mba-2-sem-business-research-methods-kmbn203-2022

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Subject Code: KMBN203

Roll No:
MBA
(SEM II) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

Notes:
.
Q1(a) How would you distinguish between management decision problem and research problem? 01
Ans The term “research problem” refers to an area of interest that necessitates an in-depth
examination of a particular subject, condition, contradiction, or issue Instead of asking
what a manager should do, marketing researchers want to know what they should
know and how they can get it. Making an informed decision can be aided by research.
Decisions made in management are action-oriented. It focuses on what the DM can do
in the game.
Q1(b) What is a Research proposal? 01
Ans A research proposal is a highly structured document that describes your study's topic and
explains how you plan to investigate a specific inquiry. It typically provides an in-depth
analysis of the theories that support your hypothesis, which is a projected answer to this
inquiry. It can also show which methodologies you plan to use, including the practical steps
for conducting your study process. As a research proposal often introduces readers to your
topic, this document may also discuss the primary objectives of your project and how it
may contribute new information to an academic field.
Q1(c) What do you mean by Literature review? 02
Ans The literature review is a written overview of major writings and other sources on a
selected topic. Sources covered in the review may include scholarly journal articles, books,
government reports, Web sites, etc.
Q1(d) What is a longitudinal research design? 02
Ans Repeated cross-sectional studies where study participants are largely or entirely different
on each sampling occasion; Prospective studies where the same participants are followed
over a period of time.
Q1(e) What are projective techniques? 03
Ans Projective techniques allow respondents to project their subjective or true opinions and
beliefs onto other people or even objects. The respondent's real feelings are then inferred
from what s/he says about others
Q1(f) What are the levels of measurement? 03
Ans The nominal, ordinal, interval & ratio levels of measurement are scales that allow us to
measure and classify gathered data in well-defined variables to be used for different
purposes.
Q1(g) Give the conditions for causality? 04
Ans There are three conditions for causality: covariation, temporal precedence, and control for
“third variables.” The latter comprise alternative explanations for the observed causal
relationship.
Q1(h) What is sampling frame? 04
Ans A sampling frame is a researcher’s list or device to specify the population of interest. It’s a
group of components that a researcher can use to select a sample from the population.
Q1(i) What is type I error? 05
Ans A type I error (false-positive) occurs if an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is
actually true in the population; a type II error (false-negative) occurs if the investigator fails
to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false in the population.
Q1(j) What is bibliography? 05
Ans A list of the books and articles that a writer used when he/she was writing a particular book
or article a book, a magazine etc. that gives important information on a particular subject
SECTION-B Attempt ANY ONE of the following Case Analyses CO
Q2(a) The diet drink manufacturer in the study finds that young women are m consciousand are ore he alth
looking at low calorie options. Thus, any communi advertisement for the product has to cation or
phasize the health aspect. The purchase probability is also influence by their education
level and the nature of their profession. Other factors such as available brands, celebrity
endorsement and dieticians’ recommendations also have an impact on them:
i) Identify your research problem and hypotheses.

research problems, and research hypotheses in quantitative research. Moreover, based on a
proposed definition of applied and basic/general research, it is argued that (1) in applied
quantitative research, while research problems are necessary, research hypotheses are d on
unjustified, and that
(2) in basic/general quantitative hypothesis-testing research, research hypotheses are sufficient,
while research problems are unjustified. These arguments are partly related to the distinction
between taking knowledge for granted and regarding knowledge as being on trial. The paper
illustrates the central role played by the study’s general aim and its relation to existing
knowledge in the research domain.
ii) Is it possible to generate a theoretical framework for study
A theoretical framework is a foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for
developing the arguments you will use in your own work.Theories are developed by researchers to
explain phenomena, draw connections, and make predictions. In a theoretical framework, you
explain the existing theories that support your research, showing that your paper or dissertation
topic is relevant and grounded in established ideas.In other words, your theoretical framework
justifies and contextualizes your later research, and it’s a crucial first step for your research
paper, thesis, or dissertation. A well-rounded theoretical framework sets you up for success later on
in your research and writing process.
Subject Code: KMBN203
MBA
(SEM II) THEORY EXAMINATION 2021-22
BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q3(a) Define research? Discuss the role of research in decision making? 01
definition of research is consistent with a broad notion of research and experimental development (R&D) as comprising of creative
work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture and
society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. This definition of research encompasses pure and
strategic basic research, applied research and experimental development. Applied research is original investigation undertaken to
acquire new knowledge but directed towards a specific, practical aim or objective (including a client-driven purpose).
scientific and technical information services

general purpose or routine data collection
standardisation and routine testing
feasibility studies (except into research and experimental development projects)
specialised routine medical care
commercial, legal and administrative aspects of patenting, copyright or licensing activities
routine computer programming, systems work or software maintenance.
make decisions about potential opportunities, target market selection, market segmentation, planning and implementing
marketing programs, marketing performance, and control. These decisions are complicated by interactions between the
controllable marketing variables of product, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Further complications are added by
uncontrollable environmental factors such as general economic conditions, technology, public policies and laws, political
environment, competition, and social and cultural changes. Another factor in this mix is the complexity of consumers. Marketing
research helps the marketing manager link the marketing variables with the environment and the consumers. It helps remove
some of the uncertainty by providing relevant information about the marketing variables, environment, and consumers. In the
absence of relevant information, consumers' response to marketing programs cannot be predicted reliably or accurately. Ongoing
marketing research programs provide information on controllable and non-controllable factors and consumers; this information
enhances the effectiveness of decisions made by marketing managers.
Q3(b) Explain the statement in your own words that “the task of identifying a research problem 01
often follows a sequential pattern”
Identification of research problem refers to the sense of awareness of a prevalent social problem, a
social phenomenon or a concept that is worth study – as it requires to be investigated to
understand it. The researcher identifies such a research problem through his observation,
knowledge, wisdom and skills.

Q4(a) What is a research design? Explain its importance in research studies? 02
Ans The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring
you will effectively address the research problem; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement, and analysis of data
Q4(b) Briefly discuss experimental research design? 02

Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled fashion
so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a hypothesis
statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent variable has
on a dependent variable
Experimental Research
Experimental research is a type of scientific examination in which one or more independent
variables are changed and then applied to one or more dependent variables to see how they affect
the latter. The effect of independent variables on dependent variables is frequently observed and
recorded over time to help researchers reach a plausible conclusion about the link between these
two types of variables. The experimental research approach is frequently employed in the physical
and social sciences, psychology, and education. It is based on a simple logic that compares two or
more groups, but it can be challenging to implement. Experimental research designs, most
commonly associated with laboratory test procedures, entail gathering quantitative data and doing
statistical analysis on it during the study process.
Experimental Research Design in Following:
 Time is a critical aspect in establishing a cause-and-effect link.
 Cause-and-effect behaviour that is consistent.
 You want to comprehend the significance of cause and effect.
1. Pre-experimental study design: After incorporating cause and effect elements, a group, or many
groups, is kept under observation. You’ll perform this inquiry to see if additional research is required
for these specific groups.
Pre-experimental research can be divided into three categories:
 Case Study Research Design in a Single Session:

Only one dependent group or variable is investigated in this experimental study. It’s post-test
research since it’s done after some treatment that’s supposed to induce change.
 One-group Pre- and post-testing was used in the research:

By administering a test to a single group before and after treatment, this research design
incorporates post-test and pretest studies. The former is given at the start of treatment, while the
latter is given at the end.
 Comparison of static groups:

In a static-group comparison study, two or more groups are observed, with only one of the groups
receiving treatment while the other groups remain unchanged. All groups are retested after the
therapy, and the observed differences between them are presumed to be due to the treatment.
2. True Experimental research design:

True experimental research is the maximum accurate type of study because it depends
on biostatistical analysis to prove or reject a concept. Only a simple design, out of all the types of
experimental design, can demonstrate a cause-and-effect link inside a group. In an actual
experiment, three conditions must be met:
 Control Group that will not be affected by the modifications, and an Experimental Group that will be
exposed to the altered variables.

 The researcher has control over that a variable.
 The distribution is random.
3. Quasi-experimental Research Design:

“Quasi” indicates “partial,” “half,” or “false.” As a result, while quasi-experimental
research resembles actual experimental studies, it is not the same. Participants in quasi-
experiments are not assigned at random, and as a result, they are employed in situations where
randomization is problematic or impossible. This is a typical occurrence in educational research,
where administrators refuse to allow students to be chosen at random for experimental samples.
The time series, no corresponding control group design, and the counterbalanced design are quasi-
experimental research designs.

Q5(a) Establish a difference between nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale. 03
Also discuss the relative superiority of these scales in the light of their importance to a
researcher?
A scale is a device or an object used to measure or quantify any event or another object.
Nominal: the data can only be categorized.
Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked.
Interval: the data can be categorized and ranked, and evenly spaced.
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced and has a natural zero.
Nominal Scale
A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which the numbers serve as “tags” or
“labels” to classify or identify the objects. A nominal scale usually deals with the non-numeric
variables or the numbers that do not have any value.
Characteristics of Nominal Scale
 A nominal scale variable is classified into two or more categories. In this measurement
mechanism, the answer should fall into either of the classes.
 It is qualitative. The numbers are used here to identify the objects.
 The numbers don’t define the object characteristics. The only permissible aspect of
numbers in the nominal scale is “counting.”
Example:
An example of a nominal scale measurement is given below:
What is your gender?
M- Male
F- Female
Here, the variables are used as tags, and the answer to this question should be either M or F.
Ordinal Scale
The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and ranking of data
without establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal represents the “order.” Ordinal
data is known as qualitative data or categorical data. It can be grouped, named and also ranked.
Characteristics of the Ordinal Scale
 The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables

 It identifies and describes the magnitude of a variable
 Along with the information provided by the nominal scale, ordinal scales give the rankings
of those variables
 The interval properties are not known
 The surveyors can quickly analyse the degree of agreement concerning the identified order
of variables
Example:
 Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.

 Ratings in restaurants
 Evaluating the frequency of occurrences
 Very often
 Often
 Not often
 Not at all
 Assessing the degree of agreement
 Totally agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Totally disagree
Interval Scale
The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined as a quantitative measurement
scale in which the difference between the two variables is meaningful. In other words, the variables
are measured in an exact manner, not as in a relative way in which the presence of zero is arbitrary.
Characteristics of Interval Scale:
 The interval scale is quantitative as it can quantify the difference between the values
 It allows calculating the mean and median of the variables
 To understand the difference between the variables, you can subtract the values between
the variables
 The interval scale is the preferred scale in Statistics as it helps to assign any numerical
values to arbitrary assessment such as feelings, calendar types, etc.
Example:
 Likert Scale
 Net Promoter Score (NPS)
 Bipolar Matrix Table
Ratio Scale
The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. It is a type of variable
measurement scale. It allows researchers to compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale
has a unique feature. It possesses the character of the origin or zero points.
Characteristics of Ratio Scale:
 Ratio scale has a feature of absolute zero

 It doesn’t have negative numbers, because of its zero-point feature
 It affords unique opportunities for statistical analysis. The variables can be orderly added,
subtracted, multiplied, divided. Mean, median, and mode can be calculated using the ratio
scale.
 Ratio scale has unique and useful properties. One such feature is that it allows unit
conversions like kilogram – calories, gram – calories, etc.
Example: An example of a ratio scale is:
What is your weight in Kgs?
 Less than 55 kgs

 55 – 75 kgs
 76 – 85 kgs
 86 – 95 kgs
 More than 95 kgs
Q5(b) Distinguish between comparative scaling and non-comparative scaling? 03

Ans In comparative scaling, the respondent is asked to compare one brand or product against
another. With noncomparative scaling respondents need only evaluate a single product or brand.
Their evaluation is independent of the other product and/or brands which the marketing researcher
is studying.
Comparative Scales
For comparing two or more variables, a comparative scale is used by the respondents. Following
are the different types of comparative scaling techniques:
Paired Comparison
A paired comparison symbolizes two variables from which the respondent needs to select one. This
technique is mainly used at the time of product testing, to facilitate the consumers with a
comparative analysis of the two major products in the market.
To compare more than two objects say comparing P, Q and R, one can first compare P with Q and
then the superior one (i.e., one with a higher percentage) with R
For example, A market survey was conducted to find out consumer’s preference for
the network service provider brands, A and B. The outcome of the survey was as
follows:
Brand ‘A’ = 57%
Brand ‘B’ = 43%
Thus, it is visible that the consumers prefer brand ‘A’, over brand ‘B’.
Rank Order
In rank order scaling the respondent needs to rank or arrange the given objects according to his or
her preference.
For example, A soap manufacturing company conducted a rank order scaling to find out the orderly
preference of the consumers. It asked the respondents to rank the following brands in the sequence
of their choice:
SOAP BRANDS RANK
Brand V 4
Brand X 2
Brand Y 1
Brand Z 3
The above scaling shows that soap ‘Y’ is the most preferred brand, followed by soap ‘X’, then soap
‘Z’ and the least preferred one is the soap ‘V’.
Constant Sum
It is a scaling technique where a continual sum of units like dollars, points, chits, chips, etc. is given
to the features, attributes and importance of a particular product or service by the respondents.
For example, The respondents belonging to 3 different segments were asked to allocate 50 points
to the following attributes of a cosmetic product ‘P’:
ATTRIBUTES SEGMENT 1 SEGMENT 2 SEGMENT 3
Finish 11 8 9
Skin Friendly 11 12 12
Fragrance 7 11 8
Packaging 9 8 10
Price 12 11 11
From the above constant sum scaling analysis, we can see that:
 Segment 1 considers product ‘P’ due to its competitive price as a major factor.
 But segment 2 and segment 3, prefers the product because it is skin-friendly.
Q-Sort Scaling
Q-sort scaling is a technique used for sorting the most appropriate objects out of a large number of
given variables. It emphasizes on the ranking of the given objects in a descending order to form
similar piles based on specific attributes.
It is suitable in the case where the number of objects is not less than 60 and more than 140, the
most appropriate of all ranging between 60 to 90
For example, The marketing manager of a garment manufacturing company sorts the most efficient
marketing executives based on their past performance, sales revenue generation, dedication and
growth.
The Q-sort scaling was performed on 60 executives, and the marketing head creates three piles
based on their efficiency as follows:
In the above diagram, the initials of the employees are used to denote their names.
Non-Comparative Scales
A non-comparative scale is used to analyse the performance of an individual product

or object on different parameters. Following are some of its most common types:
Continuous Rating Scales
It is a graphical rating scale where the respondents are free to place the object at a
position of their choice. It is done by selecting and marking a point along the vertical or
horizontal line which ranges between two extreme criteria.
For example, A mattress manufacturing company used a continuous rating scale to
find out the level of customer satisfaction for its new comfy bedding. The response can
be taken in the following different ways (stated as versions here):
The above diagram shows a non-comparative analysis of one particular product, i.e.
comfy bedding. Thus, making it very clear that the customers are quite satisfied with
the product and its features.
Itemized Rating Scale
Itemized scale is another essential technique under the non-comparative scales. It

emphasizes on choosing a particular category among the various given categories by
the respondents. Each class is briefly defined by the researchers to facilitate such
selection.
The three most commonly used itemized rating scales are as follows:
 Likert Scale: In the Likert scale, the researcher provides some statements and
ask the respondents to mark their level of agreement or disagreement over these
statements by selecting any one of the options from the five given alternatives.
For example, A shoes manufacturing company adopted the Likert scale technique
for its new sports shoe range named Z sports shoes. The purpose is to know the
agreement or disagreement of the respondents.
For this, the researcher asked the respondents to circle a number representing
the most suitable answer according to them, in the following representation:
 1 – Strongly Disagree
 2 – Disagree
 3 – Neither Agree Nor Disagree
 4 – Agree
 5 – Strongly Agree
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NEITHER 2
STRONG
AGREE
LY STRONGLY
STATEMENT DISAGREE NOR AGREE
DISAGRE AGREE
DISAGRE
E
E
Z sports shoes 1 2 3 4 5
are very light
weight
3 4 5
Z sports shoes 1 2
are extremely
comfortable
4 5
Z sports shoes 1 2 3
look too trendy
I will definitely 1 2 3 4 5
recommend Z
sports shoes to
friends, family
and colleagues
The above illustration will help the company to understand what the customers think
about its products. Also, whether there is any need for improvement or not.
 Semantic Differential Scale: A bi-polar seven-point non-comparative rating scale

is where the respondent can mark on any of the seven points for each given
attribute of the object as per personal choice. Thus, depicting the respondent’s
attitude or perception towards the object.
For example, A well-known brand for watches, carried out semantic differential
scaling to understand the customer’s attitude towards its product. The pictorial
representation of this technique is as follows:
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From the above diagram, we can analyze that the customer finds the product of
superior quality; however, the brand needs to focus more on the styling of its watches.
 Stapel Scale: A Stapel scale is that itemized rating scale which measures the
response, perception or attitude of the respondents for a particular object through
a unipolar rating. The range of a Stapel scale is between -5 to +5 eliminating 0,
thus confining to 10 units.
For example, A tours and travel company asked the respondent to rank their
holiday package in terms of value for money and user-friendly interface as
follows:
With the help of the above scale, we can say that the company needs to improve its
package in terms of value for money. However, the decisive point is that the interface
is quite user-friendly for the customers.
Conclusion
Scaling techniques provide a clear picture of the product life cycle and the
market acceptability of the products offered. It facilitates product
development and bench Non-Comparative Scales


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2

selection.
 2 – Disagree
 4 – Agree
NEITHER
STRONGLY AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

STATEMENT DISAGREE
DISAGREE NOR E AGREE
DISAGREE
are very light
weight
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NEITHER 2
STRONGLY AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

STATEMENT DISAGREE
DISAGREE NOR E AGREE
DISAGREE
are extremely
comfortable
look too trendy
recommend Z
sports shoes to
friends, family
and colleagues

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2
follows:
Conclusion
Scaling techniques provide a clear picture of the product life cycle and the market
acceptability of the products offered. It facilitates product development and benc
Non-Comparative Scales


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2

selection.
 2 – Disagree
 4 – Agree
STRONG DISAG NEITHER AGRE STRONGLY
LY REE AGREE E AGREE

STATEMENT
DISAGR NOR
EE DISAGREE
Z sports shoes 1 2 3
4 5
are very light
weight
are extremely
comfortable
look too trendy

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STRONG NEITHER 2
LY DISAG AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

STATEMENT
DISAGR REE NOR E AGREE
EE DISAGREE
recommend Z
4 5
sports shoes to
friends, family
and colleagues

follows:
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2
Conclusion
Scaling techniques provide a clear picture of the product life cycle and the market
acceptability of the products offered. It facilitates product
development and benchmarking through rigorous market research.

Q6(a) Discuss the various techniques of sampling pointing out their relative advantages and 04
disadvantages?
Sampling Strategies and their Advantages and Disadvantages
Type of Sampling When to use it Advantages Disadvantages

Probability Strategies
When the population
Simple Random members are similar to Ensures a high degree Time consuming and
Sampling one another on of representativeness tedious
important variables
When the population Ensures a high degree
Systematic Sampling members are similar to of representativeness, Less random than
one another on and no need to use a simple random
important variables table of random sampling
numbers
When the population is
Stratified Random heterogeneous and Ensures a high degree Time consuming and
Sampling contains several of representativeness tedious
different groups, some of all the strata or
of which are related to layers in the population
the topic of the study
When the population Possibly, members of
Cluster Sampling consists of units rather Easy and convenient units are different from
than individuals one another,
decreasing the
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techniques 2
effectiveness
Non-Probability
Sampling
When the members of
Convenience Sampling the population are Convenience and Degree of
convenient to sample inexpensive generalizability is
questionable
When strata are Insures some degree of
Quota Sampling present and stratified representativeness of Degree of
sampling is not possible all the strata in the generalizability is
population questionable
Notes:
1. Reducing sampling error is the major goal of any selection technique.
2. A sample should be big enough to answer the research question, but not so big that the process of
sampling becomes uneconomical.
3. Estimating sample size � in general, you need a larger sample to accurately represent the population
when:
a. The amount of variability within groups is greater, and
b. The difference between the tw groups gets smaller.
4. In general, the larger the sample, the smaller the sampling error and the better job you can do.
5. If you are going to use several subgroups in your work (such as males and females who are both 10 years
of age, and healthy and unhealthy urban residents), be sure your initial selection of subjects is large
enough to account for the eventual breaking down of subject groups.
6. If you are mailing out surveys or questionnaire, count on increasing your sample size by 40% to 50% to
account for lost mail and uncooperative subjects.
7. Remember that big is good, but appropriate is better.� Do not waste your hard-earned money or valuable
time generating samples that are larger than you need� law of diminishing returns will set in!
Q6(b) How would you define non sampling errors and what are the potential causes of non- 04
sampling errors?
Ans
What is a non-sampling error?
A non-sampling error is a term used in statistics that refers to an error that occurs during data
collection, causing the data to differ from the true values. A non-sampling error refers to either
random or systematic errors, and these errors can be challenging to spot in a survey, sample, or
census.
What are the causes of sampling errors?

Sampling error is affected by a number of factors including sample size, sample design, the
sampling fraction and the variability within the population. In general, larger sample sizes decrease
the sampling error, however this decrease is not directly proportional.
How can non sampling errors be reduced?

Techniques to avoid non-sampling error are randomizing the selection, training your team,
performing external record checks, completing consistency checks, checking your wording,
randomizing question order, and sticking to the facts. A leading question prompts or encourages a
desired answer.
What are the causes of sampling error and non-sampling error?
Sampling error arises because of the variation between the true mean value for the sample and the
population. On the other hand, the non-sampling error arises because of deficiency and
inappropriate analysis of data. Non-sampling error can be random or non-random whereas
sampling error occurs in the random sample only
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Why non-sampling error is more serious?
Non-sampling errors are more serious than sampling errors because a sampling error can be
minimised by taking a larger sample but it is difficult to minimise non-sampling error, even by taking
a large sample.
What is Non-Sampling Errors ?
Non-sampling errors are those that may arise after the process of
sampling is complete. Such errors arise at the time of study or analysis of
sample data and can occur at any time through the procedure. Such errors
occur with both the methods i.e, census as well as sample method of
research.
Types of Non-Sampling Errors

Following are the various non-sampling errors :
1) Frame Error :
All the elements of the target population, which can be selected to form a sample are called
sampling frame. An error arising due to an incomplete or inaccurate sample frame may be defined
as a frame error. For example, if a survey is to be conducted to determine the average household
income in a state, it may not be appropriate to collect information about the accumulated salaries of
such households alone, as there may be other methods for a household to earn income that is
separate from their regular source,
2) Non-Response Error :
It is almost impossible to obtain data from each and every respondent covered in the same. There
are always some respondents who refuse to give any information. Thus, non-response error occurs
when respondents refuse to cooperate with the interviewer by Sampling errors may arise due to the
following not answering his questions. This error also occurs when respondents are away from
home when the interviewer calls on them. In case of mail survey particularly, the extent of non-
response is usually high.
In a data collection process, it is not sure that absolute response can be collected, through every
respondent. Non-response error may occur when respondents are either unavailable, or do not co
operate with surveyors at the time of data collection. Such errors usually occur in cases where
persons are requested to respond via mall or they are not at their homes, Nan-response error is
high in mail surveys.
3) Measurement Error :
At the time of data collection, a respondent may not necessarily give a true picture, due to
innumerable reasons. This leads to an inaccurate result as the information that is collected is not
based on facts.
For example, if data is being collected to determine the average household income of a state, the
respondent may not be willing to give his/her actual income or for data of number of youngsters who
smoke in a city, majority of respondents may negatively respond. This will, in turn, lead to an
inaccurate result.
4) Data Processing Error :

Data processing refers to the process of systematic categorization of data to make the process of
analysis easier and more accurate. However, errors may occur at the time of categorizing data,
such as, drawing up of tables, coding responses, etc.
5) Data Analysis Error :

Data analysis errors may be defined as those errors that arise due to the application of incorrect
statistical techniques or formulas that give the wrong result. These errors may be simple as well as
complex.
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Causes for Non-Sampling Errors 2
Some of the important causes of non-sampling errors have been defined below :
1) Faulty Planning and Definitions :

Non sampling errors arise due to improper definition of samples, lack of trained surveyors, improper
definition of target population, etc.
2) Response Errors :
Response errors may be defined as errors that arise due to variations in responses of participants
from actual facts.
3) Non-Response Errors :
Following may be the reasons for non-response errors :
The respondent is unavailable even after repeated efforts to get in touch with the same.
The respondent is unable to respond to all questions or provide information pertaining to the same.
The respondent is not willing to answer some or all of the questions.
4) Errors in Coverage :
Lack of ability to cover all sampling units gives rise to such errors.
5) Compiling Errors :
Compiling errors are those that arise due to erroneous editing and coding of data
Methods to Reduce the Errors
The following techniques can prove helpful in reducing the errors stated
above, both sampling and non-sampling :
Methods to Reduce the Sampling Errors

For sampling errors, the following techniques may be applied :
1) Increasing the Sample Size :

One of the easiest methods of reducing sampling errors is to increase the size of the population.
Sampling error may be zero in case of sample size n being equal to population size N. Square root
formula reduces the error percentage by half when the sample size is increased to four times its
original.
For example, if in a sample size of 1,000 units the error percentage is 10%, an increase of this
sample size to 4,000 units will lead to a reduction in the error percentage to 5%.
However, if the collected samples are unbiased, then a decrease in the sample size will also lead to
a decrease in the error percentage, as this decrease will be inversely proportional to the square root
of the sample size; sometimes square root of the sample size is inversely proportional to the extent
of decrease.
2) Stratification :
Stratification may be defined as the process of dividing the samples of a similar kind into a particular
group or strata. From each of these groups or stratum, a sample will then be collected randomly.
This technique should be applied to cases where sampling units are varied in nature and the
collection of these sampling units on the basis of random sampling will fail to represent the
population as a whole. Thus, stratification will help to reduce errors as all groups of a population will
be available for sampling. This technique is often also described as stratified-random sampling. The
size of the sample collected from each stratum is generally proportionate to the size of its stratum.
Methods to Reduce the Non-sampling Errors
For non-sampling errors, the following techniques may be applied :

Responsible collection of samples at appropriate times,
Printed Page: 21 of
Use of an accurate sampling frame, 2
Appropriate plan for following-up on non respondents,
Designing a comprehensive questionnaire,
Thorough training of surveyors and data processing personnel,
In-depth knowledge of factors that affect the research problem.
Extra
Types of Sampling Errors
Sampling errors can further be classified into the following two types :
1) Biased Sampling Error :

Biased sampling error, as the name suggests, may arise due to certain preferences at the time of
collection of samples.
2) Unbiased Sampling Error :

In some cases, collection of samples is to be done keeping a set of conditions in mind. However, it
is also required that such conditions do not bring about a bias in the process of sample collection,
failing which, an error arising out of such bias is termed as 'Unbiased sampling error.
Causes for Sampling Errors
Sampling errors may arise due to the following reasons :
1) Faulty Selection, Process :

In some cases, a certain kind of samples may be selected that will help reach a desired result. This
bias in selection of a sample can cause sampling errors.
2) Substitution :
There may be cases where a collected sample may not be able to enumerate the results that are
desired. In such cases, the surveyors may substitute a particular sample member for another similar
member that may lead to inaccurate results.
3) Faulty Demarcation of Sampling Units :

A faulty method of separation of sampling units may also lead to such an error.

Q7(a) What do you mean by hypotheses why it is important in research process? 05
ans
A hypothesis (plural: hypotheses), in a scientific context, is a testable statement about the
relationship between two or more variables or a proposed explanation for some observed
phenomenon.
A simple hypothesis might predict a causal relationship between two variables, meaning that
one has an effect on the other. Here's an example: More hours spent studying for an exam
result in higher grades. Hours spent studying, in this statement, is the independent
variable and grades is the dependent variable. The independent variable is manipulated and
the dependent variable is measured to see how it is affected as the independent variable
changes
A complex hypothesis is similar to a simple one but includes two or more independent
variables or two or more dependent variables. In the first case, for example, the hypothesis
might be that more hours studying and more classes attended lead to higher grades; in the
second case, the hypothesis might be that more hours studying lead to higher grades and a
shorter amount of time required to write the exam.
Hypotheses don't necessarily predict causality. In statistics, for example, a hypothesis might
predict simple correlation -- for example, that increased incidence of the independent variable
is associated with a decrease in the dependent variable, although there is no supposition that
Printed Page: 22 of
2
one causes the other
A hypothesis enables researchers not only to discover a relationship between variables, but also to
predict a relationship based on theoretical guidelines and/or empirical evidence. Developing a
hypothesis requires a comprehensive understanding of the research topic and an exhaustive review
of previous literature.
Importance of Hypothesis:
 It ensures the entire research methodologies are scientific and valid.

 It helps to assume the probability of research failure and progress.
 It helps to provide link to the underlying theory and specific research question.
 It helps in data analysis and measure the validity and reliability of the research.
 It provides a basis or evidence to prove the validity of the research.
 It helps to describe research study in concrete terms rather than theoretical terms.
Characteristics of Good Hypothesis:
 Should be simple.
 Should be specific.
 Should be stated in advance.
Extra
Different Types of Hypothesis:
1. Simple Hypothesis:
 A Simple hypothesis is also known as composite hypothesis.

 In simple hypothesis all parameters of the distribution are specified.
 It predicts relationship between two variables i.e. the dependent and the
independent variable
2. Complex Hypothesis:
 A Complex hypothesis examines relationship between two or more independent

variables and two or more dependent variables.
3. Working or Research Hypothesis:
 A research hypothesis is a specific, clear prediction about the possible outcome of

a scientific research study based on specific factors of the population.
4. Null Hypothesis:
 A null hypothesis is a general statement which states no relationship between two

variables or two phenomena. It is usually denoted by H0.
5. Alternative Hypothesis:An alternative hypothesis is a statement which states some

statistical significance between two phenomena. It is usually denoted by H1 or HA.
6. Logical Hypothesis:A logical hypothesis is a planned explanation holding limited evidence.
7. Statistical Hypothesis: A statistical hypothesis, sometimes called confirmatory data

analysis, is an assumption about a population parameter.
Printed Page: 23 of
2
Although there are different types of hypothesis, the most commonly and used hypothesis are
Null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis. So, what is the difference between null hypothesis
and alternate hypothesis? Let’s have a look:
Major Differences Between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis:
Null hypothesis Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is the

A null hypothesis represents the opposite of the null hypothesis
hypothesis that there is “no relationship” where we can find some statistical
or “no association” or “no difference” between importance or relationship between two
two variables. variables.
In case of null hypothesis, researcher

tries to invalidate or reject the
hypothesis. In an alternative hypothesis, the
researcher wants to show or prove
some relationship between variables.
It is an assumption that specifies a It is an assumption that describes an

possible truth to an event where there alternative truth where there is some
is absence of an effect. effect or some difference.
Alternative hypothesis is a
Null hypothesis is a statement statement that signifies some change,
that signifies no change, no effect and no some effect and some differences between
any differences between variables. variables.
If null hypothesis is true, any If alternative hypothesis is true, the

discrepancy between observed data observed discrepancy between the
and the hypothesis is only due to observed data and the null
chance. hypothesis is not due to chance.
An alternative hypothesis is denoted

A null hypothesis is denoted as H0. as H1 or HA.
Example of an alternative hypothesis:
Example of null hypothesis:
There is no association between use
There is no association between use of of oral contraceptive and blood
oral contraceptive and blood cancer cancer
H0: µ = 0 HA: µ ≠ 0
Q7(b) What is a research report, describe the layout of a research report covering all relevant 05
points?
It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in
order to develop an approach that matches your objectives. Methods are the specific tools and
procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys, and statistical
tests).
What is a Research Report?
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a
systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the
Printed Page: 24 of
2
research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
In many ways, a research report can be considered as a summary of the research process that clearly
highlights findings, recommendations, and other important details. Reading a well-written research
report should provide you with all the information you need about the core areas of the research
process.
Features of a Research Report
So how do you recognize a research report when you see one? Here are some of the basic features
that define a research report.
 It is a detailed presentation of research processes and findings, and it usually includes tables
and graphs.
 It is written in a formal language.
 A research report is usually written in the third person.
 It is informative and based on first-hand verifiable information.
 It is formally structured with headings, sections, and bullet points.
 It always includes recommendations for future actions.
Types of Research Report
The research report is classified based on two things; nature of research and target audience.
Nature of Research
 Qualitative Research Report
This is the type of report written for qualitative research. It outlines the methods, processes,
and findings of a qualitative method of systematic investigation. In educational research, a
qualitative research report provides an opportunity for one to apply his or her knowledge
and develop skills in planning and executing qualitative research projects.
A qualitative research report is usually descriptive in nature. Hence, in addition to

presenting details of the research process, you must also create a descriptive narrative of the
information.
 Quantitative Research Report
A quantitative research report is a type of research report that is written for quantitative
research. Quantitative research is a type of systematic investigation that pays attention to
numerical or statistical values in a bid to find answers to research questions.
In this type of research report, the researcher presents quantitative data to support the
research process and findings. Unlike a qualitative research report that is mainly
descriptive, a quantitative research report works with numbers; that is, it is numerical in
nature.
Target Audience
Also, a research report can be said to be technical or popular based on the target audience. If you’re
dealing with a general audience, you would need to present a popular research report, and if you’re
dealing with a specialized audience, you would submit a technical report.
Printed Page: 25 of
2
 Technical Research Report
A technical research report is a detailed document that you present after carrying out
industry-based research. This report is highly specialized because it provides information
for a technical audience; that is, individuals with above-average knowledge in the field of
study.
In a technical research report, the researcher is expected to provide specific information

about the research process, including statistical analyses and sampling methods. Also, the
use of language is highly specialized and filled with jargon.
Examples of technical research reports include legal and medical research reports.
 Popular Research Report
A popular research report is one for a general audience; that is, for individuals who do not
necessarily have any knowledge in the field of study. A popular research report aims to
make information accessible to everyone.
It is written in very simple language, which makes it easy to understand the findings and
recommendations. Examples of popular research reports are the information contained in
newspapers and magazines.
Importance of a Research Report
 Knowledge Transfer: As already stated above, one of the reasons for carrying out research
is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge, and this is made possible with a research
report. A research report serves as a means to effectively communicate the findings of a
systematic investigation to all and sundry.
 Identification of Knowledge Gaps: With a research report, you’d be able to identify
knowledge gaps for further inquiry. A research report shows what has been done while
hinting at other areas needing systematic investigation.
 In market research, a research report would help you understand the market needs and
peculiarities at a glance.
 A research report allows you to present information in a precise and concise manner.
 It is time-efficient and practical because, in a research report, you do not have to spend time
detailing the findings of your research work in person. You can easily send out the report
via email and have stakeholders look at it.
Contents of Research Report
The researcher must keep in mind that his research report must contain following aspects:
Purpose of study
Significance of his study or statement of the problem
Review of literature
Methodology
Interpretation of data
Conclusions and suggestions
Bibliography
Appendices
(1) Purpose of study:
Research is one direction oriented study. He should discuss the problem of his study. He must give
Printed Page: 26 of
background of the problem. He must lay down his hypothesis of the study. Hypothesis
2 is the
statement indicating the nature of the problem. He should be able to collect data, analyze it
and prove the hypothesis. The importance of the problem for the advancement of knowledge or
removed of some evil may also be explained. He must use review of literature or the data from
secondary source for explaining the statement of the problems.
(2) Significance of study:
Research is re-search and hence the researcher may highlight the earlier research in new manner or
establish new theory. He must refer earlier research work and distinguish his own research from
earlier work. He must explain how his research is different and how his research topic is different
and how his research topic is important. In a statement of his problem, he must be able to explain in
brief the historical account of the topic and way in which he can make and attempt. In his study to
conduct the research on his topic.
(3) Review of Literature:
Research is a continuous process. He cannot avoid earlier research work. He must start with earlier
work. He should note down all such research work, published in books, journals or unpublished
thesis. He will get guidelines for his research from taking a review of literature. He should collect
information in respect of earlier research work. He should enlist them in the given below:
Author/researcher
Title of research /Name of book
Publisher
Year of publication
Objectives of his study
Conclusion/suggestions
Then he can compare this information with his study to show separate identity of his study. He must
be honest to point out similarities and differences of his study from earlier research work.
(4) Methodology:
It is related to collection of data. There are two sources for collecting data; primary and secondary.
Primary data is original and collected in field work, either through questionnaire interviews.
The secondary data relied on library work. Such primary data are collected by sampling method. The
procedure for selecting the sample must be mentioned. The methodology must give various aspects
of the problem that are studied for valid generalization about the phenomena. The scales of
measurement must be explained along with different concepts used in the study.
While conducting a research based on field work, the procedural things like definition of universe,
preparation of source list must be given. We use case study method, historical research etc. He must
make it clear as to which method is used in his research work. When questionnaire is prepared, a
copy of it must be given in appendix.
(5) Interpretation of data:
Mainly the data collected from primary source need to be interpreted in systematic manner.
The tabulation must be completed to draw conclusions. All the questions are not useful for report
writing. One has to select them or club them according to hypothesis or objectives of study.
(6) Conclusions/suggestions: Data analysis forms the crux of the research problem. The
information collected in field work is useful to draw conclusions of study. In relation with the
objectives of study the analysis of data may lead the researcher to pin point his suggestions. This is
the most important part of study. The conclusions must be based on logical and statistical
reasoning. The report should contain not only the generalization of inference but also the basis on
which the inferences are drawn. All sorts of proofs, numerical and logical, must be given in support
of any theory that has been advanced. He should point out the limitations of his study.
Printed Page: 27 of
(7) Bibliography: 2
The list of references must be arranged in alphabetical order and be presented in appendix. The
books should be given in first section and articles are in second section and research projects in the
third. The pattern of bibliography is considered convenient and satisfactory from the point of view
of reader.
(8) Appendices:
The general information in tabular form which is not directly used in the analysis of data but which
is useful to understand the background of study can be given in appendix.
Layout of the Research Report

There is scientific method for the layout of research report. The layout of research
report means as to what the research report should contain. The contents of the research
report are noted below:
Preliminary Page
Main Text
End Matter
(1) Preliminary Pages:
These must be title of the research topic and data. There must be preface of foreword to the
research work. It should be followed by table of contents. The list of tables, maps should be given.
(2) Main Text:
It provides the complete outline of research report along with all details. The title page is reported
in the main text. Details of text are given continuously as divided in different chapters.
(a) Introduction
(b) Statement of the problem
(c) The analysis of data
(d) The implications drawn from the results
(e) The summary
(a) Introduction:
Its purpose is to introduce the research topic to readers. It must cover statement of the research
problem, hypotheses, objectives of study, review of literature, and the methodology to cover
primary and secondary data, limitations of study and chapter scheme. Some may give in brief in the
first chapter the introduction of the research project highlighting the importance of study. This is
followed by research methodology in separate chapter.
The methodology should point out the method of study, the research design and method of data
collection.
(b) Statement of the problem:
This is crux of his research. It highlights main theme of his study. It must be in nontechnical
language. It should be in simple manner so ordinary reader may follow it. The social research must
be made available to common man. The research in agricultural problems must be easy for farmers
to read it.
(c) Analysis of data:
Data so collected should be presented in systematic manner and with its help, conclusions can be
drawn. This helps to test the hypothesis. Data analysis must be made to confirm the objectives of
Printed Page: 28 of
the study. 2
(d) Implications of Data: The results based on the analysis of data must be valid. This is the main
body of research. It contains statistical summaries and analysis of data. There should be logical
sequence in the analysis of data. The primary data may lead to establish the results. He must have
separate chapter on conclusions and recommendations. The conclusions must be based on data
analysis. The conclusions must be such which may lead to generalization and its applicability in
similar circumstances. The conditions of research work limiting its scope for generalization must be
made clear by the researcher.
(e) Summary:
This is conclusive part of study. It makes the reader to understand by reading summary the
knowledge of the research work. This is also a synopsis of study.
(3) End Matter:
It covers relevant appendices covering general information, the concepts and bibliography. The
index may also be added to the report.

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Subject Code: KMBN203

Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100

i) Identify your research problem and hypotheses.

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

scientific and technical information services

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Q4(b) Briefly discuss experimental research design? 02

 Cause-and-effect behaviour that is consistent.

 You want to comprehend the significance of cause and effect.

 Case Study Research Design in a Single Session:

 One-group Pre- and post-testing was used in the research:

 Comparison of static groups:

2. True Experimental research design:

exposed to the altered variables.

 The distribution is random.

3. Quasi-experimental Research Design:

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Characteristics of Nominal Scale

An example of a nominal scale measurement is given below:

What is your gender?

 The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables

 Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.

Characteristics of Interval Scale:

Characteristics of Ratio Scale:

 Ratio scale has a feature of absolute zero

What is your weight in Kgs?

 Less than 55 kgs

Q5(b) Distinguish between comparative scaling and non-comparative scaling? 03

SOAP BRANDS RANK

ATTRIBUTES SEGMENT 1 SEGMENT 2 SEGMENT 3

A non-comparative scale is used to analyse the performance of an individual product

Continuous Rating Scales

Itemized Rating Scale

Itemized scale is another essential technique under the non-comparative scales. It

are very light

look too trendy

 Semantic Differential Scale: A bi-polar seven-point non-comparative rating scale

A non-comparative scale is used to analyse the performance of an individual product

Continuous Rating Scales

For example, A mattress manufacturing company used a continuous rating scale to

Itemized Rating Scale

Itemized scale is another essential technique under the non-comparative scales. It

STRONGLY AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

are very light

STRONGLY AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

look too trendy

 Semantic Differential Scale: A bi-polar seven-point non-comparative rating scale

A non-comparative scale is used to analyse the performance of an individual product

Continuous Rating Scales

For example, A mattress manufacturing company used a continuous rating scale to

Itemized Rating Scale

Itemized scale is another essential technique under the non-comparative scales. It

STRONG DISAG NEITHER AGRE STRONGLY

LY REE AGREE E AGREE

look too trendy

LY DISAG AGREE AGRE STRONGLY

 Semantic Differential Scale: A bi-polar seven-point non-comparative rating scale

SECTION-C Attempt ANY ONE following Question Marks (1X10=10) CO

Sampling Strategies and their Advantages and Disadvantages

Type of Sampling When to use it Advantages Disadvantages

What are the causes of sampling errors?

How can non sampling errors be reduced?

What are the causes of sampling error and non-sampling error?