20 Match the atomic number 19, 15, 8, 4 and 2 with each

of the following :
(i) Ametal of valency one.
(i) Asolid non-metal of period 3.
(iü) Arare gas.
(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2. t

(v) An element of group 2. (2017)

1.5 PERIODIC PROPERTIES (i

The properties of elements which are directly

or indirectly related to their electronic configurations
and show aregular gradation as we move across a
period, from left to right or down the group from
top to bottom, are called Periodic Properties.
siz
Important periodic properties are : attr
(i) atomic size (atomic radius), ther
nuc!
(ü) metallic character,
(iüü) non-metallic character, Tren
(iv) ionisation potential (ionisation energy), (a
(v) electron affinity,
(vi) electronegativity. One p.
succes
1.5.1 Atonic size (atomic radius) increas
IL is the distance between the centre of the period
nucleus of an atom and its outermnost shell.
6
 thereby Br
same period,nucleus. period,
Therefore, in the second
closer to the (Li) has the largest
Lithium 3 152 pm |2, 1 that lithium
it has been foundfluorine (F) has the smallest.
atomic size while in
Sodium the third period, sodiunm atom is the largest
11 186 pm 2, 8, 1 In smallest.
size and chlorine atom is the
Si > P> S > CI
Na > Mg > Al >
Potassium 19 231 pm |2, 8, 8, 1 160pm 143 pm 117pm 110pm 104 pm 99 pm
186 pm

Note : As an exception, the size of the

atoms of
same
inert gases are bigger than halogens of the
period. This is because the outer most shell of inert
Rubidium 37 244 pm 2, 8, 18, 8, 1
gases is complete. They have the maximum number
of electrons in their outermost orbit thus the
electronic repulsions are maximum. The effect of
nuclear pull over the valence electrons is not
Caesium 55 262 pm 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 seen. Hence, the size of the atom of an inert gas is
bigger, but not bigger than the alkali metal of
the same period.
Trends in atomic size across a period.
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Elements Lithium Beryllium
5 6 8 10
Atomic No. 3 4

88 pm 77 pm 70pm 66 pm 64 pm 112 pm
Atomic Radius 152 pm 112 pm
Electronic KL KL KL KL KL
KL KL KL
configuration 2,3 2, 4 2, 5 2, 6 2,7 2, 8
2, 1 2, 2

Size

it is formed.
Cation is always smaller than the parent atom, from which
Note : 1.
Reason: proton(s) are more than electron(s) in a cation. So electrons are
electron(s), hence
Cation 1s formed by the loss of pulled inward. Hence the size
decreases.
by the nucleus and are
Strongly attracted
Na - e ’ Nat
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8)
Thus sodium ion is smaller than sodium atom.
|7
 3. Size of isoelectronic ions i.e. the ions having the ImakeS 1L tO remove
same number of electrons. Size depends upon the the outermost orbit. Thu
nuclear charge (n0. of protons). Greater is the nuclear decreases.
charge (nuclear pull) smaller is the size
Example : Elements which lose electron(s
Isoelectronic ions Mg2+ Nat F 02
octet are reducing agents.
No. of electrons 10 10 10 10 reducing agents. Greater the
No. of protons 12 =
11 9 electron(s), stronger is the red
8
Size inA°
0-65 0.95 1-26 1·42
Trends in metallic characte
1.5.2 Metallic character
Down a group
Those elements, which have a
their valence electrons tendency to lose On moving down a group,
orbit) and form a positive(electrons
of the outermost size increases and the nuclear C
ion, are considered metals. increases. The effect of an increa
Na -e Nat size is greater as compared to the
(2, 8, 1) (2, 8) nuclear charge. Therefore, tende
Mg -2e ’ electron increases and element
Mg+
(2, 8, 2) (2, 8) electrons easily. Thus metalE
increases as one moves down a
Note : Hydrogen isan element (non metal) which does Elements at the bottom o
not have aneutron, it has only one electron and one
metallic. The atomic size is la
proton. On losing this electron it forms its cation which are loosely held, so ions are re
has only one proton, therefore its cation can also be these elements are more reactiv
called a proton.
Example : In group 1,
H-e’ H+ metallic element.
The metallic character of elements Note : Francium is a rad
depends on:
i)atomic size and (ii) nuclear charge. its properties are not known.
Table 1.2
Group GROUP 1 GROUP2 GROUP 13 GROUP 14 GROUP 15 GROUP 16 GRO
Element Na Mg Al Si P
Atomic number
12 13 14 15 16
Electronic K, L, M K, L, M
configuration 2, 8, I K, L, M K, L, M K, L. M K, L, M K, I
2, 8, 2 2, 8, 3
Metallic 2, 8, 4 2, 8, 5 2, 8, 6 2,
Metal Metal
property Metal Metalloid Non-metal Non-metal Non-
Valency 1
2
4 3 2

|8
tomicthe i l decreases.
size
duct o
\oid
clectronseasily. decreases
across Sn
Pb
Metalloid
Metal
nature Metal
metallic right. the
fore.the to lithium is Across the period (left
fromlefi period, On moving across a to ighh
noving
theZnd
increases period,
gain electron(s) the
ple: In
C N
F
nuclear pull and a
due to
decrease
an
in the
tendency
increase toin
allic.
B
Non-metals
atomic size.
rherefore, non-metamC character increases across
Be Metalloid
fron left to right.
aperiod, i.e.,
decreasesor
Metallic
character
non-metalliccharacterincreases
metallic For example, in the 3rd period,
most
sodium is the Na < Mg < Al < Si< P<S<CI
period,
r 3rd
Metals Metalloid Non-metals
on-metallic character
a tendency to gain Non-metallic character increases
which have their
outermost
oxidising agents.
ccdementst0 attain octet in Note : Non-metals are
order as non-Imetals.
considcred
in
7 electrons
in
nature of oxides alsO shows periodicity.
6 or The
have 5,
-metals usually cangain3, 2 or 1
electron
period : The oxides of elements in a
Across a and
They completetheir decreasing basic nature
cmost orbits. to period show
attain or
octet anion.
particular example, the oxides of
ely. in orderto orbits) and form an For
finally become acidic.period.
(outermost
shells
(Cl) and oxygen (0)gain elements of the third
example,chlorine anions. Al,03 P,05 SO Cl,0,
Sio,
respectively to form Na0 MgO More Most
electron(s) Amphoteric Feebly Acidic acidic acidic
Cl + e CI Strongly Basic acidic
(2, 8, 8) basic oxides of metals
(2, 8. 7)
group : The basic nature of
0+ 2e ’
Down a
(2, 6)
(2, 8)
on: increases.
depends
on-metallic character also
atomic size and (i) nuclear charge. Chemical reactivity their
Smaller the atomic size, greater elements depends upon
Atomic size :
the tendency to gain The reactivity of complete thei
electrons to
and
is the nuclear pull
element is more tendency to lose or gain tendency to los
electrons. Therefore, the outermost orbit. Greater the
non-metallicby nature. reactivity in the case c
electron(s), greater is the tendency to ga
Nuclear charge : Greater the nuclear charge, Similarly greater the
hence metals. reactivity of non-metals
greater is the tendency to gain electron(s), electron(S), greater is the
more non-metallic is the element.
ds in non-metalic character Trends in chemical reactivity
"n a group Across a period :
The atomic size increases due to the addition
moving from left to right in a period,
w shells over successive periods. Though the On first decreases
ear charge increases, due to an increase in
chemical reactivity of elements
ic number, the effect of an increasing atomic then increases.
electrons¬
is greater. Therefore, non-metallic nature The group 1element can lose
reases down the group. as compared to group 2. Similarly, group 2 ele
9
cronic number, relat1ve Periodic Table
of the character (group,
(ii) Moving across a
elements show increasing
cronic period, metallic, non-metallic).
group would be
of a
ition in at the bottom
metallic character than
The elements
(i) expected to show
the top (less, more). group of
element at properties of a
the
similarities in the
have the same
lled with (iv) The because they number of outer
elements are confiquration,
(electronic
electrons, atomic numbers).
ons in its
following : size of a
reasons for the greater than the
21. Give ion is
bns in its The size of a Cr
()
CI atom.
than chlorine atom.
shell as in Argon atom is bigger element increases across
() potentialofthe
(iii) lonisation
aperiod. (2018)
6. Look up do not form ion.
nswer the (iv) Inert gases
potential or lonis atio
1.5.4 lonisation ionisation enthalpy
? energy (I.E.) or atom ar
electrons in an
We know that the So, if
te ? positively charged nucleus.
attracted by the
)in size ? atom, some ener
an
want to remove an electron from
nents X, Y
supplied to overcome the strong attractic
d0.60 Å has to be
them in of the nucleus. And after the electron gets remove
s in the
from the atom, the atom then acquires one unit positi
charge and becomes apositive ion (or cation).
11
 it is to less
easier oxidising
top electronegativity Increases Increases
-Increases
Increases Increases
Increases Shells
ofNo. one
Increases Decreases
Decreases
have
decreases to agents.
potential), one
by theis atomic
in
effect shells.
affinity, power compared down
moremore They reducing " potential
Jonisation
"
Ionisation
potential charge
increases
of
increase
by
an number
and
electron oxidising
(ionisation charge
Nuclear "Nuclear
charge
"Nuclear
charge
Electrons
Valence Remains
the
same
"Nuclear
charge Ionisation
potential
"Ionisation
potential
andor as nuclear
period electrons.radiigood
electronegative
less number in
electron(s) increase
of Period Group
Metallic
Character
Group
butdominated
Thus atomic
affinity, Highest
value a group. energy are Least Atomic or
in Metals group
righta lose PROPERTIES)
(PERIODIC
SUMMARY
a REASON Increases a REASON radii
the gain element. in large
ionisation Across same a
Down Down
Metalselectron
Greater more to bottom metals. the negativity
Highest
Note: to left have - Remains
Decreases
Decreases Decreases
Decreases
Decreases Electro
PROPERTIES Lowest Increases Increases
Increases Increases
Increases Increases
1S or the PROPERTIES 3 Decreases PROPERTIES
-
the hence significantly
Electron
Affinity
Highest
do Thus
metals
electro Tn to electronegativity. shellsradii
electronegative. Atomic
" radiiradii
Atomic
"
Atomic
" radii
Atomic
radii Lowest 14
due shellsAtomic radii"Atomic
"radii "Atomicradii"Atomic
radii"Atomic
radii
overcomes francium.
they differ of Atomic
" 8 Decreases
charge, lower is PERIODIC No.
PERIODIC PERIODIC of
group. so This
period " " Ionisation
Potential
No
octet, Highest Lowest
it non-metals.
are groups.
electrons. "
to
sizenuclear group, show Decreases’
Decreases’
secondand
their
high
downwards 3 Decreases
a
atomic down complete non-metals IN
’
Increases
’
IN Decreases
J Decreases
J
metals respective Increases
IncreasesIncreases IN Decreases Decreases
Non-metallic
character
Increases
first (TRENDS) Atomic Smallest Largest TRENDS
Increases
the attract to (TRENDS)
Size
the in decreases
the Generally, of
comparedelements
(Variation)
TREND
character
Non-metallic lncreases 3
TRENDS
(Variation)
lithium
have and atom
in increasein to their potential
Ionisation
" 1(A)
17(VIIA)
2(IA)... Cl7 Brz5
JTEase example, tendency lectropositive the VARIATIONcharacter
Metallic
Electronegativity
Electron
affinity GR0F
UP
FOR Metallic
character
lonisation
potential Electronegativity
rgativityfromgases 1.
from
of
size
Atomic
VARIATION
Bes ME12Cago EASONSAtomic
Electron
affinity
as The size
an :
oble ote ivity size
erties
r -es ve 2. ll Li, Na,1 Rbs1