Prepare for these lessons

• DEMO:
• Ionic/NaCl model
• Molecular model kits x 4
• Giant covalent models - graphite, Silicon dioxide, C60,
etc.

• DEMO for properties lesson:

• Large(?) piece of graphite, carbon powder, can/tube of
graphite lubricant from hardware store?, electrical circuit
with lamp, carbon electrodes, silicon dioxide (sand), large
piece of quartz, ignition tubes
Print for these lessons

• Giant covalent notes sheets and share links:

• https://youtu.be/tGH0mXCcEFU (or search youtube for Cognito +
Allotropes of Carbon - Diamond and Graphite #18)
• https://youtu.be/4ZEtS5qLOHs (or search youtube for Cognito + Allotropes
of Graphene and Fullerenes #19).
 Covalent 3: Properties of Giant Covalent
Recently: Substances
State 2 properties of simple covalent molecules (e.g.
PAPER TEXTBOOK

iodine or water) p52-53, 55

DIGITAL TEXTBOOK
Low melting / boiling point
Do not conduct electricity p56-57,59
(Insoluble in water)
Previously: Draw the dot and cross diagram for
a) Ammonia, NH3 b) Methane, CH4

Keywords
Molecule
Covalent Bond
Simple Molecular
Giant Covalent
Allotrope
Way Back: Define the term relative atomic mass
The weighted mean OR average mass ✔
of the isotopes of an element
compared to one twelfth the mass of carbon 12 ✔
Atoms, elements and compounds (part 2)
Ionic Covalent Metallic
1. Ionic bonding and 1. Covalent bonding 1. Metallic bonding,
dot cross diagrams and simple molecules structure and
properties
2. Ionic formulas 2. Properties of simple 2. Metallic review
molecules
3. Ionic structure and 3. Giant covalent
properties structure & properties
4. Review lesson 4. Review lesson

1. Ionic, covalent and metallic - Structure and properties / whole topic

review
•Giant covalent structure and properties

• General properties of giant covalent structures

• Carbon – Diamond
• Carbon – Graphite
• Carbon – Graphene and fullerenes
• Silicon dioxide
 Two Types of Covalent Structure
Simple Covalent Molecules Giant Covalent Structure

With a partner, use simple language to describe covalent

molecules, giant covalent structures, and the difference
between them…
 Two Types of Covalent Structure
Simple Covalent Molecules Giant Covalent Structure

2 or a few atoms joined together Many atoms joined together

(by covalent bonds)
One crystal of diamond is billions
To make lots of little particles of carbon atoms making one
(molecules) single giant structure

Lots of molecules might stick Every atom is joined together

together but only weakly. strong covalent bonds
 Strong
Giant covalent - diamond covalent
bonds
• Diamond is an allotrope of between
every
carbon.
atom
Giant covalent - diamond
Strong covalent
bonds between
every atom
Giant covalent - diamond Strong
covalent
• Every Carbon atom is bonds
covalently bonded to 4 other only
Carbon atoms.
• Each carbon has a
tetrahedral shape.
• Diamond has a giant
repeating structure.
• There are no molecules
and no intermolecular
forces.
Giant covalent - diamond
• When diamond melts, every covalent bond must
be broken. Covalent bonds are very strong.
• This requires lots of energy and extremely high
temperatures.
>3000oC
and high
pressure
Giant covalent - diamond
Structure:
Giant covalent:
rigid network of carbons held
by strong bonds.

Property:
Very hard.

Use:
Industrial cutting/drilling
tools.
Giant covalent - graphite
• Graphite is another
common allotrope of
carbon.
Giant covalent - graphite
• Each C atom is
covalently bonded to 3
other C atoms.
• Hexagonal layers of
carbon
• One electron per C
atom free to move
around...
• This electron is
delocalised between
layers.
Giant covalent - graphite
Delocalised
Hexagonal
electrons
layers, with
between
strong
layers
covalent
bonds
Weak force
between
layers
Giant covalent - graphite
Structure:
Giant covalent:
Delocalise / free electrons
between layers

Property:
Conducts electricity.

Use:
Electrodes
Giant covalent - graphite
Structure:
Giant covalent:
Weak force between layers

Property:
Layers can slide past each
other

Use:
Lubricant
Graphene

Cognito video: https://youtu.be/tGH0mXCcEFU

Fullerenes
Giant covalent – silicon dioxide
• Silicon dioxide or “Silica”, SiO2
Giant covalent – silicon dioxide
Giant covalent – silicon dioxide
Strong
• Silicon dioxide or “Silica”, SiO2 covalent
bonds
only

• Every Si is bonded to 4 O
• Every O is bonded to 2 Si

• High melting point

• Does not conduct
• Insoluble
Allotropes of carbon
• Cognito video: diamond and graphite
• https://youtu.be/tGH0mXCcEFU

• Cognito video: graphene and fullerenes

• https://youtu.be/4ZEtS5qLOHs
Summary
Bonding/structure Melting and Solubility Electrical
boiling point conductivity

Ionic
Giant ionic lattice

Covalent
Simple molecular

Covalent
Giant covalent (except…)

Metallic
Giant metallic lattice
Summary
Bonding/structure Melting and Solubility Electrical
boiling point conductivity

Ionic High Soluble in water Do not conduct

Giant ionic lattice when solid
Do conduct when
liquid or aqueous

Covalent
Simple molecular

Covalent
Giant covalent

Metallic
Giant metallic lattice
Summary
Bonding/structure Melting and Solubility Electrical
boiling point conductivity

Ionic High Soluble in water Do not conduct

Giant ionic lattice when solid
Do conduct when
liquid or aqueous

Covalent Low Insoluble in water Do not conduct

Simple molecular (mostly)

Covalent High Insoluble Do not conduct

Giant covalent (except graphite)

Metallic
Giant metallic lattice
Covalent summary 3 – structure and
properties
1. Describe the structure of diamond, including a diagram.
Explain the high melting point of diamond.

2. Describe the bonding and structure in a crystal of iodine.

Explain the low melting point of iodine.

3. Explain why carbon(graphite) conducts electricity but

carbon(diamond) does not conduct electricity. Use a
diagram of graphite in your answer
Covalent summary 3 – structure and
properties
1. Describe the structure of diamond. Explain the high
melting point of diamond.
Giant covalent structure.
Every carbon bonded to
4 other carbons

Strong covalent bonds

must be broken to melt
diamond.

This requires lots of

energy.
Covalent summary 3 – structure and
properties
2. Describe the bonding and structure in a crystal of iodine.
Explain the low melting point of iodine.

Simple molecular covalent structure.

Weak intermolecular forces between

molecules

This requires only a little energy to

break them, so low melting point

[Strong covalent bonds in molecules,

do not need to be broken]
Covalent summary 3 – structure and
properties
3. Explain why carbon(graphite) conducts electricity but
carbon(diamond) does not conduct electricity. Use a
diagram of graphite in your answer
Hexagonal layers.

Graphite has delocalised electrons

between layers.

These electrons are free to move

(so conducts electricity)

Diamond does not have free

electrons
Further task: YouTube video guide

Use molecular models, your whiteboard, and your imaginative

creativity to make a short video about why hydrogen has a LOW
Melting and Boiling Point and why diamond has a High Melting and
Boiling Point

Extension: explain other properties of diamond, and uses connected to

the properties