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Ligand Name of ligand in complex

Ammonia Ammine-
Carbon monoxide Carbonyl-
Chloride ion Chloro-
Cyanide ion Cyano-
Ethane-1, 2 diamine Ethane-1, 2 diamine-
Hydroxide ion Hydroxo-
Water Aqua-
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Complex Name

[𝐶𝑢(𝐻2 𝑂)6 ]3+ Hexaaquacopper(III) ion

[𝐹𝑒(𝐶𝑁)6 ]4− Hexacyanoferrate(II) ion
(‘-ate’ used because the overall charge is negative
and the name is ‘ferrate’ not ‘ironate’.)

𝑁𝑖(𝐶𝑂)4 Tetracarbonyl nickel(0)

[𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙2 (𝑁𝐻3 )4 ]+ Tetraaminedichlorocobalt(III) ion

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Fig 12.2.4: Complexes with coordination number of 6

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Fig 12.2.5: Complexes with coordination number of 4

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𝑩𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒀𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘
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[𝐶𝑢𝐶𝑙4 2− ]
𝑲𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃 =
[𝐶𝑢2+ ] × [𝐶𝑙− ]4

Note that:
a. [ ] means concentration
b. Concentration of water is ignored in the expression
c. [𝐶𝑢2+ ] represent [𝐶𝑢(𝐻2 𝑂)6 ]2+
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Ligand Formula of complex Stability constant

𝑪𝒍− [𝑪𝒖𝑪𝒍𝟒 ]𝟐− 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓

𝑵𝑯𝟑 [𝑪𝒖(𝑵𝑯𝟑 )𝟒 (𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝟐 ]𝟐+ 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑

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𝑬 = 𝒉𝒇
Where: h is the Planck’s constant
f is frequency
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Process Equation Catalyst
Haber process 𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 ⇌ 2𝑁𝐻3 𝐹𝑒
Contact process 2𝑆𝑂2 + 𝑂2 ⇌ 2𝑆𝑂3 𝑉2 𝑂5
Ostwald process 4𝑁𝐻3 + 5𝑂2 ⇌ 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 4𝑁𝑂 𝑃𝑡
Hydrogenation of 𝐶2 𝐻4 + 𝐻2 ⇌ 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑁𝑖/𝑃𝑡
alkenes

Reduction of nitrogen 2𝐶𝑂 + 2𝑁𝑂 ⇌ 𝑁2 + 2𝐶𝑂2 𝑅ℎ

monoxide

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Ion 3d electrons Unpaired Relative
electrons paramagnetism
Sc3+ 0 0

Ti3+ ↑ 1 1

V3+ ↑ ↑ 2 2

Cr3+ ↑ ↑ ↑ 3 3

Mn2+ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 5

Fe3+ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 5 5

Fe2+ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 4 4

Co2+ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ 3 3

Ni2+ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ 2 2

Cu2+ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ 1 1

Zn2+ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ 0 0
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↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂

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