EIA-Washed AMulugeta-ArebeGona

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSIMENT(ESIA) STUDY
REPORT
ON
DEGEFU MULIGETA WET-COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY
PROMOTER: M/r. Degefu Muligeta
PEOJECT LOCATION: SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ARBEGONA WOREDA
SPECIFIC LOCATION: BURSIA KEBELE
PREPARED BY: REKIKE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCE PLC
CONSULTANT ADDRESS: Hwassa, Mobile Phone: 0911384833
AUGUST/2012 ETH.CALA
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ACRONYMS
ARCCH Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage
onmentalAGO
Impact Assessment Report Document
Automotive on Wet Coffee Processing
Gas Oil (Diesel) 2018
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BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy
CSA Central Static Agency
oC Degree Cellicious
EHS Environmental Health and Safety
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act
EMP Environmental Management Plan
ERPs Emergence Response plans
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
EP Environmental Protection
EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change
EPC Environmental protection council
EGEP Ethiopia’s governmental protection
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)
ha Hectare
IEA Initial Environmental Audit
KM Kilo Meter
NEMA National Environmental management Authority
m.a.s.l Meters above sea level
mm Millimeter
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NAPA Ethiopia’s National Adaptation program of Action
OHS Occupational Health and Safety

onmental Impact Assessment Report Document on Wet Coffee Processing 2018
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................................................................................1
LIST OF TERMS................................................................................................................................................................7
List of Figure.......................................................................................................................................................................7
List of Table.........................................................................................................................................................................7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE...............................................................................................................................................................10
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................10
1.1. RATIONALE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT..................................................................10
1.2 AUTHOR PRESENTATION........................................................................................................................................12
1.3 PROMOTER PRESENTATION & LOCATION.........................................................................................................12
1.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING REPORT..............................................................................................13
1.5 APPROACH TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT...................................................................13
1.6 APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...........................................................14
1.7 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)................................................................................................................................14
1.8 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY...................................................................................................................................15
1.9 METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................15
1.10 OUTPUT OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................................................17
CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................................................................................18
2. PROJECT PROPOSAL, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION..................................................................................18
2.1 NATURE OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................................................................18
2.2 THE PROJECT PROPOSAL AND JUSTIFICATION................................................................................................19
2.3 COMPANY/ APPLICANT AND THE PROJECT.......................................................................................................20
2.4 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS......................................................................................................................................20
2.5 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................................................................................21
2.6 PROJECT INPUT AND ACTIVITIES.........................................................................................................................22
2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCING.......................................................................................................22
2.8 BY PRODUCTS AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND DISPOSAL METHODS.....................................................23
CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................................................................24
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK.............................................................................24
3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK..............................................................................................................................................24
3.1.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA........................................24
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3.1.2 ETHIOPIA’S CLIMATE RESILIENT GREEN ECONOMY STRATEGY.........................................................24

3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA.....................................................................................................25
3.1.4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA................................................................................25
3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK...................................................................................................................................25
3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL..................................................................................................25
3.2.2 PROCLAMATION 513/2007, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT......................................................................26
3.2.3 REGULATION 159/2008, PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION.....................................................26
3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK..............................................................................................................................27
3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS..........................................................................................27
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY...........................................................................................27
3.3.3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)........................................................................................28
3.3.4 ZONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS....................................................................................28
3.3.5 DISTRICT..............................................................................................................................................................28
3.3.6 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION)................................................................................................................28
3.4 SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES...................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................................................................31
4. THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC).................................................31
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA............................................31
4.2 PROJECT SITE PHYSICA ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................32
4.3 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.............................................................................................................................32
4.3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................................................32
4.3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT..........................................................................................................................33
4.3.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES.....................................................................................................................................33
4.3.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES............................................................................................................................33
4.3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT...............................................................................................................33
4.3.6 ECONOMIC ASPECT...........................................................................................................................................34
4.3.7 WATER RESOURCES..........................................................................................................................................34
4.4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SOILS......................................................................................35
4.4.1 CLIMATE...............................................................................................................................................................35
4.4.2 SOILS.....................................................................................................................................................................35
4.5 WILDLIFE RESOURCES............................................................................................................................................35
4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................................................35
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4.7 COMMUNITY SERVICES..........................................................................................................................................35

CHAPTER FIVE..............................................................................................................................................................36
5. PROJECT BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................36
5.1 PROJECT EIA ASSESSMENT CRITERIA.................................................................................................................36
5.2 ASSESSMENT OF BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS..........................................................37
5.2.1 WET-COFFEE PROCESSING SYSTEM & RELATED WASTES.....................................................................37
5.2.2 ASSESSMENT ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS).........................................................38
5.2.3 ASSESSMENT ON CONSTRUCTION PHASE WASTE....................................................................................38
5.2.4 ASSESSMENT ON POLLUTION.........................................................................................................................39
5.2.5 ASSESSMENT ON SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS.............................................................................................39
5.2.7 ASSESSMENT ON PROJECT DECOMMISSIONING.......................................................................................39
5.2.8 PREDICATION OF COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY IMPACT.................................................................40
CHAPTER SIX.................................................................................................................................................................41
6. CONSULTATION........................................................................................................................................................41
6.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................................41
6.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS........................................................................................................................41
6.2.1 CONSULTATION WITH INTERESTED AND AFFECTED PARTIES.............................................................41
6.2.2 THE CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.....................................................................................................41
6.2.3 THE RESULTS OF CONSULTATION................................................................................................................42
6.3 SUMMARY OF CONCERNS ON PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASE................................................................43
6.4 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ON CONSTRUCTION AND PROCESSING PHASE...................................................43
CHAPTER SEVEN...........................................................................................................................................................45
7. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS...................................................................................................................................45
7.1 DEGEFU MULIGETA COFFEE INDUSTRY SITES – POTENTIAL IMPACT.......................................................45
7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING PHASE...............................................................45
7.2.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS............................................................................................................................................45
7.2.2 ADVERSE NEGATIVE IMPACT DURING PRODUCTION PHASE................................................................45
7.3 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASE............................................................47
7.4 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON DECOMMISSIONING PHASE......................................................................................47
CHAPTER EIGHT...........................................................................................................................................................48
8. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES.....................................................................................................................................48
8.1 THE PROPOSED ALTERNATIVES...........................................................................................................................48
8.2 ALTERNATIVES TO SITE..........................................................................................................................................48
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8.3 ALTERNATIVE TO TECHNOLOGY.........................................................................................................................48

8.4 NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVES.............................................................................................................................48
8.5 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES........................................................................................................................48
CHAPTER NINE..............................................................................................................................................................49
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION................................................................................49
9.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND OPERATION PHASE...........................................................................................49
9.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE....................................................................................................................................49
9.1.2 SITE OPERATION PHASE...................................................................................................................................49
9.2 OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN......................................................................50
9.2.1 SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................50
9.2.2 NOISE AND VIBRATION MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................51
9.2.3 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT.........................................................................................................................51
9.2.4 CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT...............................................................................................................51
9.3 PRODUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...................................................................52
9.3.1 ADOPTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY PRINCIPLES.........................................................52
9.4 ESTABLISHED BIOFILTRATION WETLAND........................................................................................................54
9.4.1 PROCEDURE FOR STEP-BY-STEP CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................55
CHAPTER TEN................................................................................................................................................................58
10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN.................................................................58
10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN.....................................................................59
10.2. BUIDGT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN....................................................................................................60
CHAPTER ELIVEN.........................................................................................................................................................61
11. EVALUTION AND REVIEW...................................................................................................................................61
11.1 DEGEFU MULIGETA WSHED INDUSTRY EVALUATION...........................................................................61
11.2 DEDEFU MULIGETA COFFEE INDUSTRY PROJECT REVIEW........................................................................62
CHAPTER TWELIVE.....................................................................................................................................................63
12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION......................................................................................................63
12.1 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................................63
12.2 Recommendation.........................................................................................................................................................63
13. REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................65
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LIST OF TERMS
Environment Includes surroundings of human beings e.g. Land, water, atmosphere, climate, air,
people, animals etc.
Environmental Impact A systematic examination conducted to determine a project’s impacts on the

Assessment environment – whether positive or negative
Proponent A person proposing or executing a project, programme or undertakings specified

in the Second schedule of EPA-In this case the M.r Degefu Muligeta is the
owner of the project
List of Figure
Figure 1: Project Wet-Coffee Industry Waste Management Hierarchy.................................................................................53
List of Table
Table 1: Summary of Site Facilities........................................................................................................................................18
Table 2: Project Annual Production Programe........................................................................................................................19
Table 3: Environmental setting in 600m radius.......................................................................................................................32
Table 4: Assessment criteria of significant impacts................................................................................................................36
Table 5: The amount of waste generated in Red Cherry Coffee Pulping Industry..................................................................38
Table 6: Summary of Plan Modification during construction phase.......................................................................................43
Table 7: Potential Anticipated Environmental Impacts Summary..........................................................................................43
Table 8: Soil and water management measures.......................................................................................................................50
Table 9: Noise and vibration management measures..............................................................................................................51
Table 10: Waste and chemical management measures............................................................................................................51
Table 11: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan.................................................................................................59
Table 12: Financial Requirement for Environmental protection costs....................................................................................60
Table 13: Methods to Assess Procedural Effectiveness..........................................................................................................61
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the construction and operation
of a proposed DEGEFU MULIGETA WET COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY PROJECT in SIDAMA
REGIONAL STATE, Arbegona Woreda, and specific location of Bursia rural kebele alongside of Logeta
River.
The acquisition of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) license is a requisite under section low of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Proclamation NO. 299/2002 which stipulates that a proponent must
seek an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) license “Notwithstanding any approval, permit or license
granted under this Act or any other law in force in Ethiopia” This requirement applies to all projects listed in
the Second Schedule of the Ministerial Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change order no.
The project has been proposed in favor of Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry. The promoter of
the project Degefu Muligeta has proposed to establish the new coffee washing station project here in Bursia
Kebele rural peasant Administrative (PA) at Arbegona district of Sidam Regional State, at specific location
Kore Village. The project site is found 478 km away south-west of Addis Ababa and 112 km from Hwassa Town.
The size of the project area is 2.0ha. The project of this wet coffee processing station total financial requirement
is estimated to be Birr 7.833 million.
The article 3 of the Proclamation no. 300/2002; determining the modalities of protection, conservation and
promotion of environment and article 4 of the Proclamation n°513/2007 urban administration engaging in
collection, transportation, use or disposal of solid waste, in Ethiopia stipulates that every development project
shall be required to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment prior to its commencement.
Furthermore the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change order No. 9/3-1/1136/10 of 26/01/2010 by
nominates the list of consultant and giving the competency certification to facilitate waste consult works. In this regards
that Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project hired the consultancy firm, Rekik Development
Consultants (PLC) to carry out the present Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
Pursuant to the prevailing legal requirements as envisaged in the Environmental Management Coordination Act
(EMCA) and to ensure sustainable environmental management, the proponent undertook this EIA study report
for the proposed wet coffee processing station; and incorporated substantial environmental aspects as advised
by Zonal EPA. This EIA study report thus provides relevant information and environmental considerations on
the project proponent’s intention to seek approval from Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) for the
development of the proposed project.
The major activities that have been done were practical field assessments and public consultations with the
community neighboring to the proposed project site, the promoter and pertinent stakeholders. By doing this,
around wet coffee processing station area three sub-local area(Goti in Amharic) in that rural peasant
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association dwellers of local leaders and religion leaders were participate in community consultation to provide
information on the activities of the proposed coffee Industry that are either impact on the well-being of the
residents or detrimental to their lives.
Data collection was conducted through structured questionnaires, evaluating of environmental parameters face-
to-face interviews and observations during site visits where necessary in the manner specified in proclamation
No. 1997, 299, 2002,and 2003 and impact Assessment and Audit, Regulations 2003, Potential negative impacts
and mitigation measures during construction, and operation phases of the proposed project.
The methodologies also used to conduct this EIA study report were includes: a) Questionnaires b) Interviews c)
Field observations) digital photography e) Desktop analysis d) The public participation comments. Data for the
study were therefore obtained through field survey where the functional statuses of this proposed Coffee
Industry site data were recorded and GPS (Garmin 76 CSX) devise was equally used to determine their co-
ordinates. Based on the site inspection, analysis appraisal and the views of the neighboring community consulted
the construction and operation of the Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project in Bursia
Kebele, will has positive and negative impact its own well-being life.
The project will have a negative and positive impact on environment during the construction, decommission and
operation phase.
The potential adverse negative impacts are pollution of water sources, air quality deterioration, noise and occupational
accidents, sanitation issues and public health; public safety, risk of the spread of diseases and fire risk
The potential positive impacts of this wet-coffee industry project include: employment generation and enhanced income
and livelihoods of surrounding inhabitant, increased food production and food security in the district and the country,
source of raw material for food industries, tax revenue for the local and national economy
Notwithstanding the conclusion that the proposed project would not more significantly alter existing environment in
construction phase in the vicinity of the site, appropriate mitigation measures would be implemented through the
construction and operation phases to ensure that physical and socio environment impacts would be minimized. In order to
ensure the proposed project sustainably Waste Management Plan (WMP) and mitigation measures was planned
environment cost budget birr 65, 000.
This report therefore, presents the results of the Impact Assessment in accordance with EPA, 1997 and EIA/ EA
regulations, 2000, 2003. The EIA evaluated the effectiveness of the environmental considerations undertaken by
the project proponent in safeguarding the environment to ensure sustainability. With due considerations to
sustainable development, it’s recommended that, the proposed project be approved by Woreda EP Authority.
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. RATIONALE FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Ethiopia became one of the major coffee producing countries in the world with a world supply share of nearly
three per cent to date. Coffee constitutes the country’s largest export commodity that in 2007/08 reached 35.4 per
cent and in 2011/12 was at 26.4 per cent of the country’s export income. Consequently, the estimated size of the
population in the country dependent on coffee production and marketing well passed the 15 million mark and
can be estimated at 20 million. According to ICO, total annual production in 2012/13 was 486,000 tones, making
Ethiopia the fifth largest global coffee producer and the first largest in Africa. It should be noted that, as shown
in Table 2.4 (Annex 2), due to its large domestic consumption, Ethiopia is the tenth largest global coffee
exporter.
The Ethiopian coffee sector, is very important for the country and for its economic development due to the
reasons that: (i) as a major source of cash income and provider of employment, it supports millions of farming
families (for instance, those estimated as dependent on coffee production and marketing for livelihood are about
29 million) and, (ii) coffee is the first item in terms of revenue generated from export with a share of about 34
per cent. The coffee sector can contribute to the growth of the industrial sector share in the national GDP, owing
to its high potential of creating industrial roasting capacity that, at present, is rather marginal.
Industrialization has been embraced by many developing countries as a means of achieving structural
transformation of their economies. In Ethiopia industrialization has recently been embraced as a strategy for
economic development, employment creation and poverty eradication. As such, a policy framework was
developed in 2008 for achieving industrialization by the year 2020 dubbed “Vision 2020”. The major departure
from previous policies on industrialization is the encouragement of specifically selected industries through a
broad array of support by the government over a 26-year period, by which time Ethiopia will have achieved
coffee industrialized status.
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Coffee processing plants are among the major agro-based industries which are responsible for environmental
pollution special water body pollution. The conventional coffee processing industry by its nature of high
demands water to separate the outer red coffee skin and pulp and for the removal of the sugar contain mucilage
in fermentation processes. Due to this water demanding nature, most of wet coffee processing plants are usually
constructed very near to river or other water streams.
Thus the project will no more a significant impact during construction, whereas in operation or production
processing phase which have a negative impact on environment and socio-economic impacts.
Some of significant impact would be expected:-
The effluent consists of different sugars compounds(crude protein, crude fiber)
The Hydro organic compounds to crate BOD and COD competation in water bodies
Fermentation of sugars in fermentation tank high acidity generates.
Coffee by-products consists high nutrients like Nitrogen and phosphate which cause of various
environmental and public health problems.
It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to human health problems and loss of biodiversity.
The downstream River uses of community’s are case impact on human health.
Cause of impact on various aquatic plants, animals and other organisms.
To minimize and even avoid this problem, understanding the nature of the coffee processing wastewater is
fundamental question for the design of construction and using of appropriate and effective treatment
technologies.
This concept has become accepted as an essential feature of development with the aim of increasing well-being
and greater equity in fulfilling basic needs for this and future generations.
To this predict environmental impacts of the envisaged project activity should be providing an opportunity to
militate against negative impacts to enhance positive effects. In regard to this the environmental impact
assessment (EIA) procedure of 299, 2002 and 300 was guide line for this EIA Study.
An EIA may be defined as: a formal process to predict the environmental consequences of human development
activities and to plan appropriate measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to augment positive effects.
EIA thus has three main functions:
 To predict problems,
 To find ways to avoid them, and
 To enhance positive effects.
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Due to the unprecedented rate of environmental degradation in Ethiopia, the government realized the need to
curb the same and this led to the enactment of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999,
further formulated in 2003. The Act requires among other things that an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) must be conducted on various categories of projects.
The purpose of the project is to incorporate the potential environmental (physical, ecological and cultural/socio-
economic) concerns and address them adequately at the inception (design) and construction stages in order to
guarantee sustainability in the operational phase of the coffee washing station. The Project is expected to raise
both the potentially positive and negative impacts likely to emanate from the proposed project. Integrating
Sustainable Environmental Management principles in the planning and implementation processes of to this
proposed project is a milestone in reducing/mitigating conflicts as well as enhancing control and revitalization of
the much-degraded environment
1.2 AUTHOR PRESENTATION
This Report has been produced by Rekik Development Consultants (PLC) that was hired by the Project
Promoter Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project to carry out the study. The Consultancy
firm is based in Ethiopia EIA regulation and has got strong background and knowledge in the area of
Environmental Assessment, and a track record of over 10 years for conducting studies of Environmental Impact
Assessment for Development Projects in Ethiopia in general and particularly in Sidama Regional State.
1.3 PROMOTER PRESENTATION & LOCATION

Project name Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project
Location of site: Latitude 38° 45′ 0″ E
Longitude 6° 40 0″ N
Land use Lease- 2.10ha
Products Washed Parchment Coffee
Proposed annual production 142.5 tons per annum
Life of project 10 year
Lease agreement 25 years
Method of processing Wet-Coffee Processing AAGARD 3-Disk Machine
Water demand 80-93M3/hr
Sources of water River LOGETA
Man power 8 skill and 50-70 casual lobour
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The Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project is owned by Mr.Degefu Muligeta and he has
Ethiopia nationality. Stakeholder ownership is owed by Mr. Degefu Muligeta equity capital and has an
extensive experience in all phases of Parchment Coffee production and marketing practices they have well
experience in different place of operations in coffee processing industry. The project manager is Mr. Degefu
Muligeta, had have in charge of public accounts and day to day management.
1.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING REPORT
A Scoping Report was produced by Rekiki development consultant PLC following a public participation
process, site investigation and consultations with certain specialists. That report includes full details of the public
participation activities and all the issues and concerns raised by the Interested and Affected Parties. There was
considerable support for the project, particularly from the people of Bursia Keble who were looking for
employment opportunities.
It was apparent from the public participation that many of the public concerns stemmed from the legacy of the
New wet-coffee processing plant at Bursia Keble, which had a medium record of environmental management –
especially in relation to all aspects of constructions, decommission and operation phase environmental effect.
This influenced many people’s perceptions that did not have experience of a coffee industry effect. However, the
Scoping Report was compiled in response to a number of inputs: -
the concerns of Interested and Affected Parties,
the initial site investigation,
consultations with specialists
professional experience, and
The TOR Checklist of Environmental Characteristics.
The Scoping Report should be read as an integral component of this EIA as its content is not repeated here.
It outlined the key issues that would need to be assessed in the EIA. The study was carried out between 8 th July
and 18th July 2020
The Scoping Report was submitted to Arebegona EPA on 18 July 2020. The Scoping Report was made
available to the public through the Arebegona Woreda EPA, Bursia Keble Council. Registered Interested and
Affected Parties were notified of its availability. No comments were received on that report, suggesting that the
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Interested and Affected Parties were satisfied that it provides a comprehensive record of their issues and
concerns.
1.5 APPROACH TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

In response to concerns raised during the Scoping Phase, further specialist studies were carried out and the
information fed into this EIA report. All the key issues and potential impacts were then assessed.
This EIA Report follows the following format: -
Outlines the project proposal as a background against which to understand the impacts of project
activities.
Provides a detailed description of the project environment.
Summarizes the legal & policy requirements.
Explains the criteria used to assess the potential environmental impacts that were identified during the
scoping stage and the specialist studies for this EIA.
Provides an assessment of the impacts – both biophysical and socio-economic. The impacts may be either
positive or negative.
Offers a summary of the potential impacts and the significance of each to a decision about the project.
1.6 APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Summarizes the key recommendations for environmental management was in the form of an Environmental
Management Plan. These recommendations are arranged according to the relevant phase of the project: -
1. Construction phase,
2. Decommission (Closure phase) and
3. Operations phase
1.7 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

The project EIA investigations and analysis of the anticipated environmental impacts of the newly established
Wet-Coffee Processing plant in line with terms of reference stipulated in the Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation № 299 of 2002 was and Audit regulations 2003 and in particular part III Sub Article 1 and which
are stated the impact of a project shall be assessed on the basis of the construction of location, nature, cumulative
effect with other concurrent impacts or phenomena, duration, reversibility or irreversibility or other related
effects of the project. The TOR is listed below. However, the project newly established in year 2012 in Ethiopia
colander, the terms of reference were focused in the following activities:
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a) A critical look into project objectives

b) The established location of the project site
c) Description of project objectives.
d) A concise description of the national environmental legislative and regulatory framework, and any other
relevant information related on the project activities.
e) Description, evaluation and analysis of the foreseeable potential environmental effects of the project
broadly classified into physical, ecological/biological and socio-economic aspects which can be
classified as direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects.
f) Evaluation of the project proposal related to production plan, by-products and wastes to be generated.
g) To propose/recommend a specific environmentally sound and affordable solid waste management Plan.
h) Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the established project alternative, project site, design
and technologies.
i) Proposing the measures for eliminating/minimizing or mitigating adverse impacts on the environment.
1.8 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study consists in carrying out a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment
study and to develop environmental waste management plan for the Wet-coffee Industry Project establishment
activities impact on the environment during the site construction, decommission and operation phase.
The specific objectives of the study are the following:
 To detect the effects of the project on the neighboring environment such as the water bodies, the soil, the
people, the infrastructure, the fauna, the flora and the atmosphere;
 To detect the effect of the neighboring environment on the project, this means the effect on the soil of the
project and the surrounding activities;
 To detect the effect of the project on the environment;
 To propose alternative measures where it is noticed that adverse effect may occur;
 To enable the proposal mitigation measures where adverse effects may have occurred;
 To carry out a diagnosis of the existing environment and activities in the area of the project;
 To propose enforcement measures where beneficial effects from the project are detected;
 To set up an environmental management plan that will govern all activities of the project for the better
protection of the environment.
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1.9 METHODOLOGY
Based on terms of reference (TOR) prepared by the Rekiki development consultant PLC, the methodology
used during consultancy paraphrase in the following:
a) Literature review: Documentation on policies, laws, regulations and guidelines related environmental
management, industry sector, waste management, land use EIA process etc, at the national level as well
as the international level have been done.
b) Interviews: The consultant has interviewed people in the area of the project as well as in the woreda
institution and other governmental institutions related to this project.
c) Data collection: Through site visit of the site, required qualitative and quantitative data have been
collected
d) Stakeholders consultation: the consultant analyzed key partners/stakeholders including three sub-village
inhabitants and in Bursia Keble etc…, to find out their involvement, role, suggestion and responsibilities
on this project.
e) Mapping and zoning of the site
f) Reporting: the data and information collected were organized and compiled in a report.
Scoping Process: The scoping exercise was conducted to evaluate the project in its entirety so as to identify
areas of concern and the sources of potential environmental impacts that will be and/or associated with the
development. It was accomplished through the following;
 Evaluation of the location, Land ownership and use

 Design of the Development
 Project site visits
 Involvement with the project proponents, managers, and other professionals and operators
concerned
 The studies were includes:
 Definition of the project’s sphere of influence
 Identification of stakeholder
 Scoping of key issues and development of the terms of reference for the study
 Consultation and public participation
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Site assessment and public participation: Field visits were meant for physical inspection of the site
characteristics and the environmental status of the surrounding area in order to obtain baseline conditions and
determine anticipated impacts. To ensure adequate public participation in the EIA process, questionnaires was
administered to the project site’s neighbors within a one kilometer radius and the information gathered was
subsequently synthesized an incorporated into the EIA study report. A public consultation meeting comprising of
stakeholders was also held on 8th July to 18th July 2020.
Detailed Site Assessment Survey: During the field investigations, reconnaissance survey was conducted in
order to collect information on biophysical and socio-economic environment of the area and its environs.
The team made observations on a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic environments. All features of
biophysical environment including landscape, geology, soils, flora and fauna were recorded. Photographs were
taken where necessary. The team made a reconnaissance survey of the project area and all the neighboring
facilities and administered neighbor/stakeholder questionnaire. This exercise generated primary data on the
socio-economic conditions of the area covered by the proposed project. Soil samples were collected for analysis.
The results of the soil analysis are intended to provide the following information:
 Baseline data of the site.
 To confirm that the site has not been contaminated.
Stakeholder Consultation and Public Consultation Meeting: As part of the EIA Study, relevant stakeholders
and all affected and interested persons contacted at different times during the detailed field baseline data
collection and interviewed in order to discuss the proposed project to seek their views and opinions on the
proposed development.
Purpose of Stakeholder Consultation: The main purpose of carrying out consultation with
neighbors/stakeholders, local community and local administration to obtain their views and concerns on the
upcoming project and incorporate their contribution into the project development to improve on safety concerns
and safeguard of the environment. Secondly, stakeholder consultation was conducted to take the opportunity to
elaborate the essence of the project, to inform them of any potential negative impacts and elaborate on the
positive aspects so that an informed decision is made by the stakeholders.
Stakeholder Consultation, Questionnaire Administration and Public Consultation Meeting: Stakeholders
were consulted and interviews conducted on the proposed project. Thereafter questionnaires were administered
to obtain their views and suggestions. A Public Consultation Meeting was held where stakeholders, local
administration and local authorities met to discuss benefits and impacts of the proposed project.
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1.10 OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

The output of this study is the production of this EIA project report with recommendations for submission to
Zonal EPA for purposes of seeking an EIA license.
CHAPTER TWO
2. PROJECT PROPOSAL, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
2.1 NATURE OF THE PROJECT

The proposed project is the construction of a proposed wet coffee Processing Industry site at AREBEGONA
district Area of SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE. This EIA project report is based on information and
consultations with the project proponent, the Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers, Valuers and financial
Analysts and details contained in the Drawings of the proposed project (attached at the Annex). The project
highlights include:- Canopy over the Red Cherry Sorting Shade, Red Cherry Reception, Cherry Hoper/Siphon,
Pulpier Machine House and water channels, Fermentation and Firs Washing Tank, Water reservoir/water sump,
Skin Separator tank, Washing and Grading Channels and Soaking, Motor House, Washed Coffee Storage, Office
and Residence. However the EIA study project site visiting and observation was assessed according to the nature
of the construction of facilities which are listed below in the table-1.
Table 1: Summary of Site Facilities
Facility Qut Remarks

Red Cherry Sorting Shade 1 Concrete slab and paving
Red Cherry Reception 1 Concrete slab and paving
Cherry Hoper/Siphon 1 Concrete slab and paving
Pulpier Machine House and water channels 1 Concrete slab and paving
Water reservoir/water sump 3 Concrete slab and paving
Washing and Grading and Soaking Channels 2 Concrete slab and paving
Washing and Grading and Soaking tank 12 Concrete slab and paving
Motor House 2 Concrete slab and paving
Washed Coffee Storage 2 Concrete slab and paving
Office and Residence 1 Concrete slab and paving
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Kitchen and Equipment’s 1 Concrete slab and paving

Water Pump pipis Pipe line 2 Concrete slab and paving
Electric Institution
Guard House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Skin drying tray 60
Main drying Bed 200
Toilet House 1 Concrete slab and paving
Industry Compound Fence length 8,000M Wood stalk with concrete slab
2.2 THE PROJECT PROPOSAL AND JUSTIFICATION

The project is comprised of an establishment of Wet-coffee Processing Plant and adjacent washed parchment
coffee production as shown in table-2. Most of the raw materials required for cement parchment coffee
manufacture are available at Arebegona district coffee production area. These will be obtained from coffee
producers supply to the wet-coffee processing industry as read cherry price negotiating system.
In 2021 coffee crop year this wet-coffee Coffee Industry project annual washed coffee production plan were
considered to speculation the amount of project coffee waste generated and its impact. The project processing
industry machine type is AAGARD 3-disk pulping with 2-disk re-passes machine.
Based on the project owner annual washed coffee production plan in the year 2021, 1,123,200Kg ripped red
cherry 75% of processing plant capacity were purchase and required per crop season for washed coffee
production.
The project plant will operate one shift, 6hours per 24 hours a day, and per cropping season totally 900 working
days in three month per year. Based on this assumption the owner’s was planed of 1,123,200 kg of annual red
cherries to production 213,408 kg parchment coffee per year and supply to the Ethiopia commodity exchange
market. The detail of production programe is shown below in the table 2.
Table 2: Project Annual Production Programe
Description Unit Qt
Industry machine type AAGARD 3-disk
Red Cherry Pulping capacity of 1-disk (Kg/per hrs) kg 800
Pulping capacity of 3-disk( Kg/per hrs) kg 3,200
Pulping hour /day hr 6
Annual working days day 78
Machine Processing Installed capacity 1,497,600
Owner/Project Capacity % 75
Total Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,123,200
Total Parchment coffee production in kg 19% 213408
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Sources: Data obtained from the Owners
The project is meant to stimulate economic and social development of our country through meeting the high
demand of high quality washed coffee products in the country and also to meet proponent’s economic desires.
The project area is along a main Arabica coffee producing area therefore suitable for such project hence there
will be no land-use conflict. It is therefore hoped that once the project is implemented, The National Coffee and
Tea Authority goal to stimulate economic and social development of our country and its own economic goals
through meeting the high demand of quality washed coffee products will be achieved.
2.3 COMPANY/ APPLICANT AND THE PROJECT

Name of Owner M/r DEGEFU MULIGETA
2.1.1 Nationality: Ethiopian
2.1.2 Type of business: Washed Parchment Coffee Production
2.1.3 Full Address : Addres Mobile:
Project Name: Degefu Muligeta Wet-coffee Processing Industry Project
2.1.4 Status of the Project: New
2.1.5 Proposed Site: Arebegona Woreda, SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE,
Specific location: Bursia Kebele Specific location Kore Village
Size of proposed land: 2.0ha
Total estimated capital: 7.833 Million Birr
Legal Form of organization: Proprietor
Registering office: Arebegona Woreda Investment Unit
Taxpayer Identification No.: ----------------
Right of Occupancy: Lease agreement
Contract Period: 25 years (2020-2042)
2.4 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS

The following are specific descriptions of the project;
i) The project site is located in an area of relatively low density area of Arebegona.
ii) There is sewer system and developers rely on septic tanks for sewer disposal.
iii) An experienced consultant has made the final design of the project and the constructions will follow
details as given by the engineer on site
iv) The structures will be founded on solid ground using reinforced concrete strips laid on concrete blinding.
The laying of the foundation will follow details as given by the structural engineers on site.
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v) The developments will be constructed using machine dressed stones, bound by mortar of concrete and
sand.
vi) All drainage and sewerage pipes will have a diameter that is approved by the site engineer.
vii) Washing and Drainage channels will be provided leading from run-off generation areas such as
fermented mucilage and all paved areas and will drain in the soak pit.
viii) Water supply will be connected to the developments from existing boreholes.
More fine details for the development and specifications for the features of the proposed project have been given
in the copies of the architectural and site drawings attached in the separate document.
2.5 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

The proposed Coffee Washing Station will comprise of the following:
i. Excavation of the site to a level that will create a platform upon which the service station can be
constructed.
ii. Four water collection sup compartments Above -ground Storage Tanks (AGST) will have concrete and
slab filling of 20cm thickness for circumferential joints and lap welded longitudinally. No longitudinal
joint shall be located at the bottom of the tanks. The above ground water tank will meet Ethiopia building
standards as a requirement.
iii. There will be a reinforced concrete washing and final soaking channels which is not water leaked. The
washing and soaking will be located on the front side of pulpier machine and have manholes for product
offloading and dipstick checks. Remote fill of washing water and removal of fermented mucilage open
cannels will be typical incorporating spill containment to prevent accidental releases entering the
environment. Single walled tank installation with excavation lined with geo-fabric will be done to
prevent migration of native soil into the backfill material.
iv. The installation of husk separate and mucilage filler points. The filling points will be positioned such that
they allow for easy maneuvering of the canals and be contained within open sumps so that in the event of
a spillage when connecting and disconnecting the pipes from the filler points, such spilled material would
be contained within the sumps.
v. Installation of piping for the distribution of the washing water from the rivers to the AGSTs and from the
water sump points to the water dispensing units. All subsurface piping will be contained within the
secondary piping and laid in reverse graded trenches on non-cohesive bedding material, so should
product leak out of the pipes, it will be contained within the secondary piping and drain back to the
AGSTs.
vi. The project will be constructed based on applicable standards of Ethiopia and any other standards which
may be incorporated.
vii. The constructions will as well incorporate environmental guidelines, health and safety measures.
viii. The project inputs are;
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a. Construction raw materials will include sand, cement, stones, gravel/ ballast, metals, among
others. All these will be obtained from licensed dealers and especially those that have complied
with the environmental management guidelines and policies.
b. Construction machines will include machinery such as trucks, concrete mixers and other relevant
construction equipment. These will be used for the transportation of materials, mixing of
materials and clearing of the vegetation and resulting construction debris. Most of the machinery
will use petroleum products to provide energy.
c. Most construction materials will be sourced locally but where the contractor deems necessary will
import from other authorized countries especially the finishes.
d. A construction labour force of both skilled and non-skilled workers will be involved.
The project will begin after the National Environmental Management Authority (NEPA) issues an approval to
the proposed project and funds are released by the financiers. It is estimated to take approximately 6 months to
complete.
2.6 PROJECT INPUT AND ACTIVITIES

The development of the proposed Coffee washing Station project will utilize but not be limited to the following
inputs:
a) Land - Land is necessary for sitting the wet coffee processing station. The proponent has acquired land for the
facility.
b) Water - The project area is well served by throw-out the year flow of water system.
c) Labour - during the construction and operation of the project. It is the intention of the proponent that this
labour is sourced from within the local community. This will be a direct economic benefit to them and will go far
in creating a friendly relationship between the project and the neighboring community.
d) Input during construction - The materials that shall be used include building sand, aggregates, natural
stones; hand cut construction stones, repainted LTZ-5 sheets. Others include concrete block for constructing
selected internal and external pavements, precast units for drains, PVC pipes for sewer and water reticulation,
carbon works, wire mesh, water tanks and steel gutters. Window casement and glasses, spades, pick axes, and
jembes and a host of other tools will also be needed.
Inputs during operation - Materials used for washed coffee product supply will be procured from the coffee
producers during the operation phase of the project. These include ripen red cherry products and other facilities
associated with washing station operations.
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2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCING

a. Pre-construction stage:- This involved the following: Plan preparation and seeking of the
appropriate approvals from the relevant authorities. Appraisal of baseline condition to determine
supply and demand for required infrastructural services. EIA project report preparation.
b. Construction stage:- This will involve the following:
Establishment of related works and all support infrastructures that are significant for the construction
work: This would involve the transportation of machinery and deployment of the workers to the construction
site. The machinery would be used for ground breaking and for transportation of materials from the sources to
the site. It is important to note that light machinery will be used at this stage. The major machineries that would
be used include: Mixers, Welding machines and transmission machines. The contractor would also mobilize
human workforce to the site. Both casual (unskilled) and permanent (skilled) would be hired.
Site Clearance: This will involve clearing of the site of any debris and foreign materials.
Acquisition and transportation of building materials - The contractor shall source for materials for
construction from the various available suppliers. Supply of materials would be a continuous activity throughout
the project life since different materials will be needed at different phases of the construction. The materials that
shall be used in the construction include among others building stones, sand, ballast, cement, timber, reinforced
concrete frame, steel, bars, G.I pipes, PVC pipes, pavement blocks, concrete slabs, murram, hardcore, insulated
electrical cables and timber among others.
Construction of the Coffee washing station:- The engineering designs and site layout plans that have been
approved shall be implemented. The setting would comply with the specifications set out by the client to the
contractor under the supervision of qualified engineers. In accordance with the designs and the layout plans, the
construction of the proposed project and associated infrastructure will begin immediately Zonal EPA approves
the project report. The contractor will then be supplied with all the approved documents including the EIA
report.
Excavation and land filling works:- This is part of normal construction works
Transportation of the construction wastes from the site for landscaping Solid and liquid waste
management - Waste management infrastructure shall be set thus dustbin cubicles and shall be protected from
rain and animals. These will be used both during construction and occupation stages.
c. Occupation stage - This stage shall involve running and managing the facility as per the laid
down rules and procedures.
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d. Decommissioning Phase - Decommissioning refers to the final disposal of the project and
associated materials at the expiry of the project life span. This is dealt with in chapter ten of this
project report.
2.8 BY PRODUCTS AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND DISPOSAL METHODS

In all construction projects, some waste or by products are usually produced on the project site. These wastes
include; broken glasses, pieces of broken tiles, nails, pieces of broken wood and pieces of roofing materials. The
contractor will emphasize on efficiency to minimize construction wastes. The removal and disposal of such
refuse and other related wastes comes in handy. The contractor will work hand in hand with private refuse
handlers and the District Environmental Authority to facilitate waste handling and disposal from the site. The
wastes will be disposed of into the approved dumpsites.
CHAPTER THREE
3. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK
This envisaged of Wet-Coffee Industry Project will be governed by the relevant environmental policies,
strategies, proclamations to ensure environmental sustainability. The environmental policies, laws, legislations,
proclamations and institutional frameworks pertinent to this project are summarized and presented below
3.1.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions are providing guidance to all other
policies, regulations and institutional frameworks. The Constitution of the FDRE has various provisions that are
aimed to ensure the implementation of development project in an environmentally sustainable manner.
The concepts of sustainable development and environmental rights are enshrined in the Constitution of the
FDRE through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to development and right to live in clean
and healthy environment. Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced, or
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whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate
monetary or alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance . The
government shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not
take into account the value of land. Moreover the Constitution states that, without prejudice to the right to private
property, the government may expropriate private property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of
compensation commensurate to the value of the property (Article 40(8). Moreover, Article 43 (2) dealing with
the rights to development states that nationals have the right to participate in national development and, in
particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting the community.
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and development
projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be fully consulted and express
their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies and project
3.1.2 ETHIOPIA’S CLIMATE RESILIENT GREEN ECONOMY STRATEGY

To cope up with the prevailing environmental problems such as land degradation, rainfall fluctuation, increasing
temperature, flooding and speed up its socioeconomic development, the Government of Ethiopia has planned a
climate-resilient green economy as a development strategy. This development direction promotes environmental
protection, reducing fossil fuel consumption which releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With demand
for energy growing with the increasing population, industrialization and urbanization, the Government realized
that harnessing clean and renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro and geothermal energy sources is
critical.
3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to improve and
enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social and economic
development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and their
environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. The policy consists mainly of guiding principles and various sect-
oral and cross-sect-oral policies for sustainable environmental management.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations at all levels
in environmental management activities, raise public Awareness and promote understanding of the essential
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linkage between environment and development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sect-
oral and cross sect-oral environmental issues.
3.1.4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA
Ethiopia has set its own industrial policy and strategy as of august 2002.The industry development strategy of
the country has put in place the principles that primarily focus on the promotion of agricultural lead
industrialization, export lead development, and expansion of labor intensive industries these principles are
interdependent and inter linked to one another. The strategy has also set the other principles that clearly stated
the pivotal contribution of the private sector, the leadership role of the Government, and the integrated and
coordinated participation of the public at large in nurturing the strategy. This strategy refers to those industries
which are primarily involved in the production of manufactured foods.
3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL
According to Ethiopia’s governmental environmental protection (EGEP) proclamation No. 300/2002,
Environmental pollution control primarily targeting to protect the right of all nations, to attain sustainable
healthy environment and to impose obligation to protect the environment of the country through green economy
policy. The regulation addresses the management of harmful squander: establishment of environmental quality
standard for air, water and soil and frequent monitoring of pollution.
The problem of improper handling of hazardous substances related to activities such as pest and insect, crop
diseased, fertilizer application management and industrial development are becoming a serious environmental
concern. In association with this, proclamation provides a basis from which the relevant environmental standard
applicable to Ethiopia can be developed, while sanctioning violation of these standards as criminally punishable
offence.
For the sake of an appropriate project implementation, environmental standards and related requirements,
inspectors belonging to EPA or the relevant regional environmental agency are empowered by the proclamation
to enter, without prior notice or court order, land premises at any time, at their discretion. Such wide power was
drive from Ethiopia’s serious concern and commitment to protecting the environmental from pollution.
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3.2.2 PROCLAMATION 513/2007, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Proclamation no. 513/2007 aims to promote community participation in order to prevent adverse effects and
enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. It provides for preparation of solid waste management action plans
by urban local governments.
Therefore, Solid Waste Management Proclamation No. 513/2007 states (Article 5.1) that Urban Administrations
shall ensure the participation of the lowest administrative levels and their respective local communities in
designing and implementing their respective solid waste management plans. In Article 5.1 each Region or urban
administration shall set its own schedule and, based on that, prepare its solid waste management plan and report
of implementation. Measures related to waste handling and disposal:
 Any person shall collect waste in an especially designated place and in a manner, which does not affect
the health of the society.
 No person shall dispose solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner which contaminate the environment
or affects the health of the society.
3.2.3 REGULATION 159/2008, PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

As a follow up to Proclamation 300/2002, a regulation to prevent industrial pollution was developed by the
Federal Environmental Protection Authority and endorsed by the Council of Ministers to ensure compatibility of
industrial development with environmental conservation.
This Regulation confers important obligations to industrial operators. A factory subject to the regulations is
obliged to prevent or minimize the generation and release of pollutants to a level not exceeding the
environmental standards. The regulation also obliges industrial operators to handle its equipments, inputs and
products in a manner that prevents damage to the environment and to human health. Moreover, the regulations
urge industrial operators to prepare and implement an emergency response system of their own. On the other
hand industrial operators are required to prepare and implement internal environmental monitoring systems and
keep written records of the pollutants generated and the disposal mechanisms used to get rid of the pollutants. In
relation to it, factories are required by the regulation to submit annual compliance reports with the provision of
the regulations.
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3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According to this
proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime Minister. It has also established the Environmental protection
council (EPC). EPC oversee EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies and environmental
units with respect to environment management.
There are so many organizations involved in environmental management in the country. These organizations
include the Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Regional land and protection and Environmental,
National Environment and Management Authority, Local Authorities, Ministry of Water and Irrigation etc. It
also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on environmental matters.
The proclamation stipulates the mandatory need for establishment of Environmental organs by regions.
Mandates of the regional environmental organs are to enable regions to coordinate environmental activities,
avoid duplication of efforts and improve the dissemination of environmental information. This proclamation also
mandates the EPA to undertake studies and research, to develop action plans etc, in the area of combating
desertification.
3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

Environmental organs Establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002 was enacted in 2002. This
proclamation repealed proclamation for the Establishment of the EPA, proclamation No. 9/95. According to this
proclamation, EPA is accountable to the prime minister. This proclamation has also established the
Environmental protection Council (EPC) oversees EPA’s activities, as well as the activities of sectorial agencies
and environmental units with respect to environmental management. It also ensures coordination among sectorial
ministries and agencies on environmental matters. This proclamation also mandates the EPA to undertake studies
and research, to develop action plans etc., in the area of washing station waste management.
3.3.3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)

Under proclamation No. 925/2002, all regional states are expected to establish their own environmental organs.
Following this, regions and two city administration have established their respective environmental organs and
the other regional states are in the process. Regional environmental organs are vested in, among others, the
responsibility in their respective region.
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3.3.4 ZONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS
SONAL ORGANS is one of the most administrative regarding EPA. The Zonal administration is the highest
decision maker organ next to regional Authority. Zonal administration is accountable for regional Authority
According to Ethiopia’s government governance structure; zonal offices are headed by cabin members.
Therefore, ZONAL Rural land and Environmental protection organ is the middle administrative level
responsible for monitoring and evaluating environmental issues of the washed station
3.3.5 DISTRICT
The highest administrative structure at district level is the District council consisting of the administrative arm
and a cabinet. Therefore, the Woreda environmental issues were seen at district level. The most policies, laws
and directives of the state Coordination of the activities applied at woreda level.
3.3.6 KEBELE (PEASANT ASSOCIATION)

The peasant associations have their own council consisting of the administrative structure and the cabinet
members. The cabinet members are composed of three professionals from local school, Agricultural offices and
locally selected health centuries and another four. The main responsibilities of the kebeles include promoting
rural development, Executing government policies and facilitate their implementation and conducting tax
collection. Furthermore, they have a mandate to visit development and correct their negative impacts through
advising the investors. Therefore kebele administrative office, will conduct such activities for social and
environmental sustainability of the established washed station
3.4 SUMMARY OF THE RELEVANT WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES

On June 13th 2003, the Minister of Environment, Natural Resources and Wildlife promulgated the Environment
(Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations 2003 (EIA/EA Regulations) under section 147 of the EMCA. These
regulations provide the framework for carrying out EIAs and EAs in Ethiopia
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat
This policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential to safeguard their unique biodiversity
and to maintain environmental services and products for human society and for long-term sustainable
development.
The proposed Industrial zone Development Project activities will be implemented in an agricultural land and is
not likely to adversely impact any of the Natural Habitats. This project is not therefore going to trigger OP/BP
4.04.
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OP/BP 4.36 Forests

The objective of this policy is to assist borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a
sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital
local and global environmental services and values of forests.
No forest or shrubs of major biodiversity significance will be cleared during the land preparation and
construction of the industrial zone development project and other ancillary development activities associated
with the provision of infrastructures and various utilities.
This policy under the sub-project will not therefore trigger OP/BP 4.36.
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
The objective of this policy is to assist countries to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts of development projects on
physical cultural resources. For purposes of this policy, “physical cultural resources” are defined as movable or
immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, natural features and landscapes that have
archaeological, paleontological,
The Occupational Safety and health act, 2007 applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether
temporarily or permanently. The purpose of this Act is to: Secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at
work; and Protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of, or in
connection with, the activities of persons at work.
a) Safety
Workers must be trained on personal safety and how to handle waste emission from washing station. They
should be provided with Personal Protective equipment which should be worn at all times.. There should be a
toxic acidic contamination risk preparedness plan clearly spelt out and implemented. Adequate protection close
should be installed at every pump, in the office, escape route clearly marked and an assembly point provided and
marked.
b) Health
Associated with wet coffee industry are vector borne diseases such as malaria. Conditions favoring the
proliferation of vectors include stagnant waste water in disposal thank, drains, reservoirs and seepage sites.
Furthermore, lack of sanitary and waste water treatment facilities as well as increased incidence of human-water
contact will exacerbate the problem of vector-borne diseases. Wastewater generated from this process is acidic,
rich in suspended dissolved and organic matter. This processing activity in the project area could affect public
health and safety in a negative manner; because of appropriate mitigation measures are not implemented.
Specific risks include:
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Spinning sensation, eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea and breathing problem among the residents
of nearby areas and risk of increase of water-related diseases from standing wastewater in abandoned borrows
areas and seepage.
c) Welfare
Every occupier shall be provide and maintain so as to be readily accessible, a first-aid box or cupboard of the
prescribed standard. The occupier of a workplace shall cause a thorough safety and health audit of his workplace
to be carried out at least once in every period of twelve months by a safety and health advisor, who shall issue a
report of such an audit containing the prescribed particulars to the occupier on payment of a prescribed fee and
shall send a copy of the report to the Zonal and district EPA.
CHAPTER FOUR
4. THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT (BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC)

The following baseline information details on environmental, ecological and bio-physical characteristics of the
proposed development site which will provide for a benchmark for continued monitoring and assessment of the
impact of the proposed activities on the environment. Coffee Industry is an important global industry and trade
that has important socio-economic implications for communities and countries that are endowed with suitable
natural resources.
4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA
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Arbegona district is located geographic coordinates 6°40′N and 38°45′E (Google Earth, 2012). These
Arbegona weoreda has a total population of 135,862, of whom 67,744 are men and 68,118 women; 6,745 or
4.97% of is population are urban dwellers as at 2007 with Sidama as the predominate tribe (CSA, 2007). The
area lies within the Hawassa to Bensa district all-weather road at a mean level range from 1700- 1900 meters
above sea level and most the rivers which is found in Arbegona district is one the most popular high land area of
water there have been an important coffee processing quality products
Agricultural development in Arbegona district just as in other fertile lands is good due to high rainfall and the
menace of wildlife and pests. In the District crop production has been made quite reliable and evenly distributed
in the recent years the district has been no experiencing crop failure of almost 90% thus rendering the majority of
people self-suffice of food production in the district.
The people of Arbegona district are engaged in various economic activities for their livelihoods. Whereas the
majority is engaged in agriculture, especially cereal crops, coffee as cash crops and livestock keeping still
remains the income earner in the district. People practice mixed farming because livestock acts as a buffer during
poor rain seasons. Most of what is harvested is consumed domestically, and there is hardly any net surplus. The
District is non-famine-prone; there is no supplemented with external food aid.
Major commercial activities like wholesale, retail shop keeping, process of food products, honey farming
harvesting and refining are other economic activities taking place in urban centers and market places. Coffee
ginning, till a major commercial activity has greatly declined due to worsening climatic conditions
4.2 PROJECT SITE PHYSICA ENVIRONMENT

The project site is located on Bursia Kebele, in line with LOGETA river, Arbegona district, SIDAMA
REGIONAL STATE. It is a rural area, where most of the people live of agriculture. The Arbegona is situated
in 36 kilometers of all-weather roads and 25 kilometers of dry-weather roads, for an average road density of 129
kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (According to a 2004)
The project established with an area of 2.0ha. There is no passing through site area. Due care has been taken
while identifying the project site to avoid habitations, forest lands and vicinity of wildlife sanctuaries, national
parks and other sensitive areas. There are no industries in the vicinity of the site area and no residential houses
either in the radius of 4km meters.
4.3 BIO-PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
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This section gives in details the description of existing environment and describes the present land use of the
project and area contiguous to it.
4.3.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The site is situated on a sloping hillside with a dominantly loamy soil. There is only little natural vegetation
consisting of grasses and bushes.
Table 3: Environmental setting in 600m radius
NO. Parameters Details

1 Latitude 6° 40′ 0″North
Longitude 38° 45′ 0″ East
2 Elevation a.s.l. 1700m – 1900M
3 Climatic Conditions:
 Annual Mean Max Temp 280C
 Annual Mean Min Temp 240C
 Annual Total Rainfall 1500-1700
 Predominant Wind Direction East-West
4 Land use at project site Wet-Coffee Processing Industry
5 Nearest Road Hwassa to Bensa district road
6 Nearest Human settlements (Village / Town) No residential area, 500m
7 Forest Reserve within 500m radius None
8 Ecologically Sensitive Zones (Protected Areas / Wetlands None
…)
9 Notified Archaeological Monuments None
10 Water bodies and Hot water Spring LOGETA river in about 50 m
4.3.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
The site selected for the implementation of the wet-Coffee processing Industry site in Arbegona district has little
natural flora, and the existing land use at the beginning of the project included subsistence crops like bamboo
trees, Barley and Enst and coffee. The site also presents different types of bamboo trees and indigenous trees that
can, on the wildlife point of view, shelter rodents and lizards or serve as ecological niche for various types of
birds.
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4.3.3 WILDLIFE RESOURCES

The area is a suitable habitat for a wide diversity of fauna some of which attract tremendous conservation
interest. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Book there is
non-threatened large mammals found in the Arbegona district of project area.
4.3.4 FOREST AND SHADE TREES

This type of vegetation is found in the project at all level of altitude areas of Arbegona district and its
surrounding. It is characterized by species such as Croton macrostachyus, Croton megalocarpus, Dombeya spp.,
Combre tumcollinum, Combre tummollemeliavolkensii. Other species are Vitexdoniana, Euphorbia spp.,
Sclerocaryabirreaamongothers. In this type of vegetation exotic species such as Eucalyptus species, Grevillea
robusta, Mangifera indica and occasionally bananas are seen project area of the district.
4.3.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

In the project area there is no impact on the cultural and historical resources; no known historical and cultural
site is included in the project area. Where there are accidental ‘’chances of findings’’ of some archeological
artifacts on the route, operation and other field workers and surveyors shall report to the environmental
Monitoring bodies or land and Environmental protection office of the SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE that will
then report to the Authority for Research and Conservation for Cultural Heritage (ARCCH) for further
investigations.
The project will be at the edge of ensuring sustainable development, delivering economically, socially and
environmentally important values. It will contribute to the delivery of Ethiopia’ s Sustainable Development and
Poverty Reduction Program by creating employment and export revenues whilst supporting social development
through Fair Trade.
The past a and macaroni processing plant project has been designed to ensure sustainable development and
delivering economically, socially and environmental achieve the objectives of Ethiopia’s Sustainable
development and poverty reduction
Key elements are:
An economically successfully business: the project will deliver attractive returns for
Investors and tax income for the Ethiopian government. The parchment coffee products will be foreign
currency generation for the country and helping the trade balance;
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Skills and technology transfer: the project will commercialize at high technology processing facilities.
Best-in-class agricultural industry practice will be implemented and disseminated in the region through
technical support to growers;
building capacity: management and technical capacity of local staff will be increased and is planned for
Ethiopian staff to follow in the international team's footsteps once the business is up and running;
Sustainable employment: processing foods is labor intensive and the project will bring a high level of
employment and income potential to rural communities ;
 Minimized carbon-footprint and waste operation: The Wet-Coffee Processing Plant will strive to
recycle the maximum amount of waste resulting from allots activities on the processing plant;
4.3.6 ECONOMIC ASPECT

The project demonstrates strong economic fundamentals, providing good returns to all shareholders, being the
developers, the government and the local community. It also will stimulate substantial economic activity in the
surrounding region through:
 Supply of services,
 Supply of labor,
 Supply of inputs,
 Rural Coffee Market access,
4.3.7 WATER RESOURCES

Water resources are generally high in Arbegona Woreda and there is more stream and small river with
perennial flows in the project area. Streams and Groundwater is the main source of water for the majority of the
people in Arbegona district to meet their water needs, groundwater from dug wells, bore holes and springs are
the primary sources of water for the population in the most of the districts. Small rivers are harnessed by the
rural population to meet domestic and livestock water needs as well as for small scale irrigation.
4.4 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SOILS.
4.4.1 CLIMATE
The climate of the district is tropical with very surfeit and unreliable rainfall. Most of the areas are generally wet
to moderate leading to high rate of perception. This combined with unreliable rainfall; limits intensive and
meaningful land use and related development activities. The annual rainfall ranges between 1500 -1700mm with
70 percent reliability. The long rains come in April/May and short rains in November/December. The short rains
are more reliable while long rains are usually unreliable. The periods falling between January to March are
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usually dry. The topography of the landscape is not influences the amount of rainfall received. The district
experiences moderate temperatures throughout the year, which ranges from 24 0c to 280c. The hot months are
between Januarys to April.
4.4.2 SOILS
Soil is an important non-renewable natural resource that supports life, and is especially significant because of
their importance of agriculture. Soil patterns are influence by geology, land forms altitude and climate. There are
four (4) major soil types in the central part of the district. Two (2) of which are found in the central part of the
District. The distribution of soil types in different CSA provide information that may facilitate planning of that
use and management. Soils vary in their physical and chemical characteristic, being either saline or sordic or
both.
4.5 WILDLIFE RESOURCES

The area is a suitable habitat for a wide diversity of fauna some of which attract tremendous conservation
interest. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red Data Book there is
non-threatened large mammals found in the Arbegona district forest include;
4.6 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Vegetation: The project it has no vegetation cover since the area has been removed of vegetation for settlement
and cultivation. Many natural trees have been cleared and destroyed f or agricultural purposes and settlements
long years ago.
Wildlife: According to local sources, no wild life exists in the project area..
4.7 COMMUNITY SERVICES

In general, Community services include water supply, sewage disposal, flood control, solid waste management,
power supply, education, healthcare, police and Fire protection, churches and libraries. The Ethiopia power and
lighting Authority is responsible for the supply of electricity through the national grid whereas the Ethiopia
Water Authority is responsible for water supply. The proposed Project will be connected to the septic tank to be
developed in the Project site. The government of Ethiopia and some private organizations are responsible for
running of facilities like schools, hospitals and healthcare centers in this area.
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CHAPTER FIVE
5. PROJECT BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 PROJECT EIA ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
This section provides an introduction to the assessment of potential impacts and the criteria used in making each
assessment are explained.
Firstly, in line with national practice in EIAs, a broad definition of “Environment” is adopted, which
incorporates both bio-physical and socio-economic components. The EA Policy of Ethiopia seeks to achieve a
balance between negative and positive impacts and between biophysical impacts and social and economic gains
to society. Therefore, both negative and positive impacts on the environment will be considered below. To the
extent that it is practically possible, this report will recommend measures to mitigate negative impacts and
optimize (or enhance) positive impacts.
This assessment is made on the basis of the current proposals. Should these proposals change in any material way, then
some of the assessments below may have to be reconsidered. In Section 8, for each activity with the potential for
environmental impacts, a discussion of the impact is presented. Where practically possible, the discussion is followed by a
table that summarizes the assessment according to specific criteria as follows
The impacts of the proposed alteration project on the environmental elements are both positive and negative. The
magnitude of each impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or permanent, short-term or long
term, specific (localized) or widespread, reversible or irreversible. Most of the impacts have been addressed in
the proactive design of the project and other mitigations can only be guaranteed through active and responsible
management committed to the propositions of the environmental management plan. The assessment criteria of
the significant impacts are as shown in the table below:
Table 4: Assessment criteria of significant impacts
Key Type of impact Key Type of impact

++ Major positive impact. + Minor positive impact
-- Major negative impact - Minor negative impact
O Negligible/zero impact No No change
Sp Specific/localized W Widespread
R Reversible Ir Irreversible
Sh Short term L Long term
T Temporary P Permanent
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5.2 ASSESSMENT OF BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS
5.2.1 WET-COFFEE PROCESSING SYSTEM & RELATED WASTES

The production processing system of Wet-coffee Processing plant consists of four major operations related to
Waste generation:-
Reds Cherry Reception and Sorting
Red Cherry Pulping,
Washing and Fermentation
Final Washing and Soaking
Drying
Through the above processing system the project annual washed coffee production processing which assert large
amount coffee industry waste effluent were generated and associated negative impact on to environmental would
be expected.
The project has conventional type of processing plan which required high amount of water for its processing
function. This conventional wet coffee processing plant, the actual water requirement is 80,000-93,000 litter
H2O for 1tons of red cherry were processing.
Base on this bench mark the consultant was estimation the amount of project annual water requirement based on
owner’s annual red cherry requirement plan and in the meantime predicted the amount and the type of coffee
processing industry waste by the project.
This is also important for the project owner’s to allocate environmental cost budget for the gross waste
management mitigation measure, its eco- solution of the business and reduction of the environmental cost. Here,
therefore, the detailed information the amount of waste effluent estimated is shown below table-5.
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Table 5: The amount of waste generated in Red Cherry Coffee Pulping Industry
Description Unit Qt
Project Annual Red Cherry Requirement kg 1,123,200
Water Requirement for processing/ton of red cherry liter 93,000
Total Annual water Requirement water Liter 104,457,600
Type and amount of Waste unit % Qt in tons Total eff luent
Fresh pulp & Skin (82 % MC) tons 44% 494.208 494.208
Total Solid Waste tons 494.208
Evaporated water litter 20% 20,891,520 20,891,520
Mucilage (65-75 % MC) litter 16% 16,713,216 16,713,216
Total Liquid waste Litter 37,604,736 37,604,736
It is concluded that, this coffee industry 1,123,200 red cherry processing 494.208 tons mucilage contaminated
solid waste (coffee skin& pulp) and 37,604,736 litters of sugar contain of mucilage and evaporate water lagoon
liquid waste will been generate due to its high water demanding nature of the project machine. Those generated
solid and liquid waste is containing with a very high potential of environment pollutants (effluent), when it
disposing to the downstream of water course with no any treatment is potential negative impact in washed coffee
processing industry. Such coffees wastes are nowadays become series problem on receiving environment
especially on water bodies and human health. The detailed type & nature of waste and its impact is well
described in the next section.
5.2.2 ASSESSMENT ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (OHS)

National EPA of Ethiopia is dedicated to protecting the safety and health of its employees, contractors and the
communities where it operates, as well as a conscientious regard for the environmental impact of its activities
and products. During construction and operation occupation hazards and contamination risk may occur, and the
immediate neighbors and workforce involved would be more subjected to these impact.
5.2.3 ASSESSMENT ON CONSTRUCTION PHASE WASTE

In construction projects, there are usually some wastes on the site. Removal and disposal of such refuse and other
related wastes comes in handy. The waste should be disposed into the approved dumpsites.
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In addition to this the proposed project would expected wastes are dust emissions, solid waste, liquid waste and
fuel, oil and lubricant and the associated maximum predicted ground level contamination would still comply
with the relevant environmental impact in all phase of construction, decommission and operations.
Consequently, it is considered that the proposed development would have a negligible impact on particulate
emissions and concentrations in the vicinity of the site.
5.2.4 ASSESSMENT ON POLLUTION

The construction activities on the site will result to increased dust and fermented toxic emissions. Such dust and
toxic mucilage have direct negative impact to the quality of air and hence animal/human health. Hooting of the
involved workers will generate noise and skin irritation which may have effect to the neighborhoods. Fermented
and toxic mucilage as drain to the downstream rivers and water body may cause to the aquatic ecosystem.
5.2.5 ASSESSMENT ON SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS

Effluent/sewage resulting from sanitary facilities and wastewater from the proposed developments is of
significant concern with respect to the environment. It should always drain effectively into the available
sewerage treatment system via well designed and laid canals and septic tank networks. Options are being
explored to install a “pollution solution” system. The Pollution Solution system is an Effective Micro-Organism
(EM) application and husk and fermented mucilage separator which separates mucilage from wash down water
collected from the under disposal area of a coffee washed station in two different tanks, and allows the
wastewater to be discharged to sewer, while separating the solid material and/or contaminants in a separate tank
for collection.
5.2.6 ASSESSMENT ON AIR QUALITY
The construction and operation activities on the site will result to increased dust and gaseous emissions. Some
construction machinery and trucks, including small vehicles generate hazardous exhaust fumes such as Carbon
Oxides (Cox), Sulphur Oxides (SOx) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx). Dust particles as caused by wind and vehicles
suspends in the air mostly during dry spells. Such dust and gases have direct negative impact to the quality of air
hence affects animal/ human health.
5.2.7 ASSESSMENT ON PROJECT DECOMMISSIONING

Decommissioning phase will involve; notification of intent to all relevant agencies and liaising with the project
Consultants that is engineers, architects and environmentalists in a bid to ascertain guidelines on possible
impacts and mitigation measures. Description of the project’s decommissioning activities
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1. Demolition works: Upon decommissioning, the project components including buildings, pavements, drainage
systems, parking areas and perimeter fence a lot of solid waste will be demolished. The wastes should be reused
or if not reusable, disposed of appropriately by a licensed waste disposal company.
2. Dismantling of equipment and fixtures: All equipment including electrical installations, furniture, finishing
fixtures partitions, pipe-work and sinks among others will be dismantled and removed from the site on
decommissioning of the project; Priority will be given to reuse of these equipment in other projects; This will be
achieved through auctioning of the equipment to other contractors or reused in another site.
3. Site restoration: Once all the waste resulting from demolition and dismantling works is removed from the
site, the site will be restored through replenishment of the topsoil and re-vegetation using indigenous plant
species.
5.2.8 PREDICATION OF COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY IMPACT

Effluent/sewage resulting from coffee washing processing facilities and wastewater from the proposed
developments is of significant concern with respect to the environment. Some of coffee industry waste contains
the following significant impact would be expected:-
The effluent consists of different sugars compounds(crude protein, crude fiber)
The Hydro organic compounds to crate BOD and COD competation in water bodies
Fermentation of sugars in fermentation tank high acidity generates.
The effluent also consists of different toxic chemicals( such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and poly
phenolic compounds)
Coffee by-products consists high nutrients like Nitrogen and phosphate which cause of various
environmental and public health problems.
It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to human health problems and loss of biodiversity.
The downstream coffee producing area of community’s are using the river water for washing clothes,
bathing, swimming, irrigation as well as drinking case impact on human health.
Cause of impact on various aquatic plants, animals and other organisms.
To minimize and even avoid this problem, understanding the nature of the coffee processing industry wastewater
is fundamental question for the using of appropriate and effective waste treatment technologies and to developed
waste handling strategy.
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CHAPTER SIX
6. CONSULTATION
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Proclamation (Art. 3(1)) of EPA, 2002; EPA, 1997 and subsequent EIA/EA Regulations of 299/2002 requires
any project to carry out environmental impact assessments for development proposals. According to EIA/EA
Regulations, 2003 such studies have to incorporate consultation and public participation (CPP) process.
EIA process is largely determined by effective consultation and public participation (CPP) which basically
provides a cornerstone for project planning and successful implementation. Consultation and Public participation
helps to:
1) Facilitate involvement and participation of affected persons throughout the project cycle.
2) Ensures a sense of responsibility and commitment towards implementing the proposed EMP.
CPP should be undertaken mainly during project construction, decommission and operations phases. It should
involve the affected persons, lead agencies, private sector, among others. The methodology for CPP may
include; Meetings and technical workshops with affected communities, Questionnaires, Interviews, Notices
It is the responsibility of the project proponent to adequately ensure effective distribution of the information to
the affected persons to militate against unnecessary delays in decision making and project implementation
6.2 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PROCESS

6.2.1 CONSULTATION WITH INTERESTED AND AFFECTED PARTIES
The intent of the Rekik Development Consultants (PLC) strategy has been to identify and incorporate a range
of community values to ensure that the project was appropriately adapted to local context. The steps in the local
consultation program were designed to identify and address stakeholders concerns about the project and to build
positive, long-term relationships with the project community neighbors. Consultation specific to the project was
initiated through contacting the Environmental officer of Arbegona district Officer who thereafter provided the
consultant team with contact persons at Woreda Sector.
The consultation process included to a large extent public consultation through Bursia Keble with the local
people and interested and affected parties.
6.2.2 THE CONTENT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE.
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The consultation process included on the content are;

a) Awareness about the proposed DEGEFU MULIGETA WET COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY
development project.
b) On the anticipated wet-coffee processing industry waste impact on BIO-PHYSICAL & SOCIO-
ECONOMIC IMPACTS BASED on other coffee industry bench mark.
c) Whether the proposed development project will cause negative impacts on the following.
 Local residents
 Natural ecology of the area
 The human environment
 Public health and safety
 Effect on water resources and quality and water eco system
 The soil Quality in the local area
 The areas of aquatic animal
 Road transport and related infrastructure
 Any other comment.
Meeting with local residents-This meeting was held for three days as from 8th July to 18th July 2020 at the
site. The reaming public consultation process continued in 17 th May 2020 after receiving detailed Terms of
Reference from AREBEGONA WOREDA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OFFICE dated 15th July
2020. The final meetings were held at the same time of July 17th 2020 as required by Woreda EPA for the study.
6.2.3 THE RESULTS OF CONSULTATION

The result of the consultation is that most of the respondents were aware of the proposed project and welcomed
this development. The overall conclusion from the interviews and analysis of the questionnaire led to
determination of the following:
 The proposed development project is accepted by the interested and the affected parties (i.e. almost all of
the respondents)
 The proposed project will benefit the general population of by providing the much-needed jobs and in the
long run reduce dependency and poverty.
 This industry in the area hopes to good price barging power the coffee producers with other industries
etc.
Participants Attending Result: The respondents however, did not object the project and were in agreement that
it should be implemented but the proponent should consider employing people from the local area for jobs that
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do not need specialized skills before he brings other people in. put in place measures to curb insecurity.
Members of the public who participated in this public participation were so passionate about insecurity and how
it needs to be addressed.
6.3 SUMMARY OF CONCERNS ON PROJECT CONSTRUCTION PHASE
To date, stakeholder input has largely focused on creating an appropriate and contextual design for the project in
coordination with community input. Areas of particular interest have included the preparation of effective
environmental and socio-economic impact assessment, the mitigation of environmental effects. Most
stakeholder’s comments, and concerns focused cumulative effects and the need for clarity around the project
operations. A brief summary of the stakeholders concerns during construction phase that were incorporated into
the project
Table 6: Summary of Plan Modification during construction phase
Concern Plan Modification

Construction Dust and fugitive Project for coffee washing industry facility is planned to be portable and
emissions partially enclosed to mitigate dust concerns
Construction phase Noise Project is planned workers should have partially enclosed, using closed
material and insulted cover in order to mitigate noise concerns and to
achieve compliance with the Ethiopia environmental Law. This enclosure
will also work in mitigating dust emissions and potential health concerns.
Effect to the Marshland None
downstream
Proximity to Road The construction will not extend beyond the site that was not traffic
problems
LOGETA River Constructed Waste collection damp pit with cement concrete downstream
of the entire site is no expected impact potential sedimentation of the river
6.4 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ON CONSTRUCTION AND PROCESSING PHASE

On the basis of information gathered during both the desktop and field study, the potential environmental
impacts of the proposed project are as tabulated below table-7.
Table 7: Potential Anticipated Environmental Impacts Summary
Impacts on or Construction Occupati Remarks

due to on
Changes in Land - -/0 The proposed construction will not have a
use Extent. significant change in the land use of the area
since the area has been approved for such
purposes
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Pollution:  During construction, dust and exhaust

emission from the construction activities,
noise from concrete mixers and workers
Air/Dust & Major negative impact -- will generate noise and vibration that
Noise may not have negative effect to the
Minor negative impact - neighborhood.
Coffee inhabitant Major negative impact --  Coffee waste effluxes from untreated
septic tank Spinning sensation, eye, ear
and skin irritation, stomach pain, Nausea
and breathing problem among the
residents of nearby areas
Water Resources Major negative impact -- The organic compounds in coffee wastewater create
high BOD and COD. Fermentation of sugars in
fermentation tank also generates high acidity, effluent
also consists of different toxic chemicals cause human
health problems and loss of biodiversity
Public Health Lt -- During the operational Spinning sensation,
eye, ear and skin irritation, stomach pain,
Nausea and breathing problem among the
residents of nearby areas.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
7. EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
7.1 DEGEFU MULIGETA COFFEE INDUSTRY SITES – POTENTIAL IMPACT
Data and information were collected when project site visits conducting; we noted that the industry has most
important positive and some negative impacts on the surrounding environment.
Thus, the project has some definite negative impacts on the surrounding environment in both direct and indirect
ways, as there will be direct and indirect interactions between project activities and the environment. This will
have different effects on the environment and on the project itself.
In this chapter analysis were done in identification and classifies according to its potential effect, the impacts
inference on the socioeconomic environment (health, security, economic activities, finances, etc) and on the
biophysical environment (fauna, flora, water, air, soil, energy) activities. Those negative, direct or indirect impacts
are described in detailed as follows;
7.2 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING PHASE
7.2.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS
7.2.1.1 EMPLOYMENT CREATION

The proposed development will generate both direct and indirect employment. It will directly offer jobs on
temporary basis during the construction. Not less than 8 permanent skilled employments and 50-70 casual labors
are expected to be involved in construction phase and operation phase.
7.2.1.2 LOCAL ECONOMY

As noted earlier in this report, coffee plays a pivotal role in economic growth and development. The
establishment of a wet coffee processing station in this area will serve to improve accessibility of red cherry
coffee market to area of coffee producers near to the project area thus boosting the economy.
7.2.2 ADVERSE NEGATIVE IMPACT DURING PRODUCTION PHASE
7.2.2.1 IMPACT ON WATER RESOURCES
Ethiopia is one of a well-known coffee (Arabica) producing, processing and exporting country. Coffee is
produced and processed manly in two regions of Ethiopia. It is a valuable trading goods and the backbone of
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Ethiopian economy that earns foreign exchange for the country. This major agro-based coffee processing
industry is expanding in the country. The most commonly used coffee processing method in Ethiopia is wet
processing one. It demands high amount of water to separate the outer red coffee skin and pulp and also for the
removal of the mucilage in fermentation tank. According to Selvamurugan et al, 2010, the conventional wet
coffee processing plants need about 80-93 m3 water in order to process 1 tons of fresh cherry coffee. Due to
this water demanding nature, wet coffee processing plants are usually constructed very near to river or other
water streams. Coffee processing plants are among the major agro-based industries which are expected for water
pollution.
Mitigation
 Construction of adequate and efficient Disposal system
 Construction of fermented mucilage interceptor septic tank
 Use Biofiltration wetland waste treatment technology
 Use By-product for commercial purpose
7.2.2.2 IMPACT ON HEALTH AND SAFETY
Coffee effluent consists of different sugars, crude protein, crude fiber, different nutrients and chemicals are
generated from both pulping and mucilage fermentation processes. The organic compounds in coffee wastewater
create high BOD and COD. Fermentation of sugars in fermentation tank also generates high acidity. The effluent
also consists of different toxic chemicals such as tannins, alkaloids (caffeine) and polyphenolic compounds and
nutrients like nitrate and phosphate. Discharge of such kinds of effluent into open environment and river can
bring various environmental and public health problems. It can also cause socio-economic impacts mainly due to
human health problems and loss of biodiversity Exposure to lead, leads to several physiological disorders in man
with the most sensitive parts being kidneys, blood and nervous system. The emissions may also contaminate the
environment including soil and water.
Mitigation
Since long exposure to vehicular emissions may result in irreversible effects on human health, it is advisable that
the proponent should ensure that:-
 Employees undergo regular medical check-ups (every six months)
 Wastes are treated with Effective Micro-Organism Bio-chemicals
 Construction of disposal septic tank
Other safety measures that should be undertaken include:-
 Provide protective clothing to employees
 Install first aid facilities
 Provide washrooms for the facility workers
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7.2.2.3 AIR POLLUTION

Psychological effects of noise include annoyance and disruption of concentration. Physical effects include loss
of hearing, pain, nausea, and interference with contaminations exposure to bad odor. The construction activities
will involve use of heavy machinery and other miscellaneous sources of noise for construction site (concrete
mixers, workers, trucks). This is not likely to cause any significant degradation of local environment, as it will be
mainly limited to the construction site. In addition, the noise levels produced are not likely to exceed the
background levels which will be for a short time.
7.3 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASE

On completion of the Project the following should be adequately provided: - Fire exit, fire extinguishers, and
hazards warnings, refuse collection chamber, mechanism for regular cleaning of facility and any necessary
measures as may be necessary to safeguard the health and safety of the general public. The proposed wet coffee
processing station should also have elaborate evacuation procedures and emergency response plan.
7.4 POTENTIAL IMPACT ON DECOMMISSIONING PHASE

Safety measures necessary during decommissioning (in case of demolition) are:-
 Use of proper equipment and tools
 Supervision by competent engineers
 Proper handling and disposal of debris
 Full compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Act of 2003 or any other law applicable at the time
of demolition.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
8. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
Alternatives to the project, including the no action alternative will be presented in this section, as well as the
historical use of the overall area in which the project site is located. These alternatives will be discussed from
environmental and socio-economic perspectives.
8.1 THE PROPOSED ALTERNATIVES

This EIA project report has been prepared for submission to NEPA based on sound desktop and field studies
made by the EIA team. The findings and recommendations are based on the proposed site materials and the
proposed technologies to be used in implementation of the proposed project.
8.2 ALTERNATIVES TO SITE

There is no viable alternative to this site owing to the scarcity of appropriate development land in Arbegona
area.
8.3 ALTERNATIVE TO TECHNOLOGY

The proponent should consider installing solar panels so that solar energy is also used as an alternative.
8.4 NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

This means that the status quo remains and the proponent will have to contend with the land being idle. This may
lead to underutilization of the land and the proponent missing out on the good returns from the wet coffee
processing industry sector.
8.5 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES

The proposed project is the best alternative since it will lessen the petroleum products shortage being
experienced in the country, lead to revenue for the proponent and the government, improvement in service
delivery and will create employment opportunities for more people.
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CHAPTER NINE
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION

9.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND OPERATION PHASE
Notwithstanding the conclusion that the proposed development would not significantly alter existing during
construction phase of air quality in the vicinity of the site, appropriate mitigation measures would be
implemented through the construction and operation phases to ensure that air quality impacts would be
minimized.
9.1.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

It is anticipated that the application of mitigation measures to reduce dust generation and vehicular emissions
during construction would minimize dust generation to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures that would be
implemented to minimize potential impacts on air quality include:
 Visible dust emissions from earth moving and transport activities would be the focus of prompt mitigation
through the use of dust suppressing sprays from water carts;
 The extent of exposed and unprotected areas would be limited by preserving existing groundcover (through
staged clearing) and all disturbed areas would be stabilized as soon as possible;
 Stockpiles would be kept to a minimum;
 Construction traffic would be restricted to designated areas, which would be covered with a gravel/bitumen
surface where practicable and subjected to regular dust suppression (e.g. water cart);
 Where practicable, specific areas of the construction site (e.g. stockpiles) would be fenced with Shade cloth
to minimize wind erosion and the transport of dust beyond the site boundary;
 All construction and administrative vehicles would be maintained in a serviceable condition such that
exhaust emissions are minimized.
9.1.2 SITE OPERATION PHASE

It is recommended that post-commissioning testing be undertaken to assess compliance with the standard of
concentration prescribed under the Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2003
All activities carried out on the site, and in relation to the project, would comply with the relevant provisions of
all related relevant legislation and regulations, and would also comply with relevant policies and guidelines
relating to the construction, decommission phase and operation phase of the project including, but not limited to,
those detailed. Summarizes the key recommendations for environmental management was in the form of an
Environmental Management Plan. These recommendations are arranged according to the relevant phase of the
project:-
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9.2 OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

EMP would be prepared generally in accordance with the framework, principles and requirements detailed in
Standards Act 30 of 1982: Environmental management systems Specification with guidance for use. The EMP
would be developed prior to site activities commencing, and would be fully implemented, maintained, reviewed,
audited and updated throughout the construction phase as may be required by the Conditions of Approval, or as
otherwise directed.
9.2.1 SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

The presence of these toxic chemicals – alkaloids, tannins, and poly-phenolics makes more difficulty of
biological degradation of organic material in the wastewater. This is resulted the main ecological effect of
organic pollution in a water course (into which effluents have been discharged) which cause the lowering of
oxygen content in the water bodies. The organic substances diluted in the wastewater to break down very slowly
in microbiological processes, using up oxygen from the water. Due to the decrease in oxygen content, the
demand for oxygen to break down organic material in the wastewater exceeds the supply, dissolved in the water,
thus creating anaerobic conditions in water bodies
However, additional environmental control measures have been developed to further minimise the risk
of discharges to the LOGETA River, as detailed in Table 8. Acid toxic substance are not expected to be
encountered on site and consequently have not been considered further.
Table 8: Soil and water management measures
Soil and Water Management Measure:

 A site-specific Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) has been developed for the project. The ESCP identifies
appropriate control measures and practices to prevent soil and erosion impacts, and discharges of turbid site runoff
to the LOGETA River
 Loss of suspended solids and sediment to the LOGETA River would be prevented by using temporary or reverse
super elevation for any excavations, constructing berms along the edge of the site to prevent runoff to the river and
installing silt fences along the property boundary with the river.
 A silt fence would be installed between the site and the LOGETA River, along the entire perimeter of the
construction area, to prevent suspended solids being transported offsite.
 In the event of a spillage of potentially harmful chemicals, fuels, oils or materials, would be contacted immediately,
and contaminants would be immediately control
 An incident/emergency spill plan would be developed. This would include measures to avoid spillages of fuels,
chemicals, and fluids onto the floodplain and/or into any waterways. All personnel would be made aware of these
measures. An emergency spill kit would be kept onsite at all times.
 All fuels, chemicals, and liquids would be stored at least 50 m away from any waterways or drainage lines within an
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impervious bunded area

 Any wastewater generated from construction processes would be contained onsite and directed to the site storm
water management system for conveyance to the Environmental Farm for treatment and irrigation. The discharge of
water into waterways would be prohibited
9.2.2 NOISE AND VIBRATION MANAGEMENT

The emission of noxious gases during the processing season and after operation for a long period the industry
waste polluted the environment air.
The noise mitigation management measures would include the appropriate siting of plant, equipment,
compounds, and machinery to minimise noise impacts, and construction noise monitoring to monitor compliance
with the noise limits specified in the premise’s Environment Protection license, as detailed in Table 9.
Table 9: Noise and vibration management measures
Noise and Vibration Management Measures

 Appropriate noise and vibration mitigation measures would be developed and implemented throughout the
construction process, including all commitments made in the EA, and required by the Conditions of Approval.
 Construction activities would be managed to comply with the premises’ Environment Protection license noise
limits, which range from 55 – 45 dB(A) when measured at the nearest residences. A noisy construction activity in
this project is not an issue.
9.2.3 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Construction activities have the potential to generate dust. The Proponent/Contractor would manage potential
dust and air quality issues during construction by implementing appropriate control measures, but this
environmental impact is not an issue due to the nature of construction no need of mitigation measure.
9.2.4 CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

The potential environmental impacts associated with spillages of chemicals, fuels and oils to both water and
soils would be minimised through the implementation of detailed control measures designed to minimise the risk
of such spillages occurring. In addition, appropriate waste management measures would be implemented to
ensure that waste is avoided, minimised or recycled wherever possible, or responsibly disposed of. Appropriate
mitigation and management measures are detailed in Table 10.
Table 10: Waste and chemical management measures
Waste and Chemical Management Measures

 An incident emergency spill plan would be developed and implemented as required. This would include measures
to avoid spillages of fuels, chemicals, and fluids into any waterways. All personnel would be made aware of these
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measures. An emergency spill kit would be kept onsite at all times.

 Storage areas for fuels, oils and chemicals would be surrounded by impervious bund walls to contain any spillage.
Storage areas would not be located within 50 metres of any waterway, on slopes above 10%, or near areas of native
vegetation. All precautions would be taken to eliminate fuel or other spills.
 Refueling operations would not be left unattended whilst refueling is in progress. Refueling of plant and
maintenance would not occur within 50m of waterways or sensitive areas.
 Should any spillage of fuels, oils, chemicals or other potentially hazardous/polluting materials occur during
construction the Arbegona Woreda would be contacted immediately, and contaminants would be immediately
contained, removed, treated (if necessary) and disposed of in accordance with Arbegona Woreda requirements.
 All wastes would be transported by licensed waste management contractors and would be disposed of to an
appropriately licensed waste management facility
 The construction site would be maintained in a clean and tidy condition. Covered bins would be provided for waste
disposal
 The Resource Management Hierarchy principles of the would be adopted in this EWMP
9.3 PRODUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.3.1 ADOPTION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY PRINCIPLES
DEGEFU MULIGETA COFFEE PROCESSING INDUSTRY PROJECT site shall be uses a sustainable
approach to waste management. This approach revolves around a hierarchy, which provides a guideline to target
waste production and disposal. The successful implementation of the waste hierarchy principles assist in this wet-
coffee milling project will be to:
 Minimize waste volumes and the risk of causing harm to the environment; and
 Maximize operational efficiency and environmental performance.
The waste management hierarchy, from most preferable to least preferable, is illustrated in Figure 1. The Project
Waste Management Hierarchy principles would be adopted as follows figure 1: Avoid unnecessary resource
consumption as a priority; each step of the hierarchy is discussed further in the following sections.
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Figure 1: Project Wet-Coffee Industry Waste Management Hierarchy
9.3.1.1 WASTE REDUCTION
Waste reduction is closely tied to waste avoidance as described above. However, waste reduction can be
achieved at any stage of a wet coffee processing by limited of water usage and daily removing the processes of
husk and pulp materials rather than to collect, to achieve a more resource efficient process. It is one of the
efficient and economical method by which the quantity of wastewater generated at the source can be reduced.
Subsequent modifications in processing machinery like recycling pump and introduction of recycling system can
reduce water usage by 90% compared to conventional wet processing. Also reduction in quality of water is one
of the most important aspects in reducing the size of collection pit and environmental cost.
Waste reduction also requires less energy than the waste management options listed further down the hierarchy
by designing out waste before it is created. Waste itself is an indicator that systems and processes can be better
designed.
9.3.1.2 WASTE REUSE
Wet coffee processing waste are able to be reused with no or minimal treatment. Predominant reuse
opportunities within this wet coffee processing industry include the use of skin and pulp use composite
preparation for commercial organic fertilizer and use growing media for Mushroom production and other
commercial use.
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9.3.1.3 WASTE RECYCLING

Waste recycle with treatment is no more sophistication and more costly in principle. In this case coffee waste
types generated from this wet coffee processing project activities are able to be treated by EM (Effective Micro-
organism) on husk and pulp for reuse agricultural fertilizer and liquid waste on-site or for safe use for
agriculture irrigation to produce horticulture crops. Existing wastes treated by EM for reuse where appropriate
and/or release to land, comprise to:
 Reduce hydrocarbon contamination to soils and farm land or in-situ where possible ;
 Reduce wastewaters, including: Sewage at polluted the downstream rivers.
For more detailed discussion on the treatment and management of wastewaters, including toxic water generated
within this project.
9.3.1.4 WASTE RECOVERY (ENERGY-FROM WASTE)

Most of the biogas digesters are fed with cow dung or latrine waste. By-products of coffee processing, which are
currently discarded as waste, could be an alternative feedstock. The rates and extent of bio-degradation are
crucial in anaerobic fermentation of agricultural residues, which in turn depend on lignocellulose contents and
properties. Higher cell contents (protein, carbohydrates, and fats) tend to ferment easily and result in higher
methane production. The complex interaction of hemicellulose and lignin often leads to a reduced cellulose
hydrolysis. However, in a first approximation, lignin content in substrates has been proven to be a good predictor
of methane potential from agro-industrial wastes.
9.3.1.5 WASTE DISPOSAL

This waste hierarchy is the last option in coffee industry. Wastes that cannot be reused, recycled or treated for
beneficial reuse will be segregated and stored in designated waste storage areas at which location for collection
center is permitted by authorized bodies. If there is waste disposal facilities are located within the immediate area
surrounding at project area as well as the surrounding region landfills areas, which is permitted by the authorized
organizational.
9.4 ESTABLISHED BIOFILTRATION WETLAND

Description These are systems that use plants as the active element of the treatment.
The plants grow on top of a long, shallow bed (artificial wetland) made
of gravel and/or sand. The wastewater enters at one end, filters through
the gravel and the roots of the plants and collects at the other end of the
bed.
Advantages Relatively easy to design and construct.
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It does not require any energy.

It does not require specially trained staff.
It produces vegetation that can be used to feed livestock.
During the coffee harvest it uses honey water and during the rest
of the year it uses domestic water.
Disadvantages The construction is labor-intensive; alternatively, a digging
machine can be used.
It takes up a lot of land and requires an area which is almost flat.
It requires a continued water supply after the coffee harvest so the
plants don't die.
Requirements A wet mill with low water consumption (1 liter per kilo of
processed cherry coffee).
Flat land with a gentle slope.
Deep underground water level.
Solids should be removed before entering the system to prevent
buildup in the filtration bed, and the water must have a neutral
pH.
It requires a year-round water supply to keep the plants and
bacteria alive
Installation time 40 hours (5 days) two people
Approximate construction Locate in table 13
cost
Useful life of the Undefined, depending on the care required before and after each
system harvest
Efficiency of the With adequate operation, between 70 and 80%.
treatment
9.4.1 PROCEDURE FOR STEP-BY-STEP CONSTRUCTION

Step 1: Identify the site for the development of biofilitration area in between the wastewater source and waste
lagoon septic pit; make sure that gravity will lead the honey water from the wet mill to this site.
Dimensions of the biofilitration wetland
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25M
25M
Step 2: Dig and liable a ditch 25 meters long, 25 meters wide and 0.7 meters deep. Prepare an area of 25 meters
long and 25 meters wide.
a) Type of soil
The type of soil (including the size of the particles) is an important factor to consider for optimal infiltration
management.
Step 3: Determine the type of soil:
Clay: This has the smallest particles with little space in between, which means it will be harder for the water to
get through. Clay soil can hold a considerable amount of water, but our main objective is moving water through
the soil.
Sandy: higher infiltration rate. Coarse sand allows for even faster infiltration, and small gravel approaches the
optimum rate.
Rocky: The infiltration drops again because there are fewer pores, i.e. less space between the rocks
Step 3: The bottom of the ditch should have a slope of 1%. For a biofilitration wetland that is 25 meters long, the
end would be 0.08 meters (8 cm) deeper than the side where the coffee wastewater comes in
b) Creating mounds and Stone Trench
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Step 4: Construct mounds where Vetiver Grass or

other vegetation will be planted throughout the
entire treatment area. Create Stone Trench with
Gravel trench 60cm deep between the two
mounds. The crashed stone paved and concrete
cemented from the Stone Trenches can be used to
wastewater mucilage filtration and protect
wastewater seeping down. Each mound and each
Stone Trench should be 60 cm wide.
Step 5: The Stone Trench should be formed on a 1% slope. As a result, a 25-meter area will be 75 cm lower at
the end than at the beginning where the coffee wastewater enters
Step 6: Construct pulp and pulping honey water between the Biofiltration wetland and wet-mill demucilage
water channel.
c) Planting Vetiver Grass or Star Grass on the Planting Area

Step 7: Plant tree grass of Star Grass or Vetiver Grass on the mound raw with plant spacing 15cm, i.e. a total
of 1,667 Vetiver Grass tillers per raw. The Inter-rowspacing 60cm, a total of 417 mound rows and a total of
(1,667*417 ) 695,139 Vetiver Grass tillers per 625M2 planting area.
d) Entry of the wastewater into the wetland (Inlet of the wastewater)

Step 8: The wastewater, without solids, moves from the fermentation tank and demucilage water channel flow to
the planted area via a 2" pipe with a shut-off valve attached to a flexible hose or concrete paved channels with a
sped flow. Direct the hose towards one of the Gravel trenchs and leave the shut-off valve at low flow so the
water also inter or runs along the planted Vetiver Grass tillers.
Step 9: The coffee wastewater applied at the
top end of the Bio-filtration wetland through
the inlet pipe flows to the lower end by
means of gravity. When the water reaches
the first Gravel trenches, move the second,
the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the
seventh, etc., i.e.
Finally make a 2" hole in the bottom of the
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effluent filtration area, at the end of the

Gravel trenches and Vetiver Grass and
infiltrates the waste and flow to lagoon pit
centers through the outlet pipe.
Note: The plants should be well established before the start of the treatment, so it is important to plant them
several months before the coffee harvest so the roots are well established. If you cannot wait until they are
established, you can replace plants that die.
CHAPTER TEN
10. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

The environmental management plan involves risk management strategies that should be undertaken by the
project proponent and the project manager to mitigate environmental degeneration. They are approaches to
monitor, control, reclaim and restore the environment back to its appropriate state. EMPs for projects thus
provide logical frameworks within which the identified issues of environmental concern can be mitigated,
monitored and evaluated.
Environmental monitoring involves measurement of relevant parameters, at a level of details accurate enough, to
distinguish the anticipated changes. Monitoring aims at determining the effectiveness of actions to improve
environmental quality. The environmental management and monitoring plans have been developed and outlined
to bring home the key findings of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project in mention,
recommending necessary mitigation actions, defining roles, monitor able indicators and the estimated cost.
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The EMPs outlined in tables hereafter address the potential negative impacts and mitigation measures as well as
roles, costs and monitor able indicators that can help to determine the effectiveness of actions to upgrade the
quality of environment; as regards the proposed project. The EMPs have considered construction, occupation and
decommissioning phases.
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Environmental Impact Assessment Report Document on Wet Coffee Processing Industry 2018
10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

Table 11: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
Source of Mitigation measure Monitoring Indicators Monitoring and reporting Cost of mitigation/ Responsibility bodies
potential Impact frequency enhancement
measure
Liquid and solid Extraction of waste management pit Presence of well At the end of every work Part of operational cost worked, zonal environmental
waste Maintained months and report protection Forest and climate
receptacles and central change Authority
collection point
Used and or waste All oil products should be stored in a site No oils : Motor oil, Monitoring every two Part of construction worked, zonal environmental
oils : Motor oil, store and handled carefully. grease, lubes waste month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
diesel, petrol, An oil interceptor (API Style) should be and oil spills and leaks change Authority
kerosene, grease, provided at drainage channels on the site
lubes etc
Office waste & building of toilet and solid waste pit healthy environment Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
human extraction and workers from air month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
pollution change Authority
machine and Fulfillment of facility (helmet, protective fully protected Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
Generator close..etc) environment from month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
operation noise, fire hazards & change Authority
seeing dressed
workers
Occupational Provide Personal Protective equipment Workers using Monitoring every two part of operation worked, zonal environmental
Health Train workers on personal safety and how Protective Equipment month or quarterly expense protection Forest and climate
and Safety to handle equipment’s and machines Presence of a First Aid change Authority
Box
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Environmental Impact Assessment Report Document on Wet Coffee 2018
Processing Industry
10.2. BUIDGT FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

The following table shows the approximate costs for implementing the proposed measures to the
project’s impacts, considering the local market price. That cost is the responsibility of DEGEFU
MULIGETA WET COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY PROJECT . For more detailed information show
below table 12.
Table 12: Financial Requirement for Environmental protection costs

No Parameter to be Mitigation measures (Activity) Frequency Institution responsible Budget
monitored birr
1 Solid waste Biannual Proponent, 40,000
 Wet-coffee processing waste and environmentalist
other solid wastes regulatory body
 Recycle/reuse solid waste
2 Air quality Yearly once Proponent, 10,000

 Limit ambient air quality test environmentalist,
parameter regulatory body
 Conduct air quality assessment
 Limit dust emissions to below
standards
3 Soil disturbance Once yearly Proponent, 5,000

 Limit soil disturbance environmentalist,
 Reuse removed topsoil for regulatory body
economic and environmental
conservation purposes
4 Health hazards and Works incidences, status and trends of Yearly once Proponent, 10,000
spread of diseases diseases in the project area, Assess environmentalist, health
employees health safety and utilization office regulatory body
of safety devices
Total environmental monitoring cost 65,000
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CHAPTER ELIVEN
11. EVALUTION AND REVIEW
11.1 DEGEFU MULIGETA WSHED INDUSTRY EVALUATION

The implementation and effectiveness of this management plan and its associated procedures will be
regularly assessed to ensure:
 DEGEFU MULIGETA WET COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY PROJECT is
demonstrating compliance with legal and landholder obligations;
 The overall management strategy remains relevant and up to date; and
 The plan and procedures adequately manage the environmental issue.
Effectiveness will be assessed by a number of methods as shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Methods to Assess Procedural Effectiveness
Assessment Tool Description

Checklists– Checklists, developed to reflect procedural requirements /
outcomes will be used by individual DEGEFU MULIGETA
DEGEFU MULIGETA WET COFFEE
WET COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY PROJECT Departments
MILLING INDUSTRY PROJECT
to assess and manage compliance. The results of the checklists
Compliance Management System
will be evaluated for trending non-compliances that may be
resolved through procedural change or by implementing
another measure or process
Audits Conduct internal and third party audits to formally assess the
level of compliance with both regulatory requirements and with
DEGEFU MULIGETA WET COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY
PROJECT procedures. Audit outcomes are used to develop
corrective actions which may include changes to procedures
Review of Incidents A review of internal incidents, near misses or hazards will be

undertaken to identify recurrences of similar incident types.
This may highlight a requirement for a change in an existing
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procedure, require the development of a new procedure or by

implementation of another measure or process to address the
recurring issue
Review of Data Analyses all relevant data collected for negative and/or
undesirable trends that may be prevented by procedural changes
or by implementing another measure or process.
11.2 DEGEFU MULIGETA COFFEE INDUSTRY PROJECT REVIEW
The WMP is a living document and shall be reviewed at least every three years or sooner if any of
the following occur:
 The plan is not adequately managing the issue (refer Section 10);
 Legislative requirements change;
 The area of activity changes;
 A new waste type is to be generated; and/or
 New procedures relating to waste management are developed.
Reviews and changes to the WMP are to be communicated to relevant DEGEFU MULIGETA WET
COFFEE MILLING INDUSTRY PROJECT personnel
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CHAPTER TWELIVE
12. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

12.1 CONCLUSION
It is concluded that:
 The total odour emission rate for the wet-coffee mill would not have a significant incremental
or cumulative odour impact at the Bursia Kebele site, and would equate to <0.1% of the
existing total odour emission rate for the Bursia Kebele project site facility (excluding
emissions from the surrounding residents).
 Odour emissions from the wet-coffee mill would be likely to have a neutral hedonic tone, which
is to say that the odour would be regarded as being neither unpleasant nor pleasant.
 All exhaust discharge points would be equipped with Buhler Airjet filters, which are capable
of achieving an in stack particulate concentration of considerably less than 50 mg/m3.
 Emissions of total suspended particulates would comply with the concentration prescribed by
the Protection of the Environment Operations (Clean Air) Regulation 2002.
 The total particulate emission rate for the wet-coffee mill would not have a significant
incremental or cumulative impact at the Bursia Kebele project site, should be avoid emission
rate.
 The additional greenhouse gas emissions associated with the proposed wt-coffee mill at the
existing Bursia Kebele site would be no any gas emissions.
 The development and rigorous implementation of appropriate environmental management
measures throughout the construction period would minimise environmental impacts associated
with the construction process.
12.2 Recommendation
Here below few recommendations are forwarded:
To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project; it is very
important for the company management body and Proponents (a) to avoid or minimize any
adverse impacts of the project on human health and, (b) to reduce impacts on the environment,
It is recommended that the proposed mitigating measures are properly implemented on time.
To ensure proper implementation of mitigation measures, monitoring and auditing must be
conducted.
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In addition, the company should create harmonious relationship between the local communities
by holding discussions with local people so as to develop strong ties with them.
During Production and Processing phase the project should be Adoption of Waste
Management Hierarchy Principles in order to avoid the liquid and solid waste of coffee
industry such as any waste reduce, reuse, recycle and energy use for different commercial use
and at the last disposed at permitted area.
All appropriate environmental management measures detailed in this report, together with any
other environmental management commitments detailed in the Environmental Assessment
document be developed in a Construction Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
implemented throughout the construction phase
In collaboration with the local government and the affected community, the company should
support development efforts in the project site. This will strengthen trust between local people
and the company.
Therefore, major practical works are required to aware the local community and develop their
confidence in the coffee industry activities, and to conduct transparent mitigation measure application
and the necessary steps should make on what conditions the wet-coffee industry Waste Management
Plan consolidate by the consultant and provide to the Zone and woreda EPA office for the acceptance
and approval of to this envisaged coffee industry management plan. This will however be overcome
through close follow-up and implementation of the recommended Environmental Management and
Monitoring Plans (EMPs).
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13. REFERENCES
1 Birley (1991), Guidelines for forecasting the vector-borne disease implications of Water
2 Resources Development. PEEM Guidelines Series 2. Second edition PEEM Secretariat, WHO,
Geneva. WHO/CWS/ 91.3
3 EPA-ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORIYTY – State of Environment Report for
Ethiopia-Addis Ababa-2003
4 Bureau of Africa; Office of Sustainable Development (June1996); Environmental Guidelines for
Small-scale Activities in Africa
5 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-October 31,2002-proclamation No 295:
`Ènvironmental Organs Establishment Proclamation``
6 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-proclamation
No 299: `Ènvironmental Impacts Assessment Proclamation``
7 FDRE-THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA-December 3, 2001-proclamation
No 300: `Ènvironmental pollution control Proclamation`` Guidelines Washington D.C, fourth printing
8 IIRR (2002), Managing Dry land Resources-An Extension manual for Eastern and Southern
9 Africa. International Institute of Rural RE- construction, Nairobi,Kenya. Impact Assessment Service
of EPA (June 2003), Environmental and social Management plan (ESMP) for Agricultural Support
project
10 The World Bank (2002), the Environment and the Millennium Development Goals.
11 The world Bank (May/1995) Environmental Assessment Sound Book; Volume II Sectorial FDRE
August 24,1995-proclamation No9: `Ènvironmental protection Authority Establishment
proclamation``
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ANNEX
Staff Certificate
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68
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69
Processing Industry
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Processing Industry
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Company Documents
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77

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ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSIMENT(ESIA) STUDY

PROMOTER: M/r. Degefu Muligeta

PEOJECT LOCATION: SIDAMA REGIONAL STATE, ARBEGONA WOREDA

SPECIFIC LOCATION: BURSIA KEBELE

PREPARED BY: REKIKE DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANCE PLC

CONSULTANT ADDRESS: Hwassa, Mobile Phone: 0911384833

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CRGE Climate Resilient Green Economy

CSA Central Static Agency

EHS Environmental Health and Safety

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMCA Environmental Management Coordination Act

EMP Environmental Management Plan

ERPs Emergence Response plans

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

EPACC Ethiopia’s program of Adaptation to Climate Change

EPC Environmental protection council

EGEP Ethiopia’s governmental protection

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic Ethiopia

GTP Growth and Transformation Plan

KA(s) Kebele Administration(s)

IEA Initial Environmental Audit

NEMA National Environmental management Authority

m.a.s.l Meters above sea level

OHS Occupational Health and Safety

3.1.2 ETHIOPIA’S CLIMATE RESILIENT GREEN ECONOMY STRATEGY.........................................................24

4.7 COMMUNITY SERVICES..........................................................................................................................................35

8.3 ALTERNATIVE TO TECHNOLOGY.........................................................................................................................48

Environmental Impact A systematic examination conducted to determine a project’s impacts on the

Proponent A person proposing or executing a project, programme or undertakings specified

1.2 AUTHOR PRESENTATION

1.3 PROMOTER PRESENTATION & LOCATION

1.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND SCOPING REPORT

1.5 APPROACH TO THIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1.6 APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

1.7 TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

a) A critical look into project objectives

1.8 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 Evaluation of the location, Land ownership and use

1.10 OUTPUT OF THE STUDY

2.1 NATURE OF THE PROJECT

Facility Qut Remarks

Kitchen and Equipment’s 1 Concrete slab and paving

2.2 THE PROJECT PROPOSAL AND JUSTIFICATION

Sources: Data obtained from the Owners

2.3 COMPANY/ APPLICANT AND THE PROJECT

2.4 PROJECT SPECIFICATIONS

2.5 PROJECT CONSTRUCTION

2.6 PROJECT INPUT AND ACTIVITIES

2.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SEQUENCING

2.8 BY PRODUCTS AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE AND DISPOSAL METHODS

3.1.1 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

3.1.2 ETHIOPIA’S CLIMATE RESILIENT GREEN ECONOMY STRATEGY

3.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF ETHIOPIA

3.1.4 INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND STRATEGY OF ETHIOPIA

3.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

3.2.2 PROCLAMATION 513/2007, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

3.2.3 REGULATION 159/2008, PREVENTION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

3.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.3.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS

3.3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY

3.3.3 REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES (REA)

3.3.4 ZONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ORGANS