THE CELL

C A RBarnachea-Moran
Maricho D I OVA S C U LAR
RMT
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
DISEASE
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
 NUCLEUS

Structure:
-Large structure enclosed within a double
membrane; contains chromatin, nucleolus,
and nucleoplasm

Major Function:
-Houses the DNA that serves as the
genetic material for directing protein
synthesis.
 NUCLEOLUS
Structure:
-Large, prominent structure within the nucleus
Major Function:
-for synthesis of ribosomes

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Structure:
-Double membrane boundary between cytoplasm and nuclear contents;
continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

Major Function:
-Separates nucleus from cytoplasm
 CYTOPLASM
-Responsible for many cellular processes

CYTOSOL

-Provides support for organelles; serves as the viscous fluid

medium through which diffusion occurs

ORGANELLES

-Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell

 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

-consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

ROUGH ER

-synthesis of secretory proteins, cell membrane protein and organelle

protein

SMOOTH ER

• I.synthesis of lipid
• II.glycogen metabolism in the liver cells
• III.store calcium
 GOLGI APPARATUS

• major sites for carbohydrate synthesis

• sorting and dispatching station for the products of the ER
• consists of flattened membranous sacs(CISTERNAE)

-Golgi stacks has polarity: cis face and trans face

 LYSOSOMES
Structure:
-Spherical-shapedmembrane?bound
organelles formed from the Golgi apparatus

Major Function:
-contain hydrolytic enzymes (required acidic
pH) to digest proteins, polysaccharides, fats
and nucleic acids
-autophagy
-principal sites of intracellular digestion
 MITOCHONDRIA
Structure:
-Double membrane-bound organelles containing a circular strand of DNA (genes for
producing mitochondrial proteins)

Major Function:
-energy transformers of cells
-Synthesize most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel
molecules in the presence of oxygen
-Cristae
 RIBOSOMES
Structure:
-Organelles composed of both protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that are
organized into both a large and small subunit
Major Function:
-Engage in protein synthesis

BOUND RIBOSOMES

-produce proteins that are secreted, incorporated into plasma membrane, and
within lysosomes

- FREE RIBOSOMES

-produce proteins used within the cell

 PEROXISOMES
Structure:
-Smaller, spherical-shaped membrane-bound
organelles formed from the ER or through
fissioncontain oxidative enzymes

Major Function:
-Detoxify specific harmful substances either
produced by the cell or taken into the cell
-Engage in beta oxidation of fatty acids to
acetyl CoA
-contain oxidative enzymes
 CYTOSKELETON

Structure:
-Organized network of protein filaments and
hollow tubules .
• microfilaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules
Major Function:
-provide mechanical strength to the cell
-establish cell shape
-locomotion
-intracellular transport of organelles

-
 CENTROSOMES
Structure:
-Region near the nucleus from which microtubules sprouts.
-Contains a pair of centriole
Major Function:
-Organizes microtubules
-Participates in mitotic spindle formation during cell division

-
 CENTRIOLES

Structure:
-Composed of 9 sets of triplet
microtubules arranged in a ring.
-Replicate before cell division

Major Function:
-Organizing microtubules that serve as
the cell's skeletal system.
 PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure:
-Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and
peripheral) and some carbohydrates (externally)
-Forms a selectively permeable boundary of the cell

Major Function:
- Physical barrier to enclose cell contents
-Regulates material movement into and out of the cell
-Establishes and maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma
membrane
- Cell communication
 FLAGELLA MICROVILLI

Major Function: Major Function:

-Provide locomotion for the cel -Increase membrane surface area for
-Propels sperm greater absorption.

CILIA

Major Function:

-Move substances over the cell

surface
((e.g, mucus and dissolved materials)
CELL CYCLE
CELL CYCLE
Interphase
 Interphase

THREE PHASES:
G1- period in which cells accumulate the enzymes and nucleotides
S - period devoted primarily to DNA replication
G2 - short period of preparation for mitosis
 MITOSIS

-The only cell cycle phase that can be routinely distinguished with
the light microscope
 PROPHASE
• The nucleolus disappears and the replicated chromatin condenses into discrete
thread-like chromosomes
• The two centrosomes with their now-duplicated centrioles separate and
migrate to opposite poles of the cell and organize the microtubules of the
mitotic spindle.
• Late in prophase, lamins and inner nuclear membrane are phosphorylated,
causing the nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complexes to disassemble and
disperse in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles.
 METAPHASE

• Chromosomes condense further and large protein complexes called

kinetochores
• The cell is now more spherical and microtubules move the chromosomes into
alignment at the equatorial plate
 ANAPHASE

• Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite spindle poles by a

combination of microtubule motor proteins and dynamic changes in the
lengths of the microtubules as the spindle poles move farther apart.
 TELOPHASE
• The two sets of chromosomes are at the spindle poles and begin reverting to their
uncondensed state.
• Microtubules of the spindle depolymerize and the nuclear envelope begins to
reassemble around each set of daughter chromosomes.
• A belt-like contractile ring of actin filaments associated with myosins develops in the
cortical cytoplasm at the cell’s equator.
• During cytokinesis at the end of telophase, constriction of this ring produces a
cleavage furrow and progresses until the cytoplasm and its organelles are divided into
two daughter cells
 THANK YOU!!
"Self-belief and hard work will always earn you success." – Virat Kohli