APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

DUOBIAS-M
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

CONTENTS FIGURES

1 INTRODUCTION Figure. 1 PROTECTION ZONES UNBIASED

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION PRINCIPLE
2.1 Unbiased Differential Protection Figure 2 PROTECTION ZONES BIASED
2.2 Biased Differential Protection DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
2.3 Protection of a Yd11 Transformer
2.4 Protection of a Transformer with 90* Figure. 3A Yd11 TRANSFORMER DEDICATED BIAS
Phase Shift DIFFERENTIAL & REF
2.5 Protection of Star/Star and
Autotransformers Figure. 3B AS 3A BUT WITH DUOBIAS-M

3 STABILITY OF INSTANTANEOUS Figure. 4A Yd11 TRANSFORMER CONNECTED

PROTECTION TO GIVE SYSTEM PHASING OF 90*

4 SUMMARY OF PROTECTION SETTINGS Figure. 4B AS 4A WITH CORRECTION VIA CT

SECONDARY WIRING
5 CURRENT TRANSFORMER REQUIREMENTS
Figure. 5A Yy0 TRANSFORMER WITH BIASED
6 PROTECTION OF THREE WINDING DIFFERENTIAL AND EARTH FAULT,
TRANSFORMERS DUOBIAS-M PROTECTION

7 INTERPOSING CT SELECTION GUIDE Figure. 5B AUTOTRANSFORMER WITH BIASED

DIFFERENTIAL DUOBIAS-M
8 CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL PROTECTION PROTECTION
OPTION
8.1 Current Settings Figure. 6 THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER
8.2 Timer Settings PROTECTION, DUOBIAS-M
8.3 Status Input Energised Circuit Breaker Fail
Trip Appendix 1: Duobias-M Winding Application to Yy6y6
Transformer
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Design Considerations
1.3 Design Calculations

Appendix 2: Duobias-M Application to Dyn11 with

Primary Crossover
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Scheme Details
2.3 Duobias-M Settings
2.4 Determination of Interposing CT Balance

Appendix 3: Duobias-M Calculation of Interposing CT

Settings

1 INTRODUCTION
The practice in applying transformer protection has been to use
separate relays for the various protection functions, e.g.
Restricted Earth Fault (R.E.F.), High Set Overcurrent (H.S.O.C.)
and Differential protection; and to assemble and interconnect
these relays, together with their associated tripping and flag
relays onto transformer protection racks or cubicles. Where a
record of fault data was required, a dedicated fault recorder
would be provided with hard wired interfacing to the current
transformers (C.T.'s) and protection and indicating relay
contacts.
The digital Duobias-M relay enables all of these functions to be
performed within the one relay case, with the additional
capability of allowing remote interrogation of the state of the
relay logic and of the stored fault data. These notes give
guidance on the application of the Duobias-M relay and make
reference to the Commissioning Chapter which give detailed
setting-up instructions.
Where a protection function requires a simple current setting,
the Duobias-M relay provides a suitable range. With the more
complex requirements of the biased-differential protection
function, the relay provides compensation for effects which, in
dedicated biased-differential relays, requires external
interposing C.T.'s and sometimes requires the main C.T.'s to be
of non-standard ratio. A brief discussion of the principle of
differential protection will be of help in understanding how the
Duobias-M relay should be applied.
2 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PRINCIPLE
2.1 UNBIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential protection uses the principle of summating the
instantaneous currents in all the primary connections into the
protected zone. In a practical arrangement, each primary
connection would be equipped with a C.T. and all the C.T.
secondary windings would be connected in parallel (summated)
and connected to a differential relay. When the zone is healthy,
the secondary currents summate to zero but when current
flows out of the zone by some path other than its primary
connection, the secondary currents no longer summate to zero
and current flows in the differential relay operating circuit, so
detecting the faulty condition.
The best example of this form of differential protection is that
usually applied to auto-transformers. The winding arrangement
of such transformers allow C.T.'s of identical ratio to be fitted
to all the primary connections to each phase i.e. the H.V., L. V.
and neutral end connections. The C.T. secondary currents are
summated on each phase and connected to a phase differential
relay. Fig. 1 shows the complete arrangement made up of three
differential systems and relays, one for each phase of the
transformer.
While the primary windings are healthy, each differential system
will summate its associated secondary currents to zero and no
current will flow in the differential relay. If a winding develops a
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APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5
fault which allows current to flow to earth or to another phase
winding, the associated C.T. secondary currents no longer
summate to zero and current flows in the differential relay. It
should be noted that the system will not detect an inter-turn
fault that is free from earth because, under this condition, the
currents flowing into and out of the zone will still summate to
zero and no current will flow in the differential relay.
The important feature of this arrangement is that it is always in
balance when the windings are healthy. Magnetising inrush
currents appear in both the line connections and the neutral
end connections and do not affect the stability of the system.
Similarly, the system is not affected by the position of the
tapping selector switches. The differential relay can be
instantaneous in operation and will not require any biasing
features.
Referring to Table 4 of the Commissioning Chapter, the
Duobias-M relay in this application would be set with the
differential initial setting to 10%, the differential bias slope to
OFF, the differential bias slope limit to its default setting, the
magnetic inrush restraint level to OFF, and the H.V. and L.V.
interposing C.T. multiplier and connection settings to their
default values of 1.0 and Yy0, respectively.
It should be noted that this unbiased form of differential
protection is the form usually applied to auto transformers.
However, it is also possible to apply the biased form and this
arrangement will be explained in the section on biased
differential protection.
2.2 BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Differential protection applied to two and three winding
transformers is more complicated. It is not practicable to install
C.T.s at every end of the H.V. and L.V. windings and the
arrangement that is adopted is that shown in Fig.2 which treats
each combined H.V. and L.V. phase of the transformer as a
protected zone.
The current entering the zone will now be changed in
magnitude before it leaves the zone by virtue of the ratio of the
transformer H.V. and L.V. windings. It can also be changed in
phase position by virtue of the interconnection of phase
windings when certain vector-group arrangements are
involved.
Considering the change in current magnitude first of all; if the
transformer ratio is fixed i.e. it does not have a tap changer,
then this can be compensated for in the choice of H.V. and L.V.
C.T. ratios. For example, a transformer of ratio 132/33kV (4/1),
would have L.V. C.T.s with four times the ratio of the H.V. C.T.s.
In this way the H.V. and L.V. primary currents result in identical
secondary currents and there is no differential current either
under load or through fault conditions.
However, if the transformer is fitted with a tap changer, its
nominal voltage ratio can be varied, typically, over a range of
+10% to -20%. Since it is not practicable to vary the C.T.
ratios to follow that of the transformer, any deviation from
nominal tap will result in some differential current. This will
reach its maximum when the tap changer is in its extreme
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE
position, in this case 20%. In this position, a secondary current
equivalent to 20% of the load or through fault current will flow
in the differential circuit.
To minimise the differential current due to the range of the tap
changer, it is normal to choose main C.T. ratios which give
balance at the mid-point of the tapping range. For the +10%
to -20% example, the C.T. ratios would be chosen to give
balance at the -5% tap changer position so that the maximum
deviation is 15%. The example below shows a single line
diagram of a typical transformer with the calculation of the
optimum C.T.ratio.
2.2.1 Example of Optimising
In all cases the CT ratios should be selected so that the
secondary load currents fed into the relay are as close as
possible to the relay nominal rating (1A or 5A) at maximum
load current and midtap voltage ratio. The current amplitude
correction (0.5 to 1.5x) can then be used to fine tune the level
of secondary currents so that perfect balance is achieved at the
relay rated current of 1A or 5A. In achieving this the relay
biased differential characteristic and therefore relay sensitivity
are optimised.
132/33KV 90MVA Yd11 Transformer
Tapchanger range +10% -20%
At the 33kV side,
Full load amps = 1000xMVA/kV
= 1000x90/33
= 1575A
So a ratio of 1600/1 is chosen.
At the nominal voltage ratio of 132/33KV an HV ratio of 1600 x
33 / 132 would be chosen ie. 400/1.
However, the middle of the +10% -20% tapping range is -5%
which represents an HV voltage of 132KV x 0.95.
To obtain balance of the HV and LV C.T.s at the centre tap
position requires the HV C.T. ratio to be
1600x33 = 421
132x0.95
So a ratio of 420/1 would be chosen for star connected C.T.s
and 420/0.577 for delta connected C.T.s.
Where the scheme has an HV star-delta interposing C.T., an
alternative method is to use this to adjust the C.T. ratio. For
example, the star connected main C.T.s could revert to their
ratio of 400/1 and the interposing C.T. ratio could be made
1.05/0.577 instead of 1.0/0.577.
Included in the Duobias-M settings, the C.T. ratios can be
optimised by using the appropriate H.V. or L.V. interposing C.T.
multiplier and the maximum unbalance due to the transformer
tapping range catered for by choosing a differential bias slope
which gives an adequate margin of stability, say 30%. For the
2
above example in Fig.3, the H.V. interposing C.T. multiplier
would require to be set to 0.95.
With delta connected transformers, the line currents are the
resultant of the currents in two of the transformer phase
windings and are therefore different in phase position from the
phase winding currents. Depending on the configuration of the
H.V. and L.V.windings, (vector group), the H.V. and L.V. line
currents can have differing phase positions which must be taken
into account in the biased differential system. With dedicated
biased differential relays, the compensation for these phase
differences require the use of interconnected interposing C.T.s
of the appropriate ratios but, with the Duobias-M, the required
vectorial compensation can be made directly to the relay.
The biased differential arrangement will detect an interturn
fault; free from earth, since it will be seen by the protection as
an additional, short-circuited winding on the transformer.
The discussion of biased differential protection has, up to this
point, been confined to two and three winding transformers.
However, it is possible to treat an auto transformer as a two
winding transformer and apply biased differential protection.
This arrangement is shown later in Fig.6b and it can be seen
that the need for neutral end connection C.T.s is eliminated.
The H.V. and L.V. C.T.s must now have ratios appropriate to the
rated voltage of their associated windings and the ratios must
be optimised as shown in Fig.3. The biased differential
protection must be set to cover the magnetising inrush current
and the differential current due to the tap changer.
2.3 PROTECTION OF A Y.d.11
TRANSFORMER.
See figures 3a & 3b.
132/33KV 90MVA Yd11 +10% -20% Transformer
The function of the interposing C.T.s is now carried out within
the relay by setting the H.V. interposing C.T. connection to
Yd11,30° and the L.V. interposing C.T. connection to Ydy0,0°.
The preferred ratio of 400/1 can now be used for the H.V. C.T.s
and the optimising of the ratios carried out by setting the H.V.
interposing C.T. multiplier to 0.95.
2.4 PROTECTION OF A TRANSFORMER WITH
90° PHASE SHIFT
Where the phase-shift between the H.V. and L.V. primary
systems is such that main connections have to be crossed, there
are two optional methods of setting up Duobias-M protection.
Fig.4a shows a typical arrangement where a Yd11 transformer
is arranged to give a primary system phase-shift of +90* by
appropriate crossing of its main connections.
The C.T. secondaries are connected to a Duobias-M relay in the
conventional way with the 'A' phase C.T. connected to terminal
3, the 'B' phase to terminal 6 and the 'C' phase to terminal 13.
With this method, the H.V. interposing connection must be set
to Yd9,90°.
Fig.4b shows the H.V. and L.V. C.T. secondary wiring replicating
the main connection crossovers with the 'A' phase connected to

terminal 13, the 'B' phase to terminal 6 and the 'C' phase to
terminal 3. The L.V. 'B' and 'C' connections are similarly crossed
Over. With this arrangement, the Duobias-M relay can be set to
correspond to the vector group of the main transformer,.i.e.
Yd11,30°.
Of the two methods, that shown in Fig.4b is preferred since it
gives a setting which corresponds with the nameplate vector
group of the main transformer.
2.5 PROTECTION OF STAR/STAR AND
AUTOTRANSFORMERS
The star/star transformer shown in Fig.5a has a phase shift of
zero but still requires the zero sequence shunt which, in the
dedicated relay arrangement, is provided either by delta
connected main C.T.s or by a star/delta interposing C.T. With
the Duobias-M relay, this is provided by setting both the H.V.
and the L.V. interposing C.T. connection settings to the same
Yd. setting. They can be either Ydl,-30° or Yd11,30° but the
H.V. and L.V. must have the same setting.
Note 1. The connection setting can also be Yd1,-30° but
both sides must be the same
Note 2. The HV and LV CTs must be of appropriate ratio
for their associated system voltage and the transformer MVA
rating.
Note 3. The change in transformer ratio due to the tap
changer must be taken into account and the interposing CT
multipliers set accordingly.
Note 4. The effect of the tap changer and of magnetising
inrush current must be taken into account when setting the bias
and the differential high set overcurrent.
The auto-transformer shown in Fig.5b can be treated in the
same way as the double wound, star/star transformer shown in
Fig.5a and will have the same interposing C.T. connection
settings. It is not equipped with neutral C.T.s however so it
cannot have R.E.F. protection.
3.0 STABILITY OF INSTANTANEOUS
PROTECTION.
Because the differential functions of the relay are instantaneous
i.e. R.E.F. protection and unbiased differential protection as
applied to auto transformers, the relays must remain stable
under switching and through fault conditions. This is achieved
by including stabilising resistors in the relay operating circuits;
these limit the differential current caused by the transient
behaviour of the C.T.s, to a value less than the relay setting.
The procedure for establishing the relay settings and resistor
values is explained in our publication "Application Guide,
Restricted Earth Fault"
The Duobias-M relay is equipped with differential, H.S.O.C.
protection to provide fast back-up to the biased differential
protection. If this feature is required, it must be set to a
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APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5
multiple of the rated current which gives an adequate margin
over the protected transformers maximum inrush current and
any other predictable unbalance such as that due to the
transformer tap changer.
4.0 SUMMARY OF PROTECTION
SETTINGS
The Duobias M relay has been designed with protection
functions which compliment one another. Therefore as many of
these functions as is appropriate for the particular application
should be used. Two examples of the complimentary nature of
these functions are stated below.
Restricted earth fault (REF) protection can be installed where a
neutral to earth connection is provided for a star connected
winding is provided with an earthing transformer. The REF
element provides extremely fast detection of earth faults within
its zone and is inherently more sensitive and provides greater
degree of earth fault protection to the winding than biased
relays. The restricted earth fault relay would not detect an in
zone phase fault clear of earth as the currents entering and
leaving the REF zone would still balance. This type of fault
would however be detected by the biased differential function.
Differential high set overcurrent function is included in the relay
to provide very fast clearance of high magnitude faults which
are fed directly from a strong power source. The clearance
time of this element is typically around 15ms which is ideal for
clearance of these high fault levels. The biased differential relay
compliments this function as it can be set to detect lower level
faults where the fault clearance time is not as critical.
Where the Duobias M relay is to be applied to trnasformers
where sustained overexcitation is in excess of 1.1pu are
allowed on the power system a slight increase of +10% of the
initial bias and bias slope is advised. This is necessary because of
the odd harmonic current content associated with over fluxing
of the transformer core. This additional bias to that normally
required for the tap change range and CT tolerances will
ensure the relay will remain stable for all systems overvoltages.
The 5th harmonic content of the current waveform is
sometimes used to detect over excitation conditions within the
transformer core. In practice this is often difficult to set because
detailed magnetising characteristics of each transformer is
required. The Duobias M relay contains filtering circuits which
attenuate the 5th harmonic by 2.75 times (50Hz) and 3.85
times (60Hz). This allows the Duobias M relay to remain stable
with application of suitable relay settings.
As over fluxing of the transformer core can be caused by
sustained under frequency or over voltage system conditions
we recommend a suitable V/f over fluxing type relay be applied.
The following is a summary of the functions of the protection
settings.
Differential, Initial setting
This is the value of current, expressed as a percentage of the
chosen current rating, at which the relay will operate with zero
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE
bias current. Its setting should be the same as that for the
Differential, Bias slope.
Differential, Bias slope
Some unbalance current will appear in the differential (operate)
circuit of the relay for predictable reasons, e.g. due to the
transformer tap position and to C.T. errors. The current will
increase with increasing load or through fault current in the
transformer so, to maintain stability, the biasing current must
increase proportionately. The bias slope expresses the current
to operate the relay as a percentage of the biasing(restraint)
current. The Differential, Bias slope setting chosen must be
greater than the maximum predictable percentage unbalance.
Differential, Bias slope limit
This setting defines the upper limit of the bias slope and is
expressed in multiples of nominal rated current. A setting value
must be chosen which will cover the maximum through fault
current of the transformer.
Differential, Highset overcurrent
This is an unbiased, instantaneous element in the differential
circuit with a range of settings expressed as percentages of the
nominal current rating. If the feature is not required, the "OFF"
setting should be selected. If it is required, it must be set to a
value in excess of any predictable differential current, i.e. the
differential current under maximum through fault conditions
with the transformer tap changer in its extreme position and
the differential current due to magnetising inrush. The high set
should be set as low as possible but not less than the maximum
three phase through fault current and not less than the
maximum magnetising inrush current.
Magnetising Inrush restraint level
The setting applied will determine the level of second harmonic
content in the relay operating current that will cause operation
of the relay to be inhibited. The lowest setting of 15%
therefore represents the setting which provides the most
stability under magnetising inrush conditions.
H.V. Interposing C.T. multiplier
This range of settings enable the effective ratio of the H.V. C.T.s
to be adjusted. If, for examples the required ratio was 400/1 but
the available ratio was 500/1 the multiplier could be set to 1.25
giving an effective ratio of 500/1 x 1/1.25 = 400/1.
H.V. Interposing C.T. connection
An equivalent H.V. interposing C.T. can be selected from this
range of settings. The settings define the H.V. and L.V. winding
configuration, e.g. Yd(star delta), followed by the angular
position of the L.V. phasor with respect to the H.V. phasor. The
angular position is described by the hour-hand position on the
twelve hour clock face, e.g. Ydl. or Yd11. In each setting, this is
followed by the same angular relationship expressed in
degrees. The Complete Ydl. setting will therefore read Ydl,-
30°. and Ydll will read Ydll,30°. Examples of how the settings
are determined have been given earlier in Fig.3.
L.V.A Interposing C.T. multiplier
As the H.V. multiplier but now applied to the L.V. A. C.T.s.
4
L.V.B. Interposing C.T. connection
As the H.V. connection but now applied to the L.V. B. C.T.s.
H.V. Restricted Earth Fault
The required current setting must be determined by
consideration of the available earth fault currents which will
depend on the transformer winding arrangements and the
method of earthing. Our publication "Application Guide,
Restricted Earth Fault" gives guidance on this procedure.
L.V. Restricted Earth Fault
As for H.V. Restricted Earth Fault.
Programmable Output Relays
The Duobias- M relay has 16 output relays, each with one
"voltage-free" changeover contact. It also has provision for
receiving operating signals from 16 external contacts, these are
referred to as the d.c. status inputs. Each of these status inputs
can be programmed to operate one or more of the output
relays. Similarly, the protection functions of the Duobias-M
relay, i.e. the differential, R.E.F. and H.S.O.C. protections, can
each be programmed to operate one or more of the output
relays. The output contacts can be programmed either to
follow the status inputs i. e. be self-reset; or to latch in their
operated state. If programmed to be latched, they will remain
operated after their associated d.c. status inputs have reset and
will stay operated until the 'Reset' button is pushed or a
remotely initiated reset signal is received. The Commissioning
Chapter describes the method of programming the output
relay configuration.
This feature of the Duobias-M relay should be considered when
the application engineering is being carried out. The total
protection and alarm requirements of the installation should be
assessed so that the relay can be fully exploited. The Relay
Settings Chapter shows the relay configured for a typical
transformer installation. The Matrix Planner shows how the d.c.
status inputs have been allocated to the various trip and alarm
sources. It also shows how they have been programmed to
operate one or more output relays so enabling one alarm source
to initiate a discrete alarm plus a grouped alarm; and one tripping
source to operate its appropriate tripping relay plus an alarm
output. There are spare d.c. status inputs and spare output relays
so more alarm or trip sources can be connected. For example, if
the transformer has H.V. or L.V. overcurrent relays, these can be
connected to spare d.c. status inputs and programmed to initiate
the appropriate alarm and trip output relays. Similarly, if the
transformer cooler control scheme is arranged to initiate a
"cooler fail" alarm, this can be added and programmed to initiate
a discrete and/or a grouped alarm.
Where the transformer is part of an installation that is equipped
with auto-switching, i.e. auto-isolation and auto-reclosing; the
tripping output relays will probably require to operate separate,
latched tripping relays which will then provide the various
contact inputs to the auto-switching equipment. The same
applies if a number of local and remote circuit breakers have to
be tripped as is the case with certain designs of mesh substation.
Where these constraints do not apply, the output relays can be
arranged to operate the circuit breaker trip coils direct so long as
the trip coil current is broken by a circuit breaker auxiliary switch
and the 'make and carry' currents are not exceeded.

A remote risk with this arrangement is that of the "stuck-
breaker" condition which will probably result in damage to the
output relay contacts. When the output relay is arranged to
drive an external latched tripping relay, this risk is transferred to
the tripping relay contacts and it is a matter of judgement as to
which arrangement is most acceptable.
5.0 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
REQUIREMENTS
The guidance on C.T. requirements is that the C.T. knee-point
voltage must be equal to, or exceed Vk=4Itf(A+C) for star
connected C.T.s. Itf is the maximum C.T. secondary current for
a three phase through fault and A and C are the C.T. secondary
winding and C.T. wiring phase resistances respectively. The
volt-drop due to the Duobias-M relay is negligible compared
with A and C and is not included in the calculation. The
recommended method of checking the C.T.s suitability is to
determine its knee-point voltage, either by reference to its
manufacturers design data, or by measurement; and to check
its compliance with the minimum knee-point voltage.
The formula Vknee = 4 x Itf(A+C) to specify the knee point
requirements for the Duobias-M has been establised so as to
ensure for all possible internal fault conditions a fast operate
time can be achieved either through the differential or the
highset element. It must be emphasised that the value of Itf is
the maximum through fault level (which is limited by the
impedence of the transformer itself , say typically a figure of 4x
to 25x rated) and NOT the maximum internal fault level of the
transformer which can be very much higher (say 50x upto 250x
rated)
If the formula Vknee = 2 x Itf(A+C) is used then the relay
under certain specific conditions (an internal fault current of just
below the HIGH SET setting) will operate at a speed more
comparable to present electro-mechanical differential
protections. For all other fault conditions the relay will remain
as a high speed protection.
An indication of the suitability of a protective C.T. whose
performance is defined by a B.S.3938 classification can be
obtained. The product of its rated burden expressed in ohms
and the secondary current equivalent of its accuracy limit
primary current will give an approximation of the secondary
voltage it can produce while operating within the limit of its
stated composite error. However this is an approximation and
should not replace the recommended method.
For Restricted Earth Fault protection it is recommended that all
current transformers should have an equal number of
secondary turns.
Line current transformer ratios should be selected to match the
main transformer rating and ratio. Other ratios can be used
provided these are in the range of the relay current multiplier
adjustment and do not exceed the current transformer and
relay ratings.
Where one set of current transformers are used for both
differential and Restricted Earth Fault protections they must
5
APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5
meet the requirements for both protection systems.
6.0 PROTECTION OF THREE WINDING
TRANSFORMERS
Transformer:-
132/33/11KV 90MVA Yd11y0.
33KV DELTA WINDING 60MVA.
11KV STAR WINDING 30MVA.
TAPPING RANGE +10% TO -20%.
Fig.6 shows Duobias-M protection applied to a three winding
transformer. The example chosen shows a transformer which
has a rating of 90MVA. Its H.V. winding is rated at 132kV and is
star connected; it has two L.V. windings, one star connected
rated at 30MVA, llkV. and the other delta connected rated at
60MVA, 33kV. The H.V. winding has an on-load tap changer
with a tapping range of +10% to -20%. The procedure to
determine the C.T. ratios and protection settings is as follows.
Each combination of H.V./L.V. winding, i.e. 132/llkV. and
132/33kV. must be treated separately and the settings
determined as shown in earlier examples. The H.V. winding is
common to both combinations so its settings must obviously be
compatible for each arrangement. Considering the 132/33kV.
arrangement first; this is the same as that shown in Fig.3B and
the same C.T. ratios and protection settings can be chosen. The
L.V. C.T. ratio must be four times the H.V. ratio of 400/1, i.e.
1600/1, because the main transformer voltage ratio is 132/33kV,
i.e. 4/1. Because the H.V. C.T. ratio was chosen to be
appropriate to 90MVA, this means that the 33kV. ratio of
1600/1 is also appropriate to 90MVA.
Since the 33kV winding is rated at 60MVA, the use of lower
ratio C.T.s may be preferred; this can be achieved conveniently
by suitable selection of the L.V. interposing C.T. multiplier
setting. In this example, the C.T. ratio chosen is 1200/1 which is
appropriate to 60MVA. This is used in conjunction with an L.V.
interposing C.T. multiplier setting of 0.75 giving an effective
ratio of 1600/1 for protection balancing purposes.
Considering the 132/llkV. arrangement, this is the same as that
shown in Fig.6A for a Yy0 transformer and the same settings
can be chosen. Once again, a more suitable llkV. C.T. ratio of
2400/1 can be used in conjunction with the minimum L.V.
interposing C.T. multiplier of 0.5 giving an effective ratio of
4800/1.
It can be seen that the H.V. interposing C.T. connection settings
required for the 132/33kV. and 132/llkV. arrangements are
compatible so the settings shown in Fig.6 would be applied. If
the three winding transformer shown was re-arranged to be of
vector group Yd1y0, then the H.V. interposing C.T. connection
and the llkV.,L.V. interposing C.T. connection would both have
to be set to Ydl.-30.
The settings must, of course. balance when the L.V.
winding combination is treated as a two winding transformer
and the procedure described above will produce the correct
settings. In the Fig.7 example, if the 11/33kV. combination is
viewed as a Y/dll transformer, the connection settings will be
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

seen to correspond with those for the Y/dll example shown in
Fig.4B and the C.T. multiplier settings will also be seen to
produce the required balance with effective C.T. ratios of
4800/1 and 1600/1 reflecting the voltage ratio of 11/33kV.
When applying the three winding Duobias M relay to
transformers where the rated voltage and therefore CT ratio of
transformer windings differ greatly most of the ratio correction
must be achieved by the appropriate selection of the CT ratio
as the interposing CT multiplier is limited to 0.5 to 1.5. The
appropriate CT ratio’s to be used can be found by calculating
primary currents to a common MVA base (usually the highest
MVA rated winding).

7.0 DUOBIAS-M, INTERPOSING CT SELECTION GUIDE

Power Transformer Vector Group HV Interposing LV Interposing

CT Selection CT Selection
Yy0, YNy0, Yyn0, YNyn0, Ydy0, YNdy0, Ydyn0, YNdyn0 Yd1,30° Yd1,30°
Yd1, YNd1 Yd1,30° Yy0,0°
Yd1, YNd1 + Earthing Transformer Yd1,30° Ydy0,0°
Yy2, YNy2, Yyn2, YNyn2, Ydy2, YNdy2, Ydyn2, YNdyn2 Yd3,90° Yd1,30°
Yd3, YNd3 Yd3,90° Yy0,0°
Yd3, YNd3 + Earthing Transformer Yd3,90° Ydy0,0°
Yy4, YNy4, Yyn4, YNyn4, Ydy4, YNdy4, Ydyn4, YNdyn4 Yd5,150° Yd1,30°
Yd5, YNd5 Yd5,150° Yy0,0°
Yd5, YNd5 + Earthing Transformer Yd5,150° Ydy0,0°
Yy6, YNy6, Yyn6, YNyn6, Ydy6, YNdy6, Ydyn6, YNdyn6 Yd7,-150° Yd1,30°
Yd7, YNd7 Yd7,-150° Yy0,0°
Yd7, YNd7 + Earthing Transformer Yd7,-150° Ydy0,0°
Yy8, YNy8, Yyn8, YNyn8, Ydy8, YNdy8, Ydyn8, YNdyn8 Yd9,-90° Yd1,30°
Yd9, YNd9 Yd9,-90° Yy0,0°
Yd9, YNd9 + Earthing Transformer Yd9,-90° Ydy0,0°
Yy10, YNy10, Yyn10, YNyn10, Ydy10, YNdy10, Ydyn10, YNdyn10 Yd11,-30° Yd1,30°
Yd11, YNd11 Yd11,-30° Yy0,0°
Yd11, YNd11 + Earthing Transformer Yd11,-30° Ydy0,0°
Dy1, Dyn1 Ydy0,0° Yd11,-30°
Dy1, Dyn1 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd11,-30°
Dy3, Dyn3 Ydy0,0° Yd9,-90°
Dy3, Dyn3 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd9,-90°
Dy5, Dyn5 Ydy0,0° Yd7,-150°
Dy5, Dyn5 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd7,-150°
Dy7, Dyn7 Ydy0,0° Yd5,150°
Dy7, Dyn7 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd5,150°
Dy9, Dyn9 Ydy0,0° Yd3,90°
Dy9, Dyn9 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd3,90°
Dy11, Dyn11 Ydy0,0° Yd1,30°
Dy11, Dyn11 + Earthing Transformer Ydy0,0° Yd1,30°

Notes

1. Y or y denotes an unearthed star connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer respectively.

2. YN or yn denotes an earthed star connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer respectively.
3. D or d denotes a delta connection on the HV or LV side of the transformer respectively.

6
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

8 CIRCUIT BREAKER FAIL PROTECTION i) minimum CB operating time.

OPTION
8.1 Current Settings
Current settings for circuit breaker fail are normally considered
from the type of circuit breaker fitted and the plant being
protected. The level of residual resistor current determines the
compromise settings between current and time delay.
With Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail the large range of
customer selectable current settings available may result in a
setting being chosen which causes discontinuity of breaker fail
fault coverage. Therefore system fault studies should be used to
determine that the selected settings provide total fault and back
up protection coverage.
8.2 Timer Settings
This protection differs from conventional breaker fail schemes
with separate overcurrent relays since the timer initialise signal
is now an internal software decision, therefore an extra
constituent time should be added to the time delay settings to
take account of the main protection output relay operate time
(maximum 8ms).
The Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail relay provides timer
settings ranging from 50 to 500ms in 5ms steps. The setting
applied to the circuit breaker fail scheme is determined by the
following factors:
a) the minimum circuit breaker trip operating time either
to main arc extinction or resistor contact separation,
depending on the criterion adopted for setting the
current check relay.
b) the maximum fault clearance time acceptable for the
scheme.
c) a discrimination margin to allow for tolerance build up
and scatter of operation times for both circuit breakers
and relays.
8.2.1 Backtrip Scheme Only
ii) Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail maximum reset time.
iii) a discriminating margin to allow for scatter in circuit
breaker and auxiliary trip relay operating times, see Note
1.
iv) circuit breaker trip relay operate time, if fitted.
v) main protection output relay operate time (8ms).
Note 1:- Since the reinforce trip signal is designed to retrip the
failed circuit breaker a minimal discriminating margin will
suffice.
Backtrip Time Delay Setting consists of:-
vi) reinforce time delay setting.
vii) Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail reinforce trip relay
operate time.
viii) circuit breaker operating time.
ix) Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail maximum reset time.
x) discriminating margin, see Note 2.
Note 2:- Typical discrimination margin of 60ms. The Duobias M
Circuit Breaker Fail reinforce and backtrip signals are a
synchronous logical progression from the main protection trip
with accuracy maintained via the microprocessor control.
Tolerance build-up does not occur over this sequence. The
discriminating margin could be reduced to allow a shorter total
fault clearance time with consideration given to the number of
auxiliary relays operating in sequence and the operating times
of the circuit breakers.
8.3 Status Input Energised Circuit Breaker Fail
Trip
The Circuit Breaker Fail function can be initialised from a
customer selected status input. Independent winding settings
for any particular input are catered for, providing full coverage
of reinforce/backtrip for any relay on the scheme. For example
a time graded earth fault relay connected on the LV winding can
be selected to reinforce/backtrip through the Duobias M only
on the LV side. Since the reinforce/backtrip time delay is
selected for any initialisation function the associated times due
to the status input are removed by the software algorithm, and
are transparent to the user.

The backtrip time delay setting is derived from the following

constituent times:

i) minimum CB operating time.

ii) Duobias M Circuit Breaker Fail maximum reset time.
iii) a discriminating margin to allow for scatter in circuit
breaker and auxiliary trip relay operating times.
iv) circuit breaker trip relay operate time, if fitted.
v) main protection output relay operate time (8ms).

8.2.2 Reinforce Backtrip Scheme

The settings for a scheme utilising both the reinforce and

backtrip functions are derived from the following constituent
times:

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5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

L.V.
'A' Phase
H.V.
Differential Relays

L.V.
'B' Phase
N
H.V.

L.V.
'C' Phase
H.V.

All C.T's are of Identical Ratio

Figure 1 - Protection Zones, Unbiased Differential Protection.

Tap Changer

A a

B b

C c

A B C

Figure 2 - Protection Zones, Biased Differential Protection.

8
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

420/1 1600/1
A a

B b

C c

Earth
Trans
Ref.
Ref.
420/1
1600/1
1/0.577

A B C

Figure 3a Yd11 Transformer with Dedicated Biased Differential, H.V. and L.V. R.E.F. Protection with the associated Interposing C.T.s.

400/1 1600/1
A a

B b

C c

Earth
Trans
400/1
1600/1

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

HV Interposing C.T. Settings LV Interposing C.T. Settings

Conn = Yd11,30° Conn = Ydy0,0°
Mult = 0.95 Mult = 1.0

Figure 3b - Shows the same Transformer with Duobias-M Protection Applied.

Figure 3 - Optimising of C.T. Ratio

9
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

400/1 1600/1
A a

B b

C c

Earth
Trans
400/1
1600/1

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

Conn = Yd9,90º Conn = Ydy0,0º

Figure 4a- Yd11Transformer with Primary Cross - Connections giving 90° Phase Shift Full Correction Applied to Duobias-M Relay

400/1 1600/1
A a

B b

C c

Earth
Trans
400/1
1600/1

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

Conn Setting Yd11,30º Conn Setting Ydy0,0º

Figure 4b - Primary Arrangement as in 4a but Correction Applied by making CT Secondary Wiring Cross-Connection to
Correspond with Main Connections

10
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

400/1 1600/1
A a

B b

C c

1600/1
400/1

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

Conn = Yd11,30° Conn = Yd11,30°

Note. The settings can also be Yd1,-30° but both sides must be the same.

Figure 5a - Yy0 Transformer with Biased Differential and Earth Fault, Duobias-M Protection.

1600/1
a
400/1
A
b

B
c

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

Conn =Yd11,30° Conn =Yd11,30°

Figure 5b - Autotransformer with Biased Differential Duobias-M Protection

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5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

1600/1
a

400/1
A c

Earth
B 2400/1 a Trans

1200/1
C b

c
400/1
2400/1

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

1 3
2
4 6
5
11 13
12
14 16

Module 5

Figure 6 - Duobias-M Protection Applied to Three Winding Transformer with 11KV star and 33KV Delta LV Windings.

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 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

APPENDIX 1 – APPLICATION TO YY6Y6 Minimum multiplier which can be applied on LVA/B sides is
0.5x.
TRANSFORMER (3 WINDING)
Therefore after interposing CT correction,
1.1 Introduction
LVA relay current = LVA CT secondary current x 0.5 = 1.05A
Relay settings appropriate for the protection of a Yy6y6
transformer where the red phase is at 8 o’clock (transformer LVB relay current = LVA CT secondary current x 0.5 = 1.05A
phase C) on the primary winding and at 10 o’clock (transformer
phase B) on the secondary windings. HV multiplier = LVA relay current / HV CT secondary current
= 1.05/0.875 = 1.2x.
1.2 Design Considerations

The transformer connection implies a 60 degree phase shift Transformer Yy6y6 HV LVA LVB
between the primary and secondary windings i.e. the Voltage (kV) 66 11 11
transformer is overall a Yy2y2 connection. Rating (MVA) 60 30 30
CT Ratios 600/1 1500/1 1500/1
This at first suggests protection by using Yy2 interposing Multipliers 1.20 0.50 0.50
connection on the HV interposing current transformers and Interposing CT Yd3 Yd1 Yd1
Yy0 on the LV interposing transformers. Connection

However the HV winding is not earthed and therefore zero

sequence currents seen by the LV current transformers will not
be seen by the HV current transformers and such a selection
would result in maloperation of the protection. The answer is
therefore to remove the zero sequence components seen by
the LV current transformers.

This could be done in several ways.

1. Using delta connected current transformers on all

windings.
2. External zero sequence shunts in current transformer
circuit.
3. Star delta star interposing current transformers,
externally or internally to the Duobias M relay on the LV
side.
4. Inserting a delta circuit by means of similar star delta
interposing current transformations to both sides of the
transformer. This may be done typically by means of a
Yd1 connection LV side and an additional Yd1 on the HV
side also i.e. Yy2 + Yd1 = Yd3 connected on the HV
side. This is the method recommended

1.3 Design Calculations

Note: All calculations assuming no tap changer fitted.

HV rated current = 60MVA / 66kV x √3 = 524.86A

HV secondary currents = HV rated / HV CT ratio =

524.86/600 = 0.875A

LVA rated current = 60MVA / 11kV x √3 = 3149.18A

LVA secondary current = LVA rated / LVA CT ratio =

3149.18/1500 = 2.099A

LVB rated current = 60MVA / 11kV x √3 = 3149.18A

LVB secondary current = LVB rated / LVB CT ratio =

3149.18/1500 = 2.099A

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5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

APPENDIX 2 – APPLICATION TO Dyn11

TRANSFORMER WITH PRIMARY CROSSOVER

2.1 Introduction

Relay settings appropriate for the protection of a 66/11kV

transformer with reverse phase rotation.

2.2 Scheme Details

Reverse phase rotation requires phase reversal at the

transformer. This necessitates careful consideration of the
selection of interposing CTs to maintain balance. A number of
possible solutions are possible.

400/1 2000/1
C a

B b

A c

3 1 1 3
2 2
6 4 4 6
5 5
13 11 11 13
12 12
16 14 14 16

Module 3 Module 4

14
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5
2.3 Duobias M Settings because balance cannot be guaranteed at the limit of the tap
changer range.
Differential Initial Setting: 20%
This is chosen to take account of the percentage tolerance 66kV x 0.95/11kV = 5.7
difference of line CTs. This setting should be the same as that
for the Differential Bias Slope. LV rated current at mean tap: 349.9A x 5.7 = 1994.43A

Differential Bias Slope: 20% LV CT ratio: 2000/1

This setting is selected to maintain balance when through fault
or heavy load current is passed through the transformer when LV CT secondary current: 1994.93/2000 = 0.9972A
the tap change unit is in it’s extreme position. Recommend
setting to be 1x tap change range (+5% to –15%). Current input amplitude correction by HV CT multiplier (K1)
and LV CT multiplier (K2) to balance HV and LV inputs.
Differential Bias Slope Limit: 4x 0.8747 x K1 = 0.9972 x K2
The bias slope limit is chosen to protect against CT saturation for balance
under through fault conditions. The lower the setting the more Set LV multiplier K2 = 1.00, since CT ratio of 2000/1 is closest
stable the protection. to relay 1A input terminal rating.
0.8747 x K1 = 0.9972 x 1.00
Differential High Set Overcurrent: 16 Therefore K1 = 1.14.
This is set above the maximum through fault with the
tapchanger in the extreme position. The setting to be as low as 2.4 Determination of Interposing CT Balance
possible but not less than the maximum three phase through
fault or not less than the maximum magnetising inrush current 2.4.1 Incorrect Interposing CT Selection
whichever is greater.
A value of 2 x Magnetising Current is used. HV interposing CT Yd5
LV interposing CT Yy0

Magnetising Inrush Restrain: 20% This example shows the flow of current for a through fault
A safety factor of 2 times the expected inrush secondary condition. Unbalanced loads produce the same effect.
current is used. This commonly gives a factor of 20%. Note
that the lower the setting the more stable the relay because this
level represents the level of second harmonic which will cause
the relay to be inhibited.

HV Interposing CT multiplier: 1.14

HV Interposing CT connection: Yd5

Taking account of scheme connection resulting in equivalent
Yd5 transformer.

LV Interposing CT multiplier: 1.00

LV Interposing CT connection: Ydy0

Yy0 for Yd5 transformer but transformer still Dyn11 therefore
zero sequence currents have to be removed from the LV side
due to star connection and earth path.

HV rated current: 40MVA / 66kV x √3 = 349.9A

HV CT ratio: 400/1

HV CT secondary current: 349.9A/400 = 0.8747A

Transformer ratio at mean tap of tap changer range (+5% to

–15%) is –5%±10. The mean tap is chosen in preference to
the nominal tap thus avoiding larger unbalance at the extremes
of the tap changer range. Although this may result with a small
operate current at the nominal tap this is quite acceptable and
does not cause any problem or burden. This also takes account
of the difference to the voltage range. Reyrolle do not
recommend using the nominal tap position in this calculation

15
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

400/1 a 2000/1
B r
A F
3
1.73 3
b
W w
B
1.73

c
R b
C

1.73 1 3
1 2 3

1.73 1 0
2 1 0

0 0 0
1 1 0

The net effect of using a Yy0 LV interposing CT would be to produce a 3 phase differential trip.

16
 APPLICATIONS GUIDE 5

2.4.2 Proposed Interposing CT Selection

HV interposing CT Yd5
LV interposing CT Ydy0
This example shows the flow of current for a through fault
condition.

400/1 a 2000/1
B r
F
A 3
1.73 3
b
W w
B
1.73

c
R b
C

1.73 1 2 1 3
1 2

1.73 1 1 1 0
2 1

0 0 1 1 0
1 1

Through faults and load unbalance conditions result in stability of the differential relay with zero sequence removal.

17
5 APPLICATIONS GUIDE

APPENDIX 3 – DUOBIAS-M CALCULATION

OF INTERPOSING CT SETTINGS

Application of Duobias M to a Yd1 Transformer 30MVA,

132/11kV.

HV rated current: 30MVA / 132kV x √3 =

131.22A

HV CT ratio: 200/1

HV CT secondary current: 132.22/200 = 0.656A

Transformer ratio at mean tap of tap changer range:

132kV x 0.95 / 11kV = 11.4

LV rated current at mean tap: 131.22 x 11.4 = 1495.86A

LV CT ratio: 1600/1

LV CT secondary current: 1495.86/1600 = 0.935A

Current input amplitude correction by HV CT multiplier (K1)

and LV CT multiplier (K2) applied to balance HV & LV inputs.
I1 x K1 = I2 x K2 for
balance

Set K2 = 1.00 since LV CT ratio of 1600/1 is closet to relay 1A

input terminal rating.
Therefore 0.656 x K1 = 0.935 x 1.00
K1 = 1.43

Since we have a Yd1 star/delta transformer we must have a

corresponding Yd1 star/delta interposing CT on the HV star
side.
HV interposing CT connection: Yd1, +30°

Since there is a path for zero sequence currents to flow via an

earthing transformer we must select a Ydy0 star/delta/star
interposing CT on the LV delta side.
LV interposing CT connection: Ydy0, 0°

18