Character Formation (Leadership,

Decision Making, Management and

Administration) Prof. Lorenzo Ramirez, RCrim, MSCJ(u), CSP
 Self Concept
Is how we perceive our behavior, abilities, and
unique characteristics;
It is how someone thinks about, evaluates or
perceives themselves.
 Self Concept Theories

Michael Lewis’ Two Aspect of Development of Self

Concept
• Existential Self
• Categorical Self
 Self Concept Theories
A person you
want to be.
Carl Rogers Self
Concept Theory Ideal
Self

This pertains to how It comprises

we see ourselves what we
think about
ourselves.
Self- Self-
image esteem
 Self Concept Theories
Leon Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory
Social comparison process involves people coming to
know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes,
abilities, and traits in comparison with others.
• Upward Social Comparison
• Downward Social Comparison
 Self Concept Theories
Self Determination Theory
It posits that there are two main types of motivation and
that both are powerful forces in shaping who we are
and how we behave (Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M., 2008)
• Extrinsic Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation
 Self Concept Theories
Self Determination Theory
Three Basic Need (Deci, E., Ryan, R., 1991)
• Autonomy – It is the need to control the course of
their lives
• Competence – It is the need to be effective in
dealing with the environment
• Relatedness – It is the need to have a close,
affectionate relationship to others.
 Self Leadership
Is the practice of intentionally influencing one’s
personal thinking, feeling and action towards
personal objective.
 Leadership
Is the ability of an individual or a group of
individuals to influence and guide the followers or
other members of an organization.

Organization Leadership – refers to overreaching

field of a person strategically guiding, managing
a group of people to meet a common goal.
 Leadership
Is the ability of an individual or a group of
individuals to influence and guide the followers or
other members of an organization.
Management – is the ability to control day-to-
day process and keep employees on track to
achieve a goal of an organization.

NOTE: Leadership is an essential part of effective

management
 Leadership
Four Factor of Leadership:
• Leader
• Follower
• Communication
• Situation
 Theories of Leadership
Great Man Theory of Thomas Carlyle
It posited that great leader are born, not made.
These individual come into the world possessing
certain characteristics and traits not found in all
people.
 Theories of Leadership
Spencer’s Leadership Theory of Herbert Spencer
Before a “great man” could shape and build his
society, the same society had to shape and build
him.
 Theories of Leadership
Leadership Trait Theory of Francis Galton
Claims that certain individuals have special innate
or inborn characteristics or qualities that makes
them leaders.
• Adaptability and Flexibility;
• Understanding followers and their needs;
• Eagerness to Accept Responsibility; and
• Capacity to motivate others.
 Theories of Leadership
Behavioral Theory
This theory focuses on the action of leaders rather
than on their personal qualities. (Akpa, Asikhia,
and Adedeji, 2022)
 Leadership Style
Refers to a leader’s characteristic behavior when
directing, motivating, guiding, and managing group
of people.
Three Classical Leadership Style by Kurt Lewin
• Authoritarian Leadership – This style of leadership is
strongly focused on both command by the leader
and control of followers.
• Participative Leadership – Leader offer guidance to
group members, but they also participate in the
group and allow input from other group member.
 Leadership Style
Refers to a leader’s characteristic behavior when
directing, motivating, guiding, and managing group
of people.
Three Classical Leadership Style by Kurt Lewin
• Delegative Leadership – Leaders offer little or no
guidance to group members and leave the decision
making up to the group members.
 Leadership Style
Two Distinct Styles of leadership as to the study of
University of Michigan.
• Employee-Oriented Leadership – It emphasized
interpersonal relation, taking a personal interest in
the needs of their employees and accepting
individual differences among team members.
• Production-Oriented Leadership – It emphasized
the technical or task aspect of the job and sees
team members as a means to an end.
 Leadership Style
Situational Leadership by Paul Hersey and Ken
Blanchard
Proposes that leaders choose the best course of
action based upon the situational factors; different
situations require different leadersip style.
• Telling
• Selling
• Participating
• Delegating
 Leadership Style
Situational Leadership by Paul Hersey and Ken
Blanchard
Followers Maturity Level – right style of leadership
depends greatly on the maturity level of the
individual or group.
Its either M1, M2, M3, and M4.
 • Low
M1(S2) Competence/Low
Commitment

• Low
M2(S2) Competence/High
Commitment
Matching
Styles and
Levels
• High
M3(S3) Competence/Low
Commitment

• High Competence/
M4(S4) High Commitment
 Power of a Leader
According to John French and Bertram Raven in their The
Base of Social Power (1959):
• Coercive Power;
• Reward Power;
• Legitimate Power;
• Referent Power;
• Information Power; and
• Expert Power
 Management
Is a set of principles relating to the function of
planning, organizing, directing, and controlling,
and the application of these principle in
harnessing physical, financial, human, and
informational resources efficiently and effectively
to achieve organizational goals.
Administration – Is the systematic process of
administering the management of an
organization.
 Levels of Management
Top-level Managers – These managers are
responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire
organization.
Middle-level Managers – They are accountable to
the top management for their department’s
function.
Low-level Managers – Having a responsibility off
guiding and supervising employees on day to day
activities and assigning employees task
 Functions of Management
Planning – is the first task of managers, and forms
the basis of which all other task are derived.
Characteristic of Planning;
• Planning is goal oriented
• Planning is looking ahead
• Planning is intellectual process
• Planning involved choices and decision making
 Functions of Management
Planning – is the first task of managers, and forms
the basis of which all other task are derived.
Factors the affect planning;
• External Factors – This includes shortage of
resources
• Internal Factors
 Functions of Management
Organizing – is a process of creating structure for
the organization that will enable the various
players to work together effectively towards its
objective.

Organizational Structure – is the basic

framework of formal relationship among
responsibilities, task, and people in the
organization.
 Functions of Management
Basic Principle of Organizing;
• Division of work and specialization
• Departmentation
• Chain of Command
• Unity of Command
• Span of Control
 Functions of Management
Staffing – It involves the process of recruiting,
training, developing, compensating and
evaluating employees.
•Recruitment •Performance Appraisal
•Selection •Promotion and Transfer
•Placement
•Training and Development
•Remuneration
 Police Recruitment

Process of attracting
candidates who have
maximum qualifications to be
eligible for selection procedure.
 Police Recruitment
Screening Committee
Responsible for the widest dissemination of
vacancies in their respective areas, the evaluation
of the applicant’s qualifications and the selection
of the most qualified applicants to be
recommended for appointment to the police
service
 Recruitment Procedure
• Quota allocation
• Vacancies are open to both male and
female applicant
Preparation and proper General qualification
• approval standard
of quota allocation
• Documenrtary Requirements
The PNP shall prepare,• through
Where tothe Directorate
submit applicationfor Personnel
papers and
and Records Management (DPRM) and submit it to the
documents
NAPOLCOM for approval of the of
• Deadline PNP annual recruitment
submiaaion; and schedle quota.
of
screening/evaluation
• Regular Quota – Yearly allocated quota for
Patrolman/Patrolwoman
• Attrition Quota – Number of vacant position caused by
death, retirement, and/or other forms of separation in the
service
Posting and publication of Notice of Recruitment
Q. It is an online application website
mandatorily used by aspiring civil servant to
apply to the Philippine National Police. It is
also the first step in recruitment process.
A.PNP Online Application System (PNP OAS)
B.PNP Online System (PNP OS)
C.PNP Online Recruitment (PNP OR)
D.Comprehensive Online Recruitment
Encrypting System (CORES)
 Recruitment Procedure
Registration in PNP CORES
 Recruitment Procedure
Registration in PNP ORAS
Taking of Body Mass Index (BMI)
 Recruitment Procedure
Registration in PNP ORAS
Taking of Body Mass Index (BMI)
Physical Agility Test
• 35 Push-ups in a single minute;
• 35 Sit-ups in a single minute;
• 3km run (19 minutes for male applicant, 21 minutes for
female applicant)
 Recruitment Procedure
Psychiatric/Psychological Examination (PPE) – to exclude
applicants that may be suffering from any mental disorder. It
shall be administered to all applicants under the supervision of
the PNP Medical Officer and NAPOLCOM Representative.
Physical, Medical and Dental Examination (PMDE) – this test
shall determine whether or not the applicants are in good
health and free from any contagious diseases.
 Recruitment Procedure
Medical Standard
General Appearance
• must be free from any marked deformity, from all parasite or
systematic skin disease, and from evidence of intemperance in
the use of stimulants or drugs
• must be well proportioned, of good muscular development and
show careful attention to personal cleanliness
• obesity, muscular weakness or poor physique must be rejected
• Girth of abdomen should not be more than the measurement of
chest at rest
 Recruitment Procedure
Medical Standard
Nose Mouth and Teeth
• obstruction to free breathing, chronic cataract, or very offensive breath must be
rejected
• mouth must be free from deformities in conditions that interfere with distinct speech or
that predispose to disease of the ear, nose or throat
• shall be no disease of tonsils or thyroid enlargement
• teeth must be clean, well cared for and free from multiple cavities
• missing teeth may be supplied by crown or bridgework
• at least twenty natural teeth must be present
 Recruitment Procedure
Medical Standard
Genitals
• must be free from deformities and from varicole, hyrocole
and enlargement of the testicles, stricture of urine
• any acute and all venereal disease of these organs must be
rejected
Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet
• must be free from infection of the joints, sprains, stiffness or
other conditions, such as flat foot, which would prevent the
proper and easy performance of duty
 Recruitment Procedure
Medical Standard
Eyes
• the applicant must be free from color blindness, and must be
able to read with each eye separately from standard test
type at a distance of twenty (20) feet
• permanent abnormalities of either eye must be rejected
Respiration
• must be full, easy, regular, respiratory murmur must be clear
and distinct over the lungs and no disease of the respiratory
organ is present
 Recruitment Procedure
Submission of all authenticated document necessary for
appointment.
• PSA Birth Certificate (Included Receipt)
• Diploma, TOR, GWA, Certificate of good moral
character coming from school and CAV
(Authenticated)
• Eligibility (Authenticated)
• Local Clearance (Authenticated)
• Photocopy of 2 valid I.D with 3 signature specimen
 Recruitment Procedure
Final Committee Interview (FCI) – it shall determine the
applicants’ aptitude to join the police service,
likableness, affability, outside interest, conversational
ability, disagreeable mannerisms, etc.
 Recruitment Procedure
NOTE: The drug test (DT) shall not follow the sequential steps
but shall be conducted on passers only anytime after the
PPE, PMDE, or PAT but before the Final Committee Interview
The conduct of the Physical Agility Test (PAT) and Neuro-
Psychiatric (NP) examination shall be simultaneous
nationwide .
The complete Character and Background Investigation
(CBI) shall be conducted on all PPE passers and must be
completed before the start of the Final Committee
Interview.
 Functions of Management
Directing – Is the interpersonal aspect of
management which deals directly with
influencing, guiding, supervising, motivating
subordinate for the achievement of
organizational goal.
Police Information and Continuing Education
(PICE) – to make the personnel more
knowledgeable and responsive of their
assigned task in the organization to make
them aware of changing social realities that
affect their capability to perform and
stimulate them towards becoming a
professional, a catalyst, community
organizer, God-fearing, PCR practitioner, and
community-oriented police personnel.
 Functions of Management
Controlling – is the measurement and correction
of performance activities of man power.

Performance Standard – are the expression of

management approved performance
thresholds, expectations, and requirement
that are to be met.
 Functions of Management
Controlling – is the measurement and correction
of performance activities of man power.

Police Appraisal – refers to the process of

measuring the performance of people in
achieving goals and objectives
 Functions of Management
Frequency Rating
• Frequency of the individual performance shall be
undertaken every SIX (6) MONTHS.
• Evaluation report covering the period of January to June
shall be submitted 1st WEEK OF JULY and the report from
June to December shall be submitted 1st WEEK OF
JANUARY of the succeeding year.
Merit rating- A method of measuring employee efficiency
 Functions of Management
Controlling – is the measurement and correction
of performance activities of man power.
Timing of Controls
• Feedback Controls – it occurs after an activity or
process is completed
• Proactive Control – Involves anticipating trouble,
rather that waiting for a poor outcome.
• Concurrent Controls – Monitoring takes place
during the process or activity.
Police Effectiveness and
Police Efficiency is equal to
good Productivity
Scientific Management
(Frederick Taylor, 1856 – 1915)
• It is focused on methods of
increasing worker productivity.
• Taylor believed that workers are
motivated primarily by
economic rewards.
• If workers were taught the best
procedures, with pay tied to
output, they would produce the
maximum amount of work.
Hawthorne Study (Elton
Mayo)
• It suggests that when
special attention is paid to
employees by
management, productivity
is likely to increase
regardless of changes by
management. This
occurrence is called as
“Hawthorne Effect”.
Theory X and Y
(Douglas McGregor,
1960)
Theory X
• Management assumes
employees are inherently
lazy and will avoid work if
they can and that they
inherently dislike work.
Theory X and Y
(Douglas McGregor,
1960)
Theory X
• Assumes employees may
be ambitious and self-
motivated and exercise
self-control.
Q. Propounded by Douglas
McGregor, it suggest that in
disciplining erring subordinates
the disciplinary action should be
immediate, with warning,
consistent and impersonal.
A. Hot-Stove Rule
 Decision Making
Is a process of making choices by identifying
a decision, gathering information, and
assessing alternative resolution.
 Decision Making
Types of Decision
• Programmed Decision – refers to a decision
that do not have major consequence or even
require a lot of thought
• Non-Programmed Decision – refers to a
decision that are require concius thinking,
information gathering and careful
consideration of of alternatives.
 Decision Making
Categories of Decision
• Strategic Decision
• Tactical Decision
• Operational Decision
 Decision Making
Steps in Effective of Decision
Making;
• Step 1: Identify Decision
• Step 2: Gather Relevant Information
• Step 3: Identify Alternatives
• Step 4: Weigh the Evidence
 Decision Making
Steps in Effective of Decision
Making;
• Step 5: Choose Among Alternatives
• Step 6: Take Action
• Step 7: Review the Decision and its
Consequence