonstration was held at Omaha ( Nebraska).
 1915-1919- Power take off was introduced.
 1920-1924 All-purpose wasdeveloped.
 1936- 1937 – Diesel engine was used in tractor and pneumatic tires were
introduced.
 1950-1960- Manufacturing of diesel tractors.

Tractor in India
 1960-61 - tractor manufacturing started in India – first manufacturers M/S
Eicher good earth
 1961 – TAFE tractor manufacture started.
 1963 – Gujarat tractor Ltd.
 1965 – Mahindra & Mahindra. (obc bank 2005)
 1971 - Ford tractor manufacture by escorts tractor Ltd.
 1973 –HMT tractor manufacture started.
 1974 – Pitti and kirlosker tractor manufacture started.
 1975 – Harsha tractor established.
 1981 – Auto tractor was started.
 1982 – Universal tractors were started.

 three type tractor basis on structure

 Wheel type .
 Crawler type (chain/track type).
 walking type(power tiller)

 Inflation pressure of rear wheel of tractor – 0.8- 1.5 kg/cm2.

 Inflation pressure of front wheel of tractor – 1.5 – 2.5 kg/cm2.
 A pneumatic tires life -6000 working hour for drawbar work.
 Highest tractor production in india
 Mahindra> TAFE > Escorts

Note – Mahindra & Mahindra is the largest manufacturer of tractors in the world in volume
and Indian market leader in the tractor industry with share of ~44% as on 1HFY18.

 Selection of tractor
1. On the basis of land holding
A. Under mono cropping / single cropping pattern it is recommended to
consider 1 hp for every 2 ha of land ,Like for 40 ha of land a tractor
should be 20 – 25 hp . (ibps afo 2018 )
B. Where more than 1 crop is taken in year , it is recommended to consider
1hp for every 1.5 ha of land. Like a 40 ha of land require 30 – 35 hp
tractor (AIC 2017).

 Power tiller

Also called hand tractor / waking type tractor

 1920 - Power tiller concept come in the world
  Japan is first country to use power tiller
 1947 -First power tiller designed in japan
 1950 -65 power tiller production increased.
 1963 – power tiller first introduce in India .

Famous power tiller in india

1. sato
2. krishi
3. Kubota
4. Yammer
5. Mitsubishi
6. Iseki (kerosene engine)
 pressure of tyre – 1.1 to 1.4 kg/cm2

 Difference b/w two stroke and four stroke engine (IBPS AFO 2018)

 Before discussing on this topic first you should know about stroke.
The stroke in an engine is the distance covered by the piston from
top dead center to the bottom dead center. In simple words, stroke
is the distance of cylinder between piston moves. If a piston moves
2 times in the cylinder, that means, engine is known as two stroke
engine and if it moves 4 times in a four stroke engine. The
crankshaft rotates one time between 2 strokes.
 The basic and main difference between two stroke and four stroke
engine is that the crankshaft complete one revolution in one
 power stroke in 2 stroke engine and complete two revolution in
one power stroke in four stroke engine. So the 2 stroke engine
give high power compare to 4 stroke engine but the 4 stroke engine
is more fuel efficient. There are many other differences which are
given below.

4 stroke engine 2 stroke engine

 Two revolution of crankshaft between
one power strokes.
 Operate in one direction only
 Used valve to inlet and outlet of fuel .
 Torque produced is even.
 less power than 2 stroke at same
cylinder volume
 One revolution of crankshaft
within one power stroke.
 Operate in both direction
(clockwise and counter
clockwise)
 Used port to inlet and outlet of
fuel
 Torque produced is less even.
 1.5 times more power than 4
stroke at same cylinder volume
 engines require lighter flywheel
 Requires heavy flywheel because
it generates unbalance force due to
two revolutions for one power
stroke.
 Suction and exhaust is noiseless but
other working is noisy
 good ability to withstand wear,
pressure, or damage.
 Four stroke engines are more
efficient and generate less smoke
 Little fuel consumption
 Fuel is fully consumed.
 cost for construction is
Expensive
 engine comparatively heavier
than 2 stroke
 engines mostly used in car, truck, and
other automobiles
 Weight of engine per hp is high.
 Comparatively less lubricating oil
requires.
 Less wear and tear occurs.
compare to other engines because
it generates more balanced force
due to one revolution for one
power stroke.
 Suction and exhaust is noisy but
other working is noiseless
 poor ability to withstand wear,
pressure, or damage.
 Two stroke engines are less
efficient and generate more
smoke.
 High fuel consumption (15
% more than 4 stroke )
 Fuel is not fully consumed.
 cost for construction is
Cheap .
 engines are generally lighter
 are mostly used in ships, scooters
etc.
 Weight of engine per hp is
comparatively low.
 More lubricating oil requires
because some oil burns with fuel
 Due to poor lubrication more
wear and tear occurs
 less deposit of carbon inside cylinder
 Removal or exhaust gases easy.
 All types of speed are possible (high
and low).
 These engines give more thermal
efficiency.
 Normal cooling
 Little Oil consumption
 High rpm (with high flywheel )
 Crankcase is not fully closed and air
tight.
 Top of the piston compresses the
charge.
 much deposit of carbon due to
mixed fuel
 Removal of exhaust gases
comparatively difficult
 Mostly high speed engines are
there
 These engines give less thermal
efficiency
 Chances of over heating
 Much oil consumption
 Low rpm (with small flywheal)
 Crankcase is fully closed and air
tight.
 Both sides of the piston compress
the charge.