`

Pakistan Studies 2059/0448

Environment of Pakistan

O Level-IGCS

UNIT 8 –P2
SHORT NOTES AND EXPECTED IMPORTANT QUESTION/ANSWERS

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 1

 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES FROM THE CHAPTER

 KEY DETAILS

 PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

 FORMAT OF 6 MARK QUESTION

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 2

 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Power resources like coal, natural gas, solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power are not only important
for the economic progress of any country but also the uttermost necessity of contemporary world in all
aspects of existence. In this unit the central idea is to understand importance and availability/distribution of
various power resources in Pakistan as the primary concern for progressive Pakistan and on the secondary
advantages disadvantages /usages of these energy resources to deal with the energy crisis in the country.

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES OF THE UNIT 8

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 3

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 4
What are power resources?
Power resources are those sources that provide energy or electricity. Power or energy plays a vital role in
our lives; for example, we need power for industry, agriculture, transport, communication, and defense etc.
There are two main kinds of power resources.

Renewable energy resources

A renewable resource is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage
and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in a finite amount of time
in a human time scale. The example of renewable energy resources are

 Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Hydroelectric power
 Tidal or Wave energy
 Geothermal energy
 Biogas/fuels

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 5

Non-renewable energy resources
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace
quick enough to keep up with consumption the example of non-renewable energy resources are

 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
 Nuclear energy

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 6

 SOLAR ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

What is solar energy?

Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. Solar energy is the
cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available.

How solar energy is produced

Solar power works by converting energy from the sun into power. There are two forms of energy
generated from the sun for our use – electricity and heat. Both are generated through the use of solar
panels, which range in size from residential rooftops to ‘solar farms’ stretching over acres of rural
land. Solar radiation may be converted directly into electricity by solar cells (photovoltaic cells). In such
cells, a small electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction between a metal and
a semiconductor (such as silicon) or the junction between two different semiconductors. The power
generated by a single photovoltaic cell is typically only about two watts. By connecting large numbers of
individual cells together, however, as in solar-panel arrays, hundreds or even thousands of kilowatts
of electric power can be generated in a solar electric plant or in a large household array.

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 7

Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

Uses of solar energy

 Power up the homes

 Calculators/Watches
 Power up the cars and vehicles
 Solar heating
 Solar tube wells
 Solar power pumps

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 8

Potential in Pakistan

POSSIBILITIES IMPOSSIBILITIES
Urban and rural areas of Lower and Upper Indus Northern mountains like Karakoram and Himalaya
plains have 8 months of hot and arid climatic of Pakistan have high cloud cover snow falling in
conditions which are feasible for the installation winters which disturb the production of solar
and generation of solar energy energy in the area
Desert regions of Pakistan like tharparkar, Kharan, Coastal regions of Pakistan both at Makran and
Mountain ranges of Baluchistan along with parts of Sindh coast remains under influence of Mari time
western mountains like kirthar range and sulemain breezes and frequent cyclones which also creates
range also observe hot and dry temperature mostly problem in its smooth functioning
so generation of solar power is possible to extent.

EXPECTED QUESTIONS
1. What is solar energy and how it is produced.
2. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of solar energy to Pakistan
3. Discuss the various usages of solar energy in Pakistan
4. To what extent Pakistan can further develop solar energy in the country

WIND ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

What is wind energy?
Wind energy is electricity created from the naturally flowing air in the Earth's atmosphere. Wind turbines,
as they are now called, collect and convert the kinetic energy that wind produces into electricity to help
power the grid.
How wind energy is produced
Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind—like a fan—wind
turbines use wind to make electricity. Wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which
spins a generator, which creates electricity.

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 9

Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 10

Usage of wind energy

 Electrical energy production: Through the use of wind turbines, the wind's kinetic energy can be
transformed into mechanical energy and this, in turn, into electrical energy.
 Pumping water: Wind energy can be used to extract water from the ground using wind pumps, which
are turbines capable of pumping up to six hundred liters per hour, which is enough to meet the needs
of a small farm.
 Renewable hydrogen: Wind energy is used to produce the continuous electrical current that is needed
to produce renewable hydrogen. This type of hydrogen is used, for example, to produce synthetic
fuels or eco-fuels.

Potential in Pakistan

Northern mountains like Karakoram and Himalaya Urban and rural areas of Lower and Upper Indus
of Pakistan have high wind pressure because of plains have 8 months of hot and arid climatic
high altitude and less population where wind conditions which are not feasible for the
energy can be developed in the area installation and generation of wind energy

Coastal regions of Pakistan both at Makran and
Sindh coast remains under influence of Mari time
breezes and frequent flow of wind which also
creates conditions for its smooth functioning
Desert regions of Pakistan like tharparkar, Kharan,
Mountain ranges of Baluchistan along with parts of
western mountains like kirthar range and sulemain
range observe hot and dry temperature mostly so
generation of wind power is not possible to extent.

EXPECTED QUESTIONS
5. What is wind energy and how it is produced.
6. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of wind energy to Pakistan
7. Discuss the various usages of wind energy in Pakistan
8. Draw and label a windmill
9. To what extent Pakistan can further develop wind energy in the country

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 11

 HYDROELECTRIC POWER IN PAKISTAN
What is hydroelectric power?
Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a form of energy that harnesses
the power of water in motion such as water flowing over a waterfall or a dam to generate electricity

How HEP is produced

A conventional dam holds water in a man-made lake, or reservoir, behind it. When water is released through
the dam, it spins a turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity. The water returns to the river
on the downstream side of the dam.

Usage of HEP energy

 Power up the homes
 Industrial electrification

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 12

Advantages and disadvantages of HEP energy

Distribution of HEP stations in Pakistan

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 13

Potential in Pakistan

Impossibilities
 Lack of dams and reservoirs
 Economic challenges in Pakistan

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 14

  Irrigational and domestic need of water resources

EXPECTED QUESTIONS
10. What is hydroelectric power and how it is produced.
11. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of HEP energy to Pakistan
12. Discuss the various usages of HEP energy in Pakistan
13. Write about Distribution of the HEP stations in Pakistan
14. To what extent Pakistan can further develop HEP energy in the country

TIDAL & WAVE ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

What is tidal and wave energy?

Wave energy projects extract energy from waves on the surface of the water, or from wave motion a bit
deeper (a few 10s of meters) in the ocean. Tidal energy is a renewable energy powered by the natural rise
and fall of ocean tides and currents.

How tidal and wave energy is produced

Wave energy is the most similar to tidal energy. But, while wave energy is generated from the movement
of waves, which occur on the surface of the sea, tidal energy is due to the movement of the tides, regular
movements of enormous masses of water caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 15

Advantages and disadvantages of tidal and wave energy

Potential in Pakistan
Possibilities
 Coastal regions of Makran coast like Jewani,Pasni,Ormara
 Coastal regions of Lesbella coastline
 Coastal regions of Karachi
Impossibilities
 Development of sea ports
 Development of fishing industry
 Financial problems faced by Pakistan

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 16

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN PAKISTAN
What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted from the Earth's crust. It combines energy from the
formation of the planet and from radioactive decay.

How geothermal energy is produced

Geothermal power plants draw fluids from underground reservoirs to the surface to produce steam. This
steam then drives turbines that generate electricity.

Usage of geothermal energy

 Industrial applications of geothermal energy include food dehydration (drying), gold mining, and
milk pasteurizing
 Heating and cooling buildings through geothermal heat pumps, generating electricity through
geothermal power plants, and heating structures through direct-use.

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 17

Advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy

Potential in Pakistan

Possibilities
 Pakistan can potentially generate around 15,000 megawatts of power to meet its power challenges
in the areas of Himalayan range and Chagae Mountains in Baluchistan.
 Mashkin hot springs, Tatta pani hot springs, Budelas hot springs, Murtazabad hot springs, Koh-e-
Sultan springs
Impossibilities
 Lack of governmental interest
 Lack of financial resources
 Power reliability on nonrenewable power resources

EXPECTED QUESTIONS
15. What is geothermal energy and how it is produced.
16. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of geo thermal energy to Pakistan
17. Discuss the various usages of geothermal energy in Pakistan
18. To what extent Pakistan can further develop geothermal energy in the country

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 18

 BIOGAS/FUELS IN PAKISTAN

What is Biogas or Biofuels?

Biofuel are any fuel that is derived from biomass that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. The term
biofuels usually applies to liquid fuels and blending components produced from biomass materials called
feedstocks. Biofuels may also include methane produced from landfill gas and biogas and hydrogen
produced from renewable resources

How biogas is produced

Biogas a renewable fuel that's produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down
by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. This process is called anaerobic digestion. For this to take
place, the waste material needs to be enclosed in an environment where there is no oxygen

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 19

Usages of biogas energy

Advantages and disadvantages of biogas

Potential in Pakistan
Possibilities
 Rural areas of Punjab especially where livestock is maintained like Gujranwala Sahiwal.
 Parts of Sindh KPK and Baluchistan where livestock is kept by the people
Impossibilities
 Lack of governmental interest and mostly used in making cheap fertilizers
 Development of towns and settlements in rural areas
 Limited interest in livestock sector

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 20

EXPECTED QUESTIONS
19. What is biogas and how it is produced.
20. Describe the benefits and disadvantages of biogas energy to Pakistan
21. Discuss the various usages of biogas in Pakistan
22. To what extent Pakistan can further develop biogas in the country

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 21

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 22
Expected Questions:
1. Mention the different types of coal available in Pakistan
2. Describe the various usages of coal
3. How coal is transported from the mines
4. Enlist the major coalfields in Pakistan
5. Why Pakistan import large amount of coal
6. Distribution of coal reserves in Pakistan
7. Environmental challenges caused by coal mining in Pakistan
8. Problems of coal mining in Pakistan
9. How coal is extracted from the mine

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 23

Expected Questions:
10. Mention the different types of natural oil available in Pakistan
11. Describe the various usages of natural oil
12. How natural or crude oil is transported from the area of extraction
13. Enlist the major natural oil fields in Pakistan
14. Why Pakistan import large amount of crude or refined oil
15. Distribution of oil fields or natural oil reserves in Pakistan
16. Major oil refineries and reasons of their located in Pakistan
17. Major organizations working for natural or crude oil extraction in Pakistan

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 24

Expected Questions:
18. Mention the different types of Natural gas available in Pakistan
19. Describe the various usages of Natural gas
20. How natural gas is transported from the area of extraction
21. Enlist the major natural gas fields in Pakistan
22. Why Pakistan import large amount of natural gas
23. Distribution of natural gas pipelines in Pakistan
24. Why it is difficult to supply natural gas in different parts of Pakistan like KPK and Balochistan
25. Major organizations working for natural gas extraction in Pakistan

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 25

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 26
Nuclear Energy in Pakistan

What is nuclear energy?

Nuclear energy is a form of energy released from the nucleus, the core of atoms, made up of protons and
neutrons.
How nuclear energy is produced
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from
nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity from
nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants
Usage of nuclear energy

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 27

Advantages and disadvantages

Nuclear power stations in Pakistan

 Chasma nuclear power plant
 Karachi national power plant
 K1-K2-K3

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 28

 ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
Reasons of energy crisis
 Overpopulation of Pakistan
 Difference between demand and supply
 More stress upon use of non renewable resources
 Electricity theft
 Warn out energy supply system
 Lack of use for modern technology
 Lack of planning for energy conservation

Impacts
 Load shedding
 Energy breakdowns
 Halt in social and industrial progress
 Expensive tariffs
 Inflation

Solutions
 Focus on development of green energy resources
 Upgradation in energy supply system
 Strick laws and punishments against power theft
 More rely on renewable sources of energy
 Education to the masses regarding energy conversation

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 29

 FORMAT OF 6 MARK QUESTION

COMPILED & COMPOSED BY MR ZUNAIR FAROOQ 30