Adama Science and Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Dep’t of Electrical Power and Control Engineering

Power System Planning and Operation

PCE5312
Lecturer: Mekdes Gemechu (MSc)

Màrch, 2024
Lecture outline:

• General Overview of Generation Planning

• Unit Size and Potentials of Energy Resource

• Methods of Energy Conversion Technologies

• Environmental and Social Impacts of Generation Stations

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 General Overview of Generation Planning
 General Overview
 In the previous section- overall principles
- complexities of system planning and load forecasting.
 This section examines long-term expansion plan for the generating systems &T&D system.
 The forecast of electrical demand is clearly one of the most important components of a
generating system analysis.
 The forecast typically - power (kW), energy (kW-h)
- load variation for time intervals within a year,.
 two distinct types of uncertainty in demand forecasting.
a. Results from the randomness of the load at any time, eg; weather conditions.
it is a major concern for the load dispatcher.
b. estimate of future demand, i.e. the estimate may be too high or too low (overestimation
or underestimation the future demand)

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 The function of an electric power system -provide a reliable and continuous source
of electricity whenever request
 To provide this service— generation, transmission and distribution — must
perform as required.
 An electric power system is a dynamic system which is a balance of supply and
demand:
(a) The supply of electricity that must be designed, constructed, operated,
maintained, and eventually replaced as each device wears out,
(b) The demand for electricity- changes as a function of time from instantaneous
(seconds, minutes), to short term (hours, days) and to the longer term (months,
years).
 Therefore, Electric power system -keep a continual balance between the supply and
demand for electricity.

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Power system expansion planning is the process of

o analysing,

oEvaluating,

o recommending what new facilities and equipment must be

added to the power system in order to replace worn-out facilities
and equipment to meet changing demand for electricity.

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 • The aim of generation planning is to seek the most
economical generation expansion scheme achieving a
certain reliability level according of the forecast of demand
increase in a certain period of time.
The following questions are to be answered
a) When to invest in new generating units?
b) Where to invest in new generating unit?
c) What type of generating unit to install?
d) What capacity of generating unit to install?

3/15/2024
 Main objectives of the energy plan:

 To develop the energy supply system leading to lowest cost to consumers,

 To maximize reliability and safety in the energy supply system,

 To develop a diversified energy supply system with less dependence on imported oil,

 To maximize the use of indigenous energy supplies,

 To maximize the use of renewable resources,

 To provide energy for optimum industrial development,

 To reduce the use of non-commercial fuel and subsequent deforestation,

 To minimize environmental effects.

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 Generation planning determines -sequence or scheduling of future generation plants

-serve the forecasted energy and peak power demand in a sustainable and
economic manner.

 During generation planning the following issues shall be addressed:

 The Generation type, location, technology, size, potential, construction period and
timing

 The generation investment cost, Operating and Maintenance (O&M) cost both fixed
and variable costs

 Generation fuel consumption or running cost for thermal plants

 Environmental and social impacts and their associative costs

 Retirement plan for existing generation stations 8

 Unit size and Potentials of Energy Resources

 The key parameters relevant to generating units are unit sizes and the set of
factors that determine unit availabilities.
 The unit availability can be described in terms of three contributing elements:
 forced outage rates,

 repair times
scheduled maintenance.
 It is important in reliability analysis to recognize that unit sizes directly influence
forced outage rates on overall system reliability.
 For example, a single unit rated at 1000 MW with a forced outage rate of 10%
does not result in the same performance as 10 units rated at 100 MW each, all
with forced outage rates of 10%.

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 Energy Resource Options:
 They can be defined as net providers of energy
 Primary Energy Resources are subdivided into
 Non-renewable energy sources: fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas (CH4))
o finite supplies.
o static stores of energy that remain bound
 Renewable energy sources: solar energy, wind energy, Hydropower, biomass
sources; geothermal energy
seasonally and slowly recovered energy sources.
occur naturally and repeatedly
The ultimate sources of most of these energies are
the sun, gravity and the earth’s rotation

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 Fossil fuel energy Recourses (Non-Renewable Energy Resources)

 Energy technologies using oil, gas and coal are the basis of most commercial
energy supply systems.
 The systems that extract, process, transport and deliver fossil fuels are
characterized by large centralized facilities (e.g. refineries, pipelines, coal mines).
 This Centralized character of fossil fuel systems - supply technologies can be
evaluated by considering large projects
determining the viability by traditional engineering and economic analysis
procedures.

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 Renewable Energy Resource
 Important part of the energy supply available to a country and part of the resource
base.
 However, these resources cannot be characterized in the same way as fossil
fuels.
 The definitions of the different types of 'reserves' do not make sense for
renewable.
 In some cases, for example solar and wind, the concept of a reserve base has no
real meaning.
 Must be treated somewhat differently and characterized separately for planning
purposes.
 make some assumptions about the performance of the technology used to extract
usable energy in order to arrive at an estimate of the resource base
 quite different from the process used for fossil fuels

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 Another factor complicating the analysis of RE is that many systems are not large centralized

facilities

 Rather, there are many small decentralized systems (solar water heaters, small wind electric

generators, biogas plants, mini-hydro plants, etc.) which must be analysed in a different manner.

 The user chooses the renewable system or the conventional system on the basis of-

 the delivered cost of energy

 investment cost, fuel cost, operating costs, reliability, convenience, etc

 Whatever analytical methodology is employed to construct future supply/ demand balances, the

usefulness of the approach to planning efforts is apparent when alternative conditions are evaluated.

 This is where the planner can gain insight into the potential effects of different strategies and policies

on the development of the energy sector.

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 The different methods of renewable and non-renewable generation systems with the
corresponding types of fuel energy resources are indicated here.

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 Methods of Energy Conversion Technologies

 Various technologies are currently available as candidates for expanding

electrical generating systems.
 Each has a unique set of characteristics.
 In addition to existing technologies, long-term studies of generation expansion
must consider.
 Power generation technologies may be classified into existing major options and
potential future options

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Electrical power can be generated from several sources of energy:
a. By Conversion of Chemical Energy: Gas turbine or steam turbine drives a
generator which in turn produce electrical energy.
b. By Conversion of Potential Energy : water
c. By Conversion of Kinetic Energy :in wind using wind turbines and
Generators

d. By Conversion of Solar Energy directly in to electrical energy using solar

cells and/indirectly solar thermal

e. By Conversion of Nuclear Energy via heat and steam into electrical power

f. By Conversion of Geothermal energy in the Earth using steam turbines to

derive generators which in turn generate Electrical power.

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Existing Energy Conversion Methods and Process
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TYPES OF POWER GENERATING PLANTS
 The existing types of power plants may be divided mainly into the following
groups.
Base,
intermediate and
peak loads
 These are classified according to the plant capacity factor that defines rate ate
which the plant operates throughout a year.
 Plant Capacity Factor: is the ratio of the actual energy produced to the
maximum possible energy.
Plant Capacity Factor = (Average Load + Losses)/Plant installed capacity
= [(Peak load * Load Factor) + (Losses)]/Plant Capacity
= kWh generated in a year/(kWinst * 24 *365)

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 For base load operation the chief requirements are
low specific operating cost (i.e. cost/kWh supplied)
high availability
High capital cost, since it can be spread over a large amount of energy,
is normally acceptable
The ability to provide a rapidly changing output is not important
 For a peak load operations the desired requirements are:
Ability to start and provide full output within, say, 30 minutes.
Low capital cost (because this can only be spread over a small amount
of energy), with operating cost being only secondary considerations
A siting near generation centres or accessible transmission facilities so
as to minimize transmission costs and losses.
It is advantageous if the peak load plant can in emergency be used as a
back up to supply the base load.
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For maximum reliability and economy it would be desirable to have a close match
between system generation capacity and system demand.
The power system planner should take these factors into account when
considering system requirements.

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 Environmental and Social Impacts of Generation Station

o Emissions into the atmosphere

 Sulphur dioxide is produced by combustion of the sulphur contained in coal.
 Nitrogen oxides are produced as a result of fuel combustion. They have been
linked to smog (by combination with hydrocarbons) and, to a smaller extent, acid
deposition.
 Particulates come from ash in the fuel being burned. They have been linked to a
variety of lung diseases, soiling of buildings and clothing, and crop damage.
o Thermal pollution
 No process is completely efficient, and thermal emissions occur in thermal power
plants (fossil or nuclear).

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• Like all resource development projects, hydroelectric power development has
environmental consequences, in which context there are both positive and negative
effects, including:
• Positive
o Landscape management, e.g. creation of lakes of recreational value;
o Flood control.
• Negative
Consequences of initial reservoir impoundment, which can involve loss of
productive agricultural lands in the reservoir area;
Disruption of existing aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems;
Loss of woods and scenic stretches on the river;
Changes in water quality due oxygen depletion in the reservoir;
Additional environmental impacts of long transmission lines, when required,
from the project site to the area where the power is used.

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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

Transmission Planning and Design

July, 2013 23
ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

This transmission and distribution (T&D) system consists of thousands of transmission and
distribution lines, substations, transformers, and other equipment scattered over a wide
geographical area and interconnected so that all function in concert to deliver power as
needed to the utility's customers.

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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

Objectives:

The transmission planning determines the expansion or rehabilitation plan of transmission system based on
the existing system, forecasted demand, generation schedule and generation location at a least cost, stable,
reliable and efficient planning criteria.
In the transmission network planning some of the following issues, but not limited, shall be appraised:
The need for new substations and transmission lines as well as the need for reinforcement in the existing
system
The voltage levels and right-of-way constraints
The investment cost, O&M cost
Line load ability, reliability, stability analysis
substation Capacity, reliability and switching stability
Compensating equipment requirements for voltage stability
System network stability (Voltage magnitude, generator angle or voltage angle and Frequency) and
reliability during contingency and fault cases
Modelling each component of a power system and analysis the steady state and transient stabilities as
well as the fault levels at each node of the network.
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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

INTRODUCTION
Transmission of electric power has been along the years and will still continue one of the most important
elements of today’s electric power systems. Power transmission from generating stations to industrial sites
and to substations is the fundamental objective of the transmission systems.

This function is accomplished by overhead AC or DC transmission lines or underground cables that

connect the power plants in to the transmission network, interconnect various areas of transmission
networks, interconnect one electric utility with another, or deliver the electric power from various areas
within the transmission network to the distribution substations, from which the distribution systems supply
residential and commercial consumers.

The planning studies take a leading role in the definition of an electric system or in its expansion. Due to the
several variables involved in the process, the planning activities have to start several years before a new
installation or an expansion of an existing one is planned to be implemented.
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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

A transmission line project may be considered as being initiated with some planning activities long before its
execution can be started. Several stages are usually necessary inside a power utility before a new
transmission system from its conception until its completion is energized.

The conception of a transmission line and of the associated substations starts in the long-term planning
with initial system evaluations and continues with further steps of medium-term planning and finally with
the detail design and installation of the line and then the granting of operation licence and approval.

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 Transmission system planning
• A basic problem in transmission line planning is economics and
reliability of transmission system.
• Generation expansion pattern are consider in transmission system
planning.
• The adequacy of the transmission network is examined using
conventional ac load-flow methods.
• The economic generation schedule should be included in the
examination of transmission system adequacy under both the
peak-load and off-load conditions.
• Transmission planning is shown in the fig. 1.1
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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

For completing the preliminary studies of a new line, some complementary studies of performance
assessment are carried out such as:
 Rout length alternatives,
 Line loadability,
 Voltage level and number of circuits,
 Reactive compensation needs,
 load-flows and stability,
 Transposition needs,
 Switching surge over voltages,
 Short-circuit levels,
 Reliability evaluation and Contingency evaluations.

Finally, the line owner proceeds to the line basic design and then detailed design with all associated
activities. The last stages consist in establishing the rights-of-way, performing and approving environmental
impact studies and providing indemnification or compensation to the land owners affected by the new line in
order to obtain their agreement. Only then survey and construction can legally be started and carried out
until completion. The commissioning of the line and start-up of operation ends the process.
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ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

3.1 Classification and Characteristics of Transmission Lines

As pointed out in the introduction of the course, an Electrical power system can be considered to consist of
a Generation system, a Transmission system, a Sub-transmission system and a Distribution system.
Between a generating station and a customer we have transmission, sub-transmission and distribution
levels of voltage. Since the long distance transmission at high voltage is cheap and, low voltages are
required for utility purposes, the voltage level goes on decreasing from bulk transmission system to the
distribution system.

In general, the generation & transmission systems are referred to as bulk power supply, and the sub-
transmission and distribution systems are considered to be the final means to transfer the electric power to
the ultimate customer.
Bulk power transmission is made of a high-voltage network, generally 132-765 kV alternating current,
designed to interconnect power plants and electrical utility systems and to transmit power from the plants
to major load centres.
The Sub-transmission refers to lower voltage network, normally 34.5 – 115 kV, interconnecting bulk power
and distribution substations. While the Distribution system refers for all voltage levels below 34.5 kV
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 ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

An electric transmission line has four parameters, namely resistance, inductance, capacitance and shunt
conductance. The electrical design and performance of a line are dependent on these parameters. These
parameters are uniformly distributed along the whole line. Each line has its own value, and it is not possible
to concentrate or lump them at discrete points on the line. For this reason the line parameters are known as
distributed parameters. Their values are given in per unit length of line and they are denoted as R, L, C and G
respectively.
The line parameters are functions of the line-geometry, construction material and operational frequency.
The line resistance and inductance form the series impedance of the line. While the capacitance and
conductance form the shunt admittance of the line.

These parameters together with the load current and power factor determine the electrical performance of
the line. The term performance includes the calculation-end voltage, sending-end current, sending-end
power factor, Power loss in the line, efficiency of transmission, regulation and limits of power flow during
steady-state and transient conditions.

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 ECEG-6306 Power System Planning and Management

Transmission lines are classified in to short, medium and long groups according to the length of the
transmission lines. The performance of one or more of the parameters of a line is governed by its length and
conductor configuration.
For overhead lines up to 80 km the capacitance C and shunt conductance G are negligibly small but for cable
lines where the distance between the conductors is small, the effect of capacitance can not ignored. All low-
voltage overhead lines having lengths up to 80 km are generally classified as Short lines.
The lines ranging in length from 80 to 240 km are termed as Medium or moderately long lines. For these
lines, the capacitance of the line cannot be neglected and it’s considered to be lumped at one or more points
of the line. The effect of capacitance is more at higher frequency. The leakage conductance or leakance is
neglected.
The term Long line refers to a line having its length more than 240 km. The long line treatment takes all the
four parameters in to account and allows for the fact that they are distributed uniformly over the entire
length of the line.

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 ECEG-6306, T & D Planning – Transmission Line Voltage Selection

We also distinguish five types of power transmission lines according to their voltage class:
Low-voltage (LV) lines provide power to buildings, factories, and houses to drive motors, electric
stoves, lamps, heaters, and air conditioners. The lines are insulated conductors, usually made of
aluminium, often extending from a local pole-mounted distribution transformer to the service entrance
of the consumer.
Medium-Voltage (MV) lines tie the load centres to one of the many substations of a utility company.
The voltage is usually between 2.4 kV and 69 kV. Such medium voltage radial distribution systems are
preferred in larger cities. The radial systems spread out like fingers from one or more substations to feed
power to various load centres such as shopping centres and campuses.
High-Voltage (HV) lines connect the main substations to the generation stations; connect two isolated
sub-transmission systems or two separate generation stations. The lines are composed of aerial
conductors or underground cables operating at voltage range from 69 kV to 230 kV levels.

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning – Transmission Line Voltage Selection

Extra-high-Voltage (EHV) lines are used when generating

stations are very far from the load centres. These lines are put
in separate class because of their special electrical properties.
Such lines operate at voltage levels of 230 kV to 760 kV and
may be used for long transmission lines.
Ultra-high-Voltage (UHV) lines transfer bulk electrical energy
from remote large scale power stations to the extra-high or
high voltage substations. The voltage above 760 kV is called
Ultra high voltages (UHV).

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning – Transmission Line Voltage Selection

The system voltage very much affects the capital cost of a transmission line. The weight of conductor
material, the efficiency of the line, the voltage drop in the line and the system stability depend upon
the system voltage. The choice of voltage, therefore, becomes a major factor in the line design.
Consider an n-phase system of transmission, let

P = power to be transmitted per phase in watts,

V = Voltage to neutral in volts,
I = current in each phase in amperes,
L = length of the line in meters,
A = cross-sectional area of each conductor in m2,
ρ = Specific resistance of the conductor material in ohm-m,
R = resistance of each conductor in ohms,
α = Current density in A/m2, and
= power factor of the load.

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning – Transmission Line Voltage Selection

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning – Transmission Line Voltage Selection

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.3 Steady State Stability Analysis

The main tasks of steady-state analysis are:
Load flow Analysis
Reactive power Compensation requirement analysis
Steady-state stability analysis
Contingency analysis
Short-circuit current levels
Steady state fault analysis

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

The power system is a highly nonlinear system . When subjected to a transient

disturbance, the stability of the system depends on the nature of the disturbance as well
as the initial operating condition. The disturbance may be small or large. Small
disturbances in the form of load changes occur continually, and the system adjusts to
the changing conditions. The system must be able to operate satisfactorily under these
conditions and successfully meet the load demand.

The required input data for load flow Simulation software (E.G PSS/e) generally include:
 Bus designations,
 Line and transformer impedances,
 Real and reactive (var) power flows for each load,
 Generator power output,
 Voltage schedules and reactive (var) power flow limits of generators synchronous condensers
and switched capacitors,
 Tie-line designations, and
 Systems interchange information.
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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

The results of the software output includes:

 Calculated voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus,
 Transformer, capacitor and reactor data,
 Real and reactive (var) power flows for each line and transformer,
 Net system interchange and tie-line power flows and
 A record of system changes. Special output features are available or can be
developed to aid the planner in the analysis of the system. Examples include lists of
facilities loaded beyond pre-established limits, and lists of buses where the voltage
is below desirable levels.
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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.4 Reactive Power Compensating Requirements

Reactive (var) compensation studies utilize information from load flow studies to establish
optimum types and sizes of reactive (var) sources. There are two basic types of system
compensation:
(1) series compensation, in terms of impedance, is used to reduce a transmission line's
effective reactance, and
(2) shunt compensation, in terms of reactive power, is used to reduce the magnitude of
reactive (var) power that flows in the network.

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

The insertion of capacitive reactance in series with the line's inductive reactance decreases
the line impedance. This helps to increase the transmission system capability requirements.
Series compensation effectively increases the transmission line capacity. This reduces the
need for higher transmission voltages or greater number of circuits.

As transmission voltages and line lengths increase, the capacitive charging currents from
EHV lines also increase. These currents can cause undesirable over voltages on
generators and transformers, as well as increase power losses. In order to reduce the
capacitive charging currents, shunt reactors are utilized to minimize the over voltages
during lightly loaded, switching or transient conditions.

Shunt reactors may be either switched or directly connected at the transmission line
terminals or to the tertiary windings of autotransformers.
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 ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.5 Transient Stability Analysis

Stability is a condition of equilibrium between opposing forces; instability results when a
disturbance leads to a sustained imbalance between the opposing forces.

Transient power system stability denotes the ability of an electric power system, for a
given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that system
integrity is preserved. It must be able to survive numerous disturbances of a severe nature,
such as a short-circuit on a transmission line or a sudden loss of large units or generating
plants, or a large concentration of load.

Following such transient disturbances, if the power system is stable, it will reach a new
equilibrium state with practically the entire system intact; the actions of automatic controls
and possibly human operators will eventually restore the system to normal state.
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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

Dynamic studies generally simulate system performance during the period following sudden loss of
generation or load.
The main tasks that are performed in Transient Stability analysis are:
•Voltage stability
•Power-frequency and
•Power angle behavior

Results from transient Studies can help determine:

•Need for faster protective relay system,
•To know the reliability of power system
•System operating and design weaknesses,
•Desirability of fast valving,
•Initial heavy loading of key transmission facilities
•etc 45
ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.6 Critical Considerations for Transmission system Planning

As pointed out earlier, the purpose of transmission system planning is to determine the timing and type of new
transmission facilities required in order to provide adequate transmission network capability to cope with the
future generating capacity additions and load-flow requirements.
In general, planning a new transmission addition includes several important aspects of the overall power
system, namely:
Real and Reactive Power Flow Analysis
Economics of the new transmission line
Stability issues due to the new line
Interchange capability
Reliability issues
Environmental impact
The planning process is usually iterative in nature in order not only to meet a near-term system need, but also
to develop a viable plan for the evolution of the overall future transmission line.

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

The logic diagram for transmission expansion study is shown in a functional block diagram in the following
slid. After this analysis stage, the planner develops alternative plans or scenarios that not only will prevent
the foreseen problems but also will best meet the long-term objectives of system reliability and economy.
The key objective is to minimize the long-range capital and operating costs involved in providing an
adequate level of system reliability, with due consideration of environmental and other relevant issues.
Transmission planning may include not only existing but also new service areas. The starting point of the
planning procedure is to develop load forecasts in terms of annual peak demand for the entire system, as well
as for each region and each major present and future substation, and then finding specific alternatives that
satisfy the new load conditions.

The transmission planner shall acquire and prepare the market load forecast, generation expansion and
existing transmission systems prior to the transmission planning studies.

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 ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.7 Transmission and Substation Design and Modelling

The decision to build a transmission system results from system planning studies to
determine how best meet the system requirements.
The basic configuration selection depends on many interrelated factors, including
esthetical considerations, economics, performance criteria, company policies and
practices, line profile, right-of-way restrictions, preferred materials, and construction
techniques.
The set of substation service areas for a transmission & distribution (T&D) system must
"tile" the utility service territory, covering all locations where there is any demand, and
each substation must have sufficient capacity to serve the load in its service area.

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 ECEG-6306, T & D Planning - Transmission system Planning and Design

Once transmission planning has been completed, the broad objective in the designing of a specific transmission system
addition is to achieve the desired power transfer between prescribed locations in a reliable and cost-effective manner.
More specifically, the design of the transmission addition must take into account:
 Power to be transferred
 Length of line
 Nature of Compensation required
 Magnitude of over voltages anticipated
 Protection against disturbances such as fault and over-voltage
 Anticipated weather conditions
 Line conductor and insulation design
 Line tower and mechanical design
 Environmental constraints to be met
 Corona and losses
 Potential unfavourable interactions between the transmission system, generators, and loads due to such aspects
as harmonics and resonances
 Equipment, installation, and maintenance costs
 Intermediate switching stations
 Transpositions
 Insulation and conductor hardware selection
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Distribution Planning
 Distribution planning
• The Distribution planning is one portion Of the distribution system is closely
related to design Of other parts Of the system e.g. distribution voltage,
arrangement Of other equipment etc.
• It is advantageous Of the step by step expansion planning.
• Investment is a major point in the distribution planning.
• Check the existing distribution system data.
• Analyzed the load pattern.
Distribution planning is shown in the fig. !.2

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ECEG-6306, T & D Planning

3.8 Distribution system planning

Distribution planners must determine the peak load magnitude and its geographic location. Then
distribution substations must be placed and sized in such a way as to serve a certain load at minimum cost
by minimizing feeder losses and construction costs, while considering the constraints of service reliability,
such as the voltage of substations and feeders, and capacity constraints.

Physically, the primary distribution system can be divided into two distinct subsystems: the substations and
the primary feeder circuit. In each subsystem a number of variables must be considered in the planning
stage, as follows:
(1) Substations: location, number, transformer rating and loading, and service areas;
(2) Primary feeder circuit: number of primary feeders, feeder routing, feeder branch loading, and conductor
size.

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 ? Any Question ?
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