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Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
Abstract— Achieving high voltage quality for electrical power applying a post-fault compensation strategy. The main
system with small size device and low cost has a great interest disadvantage of the all DVR topologies aforementioned
recently. This paper proposes a three-phase transformer-less dynamic
voltage restorer (DVR) system that can mitigate the voltage
above is large number of components, which cause high cost,
disturbances in electrical distribution network. The proposed DVR high losses, high size and have complex control systems. This
system depends on the multilevel inverter (MLI) with twelve power paper proposes an economic transformer-less DVR, the
electronic switches producing 49 levels in the output voltage. The multilevel inverter used in this DVR has only twelve switches
present DVR is characterized by low cost and small size where the
number of switches is lower than other DVR systems, and eliminate producing 49-level of voltage in the output. The proposed
the filter requirements. The proposed DVR presents a compensation DVR achieves low cost, low losses, low size and its control
scheme with optimal utilization of energy. The DVR system is system has low running cost at any fault occurs. The proposed
modeled using PSCAD/EMTDC software and the simulation results
DVR with the power circuit configuration as well as
are discussed. A high performance with different fault types is
obtained using the proposed DVR system. With the help of the compensation strategy is presented. The PSCAD/EMTDC
dSPACE (DS1104) evaluation board, the prototype of the proposed software program is used to produce the simulation results,
DVR has been constructed and tested in laboratory. that demonstrate the proposed DVR ability to compensate the
Keywords—DVR, transformer-less, multilevel inverter (MLI), voltage sags and swells resulting from different faults.
voltage sag, voltage swell, power quality, voltage disturbance.
2. PROPOSED DVR SYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION The proposed DVR system shown in Fig. 1 is used to voltage
The voltage disturbances are considered one of the most correction. When the source side voltage (V1) changes, the DVR
common issues of the power quality in the medium networks. injects an appropriate voltage (Vdvr) in such a way that the desired
Voltage sags, swells, unbalanced voltage and transients have load voltage (V2) undisturbed regardless of source side
the most serious effects compared with other voltage conditions. The proposed DVR consists of only two main parts;
disturbance phenomena [1]. Voltage sag (voltage dip according a- Energy storage unit
to IEC term) is drooping effective voltage value between 10% To compensate the voltages during the sag period, the DVR
and 90%. The voltage sag is the most voltage disturbance should be containing the energy source to provide active power to
occurs in the distribution system [2]. The increase of voltage the load. Two methods are used to deliver power to the
magnitude more than 10% is defined as voltage swells, these distribution system. One using internal DC source and another
problems have durations from half cycle to 1min. [3]-[6]. In using converter to supply DVR from the incoming supply. The
addition to the loads (electronic applications) become more energy storage units such as superconducting magnetic energy
sensitive to voltage disturbances, therefore it must have high storage (SMES) and flywheels supplies DVR. The super-
electrical power quality [7]-[8]. capacitors and lead acid batteries also can be used as energy
Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is capable of solving this storage devices.
problem efficiently and fast response [9]-[12]. Conventional b- Inverter circuit
DVR adjusts the voltage at load to the required value by The inverter is the core of the DVR. Multilevel inverter (MLI)
injecting a certain voltage value series through the line by in proposed DVR system performs the function of both inverter
injection transformer. However, this injection transformer and transformer in conventional DVR.
causes many different problems including large size, high cost,
more losses and weight. The transformer-less DVR eliminates V1
line V2
the problems of the injection transformer by not using the
Vdvr
transformer in the conventional DVR configuration scheme
LOAD
[13]-[14],[29]. [15]-[16] presents different DVR topologies and
control strategies. The main part in the DVR construction is
inverter. The conventional DVR at the beginning was based on supply Control
two-level inverters. Multilevel inverter system
Recently, the DVR depends on multilevel inverter types,
because these types operates at high voltage levels with low
Energy
harmonics [17]. In [18], the pre-fault compensation method Storage
has been studied. This control strategy is maintaining the load Element
voltage at the pre-fault value but has a disadvantage due to
high real power injection during voltage compensation. In Fig. 1 The main components of the proposed DVR.
PS =IL ( cos(ФL –θ2F )x–sin(ФL –θ2F )y ) (12) sin(ФL –θmin )x- cos(ФL –θmin )y=0 (25)
PDVR =IL [3V2 cos(ФL )–V1a cos(θ1a –β )–V1b cos(θ1b –β ) A. Three-phase balanced voltage sag mitigation
Figure 8 Shows the waveforms of the three-phase
–V1c cos(θ1c –β )] (29)
voltages at the supply side, the DVR output voltages and the
waveforms of the three-phase voltages at the load side after
4. GENERATION THE REFERENCE SIGNALS compensation when the distribution system is subjected to
The reference signals required to switching system of MLI three-phase balanced fault, that cause a small voltage sag to
can be generated from the difference between the 89.7% for a interval of 0.2 sec from t=0.2 sec until t=0.4
uncompensated three-phase voltages of the source side and sec. Figure 9 shows the pu values of the source and the load
three-phase waveform which generated with frequency 50 side voltages. These results clear the accurate performance
for the DVR system where the DVR inject the appropriate
HZ, 1 per unit and phase angle θ2F such that: amount of missing voltage to recover the load voltage to its
nominal voltage value during the sag event. The
v̅2a-star =1∠θ2F
instantaneous active and reactive powers are shown in
{ v̅2b-star =1∠(θ2F –120) (30)
v̅2c-star =1∠(θ2F +120) figure 10. The DVR operates with no active power
injection (no real power mode) and the reactive power
injected is 0.342 MVAR during the sag event.
Then the reference signals which in modulation
10
technique as follows:
vL -5
power
α <=1 No real Va,b,c_ref.
iL factor power
-10
V1a injection. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec)
v1a
(a)
ϴ1a
8
ϴzero
Calculation Generation of 6
of RMS V1b Calculation of Generation of reference
v1b 4
values and x, y and z Calculate α Va_star, Vb_star, voltages va, vb,
phase angle ϴ1b (13), (14), (17), (21) Vc_star vc 2
Vdvr(kv)
-4
ϴ1c Minimum -6
active v1a v1b v1c -8
power 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
α >1 injection Time(sec)
(b)
Fig. 7 The block diagram of the proposed DVR control system. 15
10
5. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Load voltage(kv)
5
The testing of the proposed DVR system was done by
considering different fault types which causes sags and swells 0
such as three-phase fault (symmetrical fault) and line to ground
-5
fault (unsymmetrical fault). The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation
package is used to implement the distribution system. The -10
parameters of proposed DVR system are given in table I.
-15
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Table I System parameters. Time(sec)
Supply Three phase 11kv (RMS,
line to line voltage), 50hz
(c)
Load P=1.35MW, Pf=82.67 lag Fig. 8. (a)Supply voltages. (b)DVR voltages. (c)Load voltages.
Respectively, in case the small three phase balanced voltage sag.
First cell DC source of the V1=310 volte
MLI
2 15
data1
data2
10
Perunit voltages(PU)
1.5
Load voltages(kv)
5
1
0
0.5 -5
-10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec) -15
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Fig. 9 Perunit values for load side and source side voltages during small Time (sec)
three phase balanced voltage sag.
(c)
Fig. 11 High balanced three phase voltage sag (a)Supply voltages.
0.5 (b)DVR voltages. (c)Load voltages.
P
0.4 Q 2
Supply
P(kw) and Q(kvar)
0.3
Load
Perunit voltages(PU)
1.5
0.2
0.1
1
0
-0.1
0.5
-0.2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec) 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Fig. 10 Active and Reactive DVR output powers during small three phase Time (sec)
balanced voltage sag. Fig. 12 Per-unit values for load side and source side voltages during deep
three phase balanced voltage sag.
In case of deep voltage sag occurs, the DVR compensates 1.2
P
the deep voltage sag by operating in the minimum real power 1
Q
phase voltages at the supply side, the injected voltages by DVR 0.8
10
Fig. 13 Active and Reactive DVR output powers during deep three phase
balanced voltage sag.
a
Single line to ground (SLG) fault is the most faults
0 b which causes unbalanced voltage sag. The system is
c
subjected to phase 'a' to ground fault, this fault makes
-5 voltage sag 50% in phase 'a' for 0.2 sec. from t=0.2 till t=0.4.
Figure 14 demonstrates that the DVR recovers the load
-10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
voltages to the pre-fault value by injecting the required
Time(sec) voltages in all phases to maintain the three phases balanced.
(a) The line voltages Vca and Vab will be affected whereas Vbc
10 will not.
10
5
DVR voltages(kv)
5
Supply voltages(kv)
0 a
0 b
c
-5
-5
-10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 -10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec) Time(sec)
(b) (a)
2
common as the voltage sag.
0
The condition {α= 3 cos (ФL )⁄Z ≤1 } can be applied for
-2 voltage swells. Thus, the DVR system may not absorb active
-4 power during swell compensate. Figure 17 shows the
-6 waveforms of a three-phase voltages at the supply side, the
-8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
DVR output voltages and the waveforms of the three-phase
Time(sec)
voltages at the load side during the three-phase balanced
(b) voltage swell to 134.8 % for interval 0.2 sec from t=0.2 sec.
15
until t=0.4 sec. Figure 18 shows the source side and load side
10 per unit voltages, this figure confirms that the load voltage is
close to one per-unit. Figure 19 shows that the swell is
Load voltages(kv)
5
compensated without passing active power through the DVR.
0 The reactive power absorbed by DVR is 582.2 KVAR.
-5
15
-10
10
-15
Supply voltages(kv)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 5
Time(sec)
(c) a
0
Fig. 14 Three phase voltages through unbalanced voltage sag(SLG fault). (a) b
c
Waveforms of the supply voltages. (b) Waveforms of the DVR voltage. (c)
-5
Waveforms of the Load voltage.
2 -10
Supply
Load -15
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
1.5
Perunit voltages(PU)
Time(sec)
(a)
1 10
0.5 5
DVR voltages(kv)
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec)
Fig. 15 Perunit values for load side and source side voltages during -5
unbalanced voltage sag (SLG fault).
1.2
P -10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
P(MW)and Q(MVAR) powers
1 Q Time(sec)
0.8
(b)
15
0.6
10
0.4
Load voltages(kv)
0.2
5
0 0
-0.2 -5
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec)
-10
Fig. 16 Active and Reactive DVR output powers during unbalanced
voltage sag (SLG fault).
-15
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec)
Figure 15 demonstrates that the system succeeds in
(c)
regulating the load side voltage to the nominal value with the Fig. 17 Three phase waveforms during voltage swell. (a)supply voltage.
DVR running in control mode which achieves zero injection (b)DVR voltage. (c)Load voltage.
real power and reactive power 900 KVAR as shown in Figure
16.
2
Supply Table II Experimental System parameters
Load
Supply Phase voltage 50V/50HZ
1.5
Perunit voltages(PU)
(peak value) Vs
1
Load Inductance (LL) 50 mH
Load Resistance (RL) 20 ohm
0.5 Switching frequency (Fs) 10 KHZ
Last cell DC source of 42 V
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time(sec)
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 the MLI
Fig. 18 Per-unit values for load side and source side voltages during voltage swell.
0.6
P
Figure 22 shows the voltage source with unbalanced
P(MW) and Q(MVAR) powers
0.4 Q
0.2
voltage sag, where the voltage sag occurs in one phase. The
0
interval of the 20% voltage sag continues for 12 cycle. As
-0.2
shown in figure 23, The load voltage is constant at the
-0.4
-0.6
nominal value where the proposed DVR system succeeded
-0.8
in voltage sag compensation. Figure 24 shows the voltage
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Time(sec) supply with deep voltage sag 54% for 17 cycles. The load-
Fig. 19 Active and Reactive DVR output powers during voltage swell.
side voltage is constant at 50 volt (peak) with deep sag
6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS occurs as shown in figure 25. All experimental results are
saved by dSPACE and sketched by MATLAB soft wear.
The experimental verification is achieved by constructing the
proposed DVR prototype. As shown in figure 20, the control
system of the proposed DVR is tested with the help of dSPACE
Supply voltage (V)
50
(DS1104) board. The sag is implemented by inserting a series
resistance (Rs). The voltage sag level in the prototype is
determined by the resistance (Rs) value. The prototype of the
DVR is executed to compensate only one phase as shown in 0
figures 24, due to the insufficient possibilities in laboratory.
Table 2 shows the values of all parts of the DVR prototype. The
construction of the prototype in laboratory is implemented by -50
three phase supply, resistances, inductances, DC sources,
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
IGBTs, voltage sensors, current sensors, interface circuits and
Time (sec)
computer with dSPACE as shown in figure 21.
Vc v1c Rlc Llc Fig. 22 The source side voltage with sag 20% for 12 cycles.
Vb Rlb Llb
v1b
Va Rs Rla Lla
50
Load voltage (V)
Personal
DSPACE
DS1104 computer -50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Fig. 20 Experimental layout DVR system using DSP-DS1104 board. Time (sec)
Fig. 23 The load side voltage after compensation.
Supply voltage (V)
50
-50
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time (sec)
Fig. 21 The experimental system of the proposed DVR Fig. 24 The source side voltage with sag 54% for 17 cycles.