giorgi gedeniZe

eTer lazaraSvili

fizika
X klasi

moswavlis wigni

II semestri

grifminiWebulia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da

mecnierebis saministros mier 2022 wels

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2022
 giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili

fizika X

moswavlis wigni

II semestri
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, 2022

pirveli gamocema

redaqtorebi gvanca gedeniZe

maia merabiSvili

wignis kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa ilia xelaiasi

gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 5
225-05-22, 599 55-66-54
info@intelekti.ge www.intelekti.ge

© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2022

ISBN 978-9941-31-511-4 © giorgi gedeniZe, eTer lazaraSvili, 2022

2
Sinaarsi

I Tavi. mudmivi eleqtruli deni..........................................................................10

§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna....................................11
§ 1.2. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaroebi....................................................................16
§ 1.3. eleqtruli wredi da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi.
eleqtruli deni liTonSi.............................................................................................21
§ 1.4. eleqtruli denis siTburi da qimiuri moqmedebebi.............................25
§ 1.5. denis magnituri veli.............................................................................................31
§ 1.6. denis Zala, denis Zalis gazomva......................................................................34
§ 1.7. eleqtruli Zabva. Zabvis gazomva....................................................................39
§ 1.8. gamtaris winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba..............................................................43
§ 1.9. winaRobis damokidebuleba temperaturaze.............................................47
§ 1.10. zegamtaroba..............................................................................................................51
§ 1.11. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi..............................................................................53
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.......................................................................................55

II Tavi. omis kanonebi. gamtarTa SeerTebebi.

denis muSaoba da simZlavre....................................................................................62
§ 2.1. omis kanoni wredis ubnisaTvis.........................................................................63
§ 2.2. eleqtruli energiis momxmareblebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTeba....66
§ 2.3. eleqtruli energiis momxmareblebis paraleluri SeerTeba........69
§ 2.4. ampermetri, voltmetri da maTi winaRoba. reostati.
potenciometri....................................................................................................................73
§ 2.5. denis muSaoba da simZlavre................................................................................78
§ 2.6. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi................................................................................82
§ 2.7. saSualo winaRobis gansazRvra ampermetrisa da voltmetris
meSveobiT...............................................................................................................................85
§ 2.8. jibis fanrisa da binis gasanaTebeli naTurebis
SeerTebis gamokvleva ....................................................................................................88
§ 2.9. erTnair Zabvasa da sxvadasxva simZlavreze gaangariSebuli
naTurebis SeerTeba .........................................................................................................91
§ 2.10. sami erTnairi naTuras Sereuli SeerTebis gamokvleva..................96
§ 2.11. denis wyaros eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala ............................................99
§ 2.12. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis.....................................................................103
§ 2.13. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi..............................................................................106
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.......................................................................................110
§ 2.14. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.....................................................................................118

3
 III Tavi. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi..........................................120
§3.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi......................................................................................121
§. 3.2. eleqtruli deni airSi..........................................................................................125
§ 3.3. TavisTavadi ganmuxtvis sxvadasxva tipi...................................................129
§ 3.4. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi. vakuumuri diodi...........................................134
§ 3.5. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarSi..................................................................139
§ 3.6. eleqtruli deni p da n tipis naxevargamtarTa kontaqtSi...............144
§ 3.7. eleqtruli energiis gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi..............149
damatebiTi masala. eleqtruli energiis aratradiciuli wyaroebi...154
damatebiTi masala. isev energiis Sesaxeb............................................................158
§ 3.8. amocanis amoxsnis nimuSebi................................................................................163
kiTxvebi, amocanebi, testebi.......................................................................................165
§ 3.9. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna.......................................................................................170
saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli amocanebisa da testebis pasuxebi............171
testebi.....................................................................................................................................171
amocanebis pasuxebi..........................................................................................................172

xSirad gamoyenebis
aRniSvna rogor ikiTxeba
gamoyenebuli magaliTi

(1); (2); (3) da V=Sh (1) pirveli formula

formulis numeracia
a.S. S=ab (2) meore formula
(*) S=ab (*) varskvlaviani formula
saboloo formulebi
(**) V=abh (**) orvarskvlaviani formula
gamomdinareobs ⇒ (1) ⇒ pirvelidan gamomdinareobs

da ∧ (2) ∧ (4) meore da meoTxe

meore formula CavsvaT

CavsvaT (*)
mesameSi
CavsvaT ricxviTi CavsvaT ricxviTi mniSvne-
(*)
mniSvnelobebi lobebi (*)
F1 da FF2 toli sidideebi
aRvniSnoT ≡ F1–F2 ≡F
aRvniSnoT FF-iT

4
 rogor vixelmZRvaneloT saxelmZRvaneloTi

paragrafis
nomeri • rogor wredSi SeiZleba arsebobdes mudmivi deni?

§ 2.12. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis

paragrafis
saxelwodeba 
1. ratom ar aris rekomendebuli reostatSi dasaSvebze meti denis gatareba?
individualuri 2. ras miuTiTebs reostatze gakeTebuli warwera: 800 omi, 0,6 a.

samuSao
Sekruli wredisaTvis (sur. 89.1) davadginoT
A B
ℇ, r val I densa, ℇ eleqtromamoZ-
kavSiri wredSi gama­
89-e gverdis
ravebel Zalasa da wredis R+r srul winaRobas
pirveli suraTi I R Soris.Ag=ℇqA. (1)

saWiroa sur. 89.1

sifrTxile ! CavrToT naTurebi ganaTebis qselSi da davakvirdeT.
wyvilebad
muSaoba 
1. ra aris gamosaxuli 81.1 suraTze?

jgufebad 
muSaoba
3. mizanSewonilad migaCniaT Tu ara mudmivi Zabvis wredSi gamoviyenoT
mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli kondensatorebi?
informacia
suraTis
mixedviT 4. daakvirdiT suraTs da isau­
b­reT, ra informacias iRebT suraTidan.

amocanebi 5. ori erTnairi liTonis damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze mux­

logikuri tebi Tanabrad nawildeba.
msjelobis
gamoyenebiT vici, rom:

wredSi denis gasazomad gamoiyeneba ampermetri.

vici, rom ampermetrs wredSi mimdevrobiT rTaven.
gamtaris boloebze Zabvis gasazomad gamoiyeneba voltmetri.
savarjiSo

problemu­ savarjiSo
ri SekiTxva, 1. mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori erTnairi naTurasi da reostatis saerTo
dasafiqrebe­
winaRoba 80 omia. gansazRvreT reosta­
tis winaRoba, Tu TiToeuli naTuras
li amocana,
romelic
momdevno moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis
gakveTilis
daakvirdiT 138.2 suraTze gamosaxul sqemas. naTurebi erTnairia.
Temas Seexeba
K1 CamrTveli rom CarToT, romeli naTura gaanaTebs yvelaze kargad? romel
naTuraSi Seasrulebs deni met muSaobas? varaudi CawereT samuSao rveulSi.
cda, eqsperi­
menti kvle­
vis unarebis
mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
Camosa­
yalibeblad, CaatareT cdebi da axseniT SemCneuli movlenebi.
msjelobisa e. SemCneuli movlenebi CawereT rveulSi da SeecadeT, axsnaT.
da daskvnis
gamosatanad

5
 ra aris fizika

ra aris fizika? fizika materiis bunebas, struqturas, Tvisebebs Seiswavlis

– dawyebuli umciresi elementaruli nawilakebidan, erTiani samyaroTi
damTavrebuli. fizika moicavs eqsperimentebs da Teorias. am mecnierebaSi
wamyvani adgili uWiravs gamoyenebiT kvlevas, rac teqnologiebis ganviTarebas
ukavSirdeba. fizika bevri sxva disciplinis safuZvelia da mTavar rols asrulebs
industriis sxvadasxva seqtorSi. industria ki warmoudgenelia denisa da misi
marTvis wesis codnis gareSe.

meaTe klasis winamdebare kursi mudmivi denis kanonebis Seswavlas gTavazobT.

ratom mudmivi da ara ubralod denis kanonebi? arsebobs ori tipis

deni: mudmivi da cvladi. mogvianebiT, fizikis saskolo kursSi, cvladi denis
kanonebsac SeiswavliT. Cven yoveldRiurad viyenebT eleqtroenergias da misi
mowodebis Sewyveta, mcire xniTac ki, diskomforts gviqmnis. Tumca, albaT,
arasodes gvikiTxavs, mudmiv dens viRebT Tu cvlads, romel dens viyenebT
yoveldRiurad. saerTod, ra aris deni da rogor miedineba sadenebSi? amis gageba,
SeiZleba, adamians rTuli eCvenos, miT ufro, rom aravis unaxavs deni, arc misi
dineba sadenebSi. magram veravin ityvis, rom deni ar arsebobs – Tanamedrove
adamians mis gareSe arseboba gauWirdeba – is yvelas sWirdeba. yvela Cvengani
sargeblobs am sikeTiT, akontrolebs mis xarjvasa da ixdis gadasaxads. cdilobs,
daicvas usafrTxoebis zomebi da ar daziandes denis moqmedebiT. maS, rogor
gavxadoT uxilavi ram TvalsaCino da gasagebi?
ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: „qveyanaze zogi imisTana sagania, rom Tu ar dainaxe,
ver irwmen da zogic imisTanaa, rom Tu ar irwmune, ver dainaxav. casa Tu cas
iqiT, swored imisTana adgilebia maZebar gonebisaTvis, rom Tu ar irwmune,
veras dainaxav“. am „maZebar gonebaTa“ – mkvlevarTa da mecnierTa – wyalobiT,
viTardeba mecniereba, miiRweva axali aRmoCenebi da aixsneba is movlenebi, rasac
ver vxedavT. eleqtrodinamikis sferoSi cnobili mecnierebi arian: Sarl kuloni,
maikl faradei, andre-mari amperi, alesandro volta, nikola tesla, georg
omi. zogierTi mecnieris gvari eleqtruli fizikuri sidideebis erTeulebis
aRmniSvnel sityvebadac iqca.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tu Tqven ver SeZlebT, martivad auxsnaT sxvas raime
sakiTxi, maSin Tavadac ver erkveviT masSi kargad. am saxelmZRvaneloTi SevecdebiT,
martivad agixsnaT erTi SexedviT idumali
sakiTxebi – SegaswavloT denis kanonebi
da maTi gamoyenebis gzebi. denis kanonebis
Seswavlisas, SemogTavazebT araerT
cdasa da eqsperiments, aseve, virtualur
laboratoriebs, simulaciebsa da
animaciebs, rac uxilavis TvalsaCinod
danaxvaSi dagexmarebaT.
ginaxavT mSvidi da aRelvebuli zRva? sur.6.1. albert ainStaini, XX
cvladi da mudmivi deni SeiZleba zRvas saukunis udidesi mecnieri, fizikosi,
fardobiTobis Teoriis avtori.
SevadaroT. mudmivi denis mniSvnelobac

6
da mimarTulebac ucvlelia drois ganmavlobaSi. cvladi deni ki, aRelvebuli
zRvis talRebiviT, mniSvnelobasac icvlis da mimarTulebasac. deni, romelsac
yoveldRiurad ojaxSi viyenebT, wamSi 100-120-jer icvlis mimarTulebas.
sad viyenebT mudmiv dens? mudmiv dens iyenebs yvela bavSvi, romelic
batareaze momuSave saTamaSoTi TamaSobs; yvela mZRoli, romelsac avtomobilSi
akumulatori aqvs. es aris deni, romelic erTi mimarTulebiT gadis batareasTan
mierTebul sadenebsa da im mowyobilobebSi, romlebic am sadenebiT batareas
uerTdebian. Tu sadme sadeni gawyda, wredSi deni Sewydeba, rogorc onkanSi -
wyali, Tu sadme mili dazianda.
raSia mudmivi denis warmoqmnis saidumlo?
mudmivi denis wyaroebi imgvaradaa mowyobili,
rom dens mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT SeuZlia
moZraoba. ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb
saxelmZRvaneloSi ixilavT.
sul esaa mudmivi denis gamoyeneba? mudmivi
deni aucilebelia Tanamedrove teqnikis – no­
uTbuqebis, televizorebis, mobiluri te­ l e­
fo­ nebis, saTamaSo konsolebis da sxvaTa – mu­
SaobisaTvis. zogierTi mowyobiloba denis meS­ sur. 7.1. jeims vebis teleskopi
veobiT iteneba. magaliTad, nouTbuqi – yvelam
icis, rom damtenis erTi bolo StefselSi ir­ Tveba, meore ki – nouTbuqis
Sesabamis portSi. Stefselidan miwodebuli cvladi deni specialuri adapteris
meSveobiT adaptirdeba da mudmiv denad gardaiqmneba, nouTbuqis procesoris
mu­SaobisTvis. maSasadame, adapterSi Sedis cvladi deni, gamodis mudmivi.

sur. 7.2. nouTbuqis damteni.

ra xdeba dRes? mecnierebis ganviTareba uwyveti procesia. amas adasturebs

teqnikuri progresi. bolo drois ramdenime miRweva teqnikuri revoluciis
tolfasia. maT Soris unda dasaxeldes marsze gafrena, saerTaSoriso kosmosuri
sadguri dedamiwis orbitaze an sul axlaxan kosmosSi gaSvebuli jeims vebis
teleskopi. dResdReobiT, eleqtroenergiis miReba Ria kosmosSic SesaZlebelia.
es aris bunebis fundamenturi kanonis – sruli energiis Senaxvis kanonis –
Sedegi. mzis energiis eleqtrul energiad gardaqmna kacobriobis namdvili
monapovaria. mzis panelebi nebismieri kosmosuri aparatis eleqtroenergiiT
momaragebis problemas wyvets.
ukanaskneli siaxleebi. mecnierul aRmoCenebs revoluciuri siaxleebi
axlavs, rac kacobriobis ganviTarebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. swrafad
ganviTarebad movlenebs rom ar CamovrCeT, yvela Cvengani unda flobdes
codnas. saSualo skolis fizikis kursis Seswavla mogcemT kompetencias, Tavad

7
 gaecnoT samecniero sferos saintereso siaxleebs. Cven mxolod eleqtrobasTan
dakavSirebul ramdenime magaliTs moviyvanT.

sur.8.1. saerTaSoriso kosmosuri sadguris mzis batareebis masivi.

2022 wlis 4 ivliss kaliforniis universitetma sandiegoSi gamoaqveyna

informacia, rom mkvlevrebma ganaviTares liTium-ionuri batareebi, romlebic
kargad muSaoben Zalian did yinvasa da papanaqeba sicxeSi, Tan, bevri energiis
dagroveba SeuZliaT. es SesaZlebeli gaxda iseTi eleqtrolitis SemuSavebiT,
romelic ara marto cvalebadi da myaria temperaturis farTo speqtriT
cvlilebis mimarT, aramed Tavsebadia maRali energiis kaTodsa da anodTanac.
varaudoben, rom es gaumjobeseba daexmareba eleqtromobilebs, erT damuxtvaze
ufro Sor manZilze gadaadgildnen, Zlieri yinvis pirobebSic ki, xolo zedmetad
cxel klimatSi – naklebad dasWirdeT batareebis gagrilebis sistema.
neiromecnierebis Semswavleli universitetebi da laboratoriebi (Global Brain
Health Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin) erToblivad ikvleven,
ra periferiuli efeqti aqvs mudmivi deniT stimulacias tvinis sqemebze,
romlebic mexsierebas moicavs. grZeldeba debatebi mudmivi deniT skalpis
transkranialur stimulaciaze (tDCS): ramdenad sakmarisad axdens is tvinis
aqtivobis modulirebas, raTa dadebiTad imoqmedos nevrologiuri darRvevebis
mqone pacientebis simptomebze. mudmivi deniT skalpis transkranialuri
stimulaciis (tDCS) Terapiuli SesaZleblobebi gamokvleulia 70-ze met
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris, depresia, epilefsia, tkivili, insulti da
parkinsonis daavadeba.
DC/DC konvertorebi – es aris eleqtruli mowyobiloba, romelic mudmiv dens
ucvlis Zabvas maRlidan dablisaken an piriqiT. CERN-is (European Council for
Nuclear Research – birTvuli kvlevebis evropuli sabWo) mecnierebma SeimuSaves
10 vati simZlavris radiaciis mimarT gamZle DC/DC sinqronuli damadablebeli
gardamqmneli (Synchronous Step-Down Buck).
belgiurma kompaniam MAGICS, romelic ra­
diaciis mimarT mdgrad integrirebul sqemebsa
da xelovnuri inteleqtis sistemebs qmnis,
miiRo licenzia, raTa es Cipi gamoiyenos ra­
diaciis mimarT medeg cifrul sensorul mow­
yobilobebSi, romlebic birTvul da kosmosur
garemoSi gamoiyeneba.
fizikis saxelmZRvanelos am nawilSi
swored eleqtrodinamikasa da mudmiv denTan sur. 8.2

8
dakavSirebul sakiTxebs gaecnobiT. masala mkafiod da sainteresodaa
mowodebuli, raTa TqvenTvis gasagebi gaxdes is Tanamedrove teqnologiuri
miRwevebi, rasac zemoT aRvniSnavdiT. Tuki masalis Seswavlas Tanmimdevrulad,
nabij-nabij mihyvebiT, TiToeuli Tqvengani SeZlebs fizikis dauflebas,
mecnierebis miRwevebis gaazrebasa da idumali samyaros Secnobas.

gamoyenebuli masala:
Science Daily: https://bit.ly/3OVO2Vm
Science: https://bit.ly/3IzXwDp
CERN success stories: https://bit.ly/3IqiViq

gTavazobT saswavlo vebgverdebis bmulebs, sadac gaecnobiT mravalferovan saintereso

resursebs (videorgolebs, simulaciebs da sxva), romelTa gamoyenebac dagexmarebaT, metad
TvalsaCinod, sainteresod da xalisianad SeiswavloT fizika. es bmulebi gamogadgebaT
nebismier Temaze muSaobisas:

https://phet.colorado.edu/
https://www.tinkercad.com/
https://javalab.org/

daicaviT usafrTxoeba!
saxelmZRvaneloSi zogan SexvdebiT wiTel Zaxilis niSans – igi aRniSnavs iseT
cdebsa da davalebebs, romelTa Sesrulebisas sifrTxilis dacvaa saWiro. me-10 klasSi
eleqtrobis Temas SeiswavliT. gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilis saWiroebas swored Tema
ganapirobebs - eleqtrul denTan siTamamem SeiZleba adamianis sicocxles safrTxe
Seuqmnas. gasaTvaliswinebelia ramdenime savaldebulo wesi:
- arasodes SeexoT SiSvel sadens xeliT;
- eleqtroxelsawyoebs da sadenebs nu SeexebiT sveli xeliT;
- daukvirdiT, sveli ar iyos magida, romelzec muSaobT. idealuri iqneba, Tu
rezinis safens daifenT;
- cdis Catarebisas an eleqtroxelsawyoebiT muSaobisas gamoiyeneT rezinis
xelTaTmanebi – is dagicavT eleqtruli denis safrTxisagan;
- sifrTxiliT moekideT denis Stefsels – nu mokidebT svel xels SemaerTebel
Cangals; nu gamoqaCavT sadens, aramed xeli mokideT SemaerTebel Cangals da
frTxilad gamoswieT;
- gaxsovdeT, metali dens atarebs – amitom ar SeaxoT metalis sagnebi (makrateli,
lursmani, kovzi an sxva) SiSvel sadens;
- eleqtroxelsawyos gamoyenebamde, yuradRebiT gaecaniT misi gamoyenebis
instruqcias da daicaviT misi muSaobis moTxovnili parametrebi;
- daakvirdiT saxelmZRvaneloSi moyvanil cdebs, romlebsac usafrTxoebis
aRniSvna aqvs: umetesad, Tqveni davaleba gulisxmobs varauds, Teoriul msjelobas,
amocanis fiqriT gadaWras. daskvnebis Sesamowmeblad cda ki mxolod maswavleblis
TandaswrebiTa da zedamxedvelobiT unda SeasruloT. arasodes SeecadoT aseTi
cdebis damoukideblad Catarebas!

9
 I Tavi
mudmivi eleqtruli deni

am TavSi gaixsenebT da gaecnobiT:

 eleqtrul dens da denis wyaroebs;

 eleqtrul wreds da mis Semadgenel nawilebs;
 eleqtruli denis siTbur, qimiur da magnitur moqmedebebs;
 denis Zalas, Zabvas, winaRobas da maT gamzom xelsawyoebs;
 winaRobis damokidebulebas temperaturaze, zegamtarobas;
 amocanebis amoxsnas.

1800 wels alesandro voltam (1745-1827)

eleqtruli batarea gamoigona – Seqmna
mudmivi eleqtruli deni gamtarSi. am
gardamtexi mniSvnelobis aRmoCenas dae-
fuZna araerTi eleqtruli teqnologiis
ganviTareba da, zogadad, civilizaciis
progresi. voltas taZari – muzeumi mis
mSobliur qalaqSi komo (italia) – inaxavs
didi mecnieris naSromebs, originalur
aRmoCenebs, nivTebs.

voltas sveti – pirveli denis wyaro,

inaxeba paviis universitetis istoriis
muzeumSi, sadac volta eqsperimentuli
fizikis profesorad muSaobda. masSi mo-
nacvleobiTaa ganlagebuli spilenZisa da
TuTiis firfitebi, romelTa Soris tute
xsnariT an mariliani wyliT dasvelebuli
qaRaldis an qsovilis naWrebia moTavse-
buli.

eleqtrobis laboratoria:

https://bit.ly/3yV0mjj

10
§ 1.1. ra da rogor iswavleT, SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

1. CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli aRniSnavs fizikur sxeuls?

1. avtomobili; 2. spilenZi; 3. zvavi; 4. varskvlavi; 5. wvima; 6. rbola;
7. muyaos naWeri; 8. foladi; 9. wya­
li. 10. cimcimi
a. 4,^ 5, 7; b. 1, 4, 7; g. 1, 9, 10;
d. 4, 8, 10; e. 1, 4, 5.

2. CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli aRniSnavs nivTierebas?

1. wyali; 2. avtomobili; 3. foladi; 4. Tibva; 5. wigni; 6. rbola; 7. foTol-
cvena; 8. Jangbadi; 9. kaba; 10. zvavi:
a. 1, 7, 9; b. 2, 5, 9; g. 4, 7, 10;
d. 1, 2, 10; e. 1, 3, 8.

3. CamoTvlili sityvebidan romeli aRniSnavs movlenas?

1. wyali; 2. avtomobili; 3. foladi; 4. wvima; 5. wigni; 6. rbola; 7. foTolcvena;
8. Jangbadi; 9. kaba; 10. zvavi:
a. 1, 7, 9; b. 2, 5, 9; g. 4, 7, 10;
d. 1, 2, 10; e. 1, 3, 8.

4. CamoTvlili sityvebi romel pasuxSia dalagebuli TanmimdevrobiT: fiziku­

ri sxeuli, nivTiereba da movlena?
1. wyali; 2. avtomobili; 3. foladi; 4. Tibva; 5. wigni; 6. rbola; 7. foTol-
cvena; 8. Jangbadi; 9. kaba; 10. zvavi:
a. 2, 3, 4; b. 2, 4, 6; g. 2, 3, 8;
d. 2, 6, 7; e. 2, 5, 10.

5. nivTiereba Sedgeba:
a. mxolod atomebisgan; b. mxolod molekulebisgan;
g. mxolod eleqtronebisgan; d. molekulebisa da atomebisgan;
e. mxolod protonebisgan.

6. molekula Sedgeba:
a. sxeulebisgan; b. wylisgan; g. atomebisgan; d. nivTierebisgan.

7. atomi Sedgeba:
a. mxolod atombirTvisgan; b. mxolod eleqtronebisgan;
g. mxolod protonebisgan;
d. atombirTvisa da mis garSemo moZravi eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod neitronebisgan.

11
 8. atombirTvi Sedgeba:
a. atomebisgan; b. protonebisa da neitronebisgan;
g. protonebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
d. neitronebisa da eleqtronebisgan;
e. mxolod eleqtronebisgan.

9. romeli nawilakia damuxtuli: protoni, eleqtroni Tu neitroni?

a. samive nawilaki damuxtulia; b. arcerTi nawilaki damuxtuli ar aris;
g. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da eleqtroni;
d. damuxtulia mxolod protoni da neitroni;
e. damuxtulia mxolod eleqtroni.

10. protoni da eleqtroni:

a. erTmaneTs izidaven; b. erTmaneTs ganizidaven;
g. ar urTierTqmedeben; d. erTmaneTs mxolod wyalSi izidaven;
e. zogjer izidaven, zogjer ganizidaven.

11. ramdeni eleqtroni dakarga sxeulma, Tu misi muxtia 8.10-10 ku­loni?

a. 5.1029 eleqtroni; b. 1,5.1010 eleqtroni;
g. 5.109 eleqtroni; d. 2.1029 eleqtroni.

12. ori damuxtuli sxeulis Sexebisas, Tu orive sxeuli gani­muxta, maSin am

sxeulebis saerTo muxti:
a. Semcirda; b. gaizarda; g. ar Seicvala;
d. jer Semcirda, Semdeg gaizarda.

13. Tu eleqtrulad neitraluri ori sxvadasxva zomis sxeulis Sexebisa da

dacilebis Semdeg orive sxeuli damuxtuli aRmoCnda, maSin:
a. am sxeulebs aqvT erTnairi niSnis toli muxtebi;
b. am sxeulebs aqvT sapirispiro niSnis moduliT toli muxtebi;
g. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli metia patara sxeulis muxtis modulze;
d. didi sxeulis muxtis moduli naklebia patara sxeulis muxtis mo­
dulze.

14. Tu raRac man­ZiliT daSorebuli liTonis ori erTnairi burTula, romelTa

muxtebia q da –5q, erTmaneTs Seaxes da Semdeg imave manZiliT daaSores,
maTi urTierTqmedebis Zalis moduli:
a. 1,25-jer gaizarda; b. 1,25-jer Semcirda;. g. 1,8-jer gaizarda;
d. 1,8-jer Semcirda; e. ar Seicvala.

12
15. Tu eleqtruli velis romelime wertilSi moTavsebul 2.10–9 k muxtze veli
moqmedebs 4.10–8 n ZaliT, maSin velis am wertilSi daZabulobis modulia:

a. 200 n ; b. 150 n ; g. 20 n ; d. 15 n ; e. 10 n .
k k k k k

16. sapirispiro niSnis ori wertilovani muxtis daSorebisas maTi urTierTq­

medebis potenciuri energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba; e. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer ar icvleba.

17. Tu liTonis sxvadasxva radiusis burTulebs muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive

erTnairi aqvT, maSin didi radiusis burTulis potenciali:
a. metia patara burTulis potencialze;
b. naklebia patara burTulis potencialze;
g. iseTivea, rogoric patara burTulis potenciali;
d. pataris potencialis naxevaria.

18. roca damuxtuli haeriani kondensatori wredidanaa gamorTuli, maSin

Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris firfitebs Soris
daZabuloba:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. SeiZleba gaizardos, SeiZleba Semcirdes.

19. Tu brtyeli haeriani kondensatori CarTulia mudmivi Zabvis denis wyaros­

Tan, maSin Semonafenebs Soris manZilis gadidebiT kondensatoris energia:
a. izrdeba; b. mcirdeba; g. ar icvleba;
d. zogjer izrdeba, zogjer mcirdeba.

gaiRrmaveT codna qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiT. miRebuli informaciiT,

fiqriT da azrovnebiT gagiadvildebaT testebze swori pasuxebis gacema.

yvelaferi, rac Cven irgvliv arsebobs, bunebaa. esaa varskvlavebi, plan-

etebi, mtvris nawilakebi, mcenareebi, cxovelebi da a.S. maT fizikur sxeulebs
uwodeben.

fizikuri sxeuli Sedgeba nivTierebisagan.

oqro nivTierebaa, misgan damzadebuli nivTi – fizikuri sxeuli; wyali

nivTierebaa, wylis wveTi – fizikuri sxeuli.

fizikur sxeuls aqvs forma da moculoba.

buneba ganuwyvetliv icvleba.

13
 bunebaSi momxdar yovelgvar cvlilebas movlena hqvia.

protons, neitrons da eleqtrons elementarul nawilakebs uwodeben,

protonisa da eleqtronis muxts ki – elementarul muxts.

protoni da eleqtroni erTmaneTs izidaven. protoni protons ganizidavs,

eleqtronic ganizideba eleqtronisagan. am saxis ur­TierTqmedebas eleqtruli
urTierTqmedeba ewodeba, xolo aseTi urTierTqmedebis mqone nawilakebs
– damuxtuli. protoni da eleqtroni damuxtuli nawilakebia. protoni
damuxtulia dadebiTad, eleqtroni – uaryofiTad. maTi muxtebi moduliT
tolia da 1,6.10–19 k-ia. 1 kuloni (1 k) muxtis erTeulia SI-Si. neitroni eleq­
trulad neitraluri nawilakia.

atomebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba protonebis, neitronebisa da eleq­

tronebis raodenobiT. atomi eleqtrulad neitraluria.

rodesac atomi kargavs eleqtrons, miiReba dadebiTi ioni, rodesac

miierTebs – uaryofiTi ioni.

Caketil sistemaSi sxeulebis nebismieri urTierTqmedebisas am sistemis yvela

nawilakis muxtis algebruli jami mudmivi rCeba.

vakuumSi ori wertilovani uZravi damuxtuli sxeulis urTierTqmedebis

Zalis moduli pirdapirproporciulia mux­tebis modulTa namravlisa da ukupro­
porciulia maT Soris manZilis kvad­­
ratisa.

liTonis ori erTnairi damuxtuli burTulis Sexebisas maTze muxtebi

Tanabrad nawildeba.

muxtis zedapiruli simkvrive aris gamtaris muxtis Sefardeba im zedapiris

farTobTan, romelzec muxtia ganawilebuli.

eleqtrostatikuri velis potenciali ganisazRvreba velSi moTavsebuli

werti­lovani muxtis velTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energiis SefardebiT
am mux­tTan. sxva sityvebiT, potenciali ricxobrivad tolia erTeuli muxtis
ener­giisa velSi.

R radiusis da Q muxtis gamtari sferos velis potenciali misi centridan

Q
r manZilze ganisazRvreba formuliT ϕ = k , sadac e garemos dieleqtrikuli
er
SeRwevadobaa. roca r<R sferos zedapirs da mis SigniT mdebare yvela wertils
aqvs erTi da igive potenciali.

kondensatoris eleqtrotevadoba ganisazRvreba kondensatoris muxtis

|q|
debiT Semonafenebs Soris ZabvasTan: C =
Sefar­ .
U
brtyeli kondensatoris eleq­ trotevadoba pirdapirpro­porciulia mi­si
firfitebis farTobis, firfitebs Soris garemos dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis
ee S
da ukuproporciulia firfitebs Soris manZilisa C = 0 .
d
. k2
formulaSi e0 = 8,85 10 –12
eleqtruli mudmivaa.
n.m2

14
 damuxtuli kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia ganisazRvreba for-
mulebiT:
qU CU2 q2
Eel= ; Eel= ; Eel= .
2 2 2C

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

mavTulis Rru
sfero
1. ra aris gamosaxuli 15.1 suraTze?
2. risTvis iyeneben mas? Tavsaxuri

3. rogor davmuxtoT eleqtroskopi? plastilini

4. ra gansxvavebaa damuxtul da daumuxtav sxeulebs spilenZis
Soris? an aluminis
mavTuli
5. rogor mixvdebiT, damuxtulia Tu ara ele-
qtroskopi? aluminis
folgis
6. rogor ganvmuxtavT eleqtroskops? furceli

sur. 15.1

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

damuxteT poli­
eTi­
lenis boTli da gausviT mavTulis sferos, daak­
virdiT
furclebs.

ras amCnevT? axseniT movlena. vTqvaT, eleqtroskopze eleqtronebis siWarbea.

SeexeT mavTuls xeliT. ra dae­marTa furclebs? SeecadeT, axsnaT SemCneuli

movlena. cda Caata­
reT ramdenjerme. gamo­
itaneT daskvna.

15
 • ra `daemarTa~ damuxtul eleqtroskops mis sferoze TiTis Sexebisas?

§ 1.2. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaroebi

eleqtroskopis sferoze TiTis Sexebisas eleqtroskopi ganimuxta – Warbi
eleqtronebi Cvens sxeulze gadavida. Semdeg Cveni sxeulis meSveobiT SeiZLleba
sxva sxeulebzec gadavides.


1. ra moxdeboda, eleqtroskopi dadebiTad rom yofiliyo damuxtuli?
varaudis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

aseTi cdac CavataroT: ori eleq­tro­metridan erT-erTi dav­muxtoT (sur. 16.1).

neonis naTura

sur. 16.1 sur. 16.2

sferoebi erTma­neTTan Seva­e­rToT izolirebuli saxelu­ris mqone gamtariT,

romel­Sic neonis naTuraa CarTuli (sur. 16.2) da dava­kvirdeT. eleqtroskopis
gamoyenebaze dakvirvebas virtualuradac SeZlebT am bmulebze:
https://bit.ly/3NPnfIV
https://bit.ly/3yT96pY
https://bit.ly/3yQDYay


2. ras amCnevT? ainTo na­Tura? rogor Seicvala TiToeuli eleqtrometris
muxti (ix. sur. 16.2)?
3. rogor SeiZleba am faqtis axsna?
gaiares Tu ara damuxtulma nawilakebma sferoebis SemaerTebel gamtarSi?
naTuraSi? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?
cdis Sedegad, davinaxavT, rom marcxena eleqtrometris Cveneba Semcirda,
marjvenasi – gaizarda. es imas niSnavs, rom muxti erTi eleqtrometridan
meoreze gadavida. e.i. sferoebis SemaerTebel gamtarSi gaiares damuxtulma
nawilakebma – damuxtuli nawilakebi mimarTulad gadaadgildnen erTi sferodan
meoreze.
damuxtuli nawilakebis mimarTul moZra­ obas eleqtruli deni ewodeba.


4. sferoebis (sur. 16.2) SemaerTebel gamtarSi deni xangrZlivi iyo?

16
 cdaze dakvirvebiT vamCnevT – deni Zalian xanmoklea. pra­qtikuli gamoyeneba
aqvs dens, rome­lic gamtarSi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlo­ baSi gadis. rogor
miviRoT aseTi deni? rogor SevinarCunoT neonis naTuras naTeba?
gamtarSi denis aRZvris mizezi eleq­ truli velia. Tu SevZlebT gamtarSi
eleqtruli velis SenarCunebas, maSin masSi deni iarsebebs.
Tu marcxena sferos ganuwyvetliv davmuxtavT, xolo marjvenas ganvmuxtavT,
maSin maT SemaerTebel sadenSi eleqtruli veli, maSasadame, denic ganuwyvetliv
iqneba da neonis naTura aRar Caqreba.
mowyobiloba, romelic gamtarSi eleqt­ rul vels ganuwyvetliv inarCunebs,
aris denis wyaro.
denis wyaro sxvadasxvagvaria, yvela maT­ ganSi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevde-
ba dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damu­ xtuli nawilakebi. denis wyaros muSaobas
daakvirdiT bmulze: https://bit.ly/3c6qE9m
gancalkevebuli nawilakebi grov­ deba denis wyaros polusebze. er­ Ti po­
lusi imux­teba dadebiTad (`+~), mas anods uwo­deben, xo­lo meo­re – uaryo­fiTad
(`–~), is kaTodia. polusebs Soris iqmneba e.w. Zabva.
17.1, a suraTze ga­­
mosa­ xu­
lia denis qi­miuri wya­ro – gogi­ rdmJavas wyal­
xsnarSi CaSve­buli spi­le­nZisa da Tu­Tiis firfi­tebi.

TuTia
spilenZi
–
–
+ –
gogirdmJavas +
wyalxsnari +

a
dadebiTi b
akumulatori
polusi metalis
saxuravi

TuTiis korpusi
(uaryofiTi ele­
qtrodi)

eleqtroliti

grafitis
Rero

uaryofiTi
g
polusi d
sur. 17.1

mJavasTan ur­Ti­erT­qme­de­bis Sede­gad, TuTiis fi­r­fita imu­xteba uar­yo­­fi­

Tad, spi­len­Zis ki – dade­biTad. fi­­r­­fitebs Soris aRi­Zvreba Za­bva. gam­taris
meS­v eobiT fi­r­­f­i tebi SevaerToT naTura­s­T an. naTura gaanaTebs, rac imis
maCvenebelia, rom naTuraSi deni gadis.
aRweril xel­sawyos galvanuri elementi ewodeba.
udidesi praqtikuli gamo­ y eneba aqvs denis
qimiur wyaroebs – akumulatorebs da mSral akumulatori (laT. accumu-
elementebs (sur. 17.1, b,d). lare – dagroveba.

17
 akumulatori denis wyaro rom gaxdes, igi unda `daimuxtos~ sxva denis
wya­rodan. damuxtvisas akumulatoris dadebiT poluss uerTeben denis wyaros
dadebiT poluss, uaryofiTs ki – uaryofiT poluss. damuxtvisas akumulator-
Si eleqtrodenis mier Sesrulebuli muSaobis Sedegad izrdeba akumulatoris
qimiuri energia. es energia ganmuxtvisas isev eleqtrul energiad gardaiqmneba,
romelsac farTo da mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba aqvs.
cdis Sedegis gaazrebasa da kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi dagvexmareba vide­o­
rgoli: https://bit.ly/3RwXf8u

5. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, ra
moxdeba, Tu denis wyaros erT poluss mavTuliT
SeaerTebT naTuras erT momWerTan, meore poluss
ki – meore mom­WerTan (sur. 18.1)?

sur. 18.1

davinaxavT, naTura gaanaTebs.


6. ra iwvevs naTuras naTebas?

naTuras naTebas iwvevs masSi gamavali deni. qromi

18.2 suraTze gamosaxulia Ter­moe­lementi – bo-
loebiT mirCi­luli sxvadasxva liTonis ori mavTuli,
alumini
romelTa meore boloebi patara plast­masis firfit-
aze damagrebul liTonis momWerebTanaa Seer­Tebuli.
Termoelementis damzadebasa da misi moqmedebis sur. 18.2
princips gavecnobiT videorgolSic:
https://bit.ly/3RwXf8u


galvanometri – xelsawyo,
7. rogoria Tqveni varaudi, gadaixreba romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba
Tu ara gal­va­
nometris isari, Tu mis mom­ davafiqsiroT wredSi gamavali
deni. denis gavlisas galvanome-
Werebs Termoelementis bo­loebs gamtarebiT
tris isari gadaixreba.
mivuerTebT? varaudis marTe­ buloba cdiT
SeamowmeT.

18.3 suraTis mixedviT Cava­taroT cda.

gavaxuroT mavTulebis mirCiluli bolo
da dava­ kvirdeT galva­
nometris isars.

sur. 18.3

18
 
8. rogor icvleba isris gadaxris kuTxe Termoelementis mirCiluli
bolos tempe­ra­tu­ris gadidebisas?
9. Tqveni azriT, aris Tu ara Ter­moelementi denis wyaro? axseniT, ratom?
10. Tqveni azriT, TermoelementSi eleqtrul energiad romeli saxis
energia gardaiqmneba?

Catarebuli cdebi adasturebs: Termo-

elementis mirCiluli bolos temperaturis
gadidebiT ampermetris Cveneba izrdeba.
Ter­ moelementi denis wyaroa. masSi siTburi
energia gardaiqmneba eleqtrul energiad.
mzis energiis efeqtianad gamoyenebis miz­
niT, adamianma Seqmna mzis batarea, romelic
sinaTlis energias uSua­lod eleqtrul ener­
giad gardaqmnis. sinaTlis ene­rgiis uSualod
eleqtrul energiad gardaqmnisaTvis iyeneben
naxe­vargamtarul mowyobi­lobebs – fotoele­
sur. 19.1

mentebs. sqemaze fotoelementi Semdegnai-

rad aRini­Sneba . isini da­

montaJebulia yvela kosmosur xomaldze
da maT eleqtruli ener­ giiT amarageben (sur. 19.1). xomaldis mzis batareis
sasargeblo farTobi ramdenime aTeuli kvadratuli metria. mzis batareas
war­matebiT iyeneben avtomatur meteosadgurebSi, gadasatan radiosadgurebSi,
radio­ mimRebebsa da sxvagan. mzis batareis gamoyenebis zogierTi magaliTi
gamosaxulia 19.1, 19.2, 19.3 da 19.4 suraTebze.
fotoelementis muSaobis princips momavalSi SeiswavliT.

sur. 19.2 sur. 19.3 sur. 19.4

19
 ori eleqtroskopis SeerTeba metalis mavTu­
liT da izolatoriT:
https://bit.ly/3NPnfIV
muxtis ganawileba or eleqtroskops Soris:
https://bit.ly/3yT96pY
deni or eleqtroskops Soris:
https://bit.ly/3yQDYay
simulacia - batarea:
https://bit.ly/3c6qE9m
Termowyvili:
https://bit.ly/3RwXf8u

vici, rom:

damuxtuli nawilakebis mimarTul moZra­obas eleqtruli deni ewodeba.

denis wyaro mowyobilobaa, romelic gamtarSi eleqtrul vels ganu­
wyvetliv inarCunebs. denis wyaros polusebs Soris arsebobs Zabva.
galvanometri xelsawyoa, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba davafiqsiroT
wredSi deni.

! davaleba
daamzadeT jibis fanris
naTuras Ca­saxraxni masrebi (3-4
cali). amisaTvis polieTilenis
boTlis sacobSi CaaWedeT lu­
rsmani (sur. 20.1, a). naTuras
xraxnze SemoaxvieT spilenZis
mavTuli – erTi an ori rgoli.
polieTilenis
igive mavTuli mWidrod boTlis
Tavsaxuri
Semoax­vieT boTlis sacobs ise,
rom naTuras cokolis bolo
lursmnis Tavs exebodes (sur. a b
20.1,b). sur. 20.1
naTuras wredSi Casar­Tavad
lur­ smnisa da spi­
lenZis mavTulis nebismieri adgili SeiZleba gamoi­
yenoT.
! naTura saxlis ganaTebis wredSi ar CarToT.

20
 • ra problemebi SegeqmnaT naTuras Casaxraxni masrebis damzadebisas?
vin dagexmaraT? rogor?
• ra aris gamosaxuli 20.1 suraTze?

§ 1.3. eleqtruli wredi da misi Semadgeneli nawilebi.

eleqtruli deni liTonSi
denis wyaro, SemaerTebeli sadenebi da momxmarebeli (magaliTad, naTura,
televizori, eleqtruli Zrava da sxva) qmnian eleqtrul wreds. igi ori
ubnisagan Sedgeba: gare – SemaerTebeli sadenebi, CamrTvel-amomrTveli da
momxmarebeli; Siga – yvelaferi, rac denis wyaros SigniTaa moTavsebuli.
denis wyaroSi mimdinareobs muxtebis gancalkeveba.
dadebiTi muxti grovdeba anodze, uaryofiTi – kaTodze.
muxtebis gancalkevebisaTvis saWiroa muSaobis Sesruleba. am dros meqaniku-
ri, Sinagani, sinaTlis, atomuri an sxva saxis energia gardaiqmneba eleqtrul
energiad.
gare wredSi ki, piriqiT, eleqtruli energia gardaiqmneba meqanikur, Sinagan,
sinaTlis, qimiur da sxva saxis energiad.
suraTs, romelzec gamosaxulia wredSi eleqtruli xelsawyoebis SeerTebis
xerxebi, sqema ewodeba.
xelsawyoebs sqemaze aRniSnaven pirobiTi niSnebiT. zogierTi maTgani gamo-
saxulia 21.1 suraTze.

galvanuri elementi 10. Rilaki

1.
momWerebi romelime
elementebisa an
2. 8. xel­saw­yos CasarTavad
akumulato­re­bis batarea

3. sadeni, gamtari, kabeli 9. CamrTvel-amomrTveli

4. gamtarTa SeerTeba 11. naTura

gamtarTa gadakveTa
5. 12. zari
SeerTe­bis gareSe

13. kondensatori
korpusTan SeerTeba
6.
cvladi tevadobis
damiweba 14. kondensatori
7.

sur. 21.1

saWiroebis mixedviT, wredSi eleqtruli denis momxmareblebis CarTvisa

da amorTvisaTvis iyeneben CamrTvel-amomrTvelebs, Rilaks an gadam­ rTvels.
wredSi deni rom arsebobdes, igi Sekruli unda iyos. Tu sadme sadeni gaw­
yda, an CamrTvel-amomrTveli gamorTes, deni wredSi Sewydeba (iseve, rogorc
onkanSi wyali Sewydeba, Tu wylis mimwodebeli mili sadme gaskda an gadaketes).
amazea damyarebuli CamrTvel-amomrTvelis moqmedeba.

21
 avawyoT 22.1 suraTze gamosaxuli umartivesi wredi.


1. daasaxeleT 22.1 sqemaze gamo­
saxuli xelsawyoebi.
gamorTulia Tu CarTuli CamrTvel-amomrTveli?
sur. 22.1
2. gadis Tu ara wredSi deni? anTia Tu ara naTura?
axseniT, ratom?
3. jer ivaraudeT, Semdeg cdiT SeamowmeT, ra moxdeba,
Tu CamrTvels CarTavT?

sur. 22.2
CavrToT CamrTveli (sur. 22.2) da davakvirdeT.


4. ainTo Tu ara naTura? gadis Tu ara wredSi deni? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
5. Tqveni varaudiT, ra nivTierebisaa sadenebi, romlebic denis wyaros
naTurasTan aerTebs? naTuras spirali?
6. ra moxdeba, Tu erT-erT sadens reziniT an plastmasiT SevcvliT?
pasuxis marTebuloba SeamowmeT cdiT.

davadginoT, ra aris eleqtruli deni liTonSi.


7. rogori agebuleba aqvs li­Tons?
8. ra aris ganlagebuli krista­luri mesris kvan­
ZebSi?
9. rogor warmoiqmneba io­
ni? ra aris Tavisufali eleq­ troni?
10. rogoria Tavisufali eleq­ tronebis raodenoba liTo­ nis 1 sm3-Si,
bevri Tu cota?
11. damuxtulia Tu ara li­ Toni GCveulebriv pirobebSi? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
12. ra moxdeba, Tu li­
Ton­Si Seiq­
mneba eleqtruli veli?

metaluri bmisa da Tavisufali eleqtronebis simulacias gavecnobiT bmuleb-

ze, rac kiTxvebze pasuxSic dagvexmareba:
https://bit.ly/3yMPyCD
https://bit.ly/3nNgg8S
https://bit.ly/3SCmCoW
SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna: eleqtruli deni liTonSi aris eleqtronebis
mowesrigebuli moZraoba.
Tu SevajamebT Cvens msjelobas, cdisa da simulaciebis Sedegebs, davaskvniT:
liTons kristaluri agebuleba aqvs. kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi ganlagebu-
lia dadebiTi ionebi. ionebi warmoiqmneba atomebisgan, eleqtronebis mowyvetis
Sedegad. eleqtronebs, romlebmac gawyvites kavSiri atomebTan, Tavisufali
eleqtronebi ewodeba. isini qaosurad moZraoben da Tavisuflad gadaadgil-
debian liTonis mTel moculobaSi. liTonis sm3-Si daaxloebiT 1022–1023 Tav-
isufali eleqtronia.

22
 Cveulebriv pirobebSi liToni eleqtrulad neitraluria. yvela Tavisu-
fali eleqtronis muxtebis jamis moduli tolia kristaluri mesris yvela
ionis muxtis jamis. Tu liTonSi eleqtruli veli Seiqmneba, maSin Tavisufali
eleqtronebi eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT qaosur moZraobasTan erTad mowes-
rigebuladac daiwyeben moZraobas velis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT. gamtarSi
aRiZvreba eleqtruli deni.

eleqtruli velis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli eleqtronebis moZraobis sa-

Sualo siCqare gamtarSi didi ar aris – ramdenime milimetria wamSi,^ zogjer
– ufro naklebic. magram, rogorc ki gamtarSi warmoiqmneba eleqtruli veli,
es ukanaskneli gamtarSi vrceldeba sinaTlis siCqareze – 300 000 km/wm – nak-
lebi siCqariT (daaxloebiT 60-80%). eleqtronebi TiTqmis erTdroulad iwyeben
erTi mimarTulebiT moZraobas gamtaris mTel sigrZeze.

savarjiSo

1. Tu sapirispiro niSniT damuxtul sxeulebs Se-

vaerTebT mavTuliT, maSin: a. ra mimar­
TulebiT daiwye-
ben eleqtronebi moZraobas? b. ra iwvevs eleq­
tronebis
mimarTul moZraobas? g. agrZeleben Tu ara eleq­tro­nebi
qaosur (siTbur) moZra­ obas? d. ratom Sewydeba eleq­
tronebis mimarTuli moZraoba Zalian swrafad? e. ra
aris saWiro denis SesanarCuneblad? sur. 23.1

2. Tu aluminisa da tyviis mav­Tu­lebis erT bolos

galvano­metrs SevuerTebT, xolo meores limonsa an vaSlSi CavarWobT, SevamC-
nevT, galvanometrSi deni gaivlis. CaatareT cda da axseniT movlena.

3. ra aucilebeli pirobis Sesrulebaa saWiro galvanuri elementis an aku-

mulatorisagan eleqtruli denis misaRebad?

4. ganixileT 23.1 suraTze gamosa­xuli wredi. daasaxeleT wredis Semad­geneli

nawilebi, miuTiTeT maTSi eleq­ tro­ nebis moZraobisa da denis mimar­Tuleba,
roca orive CamrTveli CarTu­ lia.

5. eleqtruli qselis mavTuls boZze amagreben faifuris sa­magris meSveobiT

da ara pir­
dapir liTonis kauWiT. ratom?

23
 metaluri bmisa da Tavisufali eleqtronebis
animacia:
https://bit.ly/3yMPyCD
metaluri bmisa da Tavisufali eleqtronebis
simulacia:
https://bit.ly/3nNgg8S
teleskola - qimia, X klasi - kovalenturi da
metaluri bma (13:06 -dan saubaria metalebze):
https://bit.ly/3anZwlJ
martivi eleqtruli wredis demonstrireba:
https://bit.ly/3ADM5sy

vici, rom:

suraTs, romelzec gamosaxulia wredSi eleqtruli xelsawyoebis

SeerTebis xerxebi, sqema ewodeba.
denis wyaro, SemaerTebeli sadenebi da momxmarebeli (magaliTad, na­
Tura, televizori, eleqtruli Zrava da sxva) qmnian eleqtrul wreds.

eleqtruli deni liTonSi aris eleqtronebis mowesrigebuli moZraoba.

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

daasaxeleT ojaxSi eleqtruli deniT momuSave xelsawyoebi. gamoikvlieT

erT-erTi da gakveTilze aRwereT misi moqmedebis principi.

24
 • eleqtruli deniT momuSave romeli xelsawyo gamoikvlieT? isaubreT
xelsawyos Sesaxeb.

§ 1.4. eleqtruli denis siTburi da

qimiuri moqmedebebi

yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi uamrav nivTs viyenebT an vxvdebiT, romlebic

liTonis Txeli feniTaa dafaruli – WurWeli, avtomobilis nawilebi (mag.:
saburavis diski), saiuveliro nawarmi, xidebis konstruqciebi da sxva. am
mizniT gamoiyeneba galvanostegia – sagnis zedapirze liTonis Txeli fenis
daleqva gamZleobis, esTetikuri mxaris, eleqtrogamtarobis gasaumjobeseblad
da galvanoplastika – liTonis daleqva reliefuri aslis gasakeTeblad.
orive meTodi efuZneba eleqtruli denis qimiur moqmedebas, romelsac am
paragrafSi SeiswavliT.

galvanostegiiT damuSavebuli nivTebi

eleqtronul industriaSi mooqroeba koroziis mimarT mdgradobisa da

spilenZis sadenze gamtari fenis dafenisTvis gamoiyeneba eleqtrokoneqtorebisa
an dabeWdili mikrosqemis dafebisTvis. mobiluri telefonis zogierTi nawili
mooqrovili an movercxlilia, zogis mTliani korpusic mooqrovilia.

25
 daakvirdiT 26.1 suraTs.


1. ra saxis energias iyenebs 26.1 suraTze gamosaxuli xelsawyoebi?
axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

eleqtroqura: gamZle minakeramikis zedapiris

qveS moTavsebulia spiralebi, romlebic maTSi
denis gavlisas xurdeba. bevrad ekonomiuria da
usafrTxo Zvel qurebTan SedarebiT.

denis gamaTbobeli: refleqtori, denis

radiatori, denze momuSave zeTis ra­
uTo: uTos saxurebeli spirali mis sadenTan, diatori, gamaTbobeli ventilatoriT.
romlis meSveobiT uTo qselSi irTveba, mim­
devrobiTaa SeerTebuli.

sur. 26.1. gamtarSi denis gavlisas siTbo gamoiyofa.

gamtarebSi eleqtruli deni iwvevs sxvadasxva movlenas, romelsac denis

moqmedeba ewodeba. eleqtruli denis arseboba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT misi
moqmedebiT.


2. romeli moqmedebiT SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT denis arseboba 26.1 suraTze
gamosaxul xelsawyoebSi?
3. rogor icvleba gamtaris temperatura masSi denis gavlisas? varaudi
ganamtkiceT magaliTebiT.
4. moiyvaneT denis siTburi moqmedebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi yofa-
cxovrebidan, mrewvelobidan da soflis meurneobidan.
5. Tqveni varaudiT, gamoxdili wyali aris Tu ara gamtari?

SevamwmoT, ramdenad sworia Tqveni varaudi. CavataroT cda: WiqaSi CavasxaT

gamoxdili wyali. Cavu­SvaT masSi muyaoSi gayrili ori lursmani an naxSiris
ori Rero. denis wyaros (SeiZleba mSrali elementebis gamoye­neba), jibis fan-

26
ris naTuras, CamrTvel-amomrTvelisa da sadenebis meSveobiT,
SevadginoT 27.1 suraTze gamosaxuli wredi. ivaraudeT, ainTeba
Tu ara naTura, Tu CamrTvels CavrTavT? CavrToT CamrTveli.
SeecadeT axsnaT SemCneuli movlena.


6. aris Tu ara Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi gamoxdil
wyalSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

sur. 27.1

CavyaroT WiqaSi Sabiamnis (Cu++SO4--) an sufris marilis (Na+Cl–) kristalebi

da davakvirdeT naTuras. davinaxavT, naTura gaanaTebs.

7. ra unda momxdariyo wyalSi Sabiamnis Cayrisas?

naTuras naTeba xsnarSi denis gavlis maCvenebelia. deni xsnarSi damuxtuli

nawilakebis gaCenaze miuTiTebs. es nawilakebi spilenZis (Cu++) da mJavas naSTis
(SO4–) an natriumis (Na+) da qloris (Cl–) Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebia.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: gamoxdil wyalSi Tavisufali damuxtuli nawilakebi
praqtikulad ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, igi dens ar atarebs.
sakiTxis TvalsaCinod warmodgenisa da siRrmiseulad gagebisTvis gavecnoT
simulacias `gansxvaveba gamoxdili da mariliani wylis eleqtrogamtarobas
Soris~: https://bit.ly/3uYh6nt

8. rogoria wyalSi gaCenili ionebis `qceva~ eleqtrul velSi? mimarTulad
moZraoben Tu ara isini? axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase?

ramdenime wuTis Semdeg davakvirdeT eleqtrodebs.


9. ras amCnevT im eleqtrodze, romelic SeerTebulia denis wyaros uary-
ofiT polu­sTan?

eleqtrolitSi denis gavlisas spilenZis

dadebiTi ioni uaryofiTi eleqtro­ d idan eleqtroliti – mJavis, tu-
miier­Tebs or ele­qtrons da eleq­t­ro­dze tis an marilis wyalxsnari.
gamoiyofa suf­Ta spilenZi.
eleqtrolitSi de­nis gavlisas eleq­tro­debze nivTierebaTa ga­mo­­yofis
process eleq­tro­lizi ewo­deba.
eleqtrolizis movlenas davakvirdeT videorgolebSi:
https://bit.ly/3bVDM0N
https://bit.ly/3ACCWQJ
eleqtrolizs far­ Tod iyeneben teq­
nikaSi sxvadasxva mizniT. erTi li­ Tonis
zeda­pirs eleq­tro­li­zuri meTodiT fa­ra­ven meoris Txe­li fe­niT (mo­ni­keleba,

27
 moq­
ro­mva, mover­ cxvla, mooq­
ro­
veba da a. S.) (sur. 28.1). es safa­
ri ze­
dapirs
icavs ko­ro­zi­isa­gan.
denis wyaro

eleqtruli velis
moqmedebiT vercxlis
atomebi moZraobs
WurWlisken

iaffasiani rkinis
WurWeli

WurWeli (kaTodi) mover-

vercxlis marilis xsnarSi cxlili WurWeli

sur. 28.1

ele­q­tro­li­zis meSveobiT li­­To­­nebs asuf­Ta­veben mi­narevebi­sagan, ma­ga­li­Tad,

minare­vebiani spi­lenZis ma­dans as­xamen sqe­li fur­clebis sa­xiT, rom­lebsac
Sem­
deg aba­zanaSi ano­ dad aT­a­
v­
seben (sur. 28.2). eleq­ trolizis dros anodis
spi­
lenZi iS­­leba. minarevebi, ro­ m­
lebic Zvirfas da iS­ vi­
aT liTonebs Seicavs,
fskerze ileqeba. ka­ Todze ki sufTa spilenZi gamoiyofa.

1. spilenZis Semc­ve­li madnis

damsxvreva wvril-wvril nate­
xebad

2. wylis damatebiT Txevadi

narevis miReba 3. natexebis dafqva

4. haerisa da qimiur reaqciaSi monawile

nivTierebebis damatebiT madnis gam­
didreba

5. airebis
gamomyvani 10.sufTa (99,9%)
spilenZi milebis,
6. Rumeli mavTulebis,
zodebis da sxvaTa
dasamzadeblad
7. wida

8. Txevadi Savi spilenZis 9. eleqtrolituri gawmenda

formireba furclebad

sur. 28.2. suraTze gamosaxuli sqemis mixedviT, imsjeleT spilenZis warmoebaze.

28
 eleqtrolizis meSveobiT aluminis madnis nadnobisagan Rebuloben sufTa
alumins. swored am xerxis wyalobiT gaxda alumini iafi da erT-erTi Zalian
gavrce­
lebuli liToni teqnikasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi.
rogorc viciT, liTonis gamtarSi eleq­ truli deni aris Tavisufali ele-
qtronebis mimarTuli moZraoba.
romeli damuxtuli nawilakebis moZ­ raobis mimarTuleba unda Cav­
Tva­loT
denis mimarTulebad eleq­trul velSi?

10. romeli nawilakebis mimarTuli moZraobaa eleqtruli deni mJavebis,
marilebis, tuteebis wyal­xsnarebSi?

radgan, metwilad, saqme gvaqvs ele­ qtrodenTan liTonSi, amitom bunebrivi

iqneboda, wredSi denis mimar­Tulebad migveRo eleqtrul velSi eleqtronebis
moZraobis mimarTuleba, e.i. CagveTvala, rom deni mimarTulia denis wyaros
uaryofiTi polusidan dade­ biTisaken.
Tumca mecnierebi denis mimarTu­ lebis Sesaxeb maSin SeTanxmdnen, rodesac
eleq­tronebisa da ionebis Sesaxeb arafe­ ri icodnen. maSin Tvlidnen, rom yve-
la gamtarSi gadaadgileba SeuZlia rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT muxts.
amdenad, pirobiTad, denis mimarTu­ lebad miiRes is mimarTu­ leba, sa­
iTac
dadebiTi muxtebi moZ­ raoben (an imoZravebdnen) gam­ tar­Si, e.i. mimarTu­leba
denis wya­ros da­debiTi polu­sidan uar­yo­fiTi­saken.
denis qimiuri moqmedeba mimdinareobs mxolod siTxeebSi. Semdeg davasabuTebT,
rom garkveul pirobebSi SeiZleba eleqtrulma denma siTbo ar gamoyos, ma-
gram Tu arsebobs eleqtruli deni, maSin mis garSemo aucileblad arsebobs
magnituri velic.
amgvarad, uZravi muxtis garSemo arsebobs mxolod eleqtruli veli. moZ-
ravi muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise magnituri veli.

vici, rom:

gamtarSi denis gavlisas siTbo gamoiyofa.

eleqtrolitSi de­nis gavlisas eleq­tro­debze nivTierebaTa ga­mo­­yofis
process eleq­tro­lizi ewo­deba.
denis mimarTu­lebad miiRes is mimarTu­leba, sa­iTac dadebiTi muxtebi
moZ­raoben (an imoZravebdnen) gam­tar­ Si, e.i. mimarTu­
leba denis wya­
ros
da­debiTi polu­sidan uar­yo­fiTi­saken.
eleqtruli deni eleqtrolitebSi aris dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebis
mimarTuli moZraoba.

29
 denis qimiuri moqmedeba:
https://bit.ly/3bVDM0N

simulacia - gansxvaveba gamoxdili da mariliani wylis

eleqtrul gamtarobas Soris:
https://bit.ly/3uYh6nt
spilenZis sulfatis xsnaris eleqtrolizi grafitis
eleqtrodebze:
https://bit.ly/3ACCWQJ

! moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

saSualo zomis lursmanze erTi mimar­Tu­lebiT,
sul mcire, or fenad daaxvieT spilenZis izoli­
rebuli mavTuli (sur. 30.1). mavTulis boloebs
moacileT izolacia. es lursmani rom miuaxlooT,
Semdeg SeaxoT foladis sagnebs, miekvreba Tu
ara sagnebi lursmans? varaudi CawereT rveulSi.
sur. 30.1
ra moxdeba, Tu mSrali elementis gamoyenebiT,
mavTulSi gaatarebT dens da lursmans kvlav miuaxloebT foladis sagnebs?

! mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba
miuaxloeT lursmani foladis sagnebs.
miikro lursmanma da foladis sagnebma erTmaneTi? –
mavTulis boloebi miuerTeT mSra­ l elements. lursmani +
isev miuaxloeT, Semdeg SeaxeT foladis sagnebs. ras amCnevT? sur. 30.2
aswieT lursmani. ahyva lursmans rkinis sagnebi? wredi
gamorTeT. ras amCnevT?
axla mavTulis boloebi or elements miuerTeT ise, rom erTi elementis
uaryofiTi polusi mierTebuli iyos meoris dadebiT polusTan (sur. 30.2) da
cda isev gaimeoreT.
ra gamoiwvia erTi elementis Secvlam ori elementiT?
SemCneuli movlenebidan gamoitaneT daskvna: lursmnisa da foladis sagnebis
urTierTmizidvis unari rogor aris damokidebuli mavTulSi gamaval denze?

30
 Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze, SegviZlia davaskvnaT:
magnituri veli arsebobs yo­ veli deniani gamtaris, e.i. moZ­ravi muxtis
gar­Semo.
maSasadame, uZravi mux­ tis gar­ Semo arsebobs mxo­
lod eleq­ truli veli.
moZravi muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise magni­ turi
veli.
gamtaris garSemo magnituri veli Cndeba maSin, roca masSi deni gadis, amitom
deni unda ganvixi­ loT, rogorc magnituri velis erT-erTi wyaro. swored
es igulisxmeba gamoT­ qmebSi: `denis magnituri veli~ an `deniT warmoqmnili
magnituri veli~. denis magnitur moqmedebas daakvirdebiT bmulze:
https://bit.ly/3uA65II
koWas, masSi moTavsebul foladis gularTan erTad, eleqtromagniti
ewodeba. gulari aZlierebs deniani koWas magnitur vels. eleqtromagnitis
damzadeba ojaxur pirobebSic SesaZlebelia (saSinao cdaSi Tqven es ukve
gaakeTeT (sur. 30.1). gaecaniT videorgolebsac: https://bit.ly/3uA65II
https://bit.ly/3NNU9d6)
eleqtromagniti nebismieri avtomobilis,
telefonis, televizoris, TviTmfrinavis,
kosmosuri xomaldis da sxva mravali mowyo-
bilobis aucilebeli nawilia.
32.1 suraTze gamosaxulia didi amwevi
Zalis eleqtromagniti, romelsac iyeneben
qarxnebSi foladis an Tujis nakeTobebis,
maTi burbuSelisa da zodebis gadasatanad.
eleqtromagniti imiT aris mo­saxerxebeli,
rom koWaSi gamavali denis regulirebiT
adviladaa SesaZle­ beli misi magnituri moq-
medebis cvli­ leba (gaZ­
liereba an Sesusteba)
farTo saz­RvrebSi. sur. 32.1

erstedis eqsperimenti
https://bit.ly/3OXbodf
denis magnituri moqmedeba
https://bit.ly/3NTwEiP
eleqtromagnitis damzadeba:
https://bit.ly/3uA65II
https://bit.ly/3NNU9d6

vici, rom:

magnituri veli arsebobs yo­

veli deniani gamtaris, e.i. moZ­
ravi mux­
tis gar­Semo.

deni magnituri velis erT-erTi wyaroa.

uZravi mux­tis gar­

Semo arsebobs mxo­
lod eleq­
truli veli. moZravi
muxtis garSemo ki arsebobs rogorc eleqtruli, ise magni­
turi veli.

32
 koWas, masSi moTavsebul foladis gularTan erTad, eleqtromagniti
ewodeba. gulari aZlierebs deniani koWas magnitur vels.

eleqtromagniti nebismieri avtomobilis, telefonis, televizoris,

TviTmfrinavis, kosmosuri xomaldis da sxva mravali mowyobilobis
aucilebeli nawilia.

eleqtromagniti Zalian mosaxerxebelia, radgan koWaSi denis cvli­

lebiT advilia misi simZlavris regulireba.

savarjiSo

1. ra mimarTuleba aqvs eleqtrul dens wredis mkvebav galvanur elementsa

da akumu­latorSi?
2. rogor moiqceviT naTuraSi denis mimarTulebis Sesacvle­ lad? aris Tu
ara naTuras kaSkaSi damokidebuli masSi denis mimarTulebaze?
3. denis ra moqmedebas viye­
nebT eleqtroquraze kerZis momzadebisas?

moemzadeT Semdegi gakveTilisTvis

daamzadeT umartivesi galvanometri.

muyaosagan gaakeTeT 33.1 suraTze gamosaxuli
CarCo. misi siganea 12-15 mm, sigrZe – 20-25 mm, si-
maRle – 30-40 mm. CarCoze daaxvieT wvrili izoli-
rebuli mavTulis 40-50 xvia. miRebul koWaSi CadgiT
kompasi (magnituri isari). miiRebT galvanometrs.
rogor fiqrobT, Seicvleba kompasis isris mimar-
Tuleba koWaSi denis gavlisas? axseniT, ratom
fiqrobT ase?
eleqtronuli resursi dagvexmareba gavigoT,
sur. 33.1
Tu rogor davamzadoT galvanometri:
https://bit.ly/3ao3Z7Z

mecnieruli kvleva-Zieba

mSrali elementis gamoyenebiT, gaatareT koWaSi deni da daakvirdiT isars.

isris RerZi koWis sibrtyis marTobulad unda dadges.

33