Weather and Climate
Introduction
 NOAA declared 2011 as one of the most
extreme weather-event years in the US history.
 Extreme events are consistent with expected
changes from a warming climate.
Differentiating Weather and Climate
 Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a
specific time and place.
 Climate is the average of weather elements
over a specified period.
 Meteorologists study weather, while climate Tools for Forecasting Climate and Weather
scientists focus on climate.
Köppen Climate Classification System
 Developed by Wladimir Köppen in the early
20th century.
 Categorizes climate into five main types with
subcategories.
 Main Type of Climate
o Tropical (A): humid and average
temperature above 18 degree.
o Dry (B): evaporation exceeding
precipitation with constant water
deficiency throughout the year.
o Moderate (C): Humid and warm or Significance of Weather Extremes
hot summers and mild winters (-3
degree C and 18 degree C)
o Continental (D): humid and warm
summer with average temperature of
warmest month exceeding 10 degree C Acronym for agencies in DRRM
cold winters
o Polar (E): Extremely cold winters and
average temperature of the warmest
summer month below 10 degree C.
Climate Change and Global Warming
 Climate change refers to sustained changes in
climatic conditions.
 Global warming is a type of climate change
with increasing average temperatures.
 Abrupt climate change involves rapid shifts
in climate over a few decades.
Forecasting Weather vs. Climate
 Meteorologists predict local or regional
atmospheric conditions in the short term.
 Climate scientists analyze long-term averages
and trends.
Proxy Data for Climate Trends
 Proxy data, including biological and geological
records, help identify past climate trends.
 Tree rings and ice core samples are used to
deduce historical atmospheric conditions.
 Weather balloons
 satellites
 airplanes, and;
 radar measure various atmospheric parameters. Basic Concepts of Disaster and Disaster Risk
 Earth-observing satellites provide data on
temperatures, gases, and precipitation.
Extreme Weather Events
 Extreme events cause loss of life, disrupt
activities, and damage property.
 Variables like land-use practices and
population density complicate comparisons.
 Increase in extreme weather events globally
since 1980.
 Definitive links between severe events and
climate change require long-term data.
 Limited data availability due to the rarity of
extreme weather events.
Disaster Risk
 NASA:
o National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
o United States government agency
o Conducts space exploration and
research
 PAGASA:
o Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services
Administration
o Weather forecasting and monitoring
agency in the Philippines
 NDRRMC:
o National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council
o Philippines' agency for disaster
response and management
 RDRRMC:
o Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council
o Localized disaster response and
management in the Philippines
 PHIVOLS:
o Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology
o Monitors volcanic activity in the
Philippines
 Definition of Disaster
o A disaster is a sudden, calamitous
event that disrupts a community or
society, causing human, material, and
economic/environmental losses
beyond their coping abilities.
 Factors Leading to Disaster
o Disaster = (Vulnerability + Hazard) /
Capacity
o Hazards impacting vulnerable people
lead to disasters.
o Combination of hazards, vulnerability,
and inability to mitigate risks results in
disasters.
 Definition of Disaster Risk
o Likelihood of loss of life, injury,
destruction, and damage from a
disaster in a specific time frame.
 Components of Disaster Risk
o Risk = Hazard x Exposure x
Vulnerability
o Interaction between hazard and
characteristics making people and
places vulnerable.
 Complexity of Disaster Risk
 o Disaster risk arises from the
interaction of development processes
creating exposure, vulnerability, and
hazard.
 Characteristics of Disaster Risk
o Invisible nature with high and low
impact events.
o Uneven distribution globally based on
social constructions of exposure and
vulnerability.
o Emergent and complex due to various
processes like climate change and
economic development.
Nature and Effects of Natural Disaster
 Primary Effects
o Direct consequences like collapsed
buildings and water damage.
 Secondary Effects
o Result from primary effects, e.g.,
power outages due to fallen trees or
damaged buildings.
 Tertiary Effects
o Tertiary effects are the long-term
consequences of disasters, including
health issues from contaminated water
sources or psychological trauma.
Long-term efforts to restore and
rebuild community's post-disaster,
including infrastructure repair and
psychosocial support for affected
populations.
 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PhiVocs)
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE  Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
 Department of Social Welfare and
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF CLIMATE
Development (DSWD)
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE (NATURAL  Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
CAUSES)
and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
 Volcanic eruptions
 Ocean currents
 Earth orbital changes
More tilt = warmer summers & colder winters
Less tilt = cooler summers & milder winters
 Solar Variation
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE HUMAN
CAUSES (Anthropogenic or Man-made causes)
 Greenhouse gases
 Deforestation
 Coal mining
 Burning of fossil fuels
 Industrial processes
 Agriculture
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE RISE IN SEA
LEVEL
 Melting ice sheets (Sea level rise)
 HEAVY RAINFALL ACROSS THE GLOBE
 EXTREME DROUGHT
 DECLINE IN CROP PRODUCTIVITY
 ECOSYSTEMS ARE CHANGING
 HURRICANES
 RISE IN TEMPERATURE
 CARBON DIOXIDE ACIDIFIES SEAWATER
CO2 and carbonate (which plankton use to make
shells) combine in the ocean. The ocean is
already more acidic than it was 50years ago.
 National Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Council (NDRRMC)