Practical Research I Sampling

 Small group, usually non-

Introduction to Practical Research I representative of the population,
Research usually chosen deliberately
 A process of investigating or examining b. Quantitative Research
again (Chapman, 1979) Purpose
 “re” – again + “search” – to look for = to  Investigate cause and effect, test
look for again hypothesis
Research can be viewed as the formation of Type of data
new knowledge and the employment of  Numerical
previous or existing knowledge in a new and Method of data collection
creative way (O’Donnel, 2012)
 Close-ended questionnaire,
Two Important Ideas
measurement
 Like a pregnant mother (giving life to Data analysis
new things)
 Statistical, mathematical,
 Like a potter (creating/making computational method
something) Sampling
Type of Research
 Large, representative of the
(Based on the field in question)
population, chosen randomly
 Scientific Research is designed to learn
Choosing a Research Topic
about the physical world and discover
Topics to Avoid
how it works
 Controversial topics
 Social Sciences & Humanities
encompass studies that deal with human  Highly technical topics
society (interaction and relationships)  Hard-to-investigate subjects
and culture.  Too broad
 Historical Research pertains to events in  Too narrow/shallow
the past and the interpretation of such  Vague topics
events Sources of Topics
 Business Research is conducted to solve 1. Mass media (television, newspaper, ads,
business and management problems radio, and films)
 Non-Empirical Research includes 2. Books, internet, journals, government
theoretical studies related to publications
cosmological phenomena and 3. Experts and previous research
mathematics (recommendation.
(Based on data) Narrowing Down to Topic
a. Qualitative Research  Talk over ideas with people who
Purpose knew research
 understand human behavior and  Focus on a specific group: gender,
relation classification, genus, species, type
Type of data  Limit the variables
 open-ended responses, notes, photos,  Define the aim or desired outcome:
videos basic or applied innovation or
Method of data collection invention
 observation, interview, open-ended
questionnaire
Data analysis
 Interpretative, identifying patterns
and themes
 S.M.A.R.T
Specific – precise and focused, not vague or
broad
Measurable – quantifiable, or verifiable, not
subjective
Attainable – realistic and feasible, not
impossible or too ambitious
Relevant – meaningful and important, not
trivial or irrelevant
Time-Bound – timely and specific, not
indefinite or open-sided
Qualitative Research
Characteristics, Strength, Weaknesses
and Types
a. Characteristics of Qualitative Research
1. Takes place in a natural setting like a
home, school, institution
2. Focuses on participants’ perceptions
and experiences
3. Researchers are sensitive to
participants’ needs and participant are
actively engaged in the process
4. Data are collected through observation,
interviews, documents, e-mails, blogs,
vlogs, videos, etc.
5. It may result in changes in research
questions after new discoveries occurs
6. It is a process of describing a situation,
analyzing data for themes or
categories, and interpretations or
drawing conclusions
7. It may be subjected to the researchers;
personal interpretation
8. The researchers, as a primary
instrument of data collection, views
social phenomena and situations
holistically
b. Strengths of Qualitative Research
1. Issues may be examined in depth
2. Interviews are not limited to a set of
questions and may be directed by the
researcher
3. The study framework and direction
may be readily changed
4. Human data experience is strong and
often more fascinating than
quantitative data
5. Data is typically gathered from a small
number of people, results cannot be
generalized
c. Weakness of Qualitative Research
1. Research quality is strongly affected by
the researchers’ abilities and outlooks
2. It takes a long time to analyze and
understand all the data
3. It is sometimes hard to prove
4. The researcher’s presence during data
collection, may influence respondents’
perspectives
5. Anonymity and confidentiality may
cause issues when presenting results
Types of Qualitative Research Methods
1. Narrative
2. Phenomenology
3. Ethnography
4. Case Study
5. Grounded Theory
Qualitative Research Across Fields
1. Qualitative Research in Education
2. Qualitative Research in Technical
Communication
3. Qualitative Research in Psychology
4. Qualitative Research in Advertising
5. Qualitative Research in Social Work
6. Qualitative Research in Marketing
Research Title and Statement of the
Problem
Chapter I – The Problem and Its
Background
I. Introduction
II. Statement of the problem
III. Significance of the study
IV. Scope and De-limitation
V. Definition of terms
Research Title
 Aim – the objective of the research
 Independent Variable – the object of
investigation
 Dependent Variable – the object that
will be affected by independent
variable
 Element – the characteristics of
independent variable to be investigated
 Locale – the setting of research
 Tangible Output – Physical product of
the research
Statement of the Problem (SOP)
 The SOP is composed of the general
problem and the specific problems
 The general problem should help
answer the research objective as the
title reflects
  The specific problems should be cast Benefits and Beneficiaries of Research
based on the presented method and Significance of the Study
design of the study Write the importance of the study. To whom
 The specific problems should be it is important? Who will be benefited in the
relevant and aligned with direction or study?
goal of the research Guidelines in writing the significance of
 Present at least a minimum of the three the study:
specific problems  Results of your study should benefit
Background of the Study certain groups of people
Contents of the background of the study:  Write the significance of the study in
a. Presentation of the problem paragraph form
b. Historical background of the problem  Limit the number of paragraphs
c. Geographical condition of the locale depending on the number of
d. Rationale of the study beneficiaries of your study
Purpose of Background of the Study 1. Research 3. Parents
a. The general definition of the 2. Policy Makers 4. School
topic/problem area Chapter II: Review of Related
b. Historical basis for the existence of the Literature & Studies
problem What is RRL?
c. Efforts made towards addressing A review of related literature and studies is a
similar challenges comprehensive examination and synthesis of
d. How the efforts failed to be realized existing research relevant to a particular
hence the need for your study topic or problem
Statement of the Problem Purposes
a. The research objective states what the 1. To establish the context and background
study will accomplish. Such as find, of the topic
explain or seek 2. To identify gaps, contradictions and areas
b. Research questions should be stated in or further investigation
the interrogative and each should be 3. To provide theorical and empirical
clear to avoid confusion support for the research hypothesis or
c. Each research questions’ answer must questions
add to the entire study’s development Characteristics
d. The research questions should be Comprehensive [wide range]
enough to cover the whole study Relevant [directly related]
Scope and De-limitation Sufficient [right amount number]
Guide in writing scope and delimitation Recent [up-to-date]
a. Use only two or three paragraphs Integrative [synthesize & cohesive]
b. Write only the range of being studied Literature Vs. Studies
c. You may include the time frame, Literature
sample size, and the limitation of the > Reference books > Memorandum Orders
methods to be employed: > Text books > Documentaries
 Sample size > Journals > Interviews
 Lack of available and/or reliable data > Articles > Literary poems,
 Lack of prior studies > Newspapers stories, novels, etc.
 Chosen data collection methods Studies
> Thesis > Dissertations
 Nature of the information collected
> Investigative projects > Research journals
 Access > Governments and NGO reports
 Time period How to write RRL?
 Bias > Introductory Statement > Transitional words
 Language > Thematic > Synthesize
> Inductive or Deductive > Grand/Overall
> Paraphrase & Citation synthesis

Goodluck on your exam! ^^

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