LESSON 1: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Valves – acts as a one-way door, allowing blood to flow forward into

Breathing is a regular rhythmic process which moves air into and out
of the lungs.
Gas exchange in the human body involves taking in oxygen from the
atmosphere and removing excess carbon dioxide from the blood.
the next chamber
BLOOD VESSELS
Arteries - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells,
tissues, and organs of the body
Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Capillaries - the smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the
smallest arteries to the smallest veins - the actual site where gases
and nutrients are exchanged

THE HEART

What happens to: Inhalation Exhalation

Diaphragm (responsible Contracts & move Relaxes & moves
for the entrance and exit downward upward
of air in the lungs)
Rib cage Contracts outward Contracts inward

Volume of Increases Decreases

Thoracic/Chest Cavity
Pressure within the Decreases Increases
Thoracic/Chest Cavity

PATHWAY OF OXYGEN FROM THE ATMOSPHERE TO THE

LUNGS:
Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea (windpipe) → Bronchi →
Bronchioles → Alveoli (site of gas exchange)

PATHWAY OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HEART:
DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
Vena Cava → Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle
→ Pulmonary Valve → Pulmonary Artery → Lungs
OXYGENATED BLOOD
Lungs → Pulmonary Vein → Left Atrium → Mitral Valve →Left
Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Aorta
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
Pulmonary - Movement of blood from the heart to the lungs, and back
to the heart
Coronary - Movement of blood through the tissues of the heart
Systemic - Movement of blood from the heart to the rest of the body,
excluding the lungs
PULSE/HEART RATE
When at rest/sleeping/seating still/normal resting: 60-100 beats per
minute.
When exercising: greater than 100 beats per minute
LESSON 2: GENETICS
GENETICS – study of genes, heredity, and differences among living
organisms
Punnett Square – diagram that can be used to predict the phenotypic
ratio of offspring
Allele and genes are almost similar with each other. If height is a
gene, its corresponding alleles is tall or small.
Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism
A genotype with a symbol AA is said to be homozygous
A genotype with a symbol aa is said to be homozygous
A genotype with a symbol Aa is said to be heterozygous
Phenotype – the physical characteristics of an organism

MENDELIAN GENETICS
Law of Dominance – in a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the
presence of another trait for the same characteristic
Law of Segregation – when an organism makes gametes, each
gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly
Law of Independent Assortment – the inheritance of one trait is not
affected by the inheritance of another trait
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS – refers to any inheritance patterns
that doesn’t follow one or more laws of Mendelian Genetics

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE – a form of intermediate inheritance in

which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the
other allele. An example of this is the snapdragon plant. A cross
between a homozygous white-flowered plant and a homozygous red-
flowered plant will produce 100% offspring with pink flowers.
CODOMINANCE – both parental phenotypes are expressed equally
in the F1 generation; a roan cow shows codominance in fur color (red
and white). The phenotype ratio expected if a roan cow and a roan
bull mate together is 1 red: 2 roans: 1 white.
MULTIPLE ALLELES - A gene that is controlled by more than two
alleles. An example of this is the ABO Blood Type. If a child belongs
to blood type O, he or she should not have been produced by Type
AB and Type O parents

LESSON 3: BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity – variety of life in an area
Deforestation – removing or clearing of a forest to include the cutting
of all trees, mostly for agricultural or urban use
Reforestation – the process of planting trees in a forest where the
number of trees has been decreasing
The major cause of wildlife depletion is the loss of habitat
Habitat Degradation – set of processes by which habitat quality is
reduced which can occur thru natural processes or human activities
Habitat Preservation – most effective way to preserve biodiversity
Endangered Species – species that are in danger of becoming extinct
in the future
Extinction – occurs when the last member of a species dies
The risk of extinction today is different from previous mass extinction
because the current crisis is caused by human activities

LESSON 4: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Respiration
Basis of Photosynthesis
(Breakdown of
Comparison (Production of Sugar)
Sugar)
Plants, Algae, and
Occurs in… Photosynthetic All organisms
Bacteria
Location Chloroplast Mitochondria
Reactants/Inputs Carbon dioxide & Glucose (Sugar) &
Water Oxygen
Products/Outputs Glucose (Sugar) &
Carbon dioxide &
Oxygen (Waste
Water
Product)
Energy ATP (Adenosine
Light
Requirement Triphosphate)
Stages -Glycolysis
-Light Dependent
-Pyruvate Oxidation
Reaction
-Kreb’s Cycle
-Light Independent
-Electron Transport
Reaction/Calvin Cycle
Chain

As trees or plants grow, they help stop global warming by using

carbon dioxide from the air during photosynthesis, storing carbon in
the trees and soil, releasing oxygen to the environment and perform
transpiration.

Fertile land (kind of soil and location of the plots), good quality seeds,
fertilizers, and availability of water are essential for a good harvest.

Yellowing of the crop’s leaves will result to decrease in food

production.

Prepared by: Ms. Jenny Melicio

Reviewer for First Departmental Exam in Science 9
For Jupiter, Leo, Adonis, Eros, Apollo, and Gemini