Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PEOJECT LOCATION: SNNP, Regional State, Gedeo Zone, Dilla Zuria Woreda, Tumiticha Keble
November/ 2022
Rekik Development Consultants PLC rekikconsult@gmail.com
Mob:0973458484
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Wet Coffee Processing Industry ESMP
Acronyms
ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy
CSA Central Static Agency
o
C Degree Centigrade
EHS Environmental Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ERPs Emergence Response plans
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
EP Environmental Protection
EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change
EPC Environmental protection council
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)
ha Hectare
IEA Initial Environmental Audit
KM Kilo Meter
m.a.s.l Meters above sea level
mm Millimeter
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
PLC Private Limited Company
PH Power of Hydrogen
PE Personal Protective
REA Regional Environmental Agency
SEM Sustainable Environmental Management
SS Suspended Solids
ESMP Wet-Coffee Industry Environmental and Social Management Plan
WCC Waste Collection Centre
Table of Contents
Acronyms......................................................................................................................................................... i
Figures ............................................................................................................................................................ v
Tables ............................................................................................................................................................. vi
የሪፖርት ጥቅል ሀሳብ (Executive Summary) ................................................................................................ 1
1 Background Information of the Project ................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Purpose and Scope of the WMP ...............................................................................................................4
1.2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Terms of Reference (TOR) .......................................................................................................................5
1.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Report Structure........................................................................................................................................6
2 Scope of the Report..................................................................................................................................... 7
3 Administrative Legal and Policy Framework .......................................................................................... 8
3.1 General Overview.....................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Policy Framework ....................................................................................................................................8
3.2.1 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia .................................................................................................. 8
3.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment ................................................................................................ 9
3.2.3 Environmental Pollution Control.................................................................................................... 9
3.2.4 Solid & Liquid Waste Management ............................................................................................. 10
3.3 The Environment (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations.............................................................10
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (Proclamation No. 299/2002) ............................................... 10
3.3.2 Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 300/2002) .................................................. 11
3.4 Institutional Framework .........................................................................................................................11
3.4.1 Environmental Protection Authority ............................................................................................ 11
3.4.2 Regional Environmental Agencies (REA) ................................................................................... 12
3.4.3 Zonal Environment Forest Climate Change Authority (EFCCA) ................................................. 12
3.4.4 Woreda Environment Forest Climate Change Authority (EFCCA) .............................................. 12
3.4.5 Kebele ............................................................................................................................................ 12
4 Project Description ................................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Location of the Industry .........................................................................................................................13
4.2 Project Description .................................................................................................................................14
4.3 Company/Applicant................................................................................................................................16
5 Baseline Information of the Project Environment ................................................................................ 17
Mob: 0973458484
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8.1.1 ሙሉ የዳግም ዉኃ ዝውውር ዘዴ መዘርጋት( Established New full water recycling process system)29
8.1.2 ቆሻሻ ማጣሪያ ባዮ - ፊዚካል መከላከያ ዘዴን ማቋቋም (Established New Bio-filtration wetland
(“Vittiver Grass”) waste filtration technology) ...................................................................................... 30
8.1.3 ቆሻሻ ማስወገጃ ባዮ-ኬሚካል ማከሚያ መጠቀም (Use of Organic Compound Decomposer Treatment)
32
Mob: 0973458484
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8.1.4 የቡና ልጋግ ጉድጓድ ን መጠገን (Maintenance and Construction of Septic Tank) ............................ 33
8.1.5 የቡና ገለፈትና ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻን ለንግድ ግብዓትነት ማዋል (Use of Coffee By-Products for Commercial
Purpose) .................................................................................................................................................. 34
8.1.6 ልጋግ ጉድጓድ ውስጥ የዘቀጠ ቆሻሻን ማስወገድ (Removal of Sediment Waste from the Collection Pits)
37
8.1.7 አሮጌ ማሽን በአካባቢ-ተስማሚ የቡና መፈልፈያ ማሽን መተካት(Old Machine Replaced by Eco-
friendly Coffee Pulpier Machine)........................................................................................................ 37
8.1.8 ለአካባቢ ጥበቃ እና ማህበራዊ አስተዳደር እቅድ የበጀት ምንጭ (Resources for Environmental and
Social Management Plan) ....................................................................................................................... 38
9 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan .............................................................................. 40
10 Evaluation and Review ........................................................................................................................... 42
10.1 Tumiticha F/M/P/C/A Wet-Coffee Industry Evaluation ......................................................................42
10.2 Tumiticha F/M/P/C/A Wet-Coffee Processing Industry Review .........................................................43
11 Conclusion and Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 44
11.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................44
11.2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................44
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 46
ANNEX ............................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Company Documents ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Mob: 0973458484
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Figures
Mob: 0973458484
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Wet Coffee Processing Industry ESMP
Tables
Table 4-1: Summary of the Project Site Facilities ......................................................................................... 15
Table 6-1: Project Annual Parchment Coffee Production Plan ..................................................................... 19
Table 6-2: The Amount of Waste in Tuniticha F/M/P/C/ACoffee Pulping Industry .................................... 19
Table 8-1: Financial Requirement for Environmental Protection ................................................................. 39
Table 9-1: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...................................................................... 41
Table 10-1: Methods to Assess Procedural Effectiveness ............................................................................. 42
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goppl
ቱምትቻ የገበሬዎች ሁለገብ መሰረታዊ ኅብረት ስራ ማህበር የእሸት ቡና መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ የሚገኘው
በደቡ ብ/ብ/ሕ/ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስት ክልል ጌዶ ዞን ዲላ ዙሪያ ወረዳ የሚገኝ ድርጅት ነው፡፡
ኢንዱስትሪው ከዞኑ ዋና ከተማ ዲላ 19ኪ/ሜ ርቀት ላይ በቱምትቻ ቀበሌ አስተዳደር ልዩ ስፍራ ጌሶ በተባለ
አካባቢቢ ሲሆን ከወረዳው ዋና ከተማ ዲላ በ14 ኪ/ሜ ላይ ይገኛል፡፡
ቱምትቻ የገበሬዎች ሁለገብ መሰረታዊ ኅብረት ስራ ማህበር የእሸት ቡና መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ በ2.0 ሄ/ር
የመሬት ስፋት ይዞታ ላይ በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር በ1968 ዓ/ም የተቋቋመ ሲሆን ለ44 አመት በማህበሩ ይታ
ስር ሆኖ በታጠበ ቡና ስራ በመስራት ላይ ይገኛል፡፡ በአሁኑ ሰዓት ድርጅቱን በባለቤትነት የሚያስተዳድረው ቱምትቻ
የገበሬዎች ሁለገብ መሰረታዊ ኅብረት ስራ ማህበር ነው፡፡
በኢትዮጵያ ፌደራላዊ ሪፐብሊክ አካባቢ ጥበቃ ደንና አየር ንብረት ለውጥ ድንጋጌዎች መሰረት ማንኛውም የቡና
ምርት ማዘጋጃ ኢንዱስትሪዎች የሚያመነጭቱን የፈሳሽና የደረቅ ቆሻሻ በአካባቢና ማህበረብ ላይ የሚኖረውን የጎንዮሽ
ተፅዕኖ ለመከላከልና ኢንዱስትሪው ያለው ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጠቀሜታ ለማጎልበት የቅድመ ፕሮጀክት ግንባታ ከመካሄዱ
/ከማቋቋሙ/ በፊት የፕሮጀክቱ አካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ግምገማ(ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
IMPACT ASSIGNMENT (ESIA) ማጣሪያ ተጠንቶ ቀርቦ በሚመለከተው አካባቢ ጥበቃ ደንና አየር ንብረት ለውጥ
ቢሮ ማረጋገጫ ማግኘት የአሰራር ሂደት ግደታ ነው፡፡
ሆኖም ግን ቀደም ሲል ይህንን ግምገማ ሳያደርጉ የተቋቋ ፕሮጀክት በአካባቢና ማህበረሰቡ ላይ የሚያስከትሉትን
የጎንዮሽ ተፅዕኖ መቅረፍ የሚያስችል ‘’የአካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ሥራ-አመራር አስተዳደር ዕቅድ’’
ማዘጃጀትና በአዘጋጁት የስራ አመራር እቅድ መሰረት የመተግበር ግደታ ያለበት ሲሆን የሚሰራው የልማት እንቅስቃሴ
ከአካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ በማያደርስ ሁኔታ በተግበር አለበት፡፡
በመገኘት በመገምገም የሚኖረውን አሉታዊ ተፅዕኖ ለመቅረፍ የሚያስችል ዘመናዊና ውጤታማ መፍትሄ የያዘ
የአካባቢና የማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ሥራ አመራር አስተዳደር ዕቅድ ለማዘጋጀት አማካሪ ድርጅቱ ሙሉ ኃላፊነት ወስዶ
አዘጋጅቷል፡፡
በተደረገው ጥናት መሰረትም ቱምትቻ የገበሬዎች ሁለገብ መሰረታዊ ኅብረት ስራ ማህበር የእሸት ቡና
መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ (Tumiticha Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperatives Wet-coffee processing
Industry) በአካባቢ ስነ-ህይወትና አካባቢ ማህበረሰብ( biophysical environment as well as the local
communities) አወንታዊና አሉታዊ ተፅዕኖ ያለው መሆኑ በጥናቱ ተመላክቷል፡፡
የጥናቱ ውጤት አንደሚያመለክተው የድርጅቱ በተለያዩ አመታት መረጃ በነሻነት መሰረት በአማካኝ 505,440 ኪ/ግ
ቀይ እሸት ቡና ምርት በመሰብሰብ የታጠበ ቡና ምርት የሚያዘጋጅ ሲሆን በዚህ የዝግጅት ሂደት 202.176 ቶን ከቡና
ልጋግ ጋር የተነካካ የቡናገለፈት( fresh pulp) እና ከፍኛ አሲድ የሚያመነጭ 19,352.413 ቶን ፈሳሻ ቆሻሻ ( liquid
waste/lagoon) በማመንጨት በአካባቢና በመህበረሰብ ላይ አሉታዊ ተፅዕኖ እደሚያስከትል ተገምግሟል፡፡
የድርጅቱ አወንታዊ ሁኔታ፡ የታጠበ ቡና ለማዘጋጀት በሚያደርገው ልማት እንቅስቃሴ በቀዳሚነት ለአካባቢው
ማህበረሰብ ዘርፈ ብዙ ጠቀሚታ ፈጥሯል ማለትም ስራ ለሌላቸው ወጣችና ሴቶች የስራ ዕድል የፈጠረ ሲሆን
የቱምትቻ ቀበሌ ቡና አምራች አርሶ አደሮችን በማህበር በማደራጀት የቡና ምርታቸውን በቀጥታ ለድርጅቱ
በማስረከብ በመጀመሪያ የመነሻ ዋጋ በተሸለ ዋጋ በመሸጥ የተሸለ ገቢ የሚያገኑበት አማራጭ እድል በመፍጠሩ በዚህም
አምራቾች ቡናቸውን በድርድር የመሸጥ አቅም አሳድጓል እንዲሁም የታጠበ ቡና በማዘጋጀት በቀጥታ በማህበራቸው
አማካኝነት ኤክስፖርት በማድረግ ከሚገኘው ትርፍ ተጨማሪ ገቢ የሚገኙበትን እድል የፈጠረ ሆን እንደ ሀገርም
የሀገራችንን የውጭ ምንዛሬ ግኝት ላይ ጅርጅቱ ሀገራዊ ሚና አለው፡፡
የድርጅቱ አሉታዊ ተፅእኖ/የጎንዮሽ ጉዳት፡ ድርጅቱ የታጠበ ቡና በሚያዘጋጅበት ሂደት ውስጥ በሚያመነጨው
የደረቅና የፈሳሻ ተረፈ ምርት አማካኝነት በአካባቢና በማህበረሰብ ላይ የጎንዮሽ ጉዳት ሊያስከትል የሚችል አቅም እዳለው
ያመለክታል፡፡ ምክንያቱሙ ድርጅቱ የታጠበ ቡና ምርት የሚያዘጋጅ ሲሆን በዚህ ሂደት ዘመናዊ የብክለት መከላከያ ዘዴ
ከመነሻው ታቅዶ የተሰራ ባለመሆኑ አሁን ያለው የብክለት መከላከያ በቂ ባለመሆኑ በአካባቢና በማህበረሰብ የጎንዬሽ
ጉዳት ሊያስከትል እንደሚችል ይገመታል ፡፡
ይሁን እንጂ ድርጅቱ ከሚያስከትለው የጎንዬ ጉዳት ይልቅ ለአካባቢው ማኅበረሰብ ያለው ጠቀሜታ ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡ ሆኖም
ግን በስራ ላይ ያሉት መከላከያ ዘዴዎች ሙሉ በሙሉ ብክለት በመቀነስ መከላከል የማያስችሉ ባለመሆናቸው
በተለይም የፈሳሽ ቆሻሻው ከፍተኛ የሆነ አሲድ ስለሚያመነጭ የሚከተሉት የጎንዬሽ ጉዳቶች ያስከትላል፡-
ልጋጉ ከውሃ አካል ጋር ከተገኛኘ የውሃ ውስጥ የምግብ ሰንሰለት ማዛባት (H2O,Nutrient Imbalance)፣
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ከዚህ በተጨማሪ የአካባቢ ብክለት ያስከትላል ማለትም በአየር፣ በውሃ አካል፣ በአፈር እና በማህበረብ አገልግሎት
መጠነኛ ጉዳት ይጠበቃሉ፡፡
ቱምትቻ የገበሬዎች ሁለገብ መሰረታዊ ኅብረት ስራ ማህበር የእሸት ቡና መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ መለስተኛ
የተሻለ ብክለት መከላኬ ዘዴዎች አንድ የልጋግ ጉድጓድና አንድ የገለፈት ጉድጓድ ገንብቶ ስራ ላይ ያዋለ ቢሆንም
የተሟላ ነው ብሎ መውሰድ አያስችል ፡፡ አሁን ካለው በበለጠ የመከላከያ ዘዴ ሊኖረው ይገባል፡፡
ስለሆነም ያለውን ችግር ለመቅረፍ የሚያስችል በፈጠራ የተደገፈና ከአካባቢ ጋር ተስማሚ የሆነና ዘለቄታ ያለው
መከላከያ ዘዴ ያስፈልጋል፡፡ በመሆኑም ይህ ያካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ አስተዳደር ዕቅውድ ለድርጅቱ ቁልፍ ዋና
የትግበራ ሰነድ እዲሆን ተደርጎ ተጠንቶ ቀርቧል፡፡
በዚህ መሰረትም የድርጅቱ የአካባቢና ማህበራሰባዊ አሉታዊ ተፅዕኖዎች መነሻ የሆኑትን የደረቅና የፈሳሻ ቆሻሻዎችን
ከምንጩ ማድረቅ የሚስችሉ ተግባራዊና ዘርፈ ብዙ መከላከያ ዘዴዎች በዕቅዱ ተካተዋል፡፡ አማካሪ ድርጅቱ ብቁ ናቸው
ያላላቸው በሌሎች አካባቢና ሀገራት የተተገበሩትን ተሞክሮ በመውሰድ የመከላከያ ዘዴዎችን ድርጅቱ ተግባራዊ
እንዲያደርግ እደሚከተለው ቀርቧል፡-
1) ሙሉ የዳግም ዉኃ ዝውውር ዘዴ መዘርጋት( Installing New full water recycling process system)
2) ባዮ-ፊዚካል መከላከያ ዘዴ መጠገን (Establishing new Bio-filtration wetland (“Vittiver Grass”)
waste filtration technology)
3) ቆሻሻ ማስወገጃ ባዮ-ኬሚካል መጠቀም(Use of organic decomposer waste treatment)
4) ዙሪያ በኮንክሪት የተሰራ ዘመናዊ የልጋግ ጉድጓድ መገንባት(Constructin modern lagoon septic tank
Treatment Methods)
5) የሚወጣውን ተረፈ ምርት ለሌሎች ልማት ማዋል( use of waste for Commercial purpose,)
6) ከራሚ/ያልተወገደ ተረፈ ምርት ያካባቢ ባለስልጣን በሚፈቅድ ቦታ ላይ ማስወገድ(waste disposal in
the permitted landfill area ( is as the final option)
7) አሁን ያለውን ማሻን አነስተኛ ውኃ በሚጠቀም ማሻን መቀየር( old Machine is replaced by
“ecological” designs mechanical de-mucilagers (Penagos DUC-.500)
በአጠቃላይ ለአካባቢ ተስማሚ የሆነ ‘’አካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕና ሥራ አመራር ዕቅድ’’ (Environmental and
Social Impact Management Plan (ESMP) ተግባራዊ ለማድረግ ድርጅቱ ለትገበራ የሚያስፈልገው አመታዊ በጀት
ብር 58,034.69 በጥናቱ ተሰልቶ የቀረበ ሲሆን በጀቱ ለአመታዊ ኦድት ጭምር ሰለሚውል በትክክል እቅድ ይዞ
ተግባራዊ ማድረግ፡፡ የቀረበውን ሰነድ (አካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ሥራ አመራር ዕቅድ) ለሚከተለው ዞንናና
ወረዳ አካባቢ ጥበቃ ደንና አየር ንብረት ለውጥ ባለስልጣን ተቋም በማቅረብ ማፀደቅና ይሁንታ ማግኘት አለበት፡፡
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Sources of wastewater from wet-coffee processing include wastewater from pulping, fermentation
(or demucilaging) and washing operations. The effects of these wastewaters are observed when dis-
charged into water courses without proper treatment.
To ensure the appropriate management and disposal system of the project related waste, Tumitica
Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative Associasstion shall developed a framework to
addressing coffee waste management. This Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
provides an overview of the framework and management practices to be applied by the Tumitica
Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative Associasstion Wet-coffee Processing Industry to
reduce, re-use, recycle, and recovery as energy source and dispose the waste that generated by its
property with minimum impact downstream of the project site.
1.2.1 Purpose
Tumitica Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative Associasstion coffee industry
organization has both a legal and social responsibility to minimize and appropriately manage wastes
generated by the coffee processing industry activities and assets. This ESMP has been planned to
satisfy those obligations and complements the overarching the Zonal and woreda Environment,
Forest and Climate Change office to ensure the issue of environment, health and safety management
system.
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The project WMP assessment investigations and analysis of the anticipated environmental impacts
of in this wet-coffee industry in line with terms of reference stipulated in the environmental (Impact
and Audit) regulations 2003 and in particular part II S 7[1] and which are listed below. However,
this wet-coffee industry previously established, the terms of reference were focused only on the
current wet-coffee processing implementation Phase.
i) Propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable liquid and solid waste
management system.
j) Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including replacement of new pressing industry, other
project alternative, project site, design and technologies.
k) Review the current Environmental Management Plan (EMP) practice in Ethiopia, SNNP
REGIONAL STATE.
l) Proposing the measures for eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the
environment.
1.4 Methodology
Based on terms of reference (TOR) prepared by the Rekik Development Consultant PLC, the
methodology used during consultancy phase in the following:
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The WMP of this project report was written with the following Structure:
Executive Summary
1. Introduction: gives a brief introduction about the need for ESMP
2. Scope of the Report
3. Administrative, Legal and Policy Framework;
4. Project Description
5. Baseline information of the Project Environment
6. Potential Impacts of the Project
7. Impact Mitigation Measures
8. Environmental and Social Management Plan
9. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
10. Evaluation and Review of the Project
11. Conclusion and Recommendations
References
.
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Ethiopia’s five years strategic plan, the growth and transformation plan (GTP) for 2010/11,2014/15
sets even higher growth and investment targets, including achievement of all Millennium
Development Goals. The Environmental policy of Ethiopia was approved in 1997 and is the first key
document that captured environmental sustainable development principles. Ethiopia’s program of
Adaptation to Climate Change (EPACC) is a program of action to build a climate resilient economy
through adaptation at sectorial, regional and local community levels. The EPACC updates and
replaces Ethiopia’s National Adaptation program of Action (NAPA), which was formulated and
submitted it to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2007.
Ethiopia also has on overarching framework and a national strategy towards a green economy, the ‘’
Climate Resilient Green Economy’’ (CRGE) 2011. EIA procedures should be applied to plans
according to the EIA proclamation No: 299/2002. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has
been introduced to Ethiopia quite recently. However, there is no SEA proclamation or guideline on
SEA in place.
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Conservation Strategy (CSE), Environmental Policy (EPE), EIA Law and EIA Guidelines (EPA,
2002; EPA, 1997). The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) was initiated in 1989 as a project
supported by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), and among the successful activities of the
project was the development of a legal framework for environmental management in Ethiopia. The
policy and strategy documents recognized and addressed environmental issues in a holistic manner,
and were adopted as well as approved by the Government of Ethiopia in 1997.
The overall goal of the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia(EPE) is to improve and enhance the health
and quality of life of all Ethiopians, and to promote sustainable social and economic development
through the sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and the
environment as a whole (EPA, 1997). The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation
of the people and their organization’s at all levels in environmental management activities, and to
raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkage between the environment
and development.
EIA policies are included in the cross-sectorial policies of the EPE (EPA, 1997). They emphasis,
among others, the early recognition and incorporation of environmental issues and mitigation plans
in project design and implementation.
Environmental guidelines are among the tools for facilitating the consideration of environmental
issues and principles of sustainable development and their inclusion in development proposals. The
promoter of this project fulfills the basic requirement from the concerned governmental and non-
governmental bodies.
The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest and
insect, crop diseased, fertilizer application management and industrial development are becoming a
serious environmental concern. In association with this, proclamation provides a basis from which
the relevant environmental standard applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning
violation of these standards as criminally punishable offence.
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For the sake of an appropriate project implementation, environmental standards and related
requirements, inspectors belonging to EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are
empowered by the proclamation to enter, without prior notice or court order, land premises at any
time, at their discretion. Such wide power was drive from Ethiopia’s serious concern and
commitment to protecting the environmental from pollution.
The regulatory devices underline under the EPE and emphasized in most environmental legislation is
the necessity of Environmental impact Assessment (EIA) before engaging in development acuities.
Furthermore, Articles 11 and 12 of the proclamation No.299/2002 requires EPA to follow up and
monitor the implementation of the project already done according to the EIA and to see, whether
circumstances have occurred whether might require a new EIA to be done. The project is intended to
wash coffee to supply for national and global market. So the promoter of the project should facilitate
to undertake ongoing study or assessment during implementation of the washed station.
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A licensing agency shall either suspend or cancel a license that has already been issued,
in the case that the EPA or the REA suspends or cancels the environmental
authorization;
Approval of the ESIA report or the granting of authorization by the EPA or the REA
does not exonerate the proponent from liability for damage;
The EPA has prepared ESIA procedural guidelines towards the realization and
implementation of this proclamation.
There are so many organizations involved in environmental management in the country. These
organizations include the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Regional land and
protection and Environmental, National Environment and Management Authority, Local Authorities,
Ministry of Water and Irrigation etc. It also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and
agencies on environmental matters.
The proclamation stipulates the mandatory need for establishment of Environmental organs by
regions. Mandates of the regional environmental organs are to enable regions to coordinate
environmental activities, avoid duplication of efforts and improve the dissemination of
environmental information. This proclamation also mandates the EPA to undertake studies and
research, to develop action plans etc, in the area of combating desertification.
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matters. This proclamation also mandates the EPA to undertake studies and research, to develop
action plans etc., in the area of washing station waste management.
ZONAL ORGANS is one of the administrative regarding EPA. The Zone administration is the
highest decision maker organ next to regional Authority. Zonal administration is accountable for
regional Authority According to Ethiopia’s government governance structure; zonal offices are
headed by cabin members. Therefore, Zonal Rural land and Environmental protection organ is the
middle administrative level responsible for monitoring and evaluating environmental issues of the
washed station
Dilla Zuria Woreda is one of the administrative divisions of the SNNP REGIONAL STATE. The
woreda administration is the highest decision maker organ next to regional Authority. Woreda
administration is accountable for regional Authority in the case of the SNNP Regional State; woreda
offices are headed by cabin members. Therefore, woreda EFCCA is the middle administrative level
responsible for monitoring and evaluating environmental issues of the washed station.
3.4.5 Kebele
The peasant associations have their own council consisting of the administrative structure and the
cabinet members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from local school,
Agricultural offices and locally selected health centuries and another four. The main responsibilities
of the kebeles include promoting rural development, Executing government policies and facilitate
their implementation and conducting tax collection. Furthermore, they have a mandate to visit
development and correct their negative impacts through advising the investors. Therefore kebele
administrative office, will conduct such activities for social and environmental sustainability of the
established washed station.
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4 Project Description
4.1 Location of the Industry
The project area is located in Gedeo Zone, Dilla Zuria Woreda. Dilla Zuria Woreda is one of the
woredas in the SoutherNational Natainality popels Regional State of Ethiopia and has 17 rural
kebeles & 2 Town Administrative Kebele. Dilla Zuria woreda has economical source in rich off
Coffee, Enseti (kochoo), and cerial crops those are main source of economic contributor of the
woreda. The woreda which has supporting agricultural cultivation crops for main fruit like mango,
avocado etc contributing to the area, country and exporting in the future.
The project site is located at about 19km Southeast from Dilla town in Tumiticha Kebele. The
owner of the project is Tumitica Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative Associasstion.
The coffee industry was an existing and functioning industry. The project is bordered on the south
ato dogy Fulasa Coffee Farm, on the east by by Geso River, on the north by W/r. Aberashe
Mnigesha Coffee Farm, on the west by Community roade. The geographical location of Dilla Zuria
woreda is 6° 20 0″North Latitude and 38° 20 0″ East Longitude with an elevation of 1500m to
3200M meters above sea level. The specific feature of the project area in terms of temperature is
from 28 to 24oC and a rainfall pattern range is average 1200-1300 mm per annum.
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2 3
1
The industry has prepared two waste (mucilage) ((20X10X5M) and (10X5X2M) length, width and depth
respectively collection Sepetic Tank. On the other hand the coffee husks separation pit and water
circulation system stracture is not well established, It should be constructed new husk and waste separater
stracture. Both pits are not lined with concrete and not maintained good.
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4.3 Company/Applicant
Tumitica Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative
Name of Owner
Associasstion
2.1.1 Nationality: Ethiopian
2.1.2 Type of business: Parchment coffee production
2.1.3 Address : Address Mobile: (+251-911-83-46-92)
Tumitica Farmer’s Mulitipurpose Primary Cooperative
Project Name:
Associasstion Wet-Coffee Processing Industry
2.1.4 Status of the Project: Established in 1968
2.1.5 Established Site area: Dilla Zuria Woreda, Gedeo Zone,SNNP Regional State
Specific location: Tumiticha Kebele
Size of washed station land: 2.0 Ha
Legal Form of organization: Farmer’s Cooperative Association
Right of Occupancy: PLC
Project Manaeger Asichalwe Shiferaw (+251-911-83-46-92)
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The majority of the land mass (20%) is categorized by the Woredas as lowland with and the
remaining 85% of the Woreda as midland. The climate of the Woreda is moderately wet in the
highlands, and humid in the woyena dega areas. The main rainy season (meher) starts usually in June
and lasts until August, with some irregularities in the low land areas and small rains which runs from
March to April (’belg’).
5.3 Climate
Annual rain fall range between 1250mm-1500mm and it has two agro ecology mid and woinadega.
Most of the kebeles are found in the woinadega climatic zone and average temperature range
between 15 - 280C (Dilla Zuria Agricultural Office, 2022). Dilla Zuria Woreda is high landscape
and at a mean level of 2800 meters above sea level.
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According to Selvamurugan et al.., the conventional wet coffee processing plants is required 85,085
litter of water for the processing of 1 tons of fresh cherry coffee. Due to this high water demanding
nature of this wet coffee processing plant is usually constructed very near to river or other water
streams. Because of this reason it is possible to say all wet-coffee processing industries are the main
cause of environmental pollution.
Wet-mill coffee industry processing consist two main types of by-products such as Pulp and
mucilaginous lagoon. Pulp represents about 40% of the weight of the fresh fruit and mucilaginous
lagoon is 45%, presently is underutilized, causing serious pollution problems.
The coffee waste effluent consists of different sugars, crude protein, crude fiber, different nutrients
and chemicals which are generated from red cherry processing and its fermentation processes. The
coffee wastewater is also containing organic compounds which create high BOD and COD demand
in water body. Coffee fermentation has high sugars contain in fermentation tank that generates high
acidity conditions. The effluent also consists of different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids
(caffeine) and polyphenolic compounds and nutrients like nitrate and phosphate. Discharge of such
kinds of untreated coffee washed effluent into open environment and the downstream river which
bring various environmental and public health problems.
It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to human health problems and loss of
biodiversity. The presence of organic material and its demand of great quantities of oxygen to
degrade confer a toxic nature.
Based on the machine annual processing capacity, the project owner’s annual washed coffee
production plan in the year 2022 is 505,440 kg per year (45% of the machine capacity). The
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project plant will operate one shift within 24 hours a day, and 900 working days a year, but for red
cherry processing only 78 days per year. Based on this assumption the owner’s was planned to
production 96,034 kg parchment coffee per year and supply to the Ethiopia commodity exchange
market. The detail of production program is shown below in the table 6.1.
Description Unit Qt
Industry machine type AAGARD 3-disk
Red Cherry Pulping capacity of 1-disk (Kg/per hrs) kg 800
Pulping capacity of 3-disk( Kg/per hrs) kg 2,400
Pulping hour /day hr 6
Annual working days day 78
Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,123,200
Project utilization capacity (45%) kg 505,440
96,034
Total Parchment coffee production in kg 19%
Description Unit Qt
Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement per year kg 505,440
Water Requirement /tones of Red Cherry Fruit liter 85,085
Total Annual water Requirement water Liter 43,005,362
Type of Waste component unit % Qt
Fresh pulp (82 % MC)& fresh skin tons 40% 202.176
19,352,413
Mucilaginous effluents from total H2O Consumed Litter/yer 45%
It is concluded that, this coffee industry will have 19,352.413 tons mucilaginous contaminated solid
waste (coffee pulp) and 202.176 tons of lagoon liquid waste (wastewater or effluents) will be
generate due to its high water demanding nature of the pulping machine. Those generated solid and
liquid waste is containing a very high potential of environment pollutants (effluent), when it
disposing to the downstream of water course with no any treatment. Such coffees wastes are
nowadays become series problem on receiving environment especially on water bodies and human
health. The detailed type of waste and its impact is well described in the next section.
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Fermented effluents (different sugars, crude protein, high acidity, tannins, alkaloids
(caffeine) and polyphenolic compounds and nutrients like nitrate and phosphate)
coffee pulp with different nutrients and chemicals components;
Asset decommissioning and abandonment after coffee processing activities.
This type of waste is categorized as being one of the following two waste classes:
Regulated type of Waste: wastes that require specific controls or actions as defined by EPA
legislation. Such coffee Lagoon type of waste is listed, hazardous, regulated and controlled
wastes that typically have unique handling and disposal requirements in order to manage
specific hazards associated with them. In this case such as different sugars, crude protein,
crude fiber, different nutrients and chemicals and toxic chemicals such as tannins,
alkaloids (caffeine) and polyphenolic compounds are generated and considered as regulated
waste.
Recyclable type of Waste: Waste that are able to be reconditioned, reprocessed or reused. In
this case coffee pulp is considered as recyclable waste. For the further information for each
waste class is more described in the following sections.
The coffee pulp has high amount of protein substances. Discharge of this coffee pulp fermented
black rise effluent to the water body which can increase the concentrations of ammonia and nitrogen
in the river. Thus, it creates anaerobic aquatic environment where aquatic organisms are unable to
get enough oxygen for further aerobic respiration and very difficult for their survival.
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Oxygen serve as electron accepter during oxidation of these reduced in to organic chemical
substances and can deplete the dissolved oxygen in the river water. On the other hand discharge of
such kinds of effluent into open environment and the river as well as any water bodies will cause
various environmental and public health problems. Generally this type of waste is classified as
regulate waste which is requires strong control, treatment and careful control on-site waste
management.
This pulp separation and collection system keep the whole pulp until to form hip in certain days,
since pulp coating sugars mucilage substance together are predominantly common practice used in
this industry, this fevered of aggregate to contaminated pulp with high sugars compound in
collection center a common practices. The pulp goes to farther fermentation; it generates heavy
black toxic compounds which have adverse effect on to the receiving environment.
Generally this wet coffee processing industry waste management facilities practice is a highly
expose to the risk to pollution; It should be developing new WMP.
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ecological effect of organic pollution in a water course (into which effluents have been discharged)
which cause the lowering of oxygen content in the water bodies. The organic substances diluted in
the wastewater to break down very slowly in microbiological processes, using up oxygen from the
water. Due to the decrease in oxygen content, the demand for oxygen to break down organic material
in the wastewater exceeds the supply, dissolved in the water, thus creating anaerobic conditions in
water bodies.
According to Asian Journal of Science and Technology May, 2015 study in Ethiopia, the amount of
oxygen needed to biologically break down organic wastes diluted in water (BOD) could be as high
as normal(15,000 mg/l) while the amount of dissolved oxygen required to combine with chemicals
in the wastewater (COD), could be between (15,000 and 25,000 mg/l). The resulting anaerobic
conditions can be fatal to aquatic creatures and also cause bad odour; moreover, the bacteria
cause health problems if the wastewater seeps into a source of potable water. All these are
potentials of adverse impact on the environment.
The organic and acetic acids from the fermentation of the sugars make the wastewater very acidic
(with pH as low as 3.8), a condition in which higher plants and animals can hardly survive.
Moreover, the total suspended solids in the effluents are high; in particular, the digested mucilage,
when precipitated out of the solution, builds a crust on the surface, clogging up waterways and
further contributing to the anaerobic conditions. Both studies of these concentrations were much
higher than the permissible limits prescribed by WHO. The detail information is shown below
Figure 6. 2.
Figure 6-2: Permited Standard of Wet Coffee Processing Waste in Water Body
The waste can be also caused on psychological effects such as noise annoyance and disruption of
concentration. Physical effects include loss of hearing, pain, nausea, and interference with
contaminations exposure to bad odor.
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In conclusion to ensure sustainable production processed washed coffee production and its
economic benefits, sound and cost effective coffee Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP) developed options are obligatory.
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Minimize waste volumes and the risk of causing harm to the environment; and
Maximize operational efficiency and environmental performance.
The consultancy was identified the following waste management hierarchy for this coffee industry,
from most preferable to least preferable, which is illustrated in Figure 7.1. Each step of the hierarchy
is discussed further in the following Sections.
Waste reduction also requires less energy than the waste management options listed further down the
hierarchy by designing out waste before it is created. Waste itself is an indicator that systems and
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processes can be better designed. This application described below in the practical recommendation
section.
Reduce hydrocarbon contamination to soils and farm land or in-situ where possible;
Reduce wastewaters, including: Sewage at polluted the downstream rivers.
For more detailed discussion on the treatment and management of wastewaters, including toxic
water generated within this project, refer to the Wet-Coffee Industry Environmental and Social
Management Plan section.
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fermented toxic sewage wastes. However, the project should be improved current practices to ensure
that the project assets and activities that generate, receive (store) or dispose of waste having an
understanding and in recognition of the waste management hierarchy system, which is important to
know;
The types and quantities of waste generated, received and/or disposed; and
Any risks associated with the handling and disposal of these wastes.
These principal practices are discussed in further recommendation of WMP and for this detail as
flows;
Fermented toxic waste requires more specific storage, treatment and handling requirements due to
their potential to cause environmental harm and/or health and safety issues. Toxic wastes will be
stored in appropriate septic tanks with waste treatment that are appropriately labeled and where
applicable, in accordance with the recommendations of relevant Safety Regulation Acts.
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በመሆኑም አማራጭ ሊሆን የሚችለው ዘርፈ ብዙ ለአካባቢ ተስማሚና ተግራዊ ለማድረግ ቀላል የሆኑ
የመከላከያ ዘዴዎን መጠቀም ለአካባቢ ብክለት ለመቀነስ ተግባራዊ ማድረግ የተሻለ አማራጭ ስለሚሆን
የሚከተሉት የመከላከያ ዘዴዎች በአማካሪ ድርጅቱ ብቁ ናቸው የተባሉ ተግባር ላይ እየዋሉ ያሉ መከላከያ
ዘዴዎች እንደ ሚከተለው ተመርጠው ቀርበዋል፡፡
ድርጅቱ ከሚያመነጨው የደረቅና ፈሳሻ ቆሻሳ ባህሪ እንዲሁም የድርጅቱ አመታዊ የእሸት ቡና የመፈልፈል
የስራ እቅድ ሰነድ መነሻ በማድረግ የሚፈጠረው ተረፈ ምርት መጠንና ብክለትን ለመከላከል የሚከተላቸው
የመከላከያ የስራ-አመራር ዘዴዎች በመለየት፣ ኢንዱስትሪ በሚገኝበት ቦታ በመገኘት ከተሰበሰበው መረጃ፣
በሌሎችን እሸት ቡና ኢንድስትሪዎች ላይ ስለ አካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ግምገማ የተጠና ሰነድ በመነሻ ነት
የተወሰደ መረጃ እና አለማቀፍ የታጠበ ቡና ቆሻሻ የመከላከል ዘዴዎች የተገኘ መረጃ በማካተት ለቱምቻ
ገበሪዎች መሰረታዊ ህብረት ስራ ማህበር እሸት ቡና መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ አካባቢና ማህበረስብ
ተፅዕኖ ስራ - አመራር ዕቅድ ሰነድ ውስጥ በማካተት በዘላቂና ችግርን ፈች በሆነ አስራር የመከላከያ ዘዴዎች
እንድተገበሩ ቀርበዋል፡፡ በተደረገው ጥና ትንተና ውጤት መሰረት አማካሪ ድርጅቱ ብቁ ናቸው ያላላቸውን
የተተገበሩ መከላከያ ዘዴዎች እደሚከተለው ቀርበዋል፡፡
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በመሆኑም ቱምቻ ገበሪዎች መሰረታዊ ህብረት ስራ ማህበር እሸት ቡና መፈልፈያ ኢንዱስትሪ የዳግም
ውሃ ዝውውር (witout water recycling) ዘዴ ከሚይጠቀሙ የሚመደብ በመሆኑ ለ1 ቶን ቀይ እሸት ቡና
ለመፈልፈል 85,085 ሊትር ዉሃ የሚያስፈልገው በመሆኑ ብክለት ይቀንሳል ማለት አያስችልም፡፡ በመሆኑም
የዳግም ውሃ ዝውውር ዘዴ ሙሉ በሙሉ የተሟላ ባለመሆኑ አዲስ የዳግም ውሃ ዝውውር ዘዴን መዘርጋት
ያስፈልጋል፡፡ ከዚህ ጋር ተያይዞ በድርጅቱ አመታዊ የታጠበ ቡና የማዘጋጀት እቅድ በመነሳት ለ55,0440 ኪ/ግ
ቡና ለመፈልፈል በአማካኝ 57,340,483 ሊትር ውሃ በፕሮጅቸቱ በጀት አመት(2015) ይጠቀማል በዚህም
ከፍተኛ የሆነ የደረቅና ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻ ያመነጫል፡፡ ስለሆነም የሚመነጨውን የፈሳሻ ቆሻሻ ለመቀነስ አዲስ
የዳግም ውሃ ዝውውር ዘዴን መገንባት (with Full water recycling) እየተጠቀመበት ያለውን 85,085
ሊትር መጠን ወደ 13,408 ሊትር ለ1ቶን እሸትቡና ዝቅ በማድረግ ማስተካከል ይገባል፡፡
ይህ የአሰበራር ዘዴ አጠቃላይ የፕሮጀክቱ አመታዊ የውሃ ፍላጎትን በ90% ይቀንሳል፡፡ በመሆኑም ድርጅቱ
አሁን ላይ ካለበት አካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅእ እርምት በ90% መቀነስ ስለሚያስችለው ሙሉ የዳግም ውሃ
ዝውውር አጠቃቀምን የመተግበር ግደታ መሆኑን ወስዶ መተግበር አለበት፡፡ የዳግም ውሃ ዝውውር ዘዴ
የመዘርጋት ሂደቱ በሚከተለው 8-1 ስዕል ላይ በተመለከተው መሰረት አሰራሩን መመልከት ይቻላል፡፡
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8.1.2 ቆሻሻ ማጣሪያ ባዮ - ፊዚካል መከላከያ ዘዴን ማቋቋም (Established New Bio-filtration
wetland (“Vittiver Grass”) waste filtration technology)
ድርጅቱ የታጠበ ቡና በሚያዘጋጅበት ሂደት ውስጥ በሚያመነጫጨው የደረቅና የፈሳሻ ተረፈ ምርት
አማካኝነት በአካባቢና በማህበረሰብ ላይ የጎንዮሽ ጉዳት ሊያስከትል የሚችል አቅሙ ከፍተኛ መሆኑ ይታወቃል፡፡
ይሁን እንጊ ድርጅቱ ብዛታቸው 2 የሆኑ (20X10X5 ሜትር) እና (10X5X2ሜትር) ስፋትና ቁመትና
ጥረልቀት ያላቸው የቡና ልጋግ ማከማች ጉድጓዶች ያሉት ሲሆን ብክለትን የመከላከል አቅም ዝቅተኛ ናቸው፡፡
ስለሆነም ችግሩን በዘላቂነት ለመፍታት በመዘፍዘፊያ ገንዳና በልጋግ ጉድጓድ መካከል ባለው ከፍተት ቦታ
የቨትቨር ሳር ቀሻሻ ማጣሪይ 1% ሌብል በመገንባት የሚወጣውን ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻ ቀጥታ ቨትቨር ሳር ውስጥ
ተዘጋጀው ጉድጓድ በማስተላለፍ ተግባራዊ የሆነ መላከያ ዘዴ መተግበር ማዋል ያስፈልጋል፡፡ ለተለያዩ
የግብርና ልማት መስኖ መጠቀም አልያም በሚመለከተው አካል ማረጋገጫ ሲሰጥ ወደ ወንዝ ማስገባት
ይቻላል፡፡
የቨትቨር ሳር የቡና ልጋግ ማጣሪያ ዘዴ (‘’Vetiver grass’’ developing system of waste management
System) ሶስት ዋና ዋና ጥቅሞች ምክንያት ተፈላጊ ነው፡፡
solids, and nutrients). በመሆኑም ቭቲቨር ሳር(‘’Vetiver grass’’) በልጋጉ የሚገኘውን ናይትሮጅንና
ፎስፎረስ ለስህነ-ህይወት እድገቱ በመጠቀም ውሃ ውስጥ ቢገባ የውሃ ስለምግብ ተፈጥሮን በማዛበት
በውሃ ውስት ብክለት የሚያሰከትሉትን በከፍተኛ ደረጃ የማጣራት አቅሙ ተጠቅሞ የማስወድ አቅም
ስላለው፡፡
blue green algae) በውሃ ውጥ ያለውን ኦክስጊን በመሻማት በሌሎች ህይዎት ባላቸው ስለ-ህይወት
እድገት ላይ ተፅዕኖ በማስከተል ጉዳት ያስከተልል በመሆኑ ቨትቨር ሳርን በቆሻሻ ውሃ ላይ በተንሳፋፊ
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ብክለትን የሚየስከትለውን ተፅዕኖ ይቀንሳል፡፡ ከታች በስዕል 8-2 የተመለከተውን የድርጅቱ ቨትቨር ሳር
25M
25M
wastewater(
Vetivers Grass Infiltration Basin Lagoon) In take
Purfied water
Outlet
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8.1.3 ቆሻሻ ማስወገጃ ባዮ-ኬሚካል ማከሚያ መጠቀም (Use of Organic Compound Decomposer
Treatment)
ከታጠበ ቡና ማዘጋጃ የሚመነጭ ደረቅና ፈሳሻ ቆሻሻ ከፍተኛ ስኳራማ ሀይድሮ ካርበን ኮምፓውንድ ኬሚካል የያዘና
ከፍተኛ የአካባቢና ማህበረሰብ የጎንዮሽ ተፅዕኖ የሚያስከትል በመሆኑ ይህንን ችግር ለመፍታት አሁን ላይ ያለው
ፍቱን መፍትሄ ተፈጥሯዊ የሆነ ባዮሎጂካል ኢፌክቲቨ ማይክሮ ኦርጋኒዝምና የኖራ ህክም መጠቀም ነው፡፡ ሁለቱም
የማከሚያ ዘዴዎች ተፈጥሯዊ/ኦርጋኒክ/ ስለሆኑ በስነ-ህይወት ላይ ምንም አይነት ተፅዕኖ አያሳድሩም፡፡ በመሆኑም
የታጠበ ቡና ተረፈ ምርት ገለፈት ወደ ተፈጥሯዊ ማዳበሪያ የመቀየርና ሊፈጠር የሚችል አደገኛ ሽታን የማጥፋት ፍቱን
መፍትሄ መሆኑ የተረጋገጠ ሲሆን ዝርዝር አጠቃቀሙ እንደሚከተለው ቀርቧል፡፡
(EM is known recycling industrial waste to degrade toxic substances generated from coffee
industries by-products such as composition of coffee pulp and husk is organic and mainly
contains carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, fat, caffeine, polyphenols, and pectins that cause bad
odors of the surrounding atmosphere).
የኢኤም ውህድ የሟሟ ኬሚካል 1ሊተር ለ1000ሊተር ፈሳሻ ቆሻሻ ላይ መጨመር ወይም በ1 ካሬ ሜተር ላይ
የተቀመጠ የቡና ገለባ ቆሻሻ በ200 ግራም ኢኤም ዱቄት በመርጨር የቡና ገለባውን በማበስበስ የተፈጥሮ
ማዳባሪ በ45 ቀን ውስጥ ማዘጋጀት ፍቱን አማራጭ ማከሚያ ዘዴ ነው፡፡
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ኖራን በቡና ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻ ማጠራቀሚያ ጉድጓድ ላይ ስንጠቀም በልጋግ ውስጥ የሚፈተረውን አደገኛ
ሽታ አመንጭ ኬሚካልና ለሰው አደገኛ የሆኑ ብረታማ ኬሚካሎችን በማምከን ወይም ሌላ የኬሚካል
ውህድ ሳፈጥሩ ቆሻሻን ማከም ይቻላል፡፡
8.1.4 የቡና ልጋግ ጉድጓድ ን መጠገን (Maintenance and Construction of Septic Tank)
የድርጅቱ ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻ በቨትቨር ሳር ተጣርቶ ወደ ማከማቻ ጉድጓድ ስለሚገባ ቀጣይ የብክለት መንስኤ ስለማይሆን
ተጣርቶ የሚወጣው ውሃ ለሌላ አገልግሎ ስከሚውል እና የቀረ ቆሻሻ ካለም ወደታች እስከሚዘቅጥ መቆያ ስለሆነ
ግንባታው ወደታች ባለው ጥልቅት መሰረት ዙሪያው በድጋና በሲሚንቶ የተገረፈ ሆኖ በደ ማጠራቀሚያ ጉድጓድ
ቆሻሻውን የሚያመጣው ቦይ በየደረጃው ዝቅና ከፍ ያለ ጥልቀት ያለው የተገነባ ቦይ ሊኖረው ይገባል ይህም በተለያዩ
ቡና አምራች ሀገራት የተለመደ የአሰራር ልምድ ስለሆነ ለበለጠ መረጃ በስዕል 8-4 የተመለከተውን ምሳሌ አድረጎ
በመውሰድ መገንባት ይቻላል፡፡
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8.1.5 የቡና ገለፈትና ፈሳሽ ቆሻሻን ለንግድ ግብዓትነት ማዋል (Use of Coffee By-Products for
Commercial Purpose)
የቡና ገለፈትና ስኳራማ ልጋግ ቆሻሻ ከፍተኛ የሆነ የመበከል አቅም ስላለው የአካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ላይ ከፍተኛ
ተፅዕኖ እየፈጠረ ይገኛል፡፡ በዚህ ምክንያ የተለያዩ የመከላከያ ዘዴዎች እየተተገበሩ የሚገኝ ሲሆን ከዋና ዋና
የመከላከያ ዘዴዎች በተጨማሪ በተለያዩ ቡና አምራች ሀገራት የሚተገበር የቡና ተረፈ ምርት ለተለያዩ
ኢንዱስትሪ ተግባር እየዋለ ይገኛል፡፡ ከነዚህ ውስጥ በሀገራችን በቀላሉ በመተግበር የሚያስከትለውን ብክልት
ለመከላከል የተመረጡት የሚከተሉት ናቸው፡፡
የኢኤም ውህድ 1ሊትር ለ5ካሬ ሜትር የቡና ገለፈት ላይ በመጨመር የቡና ገለባ ውስጥ ያለውን ፋይቨር
በማበስበስ በ45 ወይም ከ3-4 ሳምንት ማዳባሪ ማድረስ ይቻላል፡፡ በመጀመሪያ በመሬት ውስጥ
1ሜትር ጥልቀት፣1ሜተር ስፋትና 5ሜትር ቁመት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ቁመት ያለው ግድጓድ በመቆፈር
ወይም በቀርቀሃ የተሰራ መደብ ከመሬት በላይ በመስራት የቡና ገለባውን በተቀመጠው መጠን
በመጨመር መጠቀም ይቻላል፡፡ ይህ አሰራር የቡና አምራቹ የዩሪያ ባዳበሪ ፍላጎት በመተካት ከቡና ገለባ
ማግኘት ያስችላለ አጠቃቀሙም የበሰበሰ የቡና ገለፈት 6ኪ/ግ ለአንድ የቡና ግን መተቀም የሚቻል
ሲሆን ከዚህ ባለፈ የተዘጋጀውን የተፈጥሮ ማዳበሪያ በሽያጭ ለሌሎች ማቅረብ ይቻላል፡፡
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የእንገዳይ ምርት በዓለም ላይ ውድና በሰዎች የምግብ ስርዓት ውስ ከፍተኛ ተፈላጊነት ያለወ ምርት ሲሆን
ሀገራችን ለታላላቅ ሆቴሎች በውጭ ምንዛሬ ተገዝቶ ወደ ሀገር ውስጥ የሚገባው፡፡
እንጉዳይን ለማምረት ዋና የማምረቻ ወይም ምርቱን ማሳደጊያ ግብዓት ጥፍጥሬ፣ የበሰበሰ የቡና ገለፈትና
የአመታዊ ሰብል ተረፈ ምርት በቅድም ተከተል ዋና ተፈላጊ ናቸው፡፡
አጠቃቀሙ፡ የቡና ገለፈት እንጉዳይ ለማምረት ከፍተኛ ተፈላጊ በመሆኑ የቡናውን ገለፈት ለ2 ቀናት
በማበስበስ፣ የበሰበሰውን ገለፈት በ1000C በፈላ ውሃ ማከም፣ ማድረቅ፤በምርት ማሳደጊያ መደብ ወይም
ከጣውላ ወይም ከቀርቀሃ በተሰራ ሳጥን በማስገባት የእንጉዳዩ መራቢያ አካል መዝረት ወይም በመትከል ከ3-4
ሳምንት ባለ ጊዜ ማምረት ይቻላል፡፡
እንጉዳይ ማምረት ለድርጅቱ ተጨማሪ ገቢ ያስገኛል በሀገር ደረጃ የውጪ ምንዛሬን እጥረት ይተካል የአካባቢና
የማህበረሰብ ላይ የሚደርሰውን ብክለት መከላከል ዋና ዘዴ ሲሆን አሰራሩን ከታች በስዕሉ 8-6 በተመለከተው
መሰረት ተግባራዊ ማድረግ ይቻላል፡፡
.
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የቡና ገለባን ለእንስሳት መኖ ግብአትነት በተለያዩ የአለም ቡና አብቃይ ሀገሮች በስፋት ይተገበራል።
በሴቫርጌሴ እና ሌሎች (1981) የተደረገ ጥናት እና ሌሎች ዘገባዎች ለወተት ላሞች ኢኮኖሚያዊ ወተት
ምርት በአትራፊነት በተዘጋጀው ድብልቅ ውስጥ እስከ 20% የቡና ገለባ ሊካተት ይችላል ብለው
ደምድመዋል።
የቡና ገለባ በንጥረ ነገሮች የበለፀገ ነው። በማድረቅ ለእንስሳት መኖ መጠቀም ይቻላል፤ ፈንገሶች
እንዳይፈጠሩ ለመከላከል ገለባዎችን በተቻለ ፍጥነት መታከም አለባቸው፤አብዛኛውን ጊዜ የቡና ብስባሽ
በካልሲየም ሃይድሮክሳይድ ይታከማል እና በእመቃ ይደርቃል፡፡ ሌላው የኢንደስትሪ መሳሪያዎች
በሌሉበት ጊዜ ብስባሽ ማድረቅ የሚቻልበት መንገድ የቡናውን ገለባ ድብልቁን በማጠራቀሚያው
ውስጥ ከመጠራቀሙ በፊት ከሸንኮራ አገዳ ሞላሰስ ወይም ከሌሎች ኦርጋኒክ ባልሆኑ ንጥረ ነገሮች ጋር
ማዋሃድ። የተገኘው መኖ ከ3 ሳምንታት በኋላ ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል እና እስከ 18 ወራት ድረስ ሊከማች
ይችላል፡፡
D. ለከሰል ኢንዱስትሪ ጥሬ ዕቃነት መጠቀም (USE OF IDUSTRY RAW MATERIAL FOR
BIOMAAS CHARCOAL)
ከቡና ገለባ የሚመረተው የብሪኬት እና የከሰል ሃይል፣የቡናን ገለባ የነዳጅ ባህሪ ያለው ስለሆነ
የመቀጣጠልና ሃይል የማመንጨት አቅም ከፍተኛ ጠቀሚታ አለው።
የኦክስጂን እጥረት በሌለበት አካባቢ ውስጥ የቡና ብስባሽ ካርቦንዳይዚንግ እቶን በመጠቀም
የሚከናወን ቴክኖሎጂ ነው። ካርቦናዊው ቁሶች ወደ ጥቃቅን ቅንጣቶች በመሬት ላይ በመደባለቅ እና
በማያያዣ ወደ ብሪኬት / ከሰል በመለወጥ ሲሆን ይህም በቤት ውስጥ ኢነርጂ ለምግብ ማቀነባበሪያ
እና ወይም ለሌሎች የኢንዱስትሪ ዘርፎች ጥቅም ላይ ይውላል፡፡ ስለሆነም በዚህ ዘርፍ ለተሰማሩ
ኢንዱስትሪ በግብዓትነት በማቅረብ በድርድር በመሸጥ ተጨመማሪ ገቢ ማስገኘት ይቻላል፡፡
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8.1.6 ልጋግ ጉድጓድ ውስጥ የዘቀጠ ቆሻሻን ማስወገድ (Removal of Sediment Waste from the
Collection Pits)
ሊቀንስ፣ ሊታደስ ወይም እንደገና ጥቅም ላይ ሊውል የማይችል ቀሪ ቆሻሻ ሁልጊዜ ይኖራል።
በአከባቢ ጥበቃ ባለስልጣን ወይም በደቡብ ብሔራዊ ክልል ውስጥ ባሉ በግል የሚተዳደር ተቋም ወይም
ፕሮጀክት ለዚህ ዓይነት ቆሻሻ ዋናው የማስወገጃ አማራጭ ነው። የነዚህ ተቋማት ተዋናዮች ተቀባይነት
ያላቸው የደረቅ ቆሻሻ አያያዝ፣ የቆሻሻ ማጠራቀሚያ ሂደቶችን በመጠቀም ቆሻሻው አካባቢን እንደማይጎዳ
ወይም የአካባቢውን ነዋሪዎች እንደማይጎዳ ማረጋገጥ አለባቸው።
ስለዚህ የቆሻሻ መጣያ ቆሻሻን በታጠበ የቡና ቆሻሻ ማስወገድ የመጨረሻው አማራጭ ሲሆን በዚህ ፕሮፖዛል
ውስጥ ደለል አወጋገድ እና በተፈቀደው የቆሻሻ ማጠራቀሚያ ቦታ ላይ የፈቀደው ተቋም ቆሻሻውን በአካባቢ
ላይ የሚያደርሰውን ተጽዕኖ ቀላልነት ወይም ዝቅተኛነት ሲያረጋግጥ ነው። ሌላው አማራጭ ለአልኮል እና
ለስላሳ መጠጦችን ለማምረት የሚሟሟ ጄል ወይም የማይቀለበስ፣ የተፈጥሮ የቡና ፍሬ ስኳር፣
አንቲኦክሲደንትስ እና ፍላቮኖይድ ቀለም የሌለው እና ፕሮአንቶሲያኒንስ ማቀነባበር ስለሚፈለግ የቡና
ሙሲሊጅ ስለሚያሰፈልግ ለአልኮል እና ለስላሳ መጠጦች ማምረቻ ድርጅቶች (ካሉ) እንደ ግብዓትነት
ማቅረብ ይቻላል። ይሁን እንጂ የዚህ መጠጥ ኢንዱስትሪ አጠቃላይ አቅርቦት በባለቤቱ የታቀደው
የትራንስፖርት በጀት ወጪ ብቻ ነው, የተመደበው ዝርዝርየበጀት ግምት መረጃ በሰንጠረዥ 8-1 ቀርቧል፡፡
8.1.7 አሮጌ ማሽን በአካባቢ-ተስማሚ የቡና መፈልፈያ ማሽን መተካት(Old Machine Replaced by Eco-
friendly Coffee Pulpier Machine)
አሮጌ ማሽን በዘመናዊ ማሽን መተካት እርምጃ ለድርጅቱ የመጨረሻው አማራጭ ሆኖ የተቀመጠ ነው፡፡ ነገር ግን
ማሽኑን ለማስገባት ፍቃድ የሚሰጠው አካል ለድርጅቱ ማሽኑን እንዲያመጣ የዝግጅት ጊዜ መስጠት አለበት።
የላቀ ወይም ዘመናዊ "ኢኮሎጂካል" ዲዛይኖች ሜካኒካል de-mucilagers (UD-7500) ከቀረጥ ነፃ በማስገበት
እንዲጠቀም ወይም እንዲቀይር ምክር ይሰጣል፡፡
የውሃ መጠን መቀነስ በአብዛኛው የሚቻለው በአነስተኛ ወራጅ ውሃ ለመስራት የተነደፉ de-mucilagers pulpers
በመጠቀም የቀይ እሸት ቡና ፍሬዎችን በየደረጃዎች የመለየት አሰራር ያለው ነው። ሌሎች ምክንያቶች ከፊል የታጠበ
ቡና የሚያመርቱ ዘመናዊ የሜካኒካል ሙስሌጅ ማስወገጃ ማሽኖች በ1ሊትር ክዩብ 1ቶን የሚሆን ቀይ እሸት ቡና
ለመፈልፈል በቂ መሆኑ፡፡
ነገር ግን አሁን ድርጅቱ የሚጠቀምበት ማሽን 80-93 ሜትር ክዩብ ለአንድቶን ቀይ እሸት ቡና የውሃ ፍላጎት ያለው
ስሆነ አካባቢን የመበከል አቅሙ ከፍተኛ፡፡
አዲሱ የሚተካው የማጠቢ ማሽን ከቀድሞው በባህላዊ አጋርድ ማሽን ጋር ሲነፃፀር 90% የወሃ ፍላጎትን የመቀነስ
አቅም ያለው ነው፡፡ እነዚህ ‘‘ሜካኒካል ዲ-ሙሲላጀሮች’’ በብዛት ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ጥቅም ላይ መዋል ጀምረዋል።
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8.1.8 ለአካባቢ ጥበቃ እና ማህበራዊ አስተዳደር እቅድ የበጀት ምንጭ (Resources for
Environmental and Social Management Plan)
የተለያዩ ዘዴዎች ያሉ ቢሆንም ለድርጅት አማካሪ ፕሮጀክቱ የገመተው ፕሮጀክቱ አሁን ያለው የመከላከያ
ዘደው በበቂ የመከላከያ ዘዴ የሌለው በመሆኑ ከግንዛቤ በማስገባት አዲስ ሊያስገነባው የመከላከያ ዘዴ
ዝርዝር ወጪዎችን ከአካባቢ ጠጨባጭ ሁኔታ በማገናዘብ የተሰላ እቅድ ነው፡፡ ወጪው የተሰላው በእኛ ሀገር
ውስጥ ተፈፃሚ እየሆነ ያለውን ተሞክሮ ልምድ ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት ሲሆን የአካባቢ ብክለትን ዜሮ
የአካባቢ እና ማህበራዊ ስራ አመራ እቅድ ለቀጣይ አምስት ተከታታይ ዓመታት ተግባራዊ የሚያደርግበት
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የሥራ ጊዜ ታሳቢ ተደርጎ ታቅዷል። ስለዚህ የተያዘው የአካባቢ ጥበቃ በጀት በፕሮጀክቱ የትግበራ ጊዜ ውስጥ
ተግባራዊ ይሆናል፡፡ ለበለጠ ዝርዝር መረጃ ከታች በተመለከትው ሰንጠረዥ 8-1 መመልከት ይቻላል።
ያጠቃልላል፡፡ የስራ አደጋዎችን እና የሰራተኞችን የጤና አደጋዎች ለመከላከል በየጊዜው የስራ ደህንነትን
ከላይ የተመለከተውን የአካባቢና ማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ ስራ አመራር እቅድ ለማስፈጸም ሁለት ክፍሎች አሉት።
አንዱ የሰውል ሀብት ደህንነት መጠበቅና ሌላው ያካባቢ ብክለት ቁጥትርና ኦዲት ክፍል ያካትታል፡፡ በእሸት
የቡና ማጠቢ ኢንዱስትሪ ስራዎች ውስጥ የአካባቢ አስተዳደር እና ቴክኒካል አስተዳደር ሰራተኞች፣ የአካባቢ
ጥበቃ ባለሙያን ክትትል ወጪ ይጨምራል (ከከፍተኛ አመራር፣ ከምርት ክፍል፣ ቴክኒካል አስተዳደር እና
በየአመቱ አመታዊ ኦዲት እና ክትትል የሚደረግ ሲሆን የኦዲት ሪፖርት ለአካባቢ ጥበቃ፣ደንና አየር
ንብረት ለውጥ ባለስልጣን ከክልል እስከ ቀበሌ በተዋረድ በየበጀት ዓመቱ ሪፖርት መቅረብ አለበት።
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This washing station EMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative impacts and
mitigation measures as well as roles, costs and monitor able indicators that can help to determine the
effectiveness of actions to upgrade the quality of environment; as regards to this coffee Industry. The
detailed information stated below in Table-9-1.
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____________________________ __________________________________
Review of Data Analyses all relevant data collected for negative and/or
undesirable trends that may be prevented by procedural
changes or by implementing another measure or process.
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The plan is not adequately managing the issue (refer Section 10);
Legislative requirements change;
The area of activity changes;
A new waste type is to be generated; and/or
New procedures relating to waste management are developed.
Reviews and changes to the WMP are to be communicated to relevant Tumiticha F/M/P/P/C/A
Wet-Coffee Processing Industry Project personnel.
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In relation to the recommended mitigation measures that should be incorporated during the
renovation phase, the development’s input to the society; and cognation that the washed station is
economically and environmentally sound, establishments are considered beneficial and important.
It is thus our recommendation that the washing station be allowed to go ahead with the
implementation provided the outlined mitigation measures are adhered to. Major concerns should
nevertheless be focused towards minimizing the occurrence of impacts that would degrade the
general environment. Therefore, major practical works are required to aware the local community
and develop their confidence in the washing station project, and to conduct transparent mitigation
measure application and the necessary steps should make on what conditions this washed coffee
Station Environmental and Social Management Plan consolidate by the consultant and provide to the
Zone and woreda EPA office for the acceptance and approval of to this envisaged washed station
Environmental and Social Management Plan. This will however be overcome through close follow-
up and implementation of the recommended Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans
(EMPs).
11.2 Recommendations
Recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are as follows:
The proponent should therefore follow the guidelines as set by the relevant departments to
safeguard and environmental management principles during coffee processing operation
period
The proponent should therefore follow the recommended mitigation measure as set in this
WMP report.
It is important that warning/ informative sign (bill boards) be erected at the site. These should
indicate the operation hours and when works are likely to be started and completed.
All solid waste materials resulting from operation activities should be re-used, recycle for
appropriate commercial use-off at approved dumpsites.
Proper and regular maintenance should be done on the previously established waste
management system such as collection and basin filtration pit/lagoons, Bioinfilitration
wetland (“vetiver grass’) and coffee by-products use for commercial purposes.
Maintenance should be conducted in a designated area and in a manner not to interfere with
the environment.
All liquid waste materials resulting from operation activities should be re-used, recycle for
commercial purpose and if not off at approved dumpsites.
A fully equipped first aid kit should be provided within the site.
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Workers should get food that is hygienically prepared. The source of such food should be
legalized or closely controlled.
The owners should provide adequate security during the period of operation phase of
washing coffee processing.
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REFERENCES
1) Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat,
WHO, Geneva. WHO/CWS/ 91.3
2) EPA-ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORIYTY – State of Environment Report for
Ethiopia-Addis Ababa-2003
3) Bureau of Africa; Office of Sustainable Development (June1996); Environmental Guidelines
for Small-scale Activities in Africa
4) THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-October 31,2002-proclamation
No 295: ``Environmental Organs Establishment Proclamation``
5) FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-
proclamation No 299: ``Environmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation``
6) FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-
proclamation No 300: ``Environmental pollution control Proclamation`` Guidelines
Washington D.C, fourth printing
7) The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II Sectorial
FDRE August 24,1995-proclamation No9: ‘’Environmental protection Authority
Establishment proclamation’’
8) MARTÍNEZ-CARRERA, D. et al. 2000. Commercial production and marketing of edible
mushrooms cultivated on coffee pulp in Mexico. Coffee biotechnology and quality, T. Sera,
C. Soccol, A. Pandey, and S. Roussos, Eds. Brazil: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht,
The Neterhlands, pp. 471–488.
9) ULSIDO, M. D., LI, M. 2016. Effect of organic matter from coffee pulp compost on yield
response of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) in Ethiopia. Engineering for Rural Development,
pp. 1339–1347.
10) CORRO, G. et al. 2014. Enhanced biogas production from coffee pulp through deligninocellulosic
photocatalytic pretreatment. Energy Science & Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 177–187.
11) CUBERO-ABARCA, R., MOYA, R. 2014. Use of coffee (Coffea arabica) pulp for the production of
briquettes and pellets for heat generation. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 461–470.
12) BOCCAS, F. et al. 1994. Production of Pectinase from Coffee Pulp in Solid-State Fermentation
System - Selection of Wild Fungal Isolate of High Potency by a Simple 3-Step Screening Technique.
Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 22–26.
13) FAVELA, E. et al. 1989. Produccion de enzimas a partir de la pulpa de café y su aplicación a la
indústria cafetalera. In: Seminario Internacional de Biotecnología en la Industria Cafetalera, pp.
145–151.
14) MARKHAM, D. 2016. This company converts coffee cherry pulp into a nutritious (flourless) flour.
[Online]. Available at: http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/company-converts-coffee-cherry-pulp-
nutritious-flourless-flour.html
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