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Quant Mech Curs 2018 C2
Quant Mech Curs 2018 C2
IN QUANTUM MECHANICS
OUTLINE OF THE COURSE
1 1 1 1
rQ j ( rQ )dVQ q rQ v( r ) ( rQ r (t )) dVQ qr (t ) v(t ) L
2V 2 V 2 2m
Potential energy
: U B
Bz
The force : F gradU grad ( B ) z ez
z
PROOF:
Let us consider a localized currents distribution in an inhomogeneous magnetic field :
FL j (rQ ) B(rQ )dVQ
V
If the magnetic field has a week var iation over the volume of currents distributi on :
B j e j )
B( rQ ) B(0) xiQ ( ) rQ 0 B(0) ( rQ grad O B j )e j
xiQ
Then the Lorenz force :
B j
FL ( j ( rQ )dVQ ) B(0) j ( rQ ) e j ( rQ grad O B j )dVQ ek e j jk ( rQ ) xiQ ( )O dVQ
V V V
xiQ
FL el lkj jk ( rQ ) xiQbi( j ) dVQ
V
where : 0 rQ div j ( rQ ) dVQ ei xiQdiv j ( rQ ) dVQ ei div ( xiQ j ( rQ )) dVQ ei grad ( xiQ ) j ( rQ )dVQ
B j V V V V
bi (
( j)
)O
ei ki ek j (rQ )dVQ ei ji (rQ )dVQ j (rQ )dVQ
xiQ V V V
V V
2
j ( r ) x j ( r ) x el lkj ( j)
el lkj bi ( j) k Q
dVQ i Q )) dVQ
iQ i Q kQ ( j)
( j ( r
k Q i )b x iQ x b
kQ i j ( r
V
2 2 V
el lkj ( j ) ( j) 1
2 V [b ( j ( rQ ) rQ )] k dVQ el lkj [b ( ) rQ j ( rQ )dVQ ]k
2V
( j)
el lkj [b ]k el lkj kmn bm( j ) n el ljk mnk bm( j ) n el ( lm jn ln jm )bm( j ) n
( j) ( j) B j B j
el bl j el b j l el ( ) O j el ( ) O l grad O ( B ) ( div B ) O
xlQ x jQ
grad O ( B )
Since the net force acting upon the magnetic dipole results from a gradient is deduced
that the potential energy of the magnetic dipole moment in a magnetic field is :
U M B
No magnetic field What was expected What was observed
STERN - GERLACH EXPERIMENT: POSSIBLE STATES
1
SPIN-UP STATE
S Z ;
2
1
SPIN-DOWN STATE S Z ;
2
THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL STATE
For any microscopic system the various possible motions of particles or bodies consistent
with the interaction between them represents the possible states of that system.
1
S Z ;
2
SGz S Z ;
1
2
1
S X ;
2
SGX S X ;
1
2
1
SY ;
2
SGY SY ;
1
2
SEQUENTIAL STERN - GERLACH EXPERIMENTS
The original state must be regarded as the result of a kind of SUPERPOSITION of the
two or more other new states, in a way that cannot be conceived on classical ideas.
REQUIREMENT TO
BECOME A PHYSICAL THEORY
AND
Certain laws are laid down connecting physical facts
with the mathematical formalism.
MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES
ALGEBRAIC ORDERING
TOPOLOGICAL
THE HILBERT SPACE
"": H H H
( ) ( )
() 0V H , such that 0V , () H
"": K H H a, b, c K ; , , H
a (b ) (ab)
a ( ) a a
(a b) a b
() 0S K , such that 0S 0V , () H
() 1S K such that 1S , () H
THE SCALAR PRODUCT
" ( , )": H H C
1. TO ANY LINEAR VECTOR SPACE V THERE EXIST THE DUAL SPACE OF THE
LINEAR FUNCTIONALS ON V.
F :V C
( ) , V ;
F (a b ) aF( ) bF( ) ( ) a , b C
3. THE ADDITION OF LINEAR FUNCTIONALS
( F1 F2 )( ) F1 ( ) F2 ( )
F ( ) (, ) () V
F ( ) cn F (n )
n
With the complex numbers F (n ) let us construct the vector wh ich belongs to V :
f [ F (n )]*n
n
It is observed that :
( f , ) ( [ F (n )]*n , cmm ) F (n )cm (n , m ) cn F (n ) F ( )
n m n m n
a KET vector Η
THE ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS WILL REPRESENT PHYSICALLY THE
SUPERPOSITION OF THE CORRESPONDING STATES
c1 1 c2 2
c c*
DUAL CONJUGATIO N
( 1 , 2 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 2