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Giao tiếp kinh doanh
Giao tiếp kinh doanh
descriptive writing, you merely present facts or background information. This kind of writing might be useful for setting the scene for 1:07 the argument
that you will present in an argumentative essay. But descriptive writing isn't in itself argumentative. 1:16 Argumentative writing is about persuasion. 1:20
Creating a convincing argument is about making claims and 1:24 providing convincing evidence for these claims. 1:28 At the center of an argumentative
essay is one main claim, 1:32 this is often called the "thesis statement". 1:35 The main claim, or the thesis statement, is then supported by a series of sub-
claims. 1:42 Each sub-claim is backed up with reasons and evidence and 1:45 presented in an order that makes logical sense in relation to the overall
argument. 1:53 In constructing an argument, 1:55 you might also need to consider possible counter-claims. 1:59 What objections might your specific target
audience have to your main claim and 2:04 to the various sub-claims? 2:07 And what objections might they have to the underlying assumptions 2:12 that
are not explicitly stated in your text, but 2:15 are still assumed to be connected to your claims? 2:19 If you say, for example, that it is justified to ban
smoking in all public 2:24 areas because smoking causes lung cancer, the unstated assumption that 2:29 is not explicitly stated in your text, is that lung
cancer is a bad thing. 2:34 Your target audience might then either, attack your claim and its reasons that 2:40 smoking should be banned in all public areas
because it causes lung cancer, 2:45 or the unstated assumption, that having lung cancer is a bad thing. 2:50 Demonstrating that you are aware of possible
counter-claims in your essay 2:54 doesn't undermine your own arguments but actually increases your persuasive power. 3:01 By addressing some of the
possible objections to your claims, 3:05 to their reasons or to the unstated assumptions, 3:08 you are showing your reader that you know your stuff and
have done your homework. 3:13 Basically, you are more likely to be taken seriously by your target audience if you 3:18 can show them that you have
knowledge of your topic and that you can think of more 3:23 than one possible solution to the problems that you are trying to solve. 3:28 Unfortunately,
there's no one size fits all formula to creating a successful 3:33 argument but it can be useful to consider the following questions. 3:38 Firstly, what does
argument mean in your own discipline? 3:43 Secondly, what do you need to do to convince your target audience? 3:48 What counts as convincing
evidence? 3:50 In many fields, evidence means facts, 3:53 examples, summaries of research articles, statistics, and so on. 3:59 But what kinds of facts,
examples, and other types of evidence do you need? 4:05 And finally, how will you need to structure your 4:08 argument to make it as clear and
convincing as possible? 4:12 And here's a final thing for you to ponder, 4:15 even if you're not writing a strictly argumentative text at this time, 4:20 you
will probably find yourself engaged in some sort of persuasion. 4:25 Actually, most academic writing is argumentative in some sense of the word. 4:31 As
soon as the text leaves the world of facts and becomes concerned with 4:36 selection, interpretation, and evaluation, it becomes argumentative. 4:42 Even
seemingly objective scientific writing has 4:45 an argumentative element to it. 4:48 If you are presenting the results of a scientific experiment, 4:51 for
instance, it's up to you, the author, to select and 4:55 present your material in a way that tells the particular story you want to tell. 5:02 This kind of writing
has an argumentative dimension 5:05 since you are trying to persuade your reader about the validity of your claims. 5:11 Language doesn't represent the
world in an unbiased objectivity, but 5:15 rather shapes how our reality is viewed. 5:18 [MUSIC] English (United Kingdom)