Period 3 : Na to Ar

Thursday, 25 April 2024 11:08 am

ELEMENT Na Mg Al Si P s Cl Ar
S
Atomic Decrease across
radius/n the period
m
1. AMPHOTERIC MEANING (of a compound, especially a metal oxide
Ionic 0.95 0.065 0.05 0.212 0.184 0.181 - or hydroxide) able to react both as a base and as an acid.
radius
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Electrone 0.9 1.2 2.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -

gativity
Density 0.97 1.74 2.70 2.33 1.82 2.07 1.57 1.4
Electrical good good good poor nil nil nil nil
conductiv
ity
structure Giant metallic Giant Giant Giant molecular Simple Simple Simple Simple
metallic metallic molecular molecula molecula molecula
r r r
Bonding Metal strong Coven lent strong Molecular
forces of forces between weak forces
attraction of atoms dew to between
positive ions for attraction of nuclei molecules
mobile outer for shared electrons
electrons

Atomic radius
Electrons are being added one at a time to the same third shell at about the same distance from the nucleus, at the
same time protons are being added to the nucleus their for electrons are being altercated to the nuclei by an increasing
positive charge .
the attraction of the outer shell electrons is partly counteracted by repulsion of the by inner shell electrons (shielding)
effective nuclear chare increase across the period so the radius of the atom decreases. However the rate of decrees in
the radius become smaller as the atom becomes smaller

Ionic radii
Ionic radii of metals are smaller than atomic radii because the outer shell is removed, this is the opposite for non-metals

When an electron is added it forms a negative ion there becomes and increase I repulsion between negative charge
clouds this results in a grater increase in size

Electronegativity
this is the relative tendency if an atom to attract its self to another atom
When chemically combined with another atom' it increases across the period moving from left to right

Melting point
decrease across the period they are high for metals and low for nonmetals

Density
Atomic mas x atomic radius across the period their is a increase in density until a maximum is reached
Attributed to increasing mas and decreasing radius nonmetals have relatively low density despite this fact

Chlorides of group 3

Chlorides NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl3(PCl5) S2C l2 Cl2

State of ^ s s s l l l g
at 20
degrees
Boiling Decrease
point going down
the metals and
semimetals
Conduct of good good poor nil nil nil nil
electricity
molten
Structure Giant ionic Giant Simple Simple Simple Simple Simple
of chlorides ionic molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular
Solubility in Readably Readably Reacts with Reacts with Reacts with Reacts with Dissolves
water soluble soluble water to form water to form water to form water to form moderately
HCL fumes are HCL fumes are HCL fumes are HCL fumes are forming
produced produced produced produced acid
The ph of 7 6.5 3 2 2 2 2
an aqueous
solution

Reaction with water

When ionic chlorides are added to water, there is an immediate attraction of polar water molecules for ions in the
chlorides. The solids dissolve form single aquatic ions such as Na+ and cl- . These are separated metals and non-metal
ions surrounded by polar water molecules

NaCl + H2O → Na+ + Cl - + H2O

ne
In contrast this solution is very acidic. The acidic nature of the solution can be explained in terms of the relitivly small
catioic sise but highly charged Al 3+ ion . The high charge dencity of the aluminum ion leads to a distortion of nebouring
electorn cloud around any nebouring ion towards the positive aluminum un. Thus a partial sharing of the electron cluds
results in gibing partal covalent bonding of its compounds

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[Al(H2O)6]^3+ (aq) → [Al(H2O)5]^2+(aq) + H+(aq)

Non- metals chlorides all react to form acidic solutions

SiCl4(s) +2H2O(l)→ SiO2(aq)+ 4HCl(aq)

PCl3+3H2O → H3PO3 + 3HCl

2S2CL2

Oxides of period 3

Charges +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
oxides Na2O MgO Al2O3 SIO2 P4O10 SO3 Cl2O7
(P2O6)(+6) (SO2)+4
State at 20 S S S S S L L
degrees G G G
Conduction G G G V.P NIL NIL NIL
when molten
Structure of Giant ionic Giant ionic Giant ionic Giant Simple Simple Simple
oxides molecular molecular molecular molecular
Effect of Reacts for Reacts to Doesn't react Dose not Reacts to Reacts to Reacts to
adding water NaOH form Mg(OH) amphoteric react but form H3PO4 form H2SO4 form HCLO4
acidic
Nature of Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic Acidic Acidic
oxide

Trends
The structure for the oxides change from giant ionic to giant molecular r to simple molecular
The lattice energy is influenced by the structure and size of the ion and the smaller we get the higher lattice energy
increases ( small ionic energy and high charge)

At the other end of the period, the difference in electronegative values between oxygen and the other elements is
maller resulting in covalent bonds in which electrons are shared
This gives rise to structures that have high and low melting and boiling points

Going across the period we go from basic to amphoteric to acidic

Reaction with water

metals form salt and water forming and alkali solution

Na2O + H2O → +NaOH

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