Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LEADER
A LW A YS LEA RN IN G PEARSON
Grammar Vocabulary Reading
1 Co m m unicat io n (p The continuous aspect (1.2) Phrasal verbs (1.1) Article about six degrees of
The perfect aspect (1.3) Scientific Study (1.1) separation; reacting to the text
( 1. 1)
Idioms (1.2)
Leaflet about communication
Collocations (1.3)
course (1.2)
Extract from You lust Don't
Understand; identifying stylistic
devices (1.3)
Present perfect simple & Local environment collocations Newspaper article about
continuous (2.2) ( 2 . 1) noisy neighbours; identifying
Indirect questions (2.3) Environment (2.2) similarities and differences (2 .1)
4 M e d ic in e (p|36-45_) Future continuous, going to, Personality adjectives (4.1) Four articles about medical
present continuous (4.2) M edical terms (4.1) breakthrough (jigsaw); ranking by
Future perfect simple, future importance (4.1)
Illness and medicine (4.2)
simple (4.3) Facts/ news article about malaria:
Dependent prepositions (4.3)
reacting to the topic (4.2)
News article about bionic eye;
retelling a story (4.3)
Modal verbs and ways of Transport (5.1) Article about road safety analysing
expressing ability,possibility and Safety features (5.1) arguments (5.1)
obligation (past and future) (5.2) Article about future transport
Collocations (5.2)
(jigsaw); evaluating projects,
Words from the text (5.3)
evaluating arguments (5.2)
Article about great railway
journeys; identifying attitude (5.3)
6 Literature and Film <i Narrative tenses (6.2) Genres (6.1) Article about books and films;
Used to, would,get used to (6.3) Literature and film (6.1) inferring opinion (6.1)
3 people talking about Collocations (2.1) Key language: agreeing and Writing a short summary to M eet the expert: an
their local area (2 .1) Discussing solutions to disagreeing politely, polite a solution (2.1 ) interview with Dr Andrew
Lecture about volcanoes problems (2.1) questions Study skills: Designing a M cGonigle about active
(2.3) Task: Attending a formal Questionnaire question volcanoes.
Discussing the
Phone conversation about environment (2 .2) meeting types
a proposed wind farm (2.4) Talking about volcanoes Scenario: Sparrow Hill Writing skills: Writing a
Conversation with (2.3) Wind Farm questionnaire
a lecturer about
questionnaires (2.5)
£
questions about essay and Against Essay:
writing (3.5) introductions, formal
expressions
Doctor talking about her Stressed syllables (4.1) Key language: discussing Study skills: Evaluating M eet the expert: an
work (4.1) Discussing medicine and the implications resources on the internet interview with Dr Tina
A professor talking about medical profession (4.1) Task: making difficult Writing skills: A Chowdhury, about medical
malaria (4.2) decisions short report; making bionics.
Planning a fund-raising day
Six doctors talking (4.2) Scenario: Medical recommendations
about future medical Talking about hopes for the dilemmas
developments (4.3) future (4.3)
Business consultant talking
about using the internet (4.5)
Lecturer advising students j,
about internet resources (4.5)
People talking about Discussing road safety Key language: the language Writing a short report on M eet the expert: interview
transport (5.1 ) (5.1) of meetings - summarising road safety (5.1) with Monisha Rajesh about
News report on transport Making future predictions Task: Evaluating proposals Study skills: Graphs, charts her Indian train journey (5.3)
of the future (5.2) (5.2) Scenario: Beauciel and tables
Discussion on transport Describing a memorable Writing skills: Describing
problems (5.4) journey (5.3) information in a table;
comparison and contrast
Discussion about a book Used to (6.3) Key language: persuading Study skills: making an Study skills video: a
(6.1) Describing a book or film Task: making a persuasive effective presentation, presentation about The Girl
Four people talking about (6.1) presentation rhetorical techniques with the Dragon Tattoo
books (6.2) Discussing influential Scenario: the new film Writing skills: An online
Five people talking about books (6.2) project review; adjectives, adverbs
reading habits (6.3) Talking about childhood
Conversation about a film (6.3)
proposal (6.4)
Five people describing a
memorable presentation (6.5)
Unit Grammar Vocabulary Reading
7 Arch it ect ure trUBMU The Passive (7.2, 7.3) Describing buildings (7. 1) Article about 3 famous buildings
Idioms (7.3) interpreting ideas (7.1)
8 Glo b alisat io n (pl76- 8j Verb patterns (8.2) Globilisation (8.1) Online discussion about
Causatives (8.3) Collocations (8.1) globalisation (8.1)
Ungradable adjectives (9.2) Art and artists (9.1) Online discussion about art;
Position of adverbs (9.3) Adverb-adjective collocations (9.2) justifying opinions (9.1)
10 Psycho lo g y (pl96-l osl Relative clauses (10.2) Personality adjectives (10.1) Webpage about the Belbin model;
Reduced relative clauses (10.3) Phrasal verbs (10.1) evaluating ideas (10.1)
______ ’
11 Cult ures (pfi06-1 15) Reported speech (11.2) Culture (11.1) University webpage on what is
Reporting verbs (11.3) Adjectives (11.2) culture; reflecting on the topic
( 11 . 1)
12 Techno lo g y (p| Conditionals: first and second Technology (12.1) Article about failed inventors;
( 12 .2 ) reflecting on the topic (12.1)
Opposites (prefixes) (12.2)
i i ' . i ':;>;•••• v '> . Conditionals: third and mixed Webpage about the Amish;
Words from the text (12.3)
(12.3) summarising (12.2)
Article about GM food;
identifying arguments (12.3)
Language reference (p121 I " | Meet the Expert (pi 50-15® | Communication Activities (p i 5 5- 111 | Audioscripts (p f64- 175)
Speaking /
Listening Scenario Study Skills / Writing Video
Pronunciation
Architect answering Word stress (7.1) Key language: talking Describing a well-known Meet the Expert: an
questions (7.2) Describing a building (7.1) about requirements building (7.1) interview with Laura Mark
Three architects discussing Task: deciding on facilities Study skills: identifying fact about
Discussing the issue of
a hotel design (7.4) young people living at in a hotel and opinion
home (7.2) Scenario: on the horizon Writing skills: an opinion-
Sharing information on led essay; avoiding
Three people talking about Discussing what is art; Key language: discussing Study skills: Expanding
mi
Meet the Expert: an
art (9.1) justifying opinions (9.1) implications, offering your vocabulary; interview with Yulia
Conversation about an art Describing a work of art counter-arguments collocations Podolskaya about her
gallery (9.4) (9.1) Task: deciding on an Writing skills: An online work as a
action plan review sculptor
Lecture about writing a Describing a photo (9.2)
blog (9.5) Discussing public art (9.3) Scenario: The Russell
Drake Gallery
Lecture about group Stress patterns (10.1) Key language: giving and Summarising an article Meet the Expert: an
dynamics (10.1) Planning a newspaper reacting to advice (10.3) interview with Dr Jack
Radio advice phone-in (10.1) Task: an advice phone-in Study skills: writing a Lewis, a neuroscientist,
(10.4) bibliography, referencing about psychological
Discussing peer pressure Scenario: What's on your
profiling
(10.2) mind? Writing skills: An
(10.3)
Talking about famous advantages and
criminals (10.3) disadvantages essay;
complex sentences,
conclusions
Six people talking about Deciding what to put in a Key language: creating Describing a person in Meet the Expert: an
what they miss about their time capsule (11.1) impact in a presentation culture shock (11.2) interview with Anna
culture (11.1) Discussing culture shock; Task: giving a formal Study skills: Improving Colquhoun, about the
Radio discussion about justifying answers (11.2) presentation reading skills; reading cultural importance of
culture shock; (11.2) and chunking, guessing food. (11.3)
Describing a person (11.2) Scenario: Kaleidoscope
Two people talking about World unknown words, reading
Discussing cultural issues
cultural mistakes (11.3) linkers
(11.3)
Presentation about Toronto Writing skills: Formal
(11.4) correspondence; letter
layout, formulaic
Radio lecture about
language
reading (11.5)
Three people talking about Discussing technology Key language: persuading, Writing your opinion (12.1) Study skills video: a lecture
gadgets (12.1) (12.1) making a case for Study skills: Plagiarism about plagiarism
Conversation between two Discussing living without something - what it is and how to
workers (12.4) technology (12.2) Task: conducting a avoid it
Conversation between two Debating technology (12.3) problem-solving meeting Writing skills: An opinion
managers (12.4) Scenario: conducting a article; stylistic features
problem-solving meeting
Communication
1.1 CO N N ECTIO N S ^
IN THIS UN IT
GRAM M AR
• the continuous aspect
• the perfect aspect
VOCABULARY
• phrasal verbs
• scientific study
• idioms
• collocations
SCENARIO
• outlining problems, offering
solutions, reacting to
suggestions
• solving communication
problems
STUDY SKILLS
• note-taking from listening
to a talk
WRITIN G SKILLS
• writing and checking written
communication
The m ore elaborate our means o f com m unication, the less we com m unicate. J.B. Priestley, 1894-1984, British novelist
5 Co m p let e these sentences to m ake them true for 8 Find verb s and nouns in the art icle that are
you. Co m p are yo ur ideas wit h a p artner. co nnect ed to scient ific study.
1 The best w ay to track down a person who doesn't 9 Reacting to the t ext Discuss these q uest io ns in
use social media is ... small groups.
2 I like to stay in touch with people who ...
1 What is your opinion of the ideas in the article about
3 If I bumped into an old friend after ten years, I'd ...
how closely people are connected?
4 I like to keep track of what my friends are doing by ...
2 How do you think the internet has improved
5 A person I have lost contact with who I wish I hadn't is ...
comm unication?
6 It is easier to get in touch with people when ...
3 What are the negative aspects of the internet in
7 The best time of day to catch up with people is ...
relation to comm unication?
4 Is any com m unication really 'private' these days?
READING
6 a Read the title of the art icle. W hat do you t hink it SPEAKING AND WRITING
w ill be about? W hat do you think are the 'Six degrees
1 0 a W o rk in small groups. Discuss these quest ions
of separation'?
about non- verb al co m m unicat io n in yo ur cult ure.
6 b N o w read the art icle and check yo ur p red ict io ns. • Greet ing s and saying goodbye - What do people
7 Co m p let e the sentences wit h no m ore than three do (shake hands, kiss, bow, wave, etc.)? Does age or
w o rd s and / or a num ber. gender make a difference?
• Personal space - How near do people usually stand
1 The majority of our communication is with
when talking? Do they ever touch?
people.
• Silence - How important is this?
2 The 'Six degrees of separation' idea dates fro m _______ .
• Body language - Do people use a lot of gestures?
3 In the 1960s, an Am erican sociologist attempted
W hich gestures are common? Are there any gestures
t o _______.
you should avoid?
4 The participants only had knowledge of the name,
• Eye co ntact - Is this important at all times?
location of the target.
5 The average number of steps to deliver the packets 1 0 b Ho w im p ortant are the above in m ore form al
was b et w een________. situations (giving a p resent at io n/ sp eech, taking part in
6 The results of the experiment appeared i n ________. a sem inar/ m eet ing, etc.)?
7 A recreation of M ilgram 's experim ent took place
i n _______. 11 Writ e a list of the most im portant things to consider
8 The most recent experiment looked at the connections when com m unicating wit h people from yo ur country.
between________social-media users.
‘Think fo r a minute ... int erest ing ideas you need to know about’
he concept goes back to a 1929 book of short stories called Everything is Different In 2003, Columbia University tried to recreate
T by Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy. He was very interested in friendship
networks and his ideas influenced many of the early ideas about social networks.
Milgram's experiment on the internet. This
became known as the Columbia Small World
project. The experiment involved 24,163
In the 1950s, two scientists tried to prove the theory mathematically, but after email chains with eighteen target people
twenty years, they still had not been successful. In 1967, an American sociologist in thirteen different countries. The results
called Stanley Milgram tried a new method to test the theory, which he called confirmed that the average number of links
the ‘Small-world problem’. He chose at random a sample of people in the middle in the chain was six.
of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of
Massachusetts. The people sending the packages only knew the name, job and Most recently, an experiment in 2011 at the
general location of the people. Milgram told them to send the package to a person University of Milan analysed the relationship
they knew personally who they thought might know the target person. This person between 721 million social media users and
would then send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be found that 92 percent were connected by only
personally delivered to the correct person. Amazingly, it took only between five four stages, or five degrees of separation.
and seven people to get the packets delivered, and the results were published in So, think about it for a minute. How might
the magazine Psychology Today. It was this research that inspired the phrase ‘Six you be connected to a celebrity, politician
degrees of separation’. or sports star?
7
1.2 COM M UN ICATING CON FIDEN TLY
READIN G
1 a W o r k in g ro u p s an d d iscu ss h o w yo u feel w h en
yo u h ave t o d o t h ese t h in g s.
• give a presentation
• participate in a seminar or meeting
• meet new people
People from Britain and the USA often leave more space
around them than other nationalities. They are more likely to
move away when they feel that others are invading their space.
Even when you are sitting still, your body is communicating with
everyone in the audience. Aim to look confident. Remember,
‘Actions speak louder than words’.
texto
8
CO M M UN ICATIN G CO N FIDEN TLY 1.2
6 a M atch these idioms with their meanings. 1 How is the world of communication
changing?
1 actions speak louder than words
2 How is stress in the workplace
2 think before you speak increasing?
3 get a word in edgeways
4 hear it on the grapevine GRAM M AR TIP
5 be on the same wavelength
6 get straight to the point The present continuous is often used to
7 have a quick word with someone talk about trends. Below are some of
a talk about the most important thing immediately the most frequently used verbs, together
b share similar ideas with the adverbs they most commonly
c hear about a rumour passed from one person to another collocate with in academic texts.
d get a chance to say something constantly, dramatically,
e talk briefly to someone change
rapidly, frequently
f what you do is more important than what you say
constantly, dramatically,
g don't start talking until you have thought about what you want to say increase
rapidly
6 b Work with a partner and discuss the questions. occur frequently
1 Does it irritate you when people do not get straight to the point? constantly, dramatically,
expand
2 When was the last time you felt you were really on the same rapidly
wavelength as someone else? behave differently
3 Who was the last person to ask to have a quick word with you?
4 What have you heard on the grapevine recently?
9b Think of as many sentences as
GRAMMAR possible about these topics using verbs
THE CON TIN UOUS ASPECT and adverbs from the Gram mar tip box.
7a Underline the seven continuous forms in the leaflet and The web is changing our lives dramatically.
course handouts. 1 The web 5 Men/ behave
The world of communication is changing rapidly. 2 The use of tablets 6 The population
3 The universe 7 Identity fraud
7b Look again at the leaflet and answer these questions. 4 Hurricanes
1 Is the amount of stress in the workplace changing?
2 Is the number of people taking communication courses staying SPEAKING
the same?
1 Oa Work in groups and talk about
3 Has Anika finished her research?
current trends in communication. Think
4 Is Anika's research for her doctorate temporary or permanent?
about the following topics.
5 When did Anika become interested in communication skills?
• reading • writing letters
8 Work with a partner and look at the verb forms in the sentences • texting • writing emails
below. What is the difference in meaning between each sentence? • the internet • smartphones
1 a I'm writing an email to my parents. • tablets • using Twitter
b I write a letter to my parents every week. • telephoning
2 a I work in London. People are reading fewer novels these days
b I'm working in London, but I'm looking for a because they're using computers more.
job in Paris.
1 0b Considering consequences Choose
3 a When my colleague arrived, we were having dinner, the trend you think is most important,
b When my colleague arrived, we had dinner. worrying or interesting, and explain why.
4 a Everyone around me cried and screamed. Say how it affects different groups or parts
b Everyone around me was crying and screaming. of society (e.g. large families, business
5 a I live in Istanbul. people, students, publishers, libraries, etc.).
b I am living with my parents at the moment. People are texting more and more these
6 a I walk to work every day. days because they find it so convenient. I
b I am walking to work this week, as my car is broken. find this worrying because it affects family
relationships. I have even seen people texting
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149 at the dinner table or when they are out for a
meal together. Personally, I find it very rude.
9
1.3 WHO DOES THE TALKING?
3
4
In 2009, Tannen has written You Were Always
Mom 's Favorite!
Have you read any of Tannen's books?
When has this book been published?
5 I realised that we met before.
3 Listen again and answer these questions. 6 Is this the first time she spoke in public?
1 What are the following books about? 7 Last night there have been an all-women panel on
• Talking from 9 to 5 the show.
• You Just Don't Understand 8 When I arrived at the conference, the main speaker
• You Were Always Mom 's Favorite! already finished.
2 What is the essay Would You Please Let Me Finish
6 W ork with a partner to ask and answer questions
about? interrumptios since to be more frequently in woman
about the following topics. Try to develop the
3 What are the different factors that can affect
conversation. Use the words and phrases in the box.
conversational style? age, gender, culture
4 What have recent surveys shown?
women are more interrumptedHave you ever? How long ago? When? Who?
5 How long has May been married? texto
6 Why is May feeling sad? texto
A : Have you ever sent an aggressive email?
7 How does M ay get on with her mother-in-law?
texto B: Yes, I have.
8 Does May interrupt her husband a lot?
A : When did you do that?
texto
B: In my first year at university.
GRAMMAR A : Who did you send it to?
THE PERFECT ASPECT 1 send an aggressive email 5 have dream in which ...
4 a Look at this extract from the listening and answer 2 raise voice in a meeting 6 tell lie
the questions. 3 interrupt 7 write a difficult letter
4 upset a friend when just joking 8 use sign language
M: We've had so many arguments recently and he has
moved out.
R: Oh, when did he leave? READING
M: This evening. He phoned me from a cafe at 5 p.m. 7a Do you agree with these statements?
and asked me to meet him there after work to talk
1 Women talk far more than men.
about our problems. But by the time I arrived at the
2 Men talk about sport. Women talk about their feelings.
cafe, he had left.
3 Women and men communicate differently.
1 Is M ay's husband living in her house now?
2 Did he live in her house at some time in the past? 7b Read the two extracts from You Just Don't
3 Who was at the cafe first, May or her husband? Understand by the academic Deborah Tannen. What
4 Were they at the cafe at the same time? does the author say (if anything) about the statements
5 What did the husband do before M ay arrived? above?
10
WHO DOES THE TALKING? 1.3
11
1.4 SCENARIO
FLAT- SHARIN G
West f ield Un iver sit y 3b M atch the expressions in Exercise 3a with these
language functions.
• outlining problems
St udent Advice Cent re • offering solutions
Got a problem? We're here t o help. • reacting to suggestions
Come and see us with any problem, big or small. 3 c Practise saying the expressions.
3d Match expressions a-g with the functions in Exercise 3b.
a That seems to be the best way forward,
b It's a tricky situation because ...
c The best way to deal with it is to ...
d It's a vicious circle,
e That might well solve the problem,
f The trouble is ...
We deal with emotional matters, financial g That makes sense to me.
difficulties, problems with studies, problems
between flatm ates... anything you want. 4 W o rk with a partner to discuss the situation
below and suggest solutions. Try to use some of the
Just make an appointment expressions from the Key language.
M arco works every evening in a cafe to make more
money. As a result, he often oversleeps and misses early-
university morning lectures.
FLAT- SHARIN G
5 M artin, Paul, Stewart and Carlos are students 6 c Discuss the flatmates' problems and suggest
sharing a flat for a year. Read about them and solutions. Think about the questions below to help you.
discuss what problems could arise because of their 1 Why are the students having so many problems?
different personalities. 2 Do they need more rules to improve relations in the flat?
6 a The students are having problems living together. 3 Should they continue to live together?
Work in groups of four. You are counsellors at the 4 Should they try to cancel their contract with the
Advice Centre and are helping the students to sort owner of the flat?
out their problems. Each of you has met one of the 5 What is the best solution to their problems?
flatmates. Read the notes of your conversation. 6 d As a class, discuss the solutions you have thought of.
Counsellor A: look at page 155. What is the best solution?
Counsellor B: look at page 157.
7 Discuss which student you would most like to share
Counsellor C: look at page 161.
a flat wit h, and give reasons. Which one would you
Counsellor D: look at page 163.
least like to live with?
13
1.5 STU D Y AN D W RITIN G SKILLS
STUDY SKILLS 6 Com pare your notes with the notes you made in
N OTE- TAKIN G FROM LISTENING TO A TALK Exercise 3. Is the second set of notes better or clearer?
1 You are going to watch someone giving a lecture about 7 W o rk in small groups and reconstruct what you
public speaking. Discuss these questions in small groups. heard using your notes. Look at the Video script on
page 168 and check your ideas.
1 Have you ever made a speech? How did you feel?
2 What tips do you think w ill be given? 8 Discuss these questions.
3 What would you like to know about? 1 Do you agree or disagree with any of the advice
2 a Structure of talks Formal talks, such as lectures, are given by James?
usually structured in a very clear way, with 'signposts' to 2 Can you add anything else?
help listeners. Match headings 1-5 with examples a-e. 3 What is your opinion of the communication style
of James?
1 Introducing what is to come
2 Sequencing
3 Signalling the main point WRITING SKILLS
4 Rephrasing WRITING AND CHECKING WRITTEN COM M UNICATION
5 Exemplifying 9 W ork with a partner to discuss these questions.
a For instance, ... 1 How often do you write emails?
b I intend to discuss ... 2 How often do you send letters (either on paper or
c In other words, ... attached to emails)?
d The most important thing ... 3 Do you write more emails for formal or informal
e Firstly, I want to ... situations?
4 Can you remember the last three emails you wrote?
2b What other phrases do you know for each heading?
Who were they to? What was their purpose?
3 i f i l Note-taking Watch the first part of the lecture
by James Hammond and make notes of the main points. 1 0 Register Read the two emails sent to the lecturer
James Hammond. In each case, what is the relationship
4 a Com pare your notes with a partner and discuss between the writer and James? How do you know this?
the questions.
1 Did you note the same information?
Dear Mr Hammond,
2 Did you make notes in the same way?
3 Which of the phrases from Exercise 2 did you hear? I attended your lecture on public speaking at the
Which did you find most useful for your notes? Communication Skills conference in London last week
and I was very impressed. I am involved in organising
4b Which of these techniques did you use in your something similar and I would like to invite you to speak
note-taking? at our conference in Milan, Italy, on 15 May. The talk
• arrows would need to last for 60 minutes (45 minutes for the
• using headings/ colours talk and 15 minutes for questions).
• using a lot of space Please find attached a document giving full details of
• underlining key words the programme.
• using capital letters for very important ideas and points Should you have any further questions, please do not
• your own system of abbreviations and short forms hesitate to contact me.
(e.g. using one letter to mean a word or topic,
I look forward to hearing from you.
S - speech, C - communication)
Yours sincerely,
5 ( 3 3 Watch the second part of the talk and make Elena Conti
notes of the main points. Use techniques from Exercise 4 Conference Organiser
which you think might be useful.
Hi James,
Great talk last week on public speaking. I really enjoyed it.
Do you want to give a talk at an industry thing I'm getting
together in Italy in May?
The session needs to be an hour (45 mins for the talk
and 15 mins questions).
See attached for the full prog.
Any problems or queries, just let me know.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Best,
Lisa
14
STUD Y AN D W RITIN G SKILLS 1.5
11 Complete the table with expressions from the emails. 1 3 Com plete the table with expressions from the two
replies in Exercise 12.
15
Environment
2.1 LOCAL ENVIRONM ENT
IN THIS UNIT
GRAMM AR
• present perfect simple and
continuous
• indirect questions
VOCABULARY
• local environment
collocations
• the environment
• adverbs
SCENARIO
• agreeing and disagreeing
politely, polite questions
• attending a formal meeting
STUDY SKILLS
• designing a questionnaire
WRITING SKILLS
• writing a questionnaire
The environment is everything which isn't me. Albert Einstein, 1879-1955, German-born physicist
LISTENING AND VOCABULARY 3 Com plete collocations 1-20 with the words in the
LOCAL EN VIRON M EN T COLLOCATION S boxes. Listen again to check.
1 Wo rk with a partner and answer the questions. atmosphere hour house area pollution
1 What sort of area do you live in? Choose words from rate environment farm points activities
the box.
1 detached____
urban rural suburban residential traditional 2 rush_______
smart inner-city coastal up-and-coming 3 desirable____
long-established recently developed 4 noise_______
5 natural______
2 How would you describe your area to a visitor? 6 w in d _______
16
LOCAL ENVIRONM ENT 2.1
PRONUNCIATION
4 WWM Collocations Underline the main stress in each
collocation in Exercise 3. Then listen and check.
Noisy neighbours and all the
READING
5 Work with a partner and discuss this list of
things that drive us mad
problems. Which are the worst, do you think? BY ROSS LYDALL_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17
2.2 CHAN GIN G ENVIRONM ENT
18
CHANGING ENVIRONMENT 2.2
GRAM M AR
PRESENT PERFECT SIM PLE AN D CON TIN UOUS
7 a Read these sentences that describe a similar situation
and answer the questions.
a I've been working for the US Geological Survey for
the last three months on a temporary contract,
b I've worked for the US Geological Survey for three
months now and this is my last day in the office.
1 W hich sentence uses the present perfect simple?
Co ral w h it en in g W hich uses the present perfect continuous?
Coral reefs are highly sensitive to small changes in water 2 Do both sentences refer to the same period of time?
temperature. Heat causes corals to lose the algae t hat feed 3 Do both sentences refer to a time starting three
them, which leaves coral white. Continued warming could months ago and lasting up to now?
cause coral whitening to become an annual event within the 4 W hich sentence emphasises a completed action?
next few decades, destroying many reef ecosystems. 5 W hich sentence sees the action as temporary and
threats to forests incomplete at the moment that it is talked about?
The US Geological Survey reports that slight changes in the
7b Und erline exam p les of the present p erfect sim ple
climate may result in sudden changes in ecosystems. These
and the p resent p erfect continuous in the art icle. W hy
may be impossible to reverse. The Rocky Mountains in Canada
has the w rit er used these form s in each case?
and the US have been losing their forests at a worrying rate
since 2000 due to the increase of tree-killing insects. ^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
Thinning ice, rising seas
8 Co m p let e the sentences w it h the present p erfect
Rising seas are one of the most certain effect s of
sim ple or present p erfect continuo us form of the verbs
global warming, as warming ocean wat ers expand and
in b racket s. So m et im es both form s are co rrect .
melting glaciers, ice caps and ice sheet s add more water
to the oceans. 1 In Iceland, the ice_______ (disappear) at an alarming rate.
artic sea is shrinking 2 The Dead Sea________(shrink) at the rate of one
metre per year.
Sat ellite images show t hat the ext ent of Arctic summer
3 Rising sea levels mean that some reclaim ed land in
sea ice has been melting at an increasing rate and almost
low- lying areas________(already/ vanish).
9 percent of it has disappeared per decade since 1979. has already vanished
4 I ________(work) on the environmental project all year.
sea level rise have been working
5 The Environment Ag en cy________(send)
has send over 115,000
A recent IPCC report predicts that sea levels could rise 25-38
warnings to people at risk of flooding.
centimetres by 2100 if current warming patterns continue. 6 The environmental lo b b y________(try) to get the
has been trying
melting glaciers government to reduce CO , emissions for ages.
A 2005 survey of 442 glaciers from the World Glacier 7 Some scient ist s________(question) the impact of
Monitoring Service found t hat 90 percent of the world's have questioned
clim ate change.
glaciers are shrinking as the planet warms. 8 The IPCC________(just/ publish) their latest report.
has just published
Th reat s t o p eo p le aro und t h e g lobe
Extreme weather will become more frequent - and more
SPEAKING
dangerous. The World Meteorological Organisation reported 9 W o rk in groups. Talk about yo ur enviro nm ent using
that 2000- 2009 was the hot test decade on record, with the present p erfect sim p le and cont inuo us. Discuss
eight of the hot test 10 years having occurred since 2000. some of these to pics.
6 _ _ increase
_ _ _ _ _flooding
_____ • the weather • the seasons
The recent IPCC report concludes t hat very heavy rain has • wildlife • endangered species
increased in frequency during the last 50 years and that • sea levels
global warming has been a factor. Our class has been paying a lot o f attention to local
increased drought environm ental news over the past couple o f years, and
There have also been increased periods of drought, we n ow know that honey bees have been disappearing
particularly in parts of Africa and Asia suffering from at an alarming rate. A top scientist has warned that these
famine. According to the National Centre for Atmospheric bees cou ld be w iped out in a few years.
Research, the percentage of the Earth's surface suffering
drought has more than doubled since the 1970s.
8_ _spread
_ _ _ _of_disease
_____
Diseases such as malaria could become more difficult to
control in areas where it is currently too cold for them to
spread year round. As temperatures rise, diseases can grow.
19
2.3 EXTREM E ENVIRONM ENT
SPEAKING AND LISTENING 5 c Look again at the indirect questions in Exercise 5a.
Are these statements true or false?
1 Wo rk with a partner to brainstorm everything you
know about volcanoes in two minutes. 1 We use the word order of affirmative statements in
indirect questions.
2 Guess the answers to this quiz. 2 We use i f or whether to introduce indirect
yes/ no questions.
W h a t d o y o u k n o w a b o u t Vo lc a n o e s ? 3 We do not use the auxiliary do in present simple
indirect questions.
Decide if these statements are true or false. 4 Indirect questions always end with a question mark.
1 Volcanoes are a natural way that the Earth and
^ 4 Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
other planets have of cooling off.
2 The biggest volcano on Earth is Mauna Loa in 6a Change the direct questions into indirect questions.
Hawaii. Use introductory phrases from Exercise 5a.
3 Most volcanoes are found around the rim of the 1 How high is Mauna Loa?
Atlantic Ocean. I'd like to know how high Mauna Loa is.
4 There are volcanoes around the coastline of 2 How many volcanoes erupt each year?
Antarctica. 3 What causes a volcano to erupt?
5 There are no underwater volcanoes. 4 What is the biggest volcano in the USA?
6 About fifty volcanoes erupt each year. 5 Which volcano has been showing a lot of activity recently?
7 The temperature of lava flows can reach 1,250°C. 6 When did Vesuvius destroy Pompeii?
8 People can never go inside volcanoes. 7 When did Vesuvius last erupt?
9 There is a large volcano under Yellowstone Park 8 Do a lot of people live near Vesuvius?
in the USA. 6b Wo rk with a partner. Ask and answer the indirect
10 Vesuvius is a famous active volcano in Italy. questions in Exercise 6a. Look at Audio script 2.3 on
page 169 to help you.
5b Why does the professor use a direct question {What deliberately mainly normally perhaps relatively
is a volcano?) and the students use indirect questions? slowly and carefully
20
Ye llo w s t o n e .
D AN GE R O U S B E AU TY
YELLOWSTONE, IT TURNS shaking hands when we met at the ‘So it could just blow without
OUT, IS A SUPERVOLCANO. 35 park headquarters at Mammoth warning?’
It sits on top of an enormous Hot Springs early on a lovely He nodded thoughtfully. The
hot spot, a reservoir of molten morning in June. trouble, he explained, is that
s rock that begins at least 2,000 7o nearly all the things that
kilometres down in the Earth I asked him what caused would constitute warning signs
and rises to near the surface, Yellowstone to blow when it did. already exist in some measure
forming what is known as a 40 ‘Don’t know. Nobody knows. at Yellowstone. ‘Earthquakes
superplume. The heat from the Volcanoes are strange things. are generally a precursor of
10 hot spot is what powers all of We really don’t understand 75 volcanic eruptions, but the park
Yellowstone’s vents, geysers, them at all. Vesuvius, in Italy, already has lots of earthquakes
hot springs and popping mud was active for three hundred - twelve hundred and sixty of
pots. Beneath the surface is a « years until an eruption in 1944 them last year. Most of them
magma chamber that is about and then it just stopped. It’s are too small to be felt, but they
is 72 kilometres across - roughly been silent ever since. Some so are earthquakes nonetheless.’
the same dimensions as the volcanologists think that it is
park - and about 13 kilometres recharging in a big way, which Evacuating Yellowstone would
thick at its thickest point. The so is a little worrying because two never be easy. The park gets
pressure that such a pool of million people live on or around some three million visitors a
20 magma exerts on the crust it. But nobody knows.’ year, mostly in the three peak
above has lifted Yellowstone ‘And how much warning would 85 summer months. The park’s
and its surrounding territory you get if Yellowstone was going roads are comparatively few
about half a kilometre higher 55 to go?’ and they are kept intentionally
than they would otherwise be. If narrow, partly to slow traffic,
He shrugged. ‘Nobody was
25 it blew, the cataclysm is pretty
around last time it blew, so partly to preserve an air of
well beyond imagining. 90 picturesqueness, and partly
nobody knows what the warning
‘It may not feel like it, but you’re signs are. Probably you would because of topographical
to have swarms of earthquakes constraints. At the height of
standing on the largest active
and some surface uplift and summer, it can easily take half
volcano in the world,’ Paul Doss,
possibly some changes in the a day to cross the park and
3o Yellowstone National Park
geologist, told me soon after patterns of behaviour of the 95 hours to get anywhere within it.
climbing off an enormous geysers and steam vents but, Extract from Bill Bryson's A Short
Harley-Davidson motorcycle and 65 nobody really knows.’ History of Nearly Everything
t a M f:
SPARROW H ILL W IN D FARM
24
STUD Y AN D W RITIN G SKILLS 2.5
Installing solar panels to light and heat 1 0 a W ork in groups of four and choose one of
your house. these tasks.
1 You work for SOE. Each student chooses one issue
from Exercise 8. Write six questions to find out the
respondents' attitude to your issue.
2 You are going to do a questionnaire about issues
in your place of study/ work. Each student chooses
one issue that interests them (e.g. sports/ catering/
parking facilities, how clean the building is, etc.).
Write six questions to find out the respondents'
attitudes to your issue.
25
IN THIS UNIT
3 3.1 FAIR PLAY
GRAMM AR
• quantifiers
• definite and zero articles
VOCABULARY
• idioms
• self- abstract nouns
SCENARIO
• using emphasis and
comparison
• giving a presentation
STUDY SKILLS
• understanding essay
questions
WRITING SKILLS
• a for and against essay
Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. George Orwell, 1903-1950, British author
SPEAKING READING 2
1a Work with a partner. You have three 3 Read the article about football quickly and match headings a-h
minutes to think of a different sport for with paragraphs 1-6. There are two extra headings.
each of these categories. a More than a player
Name a sport where: b Breaking the rules
1 people often get injured c Taking football further
d A football education
2 people wear special clothes
e A final honour
3 people have physical contact
4 you can only do it indoors f The world's favourite sport
5 you can only do it outdoors g The best player in the world
6 you usually compete as an individual h Only for pleasure
7 you are part of a team 4 Read the article again. Are these statements true, false or not given?
8 you compete against the clock
1 M iller played football professionally.
9 animals are involved
10 men and women compete together 2 M iller was educated in England.
3 M iller scored a lot of goals.
1b Work with a different partner to 4 Brazil first played against England in 1914.
compare your ideas. 5 M iller played for several teams in England.
6 Brazil has won the World Cup four times.
2 Discuss the questions about the sports
7 M iller has a football move named after him.
you listed in Exercise 1a. Give reasons for
8 M iller started a football club in Brazil.
your answers.
1 Which sport is the most competitive? 5 Underline all the words in the article which refer to people in
2 Which is the most dangerous? sport. M atch the words with these people.
3 Which has the most complicated rules? Someone who:
4 Which is the most difficult to be good at? 1 watches sport
5 Which is the most exciting to watch?
2 loves sport
6 Which would you like to take up? 3 teaches sport
4 makes sure rules are followed
5 plays a sport without being paid
26
FAIR PLAY 3.1
Miller was not only a great player, but also an excellent coach
and administrator. In Brazil, he spent a lot of time and effort
teaching and coaching Brazilians. After retiring as a player, he
27
3.2 M ARTIAL ARTS
READING
6 Read the leaflet q uickly. W hat is its purpose?
>o Unfortunately, over the last few years, assaults on innocent people
have increased. Each of us has some ability to defend ourselves, but
by learning a form of self-defence, we are not only increasing that
ability, but also doing something to build our own sense of self-
LISTENING respect. Karate will show you a lot of simple and effective techniques
's to protect yourself, giving you increased self-confidence.
1 W o rk wit h a p art ner to tell each o ther
Far too many people think martial arts are about violence. Martial-arts
ab o ut any m artial arts you kno w . Th in k of
training is based on a lot of respect, self-discipline, self-control and
five reasons fo r doing m artial arts.
5 Reacting to the to p ic W o rk w it h a
part ner to discuss the quest ions.
1 After listening to this interview, are
you motivated to take up a martial art?
Why?/ Why not?
2 How inspirational do you find Kevin
Coles as a teacher?
28
M ARTIAL ARTS 3.2
7 Read the leaflet again. Are these statements true, 1 0a Find the abstract nouns in the leaflet related to
false or not given? Co rrect the false statements. the following adjectives.
1 Benefits from karate come very quickly.
agile calm coordinated courteous
2 It is important to train on both sides of the body.
flexible tolerant
3 There has been an increase in violence recently.
4 The founder of karate was Gichin Funakoshi.
5 There is a free introductory lesson. 10 b Which three of the words in Exercise 10a are
6 There is a karate championship every year. related to the body? Which two of the words are
7 The word karate means 'empty hand'. related to polite behaviour?
8 Self-defence classes increase our ability to defend
ourselves and build self-respect. GRAMMAR
QUANTIFIERS
8 Read the leaflet again and cross out the options
below that are not correct. (You can cross out one, two 1 1 a Look at the quantifiers in the box. Then find and
or three options.) underline the quantifiers in the leaflet.
1 Classes are suitable for
almost no almost none far too much hardly any
a beginners.
(a) little much none
b intermediate students,
c women,
d children. 11 b Divide the quantifiers into three groups:
2 Martial arts are based on those used with plural countable nouns, those with
a violence. uncountable nouns and those used with both.
b self-defence,
GRAM M AR TIP
c respect,
d self-discipline. All of the quantifiers can be used with of- 1- the/ my/
3 Which of the following does karate improve? these, etc. + noun/ pronoun.
a stamina Hardly any o f my friends are taking exams this year.
b concentration
c politeness ^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
d aggression
1 2 In which sentences does the phrase in bold mean
4 Which of the following relate to the physical aspects 'not many/ much'? In which does it mean 'some'?
of karate?
1 I'm pleased to say that a few of you w ill get your
a flexibility
black belt next year.
b agility
2 Unfortunately, few of you are likely to pass the exam.
c courtesy
3 There's little time to practise for the grading next week.
d suppleness
4 We've got a little time left. What shall we practise?
29
3.3 GETTING TO THE TOP
READING
1 Work with a partner to discuss the
questions.
1 Which sportswoman/women do you
most admire? Why?
2 How do you think they got to the top
of their sport?
30
GETTIN G TO THE TOP 3.3
6 a Find words or phrases in the article with these 8 Edit the text about Esther Vergeer. Find and correct
meanings. seventeen mistakes in the use of articles.
1 when you give up something important in order
to get something more important
ccording to Richard
2
3
strength
something that is much greater than usual A Krajicek, Esther Vergeer
is, ‘maybe most successful
4 the refusal to let anything prevent you from doing the
athlete of all the time’. The
what you have decided to do
wheelchair tennis champion
5 to make someone different from or better than from Netherlands retired in
other people 2013 after going over ten
6 thinking about something all the time years unbeaten, ending one
of most amazing careers in
6 b Com plete the sentences using words or phrases the
any sport.
from Exercise 6a.
The Last time she lost was on 30
1 Esther Vergeer was so dominant in her sport due to January 2003 in the Sydney.
h er_______ and mental toughness. She went on to win her the
2 Her parents_______ a lot o f ________to give her a next 470 matches.
good education. She tookthe number one spot in her sport in 1999 and won
3 Serena William s says she is a perfectionist an d ______ the first of her four gold Olympic medals in Sydney in 2000.
about tennis. She won her last Olympic gold beating Aniek van Koot
4 Usain Bolt's speed_______ h im ________from other in Paralympics final in the London in 2012. She will not
the
competitors. now surpass longest run of wins in sport - 555 by the
the
5 The reporter was surprised by t h e_______ of Mike Pakistani squash legend, Jahangir Khan.
the
Tyson's emotions. Vergeer started playing the wheelchair tennis at age
6 Some athletes cannot deal with t h e_______ of of eight after losing the use of her legs following the
sporting success and failure. spinal surgery.
She is an ambassador of the Laureus foundation for the
texto
children with disabilities. The children are encouraged
GRAMMAR to develop and express themselves.
DEFINITE AN D ZERO ARTICLES
Roger Federer praised her, ‘She is an astonishing
7a Find the phrases from the box in the article. athlete, a huge personality, and she has achieved one of
the most amazing feats in our sport.’
the table the sacrifices push the limits the best
drive Johannesburg the only girl birthday parties
PRONUNCIATION
7b Com plete the rules about the definite and zero 9 BflEF Weak forms of the Listen carefully to five
articles using the phrases in Exercise 7a. sentences. Is there a definite article before these nouns
We use the definite article the: in the sentences? Use the context to help you.
• when we mention a noun a second time (e.g. the 1 university 4 tennis players, wrist injuries
pool)- The may be used on a first mention if it is 2 university 5 tennis players, courts
when we refer to something unique (e.g. 1the ____only
___).girl 3 game, captain
• for superlatives (e.g. 2the
____best
___ ).
• with known things that are local and very familiar SPEAKING
to most people in the context and do not need to be
introduced or explained (e.g. 3the____table
___). 1 0a Work with a partner. Choose the four most
• with certain idioms (e.g. 4_______ ). push the limits important things you need to get to the top in sport.
• with countries which include Republic, Union, Then rank them 1 (most important) to 4.
Kingdom, States, Emirates (e.g. the United Arab
aggression intelligence stamina patience
Emirates) and plural names (e.g. the Philippines).
mental toughness strength positivity humility
We use the zero article: concentration self-discipline
• with proper nouns, i.e. the names of people and
places (e.g. 5_______ ). Johannesburg
• with plural countable nouns referring to things in 10 b Work with another pair to explain your choices.
general (e.g. 6_______). birthday parties
• with uncountable nouns referring to something in
general (e.g. 7_______).
drive
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
31
SCENARIO
W H O IS TH E GREATEST?
I
W H O IS TH E GREATEST?
34
STUD Y AN D W RITIN G SKILLS 3.5
W RITIN G SKILLS
A FOR AN D AGAIN ST ESSAY
7 Read the essay again and match ideas a- e with paragraphs 1-5.
a arguments against the proposition
b conclusion and opinion
c introduction and restatement of question
d arguments for the proposition
e background information
35
IN THIS UNIT
4 Medicine
4.1 M EDICAL BREAKTHROUGHS
GRAMM AR
• future continuous, going to,
present continuous
• future perfect simple, future
simple
VOCABULARY
• personality adjectives
• medical terms
• illness and medicine
• dependent prepositions
SCENARIO
• discussing implications
• making difficult decisions
STUDY SKILLS
• evaluating resources on the
internet
WRITING SKILLS
• a short report
Always laugh when you can. It is cheap medicine. Lord Byron, 1788-1824, English poet
SPEAKIN G AN D LISTEN IN G VO CA BU LA RY
1 What do you think are the most important personal M EDICAL TERM S
qualities for someone who works in the medical 4a Look at the words in the box and find the following.
profession? Choose your top three from the box. Can 1 six people who work in medicine
you add any others? six treatments or types of drug
authoritative calm efficient knowledgeable six medical conditions
objective open-minded patient reassuring Alzheimer's anaesthetist antibiotic arthritis
sensitive sociable sympathetic cancer chest infection diabetes heart disease
injection midwife morphine painkiller
pharmacist physiotherapy psychiatrist
1 knows the names of all his/ her patients. 4b Com plete the sentences with words in the box.
2 uses everyday language rather than medical terms in 1 A doctor writes a prescription, but you need to take
discussions with patients. it to a _________to get the medicine.
3 considers using alternative treatments such as 2 After my operation, I h ad _________twice a week for
hypnosis, acupuncture and aromatherapy. three months until I could walk again.
4 tells people how to live a healthy life. 3 They found an organ donor in time, so it looks like
5 listens with sympathy to people who are not really ill. t h e_________will go ahead as planned.
6 usually prescribes medication (e.g. anti-depressant 4 People who suffer fro m _________need to take insulin
tablets). or regulate their diets.
7 thinks carefully about the cost of any treatments. 5 People with eating disorders, like anorexia and
bulimia, are usually treated by a _________.
3 Work with a partner to discuss the statements. 6 Some drugs are best given to patients b y _________.
Which do you agree with? Give reasons.
7 Often caused by poor d iet ,_________is the biggest
killer in the western world.
36
M EDICAL BREAKTH RO UGH S 4.1
PRONUNCIATION 7b Using your notes, tell your partner about the two
breakthroughs.
5 E O Stressed syllables M ark the stressed syllable on
the words in Exercise 4a and decide what the stressed 8 a Ranking by importance Work with a partner. Agree
vowel sound is. Listen and check your answers. on a ranking of the four medical advances in the texts
(put the most important first).
READING 8 b Now t hink of two more medical inventions that
you think are very important (e.g. the thermometer,
6 You are going to read about some important
the scalpel).
medical advances: X-rays, penicillin, aspirin,
anaesthesia. Wo rk with a partner. What do you know 8 c Join another pair and justify your choices.
about these medical breakthroughs (e.g. what they are
and when they were discovered)? Share your ideas. SPEAKING
7a Work with a partner. You will each read two 9 W o rk in small groups and discuss the questions
texts. M ake notes about the medical advances, using about medicine and the medical profession.
the questions below. You may not find answers to
1 Should people have to pay for healthcare?
all the questions.
2 Do you think nurses and midwives are paid enough
• what? • how? in your country? Why?A/ Vhy not?
• where? • results/ benefits? 3 Soon, medical advances w ill allow people to live to
• who? • problems? a very old age. Is this desirable? Why?AA/ hy not?
• when? 4 Should new drugs be tested on both animals and
Student A: look at the texts on this page. humans before being prescribed by doctors?
Student B: look at page 165.
37
M ALARIA
9 M atch words in Facts about malaria to their 1 to talk about a planned action in progress over a
meanings 1- 8. certain period of time in the future
2 to talk about intentions
1 a disease in part of your body caused by bacteria or 3 to talk about a longer action in the future that w ill be
a virus interrupted by a shorter action in the future
2 a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or
4 to refer to the future when arrangements have been
animal and gets food from it made (e.g. tickets bought, bookings made) and
3 something that shows you have an illness someone is expecting us to do something or be
4 a symptom of illness in which you have a very high
somewhere at a particular time
body temperature 5 to make a prediction based on present or past evidence
5 to get a serious illness
6 a substance used to protect people against a disease, ^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
which contains a weak form of the virus that causes
11 Choose the correct form. (In some cases, both are
the disease
possible.)
7 when a doctor says what illness someone has
8 another illness that happens when someone is already ill 1 I'm going to study / I'm studying medicine, but I
don't know where yet.
2 Will you be passing / Are you passing the doctor's
GRAMMAR when you're out? I need my prescription.
FUTURE CON TIN UOUS, GOIN G TO, PRESENT
3 I can't see you next Monday as I'm going to start /
CON TIN UOUS I'll be starting my new job that day.
1 0a E S I Listen to three people talking about a 4 I'm seeing / I'm going to see the doctor next week.
project to raise money using celebrities. The project 5 Don't contact me between 2 and 3 p.m. as I'll be
plans to deliver mosquito nets to Western Uganda to operating / I'm going to operate on a patient then.
help prevent malaria. Com plete the extracts with the 6 We can't deliver the nets because I think it's going to
appropriate future form of the verbs in the box. rain / it'll be raining.
7 In a few minutes, we are landing / we will be landing
distribute film fly (x2) meet raise in Lusaka.
spend wait work 8 I'm having an operation on M onday. I'll be
recovering / I'm recovering next week and will miss
1 All the support team 1_______ out to Kampala at the monthly meeting.
5 p.m. on Friday. W e 1 23
_______ from Heathrow. We 9 We will be waiting / We are waiting in the cafe
3_______ a l l 4________at check-in at 3 p.m. Everyone opposite the station when the train arrives.
has been emailed and all the arrangements have
been made. SPEAKING
2 The Ugandan team 5_______ for the celebrities in the
1 2a Wo rk in small groups. You are going to plan
hotel reception on Monday morning at 9 a.m. when
a fundraising day at your college/ place of work to
the celebrity bus arrives.
help support a malaria charity. Plan the day using the
3 Then we 6_ *______ the celebrity interviews for the prompts below and your own ideas.
fundraising appeal all Monday morning and then
• how you are going to raise money
we 7_______ the first batch of mosquito nets with
• how much money you will charge for tickets (adults,
the celebrities on Monday afternoon. Tom and I
students, small children)
8_______ in Uganda all next month.
• sponsorship
4 Some of the celebrities9_______ a few days • which celebrities to invite
sightseeing, but no arrangements have been made yet. • how to advertise the day and what publicity you want
5 Well, everything's looking good ... and based on the • what events and activities you will have on the day
money we've raised so far and the support we've had, (e.g. sports, music, dance, choirs, bands)
I think we 10_______ a lot more money than last year. • the timetable for the day
• food and drinks
1 Ob Which future form is used in the extracts in
Exercise 10a? 1 2b Form a new group with people from other
a Extract 1 groups and summarise your plan.
b Extracts 2 and 3
c Extracts 4 and 5
39
BIONIC EYE
40
>
>
)
>
>
The bionic eye - how it works ^ f)
BI ONI CVI SI ON
First prototype: Wide-view neurostimulator
READING AUSTRALI A
>
11 Work in small groups to discuss the questions. captures image
5. Electrical
signals sent
and transmits from retina via
1 What do you think are the most exciting recent or date to an visual pathway
to vision
current medical breakthroughs? processing
centres in the
2 What would you most like to see, smell, taste, hear brain
41
SCENARIO
M EDICAL DILEM M AS
WRITING SKILLS
A SHORT REPORT
IN THIS UNIT
_
GRAMM AR
/
Everywhere is walking distance if you have the time. Steven Wright, 1955-, US comedian
READING VOCABULARY
6 Work in small groups and discuss the questions. SAFETY FEATURES
1 Do you drive? Do you enjoy it? Why?/ Why not? 1 0a Without looking back at the article,
2 If you don't drive, would you like to? Why?/ Why not? complete these safety features.
3 How do you feel about the quality of driving in your country? What 1 speed_______ 5 seat________
about other countries you have visited? 2 one-way_______ 6 traction________
3 traffic_______ 7 anti-lock_______
7a Which of the following do you think are the most important as 4 _______cameras 8 air________
causes of crashes on the road today? Choose your top three. Then,
explain your choices and reasons to a partner. 1 0 b Discuss the questions with a partner.
1 the age of drivers 5 mechanical problems 1 Which three of the safety features do you
2 speed 6 the sex of drivers think are the most important, and why?
3 the number of cars on the road 7 the psychology of drivers 2 Which do you think are the least
4 the weather 8 the quality of roads popular with drivers in your country?
3 Is there another safety feature you
7b Read the article below quickly and decide which the writ er feels would like to see made compulsory in
is the most important cause.
all cars, e.g. on-board cameras?
8 Read the article again. Which methods below of making roads
safer are mentioned? Support your choices with examples. SPEAKING AND WRITING
1 restricting the speed at which people can drive
11a Work in groups of three. You are
2 introducing technological innovations to make people slow down
going to have a discussion about the best
3 educating drivers
ways of making the roads safer.
4 improving safety features in cars
5 having tough penalties for drivers who break the law Student A: look at page 155.
6 introducing an upper age limit for drivers Student B: look at page 157.
7 assessing drivers' abilities and issuing of documents Student C: look at page 161.
8 introducing street lighting to improve visibility 11b Discuss the ways of improving road
9 Analysing arguments Read the article again and answer the safety. Decide together which method
< you think would be the most effective.
questions. Then compare your answers with a partner.
1 What are the main points made by the writer? 11c Report your decisions to the class.
2 How well do you think the writer supports these points? l i d As a class, reach a decision as to the SI
3 Which arguments in the text do you find convincing/unconvincing. Why? best course of action on this issue.
1 2 Write your recommendations for a
The dangers of
safet y report on road safety.
Travelling by road is widely accepted as being the most Another solution has been to make cars themselves safer in
dangerous way to travel, with far more deaths per kilometre case of an accident. This has resulted in a focus on passive
than rail, sea or air. In fact, while road traffic injuries safety or crash survival rather than active safety or avoiding
represent about 25 percent of worldwide injury-related crashes. There are many innovations by motor manufacturers
deaths, fatalities on the road in the UK have been decreasing which have made cars safer, such as seat belts, traction
for some time, with the most recent figure standing at 1,901. control, anti-lock brakes and airbags. At the same time, a lot
We take a look at why the number is decreasing, but why it of attention has also been paid to car interiors. This means
seems impossible to eradicate fatalities completely. cars have got quieter, more comfortable and more luxurious.
Over the years, different methods of reducing the number Taken together, these improvements have tended to make the
of crashes have been tried. The Locomotive and Highways driver feel more in control and insulated him/her from the fast-
Act of 1865 introduced the idea of moving and dangerous environment outside the car. Given that
speed limits to the motoring world. cars are now safer as these improvements have been made, it
Since then, more and more ways of is surprising that the number of pile-ups is not decreasing.
controlling the behaviour of drivers Actually, it is wrong to talk about safe and dangerous cars in
have been introduced, such as one this way. The key to this problem is not actually the car, but
way streets and traffic signals, as the driver. In fact, making drivers feel safer is not the solution
well as compulsory driver testing to the problem, it is the cause of the problem. As drivers feel
and licensing. These days, there are safer, it encourages them to drive aggressively and to ignore
many more methods of enforcement, other road users and therefore increases the number of crashes.
including speed cameras and fines for The problem of car safety is not an engineering problem but a
breaking motoring laws. psychological one. Ironically, if we want the roads and driving to
be safer, we need to make cars more dangerous!
47
TRANSPORT IN THE FUTURE
READING
4 Read this introduction to an article quickly. Find six
reasons why transport will change over the next fifty
years. Are they the same as your reasons in Exercise 3?
6 a Read your text again and make notes on the main GRAMMAR
points. Include the following. M ODAL VERBS: ABILITY, POSSIBILITY AND
• what your project is OBLIGATION (FUTURE)
• which country your project originates in
9 W o rk with a partner. Look at the texts and find ways
• what the advantages of your project are
of expressing future ability, possibility and obligation.
6 b Tell your partner about the main points in thirty Com plete the table.
seconds, using your notes. Do not look back at your text.
Ability Possibility Obligation
7 Evaluating projects Work in small groups and
discuss the questions. Text A
1 Which of the four projects (two in the listening, two
Text B
in the reading) do you find the most convincing?
2 Which would you most like to invest in?
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
3 Which has the most advantages and solves the
most problems? 10 Work with a partner. There are grammatical
4 Which has the most potential problems? errors in six of these sentences. Co rrect the errors and
5 Which would be most suitable for your country? discuss what is wrong in each case.
1 Security w ill must improve in airports in the next
VOCABULARY twenty years.
COLLOCATION S 2 Astronauts will never be able to travel to the sun.
8 a What word often comes before these nouns? 3 We might work faster than that if we want to meet
the deadline.
1 contribution 6 hour
4 In fifty years' time, we will all have to travel in space
2 congestion 7 advances
because space travel w ill become much cheaper.
3 findings 8 future
5 In twenty years' time, many of us can travel on
4 system 9 impact
magnetic trains.
5 emissions 10 error
6 He's had an accident so I'll be able to drive him
8 b Look at the texts again and check your answers. to hospital.
7 We w ill need find feasible renewable energy sources
8 c Complete the text with collocations from Exercise 8a.
in the near future.
1 _____of a study currently being carried out by the 8 We w ill have to apply for our travel visas before the
Departments of Transport and Health have shown that end of the month.
reducing transport activity by 30 percent will reduce
2 ____and will have a 3________on health conditions in 11 Com plete the sentences and discuss them with
the not to o 4_______ . Reducing5_______ , especially at peak a partner.
times lik e6_______ , will improve traffic flow. This will also 1 In five years' time, I'll be able t o / I'll have to /1 might...
reduce stress. 7_______ in the use of sensors in driverless 2 In ten years' time, I'll be able to / I'll need to ...
cars may elim inate8_______and reduce traffic accidents. 3 In twenty years' time, I won't be able to / I won't
have to / 1might n o t ...
SPEAKING
1 2 Work with a partner and make predictions about
the future to complete the sentences.
1 Governments_______within the next 20 years.
2 Airline com panies_______ in the near future.
3 City co u n cils_______ in the next ten years.
4 Space travel com panies_______ in the next 30 years.
5 Flying cars_______ in the near future.
5.3 GREAT RAILW AY JOURN EYS
50
GREAT RAILWAY JOURNEYS
51
SCENARIO
BEAUCIEL
CITY
CEN TRE CM PARK
TOWN
BUSIN ESS
D ISTRICT
SHOPPING
M ALL
BEAUCIEL
5 B3E1 Listen to three international consultants, 7a Work in small groups. You are members of the
Frangoise, Daniel and Kirsten. They are talking about Planning Department of the city council. Read the
one of the transport problems which particularly proposals below for solving the problems and add any
worries them. Answer the questions. ideas from Exercise 4.
1 What is the problem that concerns them most? 7b Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each
2 What solutions do they discuss? proposal. Choose five of the best ideas for further
3 What do they finally decide to do? study and decide whether they can be achieved in the
short, medium or long term.
6 a Listen to the conversation again. Tick the phrases
for summarising that Frangoise uses. 7c Consid er the cost of the five proposals you
have chosen. How might the city raise the money
1 OK, let me summarise our discussion.
to pay for them?
2 Let me recap, please.
3 So, just to confirm. 7d Join other groups. Discuss and comment on each
4 Right, what have we covered so far? other's ideas for solving the city's transport problems.
5 OK, do we essentially have agreement?
6 Right, I'll now sum up.
7 Everyone happy with my summary?
Pr oposals f or solving t he t r aff ic pr oblem s
6 b Check your answers by looking at Audio script 5.4 1 In t r od u ce a ‘con gest ion ch a r ge’. Dr iver s
on page 174. com in g in to t h e cit y d u r in g t h e d a y wou ld p a y
a cer tain a m ou n t o f m o n ey to th e cit y cou n cil
each tim e (e.g. 15 eu r os fo r each visit).
2 In cr ease p a r kin g fin es b y 5 0 p er cen t - u se th e
m o n ey to fin a n ce w id er r oad s.
3 Bu ild a n ew su b wa y syst em in t h e cit y or a r in g
r oad r ou n d t h e city.
4 Reb u ild t h e old t r am system , u sin g old lin es as
fa r as p ossib le.
5 H a ve fr ee b u s tr a n sp or t in t h e cit y, wit h m or e
b u s la n es. In t r od u ce b ig fin es fo r d r iver s o f
p r ivat e car s w h o u se t h e b u s la n es.
6 Put a ‘p ar k an d rid e’ sch em e in to place: drivers
leave th eir cars in car parks outside th e cit y centre,
th en th ey catch a special bu s in to th e centre.
7 Bu ild a h u ge u n d er gr ou n d car p a r k u n d er th e
cit y cen tr e.
8 In cr ease t h e r oa d t a x on m otor cycles b y 5 0
p er cen t t o r ed u ce n oise.
9 Cr eat e m or e cycle lan es.
10 H ave exclu sive lan es on b u sy bu s routes for taxis.
53
5.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
54
STUDY AND W RITIN G SKILLS 5.5
Passenger Traffic at Int ernat ional Airport s 2012: 50 airport s are included in t he ranking.
Rank Airport Location Total passengers Rank change % change
1 Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia, USA 95,462,867 - a 3.3%
International
2 Beijing Capital International Chaoyang, Beijing, China 81,929,359 - A 4.1%
3 London Heathrow Hillingdon, London, UK 70,037,417 - a 0.9%
4 Tokyo International Ota, Tokyo, Japan 66,795,178 ▲ 1 a 6.7%
10 Dubai International Garhoud, Dubai, UAE 57,684,550 A 3 ▲13.2%
11 Frankfurt Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany 57,520,001 T 2 A 1.9%
12 Hong Kong International Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong, China 56,057,751 T 2 A 5.1%
14 Suvarnabhumi Bang Phli, Samut Prakan, Thailand 53,002,328 A 2 A 10%
20 Ataturk International Istanbul, Turkey 45,124,831 A 10 a 20.6%
21 Shanghai Pudong International Pudong, Shanghai, China 44,880,164 - a 8.3%
55
Literature and Film
6.1 READING OR WATCHING?
IN THIS UNIT
GRAMM AR
• narrative tenses
• used to, would, get used to
VOCABULARY
• genres
• literature and film
• adjectives
• idiomatic expressions
• collocations
• words from the text
SCENARIO _
• persuading
• making a persuasive
presentation
STUDY SKILLS
• making an effective
presentation
c jS iS
WRITING SKILLS
• an online review
VOCABULARY AND READING 4 Inferring opinion Based on the opinions in the article, which of
GENRES these could the author have said, do you think? Find evidence to
support your answers.
1 Look at the words and phrases in the
box and answer the questions. 1 'Good books don't often don't make good films.'
2 'Films of books can be well scripted or beautiful to look at, but often
1 Which ones describe films, books or both? boring.'
2 Which are fiction and which are non
3 'Writers of the book need to be involved in the film version.'
fiction?
4 'Children's books made into films can never be considered serious
autobiography biography crime biopic works of art.'
costume drama romcom novel horror 5 'Great movies should make you think, not just entertain you.'
play science fiction (sci-fi) psycho drama 6 'Actors should be believable in their roles.'
poetry short story thriller travel writing 7 'You should be able to watch a great movie many times.'
8 'New adaptations can give new life to classic books.'
9 'It's best to avoid film versions of your favourite book.'
2 Work with a partner to discuss
the questions. 5 Work with a partner. Discuss the opinions in Exercise 4. Which do
you agree/ disagree with? Why?
1 Do you prefer reading books or
watching films? What sort of books/
■ )>
films do you like? Why?
2 Can you think of any books you
have read and then watched the film
afterwards? What was your reaction?
3 Have you ever seen a film which
has made you want to read the book
afterwards? How did they compare?
4 For what reasons do you think people
may find a film of a book disappointing?
56
READING OR WATCHING?
VO CA BU LA RY LISTEN IN G AN D SPEAKIN G
LITERATURE AN D FILM
6 M at ch w o rd s in t h e art icle w it h t h eir m ean in g s 1- 10.
8 a E S I Listen to fo ur m em b ers o f a d iscussio n gro up
(M ichael, Jenny, Paul and Erika) t alking ab o ut t he b o o k and
O
1 a writer film o f The Da Vinci Co d e. W h o liked / d isliked it? W hy?
a writer of fiction 8 b List en ag ain . W h ich ad ject ives d id t h ey use?
books about someone's life
a writer of books for other people awful brilliant disturbing dreadful dull gripping
a person who writes films interesting lightweight moving overrated riveting
a person whose job is to give their opinion of shocking tedious tense thought-provoking*I
books, plays, etc.
the story of a film or book
9 Co m p let e t h e fo llo w in g exp ressio n s used b y t h e
8 the words spoken in a book or film
m em b ers o f t h e g ro u p . Ch e ck y o u r an sw ers in A u d io
9 a new version of a film
scrip t 6.1 o n p ag e 174. W h ich exp ress a p o sit ive and
10 all the people who perform in a film, play, etc.
w h ich a n eg at ive o p in io n ?
W o r k in sm all g ro u p s t o d iscu ss t h e q u est io n s. 1 It's a real_______ .
What book should be made into a film? It's not m y _______ of thing.
Which actors do you think would be good in it? I couldn't it down.
Is there a film which you think should be remade The ending was a real
because the original was not very successful? I just couldn't g et _____ it.
It 's________ and to read.
It was very at the beginning.
It certainly up to all the
The source material m ay be anyt hing from classic have been very unhappy
novels, short stories, comic books and stage with the film versions
plays, as well as non-fiction such as biography o f their work. Roald
and autobiography, even those writ t en by Dahl and Stephen King
ghostwriters. All can wo rk well, but w h y do many are examples of this.
adaptations and indeed remakes fail wit h both Even more extreme was
cinema audiences and critics? reclusive novelist]. D.
A key question is obviously how close to the original Salinger who made sure
the film is. Since a typical film is only around two no film versions o f his
hours long, it becomes a question of what to leave popular novel A Catcher
out, and how to script the dialogue. Sometimes in the Rye could ever be
there may be changes to the plot, additions, and made. In this situation it
even different endings to please producers, directors is clear viewers will not
and test audiences. I, like many people, have often be disappointed! For me,
anyway, it is always a
From page to screen left the cinema feeling 'the film is not like the book.'
bad idea to watch a film
Another problem area is the cast. Finding actors
of a book you love.
In t he f irst of a new series, our art s acceptable to film audiences can mean the
difference between success and failure. Readers Despite the challenges, there have been some
correspondent James Hope t akes
of the book use their imaginations to visualise highly successful films made from popular books.
a look at t he somet imes uneasy
characters and have very definite ideas about how For me Jaws, Harry Potter, Lord o f the Rings and
relat ionship bet ween t he printed
characters look and sound. This is where I think Twilight all fit this category. And possibly the best
word and t he silver screen.
many film adaptations fall down. example is the James Bond series, the majority o f
Reading a book and wat ching a film which has been derived from the 007 novels of
are t w o very different experiences, Some books are just too difficult to film fo r
Ian Flem ing. Perhaps strangely, audiences seem
but exp ectat ions can be high when technical reasons, although movies like The Life
to accept the change of actors who have played
a film o f a favo urit e book is made. o f Pi are changing this perception. The impact
James Bond, although everyone seems to have
There are very m any t im es I have been of CGI technology has had a huge impact on
t heir favourite. I know I do.
disappointed by a film o f a book I the movie industry and allowed the previously
unfilmable to become a reality. The result of all this is t hat a film adaptation can
love. Alt houg h hig hly regarded books
introduce a new audience to a book and author,
do not always make good film s, it Sometimes authors are very involved in the process
or it m ay put them off forever!
is safe to say t hat great movies may and may even be the screenwriter. This can actually
be made from not p art icularly good be a bad thing because they may be too close to the
books. ( The Godfat her im m ed iately material and find it difficult to adapt. At other times Next week: Do Androids Dream o f Electric Sheep ? ...
springs to m in d .) they are not, and there are instances where writers and how a change of title can make all the difference!
6.2 IMPACT
I was still with Jordan Baker. We were sitting at a table with a man of
about my age and a rowdy little girl, who gave way upon the slightest
provocation to uncontrollable laughter. I was enjoying myself now. I
had taken two finger-bowls of champagne, and the scene had changed
before my eyes into something significant, elemental, and profound.
At a lull in the entertainment the man looked at me and smiled.
“Your face is familiar,” he said, politely. “Weren’t you in the Third
Division during the war?”
“Why, yes. I was in the Ninth Machine-gun Battalion.”
“I was in the Seventh Infantry until June nineteen-eighteen. I knew I’d
seen you somewhere before.”
We talked for a moment about some wet, gray little villages in France.
Evidently he lived in this vicinity, for he told me that he had just bought
a hydroplane, and was going to try it out in the morning.
“Want to go with me, old sport? Just near the shore along the Sound.”
“What time?”
“Any time that suits you best.”
It was on the tip of my tongue to ask his name when Jordan looked
around and smiled.
“Having a gay time now?” she inquired.
“Much better.” I turned again to my new acquaintance. “This is an
unusual party for me. I haven’t even seen the host. I live over there----- ”
I waved my hand at the invisible hedge in the distance, “and this man
58
IM PACT 6.2
9 b M atch the tenses in Exercise 9a w it h funct io ns a- d . 1 1 a Look at the exam ple of the past p erfect
a describing events w hich took place one after the co ntinuo us from the same scene in The Great Gatsby
other in the story and are seen as complete actions and choose the co rrect option in the rule.
b describing events w hich set the scene and provide / rnmr-^K
the background against w hich a story happens
c describing an event that was already in progress, and Tom Buchanan, who had been hovering
w hich was interrupted by another event restlessly about the room, stopped and rested
d describing an event w hich took place in the past, his hand on my shoulder.
before another event in the past
wi a uiin urn a mnurni a TmniTin m m nv 1 2 Co m p let e this story wit h the co rrect form of the
verb s in b racket s.
Gatsby sent over his chauffeur with an invitation.” For a
The clo ck struck ten. Lucien '________ (sit) alone in the
moment he looked at me as if he failed to understand.
kitchen and he 2________(shake) uncont rollably. After he
“I’m Gatsby,” he said suddenly. 3________(wait) for over an hour, he 1_________(hear) a key
“What!” I exclaimed. “Oh, I beg your pardon.” in the front door.
“I thought you knew, old sport. I’m afraid I’m not a very His parents 5________(come) in. He 6________ (tell) them
good host.” w h at 7________(happen) earlier that evening. He 8________
He smiled understandingly — much more than (borrow) their car without asking, and 9________(crash) into
understandingly. It was one of those rare smiles with a a lamp post because he 10_______ (drive) too fast. Then the
quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come door bell 11________(ring). I t 12________ (be) the police.
across four or five times in life. It faced — or seemed to
face — the whole external world for an instant, and then SPEAKING
concentrated on you with an in-esistible prejudice in your
1 3 W o rk in small groups to discuss the fo llo w ing .
favor. It understood you just so far as you wanted to be
understood, believed in you as you would like to believe W hich books or films do you know have had an impact
in yourself, and assured you that it had precisely the in these ways?
impression of you that, at your best, you hoped to convey. • so cially
Precisely at that point it vanished — and I was looking at • culturally
an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, • p o lit ically
whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being • personally
absurd. Some time before he introduced himself I’d got a • visually
strong impression that he was picking his words with care.
I think 'Things Fall Apart' had a huge cultural impact. The
Almost at the moment when Mr. Gatsby identified novel was written by Chinua Achebe in 1958 and is still
himself, a butler hurried toward him with the information widely read and studied as an exam ple of the damage of
that Chicago was calling him on the wire. He excused colonialism. We are invited into the lives o f the Ibo tribe in
himself with a small bow that included each of us in turn. Nigeria and learn their custom s and beliefs.
59
6.3 READING HABITS
PISA Programme for International Student Assessment
SPEAKING
PISA Report s at a glance
1a Put the topics in order (1 is the most important reason).
Do boys and girls have differen t readin g habits?
I read because:
W h a t it m e a n s
• it's fun. T h e fa ct th a t gir ls o u t p er for m b oys in r ea d in g Ls a ssociated wit h
• it's a skill for life. gir ls’ gr ea t er en jo ym en t o f r ead in g. P olicym a ker s in cou n t r ies
• it helps me find what I want. w h e r e th is ga p is p a r ticu la r ly p r o n o u n ced sh ou ld con sid er
• it helps me understand the world. in co r p or a t in g m ea su r es t o im p r ove st u d en t s’ en ga gem en t
• it gives me a break. in r ea d in g in to all st r a tegies th a t ar e u s e d to raise r ea d in g
• it teaches me how other people live. p r o ficien cy levels. W it h P I SA r esu lts sh owin g th at b oys h ave
• it will help me get a job. d iffe r e n t r ea d in g h ab it s t o gir ls, p olicym a ker s sh ou ld t a ke in to
• it helps me understand myself. a cco u n t b o ys’ p r e fe r e n ce for r ea d in g d iffe r e n t typ es o f m ater ial
w h e n t lyin g t o raise t h eir in ter est in a n d en jo ym en t o f read in g.
• I have to.
W h a t d o y o u lik e r e a d in g ?
H o w o ft e n d o y o u r e a d ?
W h e r e d o y o u lik e r e a d in g ?
H a ve y o u r e a d a n e n t ir e b o o k in t h e la st t h r e e m o n t h s ?
W h o ta u gh t yo u to r ea d ?
W h a t s o r t o f fic t io n d o y o u lik e r e a d in g ?
H a ve y o u e v e r p r e t e n d e d t h a t y o u h a d r e a d a b o o k
w h e n y o u h a d n 't ?
W h a t is t h e la s t b o o k t h a t y o u r e a d ?
F in d in g s
H o w o ft e n d o y o u g o t o a lib r a r y?
I n e ve r y co u n t r y e xce p t Ko r ea , gir ls r e p o r t e d r e a d in g for
e n jo ym e n t m o r e t h a n b oys. O n a ver a ge a cr oss O E C D cou n t r ies,
ju s t o ve r h a lf o f b o ys (52 p e r cen t ), b u t n ea r ly t h r e e -q u a r t e r s o f
READING gir ls (73 p e r ce n t ) said th at t h e y r ea d for en jo ym en t .
T h e ge n d e r ga p in t h e p r o p o r t io n o f gir ls a n d b o ys w h o r ea d
3 Look at t hese short sum maries of a report. Read the fo r e n jo ym e n t is gr e a t e s t in E s t o n ia , t h e N e t h e r la n d s a n d in
report and choose the best summary. t h e p a r t n e r co u n t r ie s La t via a n d Lit h u a n ia , w h e r e it is at lea st
1 Girls read with greater enjoyment than boys because 30 p e r ce n t a ge p oin t s.
they read more fiction and boys prefer newspapers I n 14 co u n t r ie s , o n ly a m in o r it y o f b o ys sa id t h a t t h e y r e a d for
and comics. Boys will read better if they are e n jo ym e n t . In Au s t r ia , Lu xe m b o u r g, t h e N e t h e r la n d s a n d t h e
encouraged to read more literature. p a r t n e r co u n t r y Lie ch t e n s t e in , fe w e r t h a n 4 0 p e r ce n t sa id th at
2 Girls and boys have different reading habits. Girls t h e y r e a d fo r e n jo ym e n t .
read more fiction while boys like magazines and In so m e o f t h e co u n t r ies t h a t s h o w sm a ll ge n d e r d iffe r e n ce s in
com ic books. Boys need to read more novels to e n jo ym e n t o f r ea d in g, b o t h b o ys a n d gir ls a r e relativ e ly u n lik e ly
improve their reading skills. t o r ep o r t t h a t t h e y en jo y r ea d in g. In J ap an , fo r exa m p le, o n ly 54
3 Girls read better than boys because they enjoy p e r ce n t o f b o ys a n d 58 p e r ce n t o f gir ls r e p o r t e d th a t t h e y e n jo y
r ea d in g. H o w e ve r , in o t h e r co u n t r ies w h e r e t h er e is a n a r r ow
reading more. The best way to improve boys'
ge n d e r gap , a h igh p e r ce n t a ge o f b o ys a n d gir ls r ep o r t th at
reading ability is to focus on reading materials they
t h e y e n jo y r ea d in g. F o r exa m p le, in t h e p a r t n e r co u n t r ies an d
really enjoy such as newspapers.
Alb a n ia , I n d on esia , Ka za kh st a n , Kyr gyzst a n , Sh a n gh a i in Ch in a
VOCABULARY GRAMMAR
WORDS FROM THE TEXT USED TO, WOULD, GET USED TO
7a M atch the highlighted words and phrases in the 1 0a Look again at the text in Exercise 9. Are these
report with the meanings 1-9. statements true or false?
1 a part of an amount or group 1 Used to is the most common verb form used.
2 when someone likes something more than 2 We use used to and would as alternatives to the past
something else simple when describing habits and repeated actions
3 connected which took place over a period of time.
4 almost 3 Once we have used either used to or would we stick
5 the difference between male and female to that choice and do not use the past simple.
6 what usually happens 4 Would cannot be used to talk about past states but
7 do something better than other people or things used to can.
8 quite, when compared with other things 5 If you get used to something, you become
9 very noticeable accustomed to it (it was strange, now it's not so
strange).
7b Com plete the text using the words and phrases
from Exercise 7a. 1 0 b Look at these examples. How does the form of
used to change in the negative and question forms?
PISA assesses the extent to which students have acquired
some of the skills that are important for full participation in I didn't use to read books when I was young.
modern society. Data shows that girls 1_______boys in most Did you use to read a lot when you were young?
reading tests and a higher2_______of girls do better than
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
boys in key literacy tests in elementary school. The data
also shows that the most3_______difference is in attitudes I I Find the mistakes of form or use in each sentence
to reading. For many boys, reading is4_______with being a and correct them.
'nerd', but that is true for only a 5_______small number of
1 Women of Jane Austen's time would to write
girls. Girls show a 6_______for reading fiction, but there is
anonymously.
7_______ no difference between boys and girls for reading
2 Vlad the Impaler was used to sign himself Dracula.
non-fiction books. Th e8_______ in reading starts in
3 George Orwell is used to work in a bookshop.
elementary school. However, for mathematics, gender
4 I used to read a lot of short stories at the moment.
differences9_______do not emerge until high school.
5 He didn't used to read a lot as a child.
6 I was uncomfortable at first, but I used to speaking
LISTENING in public.
8 Listen to five people talking about their 7 The Bronte sisters all would suffer from bad health.
reading habits. 8 Did you used to read comics when you were a child?
Which speaker or speakers: 12 What is wrong with this short text?
1 reads less now than they used to? I used to like reading. I also used to like watching
2 reads more now than they used to? television and I used to play football in the park. I used
3 used to read a lot, then hardly read at all, but to read in bed at night and I used to read two or three
now reads again? books a week.
4 mentions an author?
5 talks about where they used to read as a child? 1 3 Write a short text about your reading habits in the
6 talks about where they like to read now? past. Try to vary used to and would with the past simple.
61
SCENARIO
THE NEW FILM PROJECT
TASK
M AKIN G A PERSUASIVE PRESEN TATION FILM CONCEPTS - BASIC STORYLINES
4 a Work with a partner. Choose one of the storylines in 1 The Danger of Too Much Curiosity
the list or choose a genre and invent your own storyline. An American youngster finds out he is adopted,
4b Prepare a five-minute presentation of your ideas for a lie goes to meet his real family and discovers that
film project. Use the following structure and phrases from
they belong to a crazy, violent cult. The members
the Key language and the Useful phrases below. Decide
of the cult stop at nothing to make him stay with
how you will divide the presentation between you.
them. (Horror)
• storyline summary - include some details of the plot 2 Surprise Meeting
and how the film ends A woman is having a drink with friends in a bar.
• target audience A man passes in front of her. Ten years ago, she
• setting - where the action w ill be located had a short but passionate relationship with him.
• special features - what is different and exciting about However, one day he disappeared from her life
your concept
with no explanation. (Romantic drama)
• description of one key scene 3 A Shocking Image
• main characters - which actors w ill play them? A woman, on holiday abroad, is sitting in a cafe.
Explain your choices. She looks up at the television and sees a picture
• why w ill the film be successful? of herself on the screen. (Mystery/Thriller)
• how will the film be distributed? In art houses? By a
major distributor? 4 A Good Match?
A young woman from a wealthy family falls
OTHER USEFUL PHRASES in love with a man from a poor family. They
meet strong opposition from the woman’s
Good morning/ afternoon everyone. parents who do everything they can to break
I'll start with ... up the couple. (Musical)
Let me start by telling you about ...
Turning now to ... 5 A Scheming Husband
M oving on to ... A husband is married to a woman who is
Who is our target market? psychologically fragile. The husband wants to get
What's special about our concept?
control of his wife’s money, so he plays tricks on
her to make her go mad. (Thriller)
To summarise ...
Let me sum up ... 6 The Trap
Thanks for listening to our presentation. A politician visits a woman he has met on the
internet. He goes to her house and she offers
him a drink. She goes to the kitchen to fetch the
5a M ake your presentation to your class and answer drink. After ten minutes, he becomes anxious
any questions they may have. when she doesn’t return. He goes to the kitchen
When you are not making your own presentation, and finds her on the floor covered in blood. She
listen to the presentations of your colleagues and give is dead. (Political drama)
each one a score out o f 10. Use the following scoring
7 Underwater Adventure
system and base your scores on the content and
A man living in a very old house discovers a
effect iveness of the film presentation.
map which seems to show the location of a
10 Brilliant shipwreck which occurred two centuries ago.
8- 9 Very good He gets together a team to search for the wreck
6- 8 Good which was apparently carrying a load of gold
3- 5 Average bullion. They discover the wreck, but that’s when
their problems begin. (Adventure)
5b Add up the scores for each pair. The pair with the
highest score wins the cash prize. 8 An Unlikely Hero
People in a village find out that they are about
to be attacked by a group of hostile zombies who
intend to destroy their village and everyone in
it. They disagree about how to defend themselves
but one person becomes their leader and saves
them. (Horror)
63
6.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
65
Architecture
7.1 ICON IC BUILDIN GS
IN THIS UNIT
GRAMM AR
• the passive
VOCABULARY
• describing buildings
• idioms
• prefixes
SCENARIO
• talking about requirements
• deciding on facilities in
a hotel
STUDY SKILLS
• identifying fact and opinion
WRITING SKILLS
• an opinion-led essay
A house is a machine for living in. Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris), 1887-1965, Swiss architect
VO CA BU LA RY
DESCRIBING BUILDIN GS A THE COLOSSEUM
1 What is your favourite building? Why do you like it?
I always visit the Colosseum when I’m in Rome; it’s
2a Are these adjectives for describing buildings magnificent. I suppose it’s w hat many people think of
positive, negative or neutral? when you say classical architecture. It’s an incredibly
impressive building, and to me represents the power
ancient classical contemporary derelict of the Roman Empire. It was constructed way back in
dilapidated elegant graceful imposing AD 80. It’s a vast amphitheatre and big crowds used to
impressive innovative magnificent ornate go there to watch gladiators and fights between wild
run-down stylish traditional ugly animals. It’s made of stone and concrete, and although
it was damaged by earthquakes in the 15th century, the
2b Decide which adjectives in Exercise 2a can main structure has survived for almost 2,000 years. It
describe a building which is: used to look rather run-down, but recently it has been
renovated and partly restored.
1 not in good condition
2 not modern
3 unattractive
4 new and different
5 attractive
6 decorative
7 modern
8 important-looking
PRO N UN CIATIO N
3 WXM Word stress Underline the stress on the
adjectives in Exercise 2a. Put them in groups of words
with first- and second-syllable stress. Com pare your
ideas with a partner, then listen and check.
66
ICONIC BUILDINGS 7.1
4 Look at the photos on these pages. Describe each 7 M atch words in the texts with their meanings 1-10.
building. Which do you like most? Why? 1 a circular building with seats arranged on a slope (text A)
5a M atch verbs 1-8 with their meanings a- h. 2 continued to exist in difficult conditions (text A)
3 repair a building so it is in good condition (text A)
1 damage a repair to put in original condition
4 a place for a dead person (text B)
2 rebuild b keep in good condition
5 a round roof on a building (text B)
3 construct c build
6 the outside (text B)
4 demolish d ask someone to build
7 the inside (text B)
5 maintain e erect again
8 a building which is easily noticed (text C)
6 restore f plan
9 not lasting or needed for very long (text C)
7 commission g harm 10 something ugly or very unpleasant to look at (text C)
8 design h knock down
5b Put the verbs in order to show the stages in the life SPEAKING AND WRITING
of a building.
8 Work with a partner. Describe a building in your country
or a country you know well. Talk about these topics.
READING • where it is
6 a Read the statements. Are they true or false? Guess • why you like it
the answers from your knowledge. Compare your • what is special about it
ideas with a partner. • why you would recommend a visitor to see it
The Colosseum
9 Interpreting ideas Discuss the questions with your partner.
1 was built in the 15th century.
2 was a place where people watched fights. 1 What do you think is the most iconic building in
3 is older than the other two structures. your country?
4 is currently in very bad condition. 2 Do you think it is a good representation of your
architectural culture? Why?/ Why not?
The Taj Mahal
3 What buildings in other countries do you consider
5 was built as a palace for an emperor.
to be iconic?
6 was constructed over 500 years ago.
7 is in danger. 1 0 W rite a paragraph about the building you discussed
The Eiffel Tower in Exercise 8 or 9.
8 has always been popular.
9 was the world's tallest building. M EET TH E EXPERT
10 was never intended to be permanent.
Watch an interview with Laura M ark,
6 b Read the website texts and check your answers. an architectural journalist, about
innovative designs.
Turn to page 152 for video activities.
67
7.2 SOLVING PROBLEMS
1 Where do most people live in your country? In 6 a Look at the three highlighted examples of the passive
houses or apartments? in the article. Match them with statements a and b.
2 How large is the average house/ apartment? Is limited a We use the passive if the agent is unimportant,
space a common problem? obvious or unknown.
3 Do young people tend to live with their parents or b If the agent is specified, this comes at the end of the
live alone? Why? clause and follows by.
2 a Look at the photos and describe them. Which 6 b M atch the highlighted examples with the tenses.
looks the most interesting building, and why? • present simple
2b Read the article and match the photos with parts 1-4. • present continuous
• future simple
3 Read the article again and complete the table.
6 c How are the passives formed?
2 3
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
Who designed it?
Where is the 7 Com plete the sentences with the correct passive
building? form of the verb (present simple, present continuous
What materials or future simple). Sometimes there is more than one
are used? possible answer.
68
SOLVING PROBLEM S 7.2
69
7.3 BUILDING BRIDGES
READING
1 Do you recognise the bridges in the photos? What is
the most impressive bridge in your country?
2 Read the introduction to the article. Which of these
reasons account for the importance of bridges?
1 They are essential for transporting goods and trade.
2 They have military significance.
3 They bring beauty into our lives.
4 They symbolise people or places.
5 They give people more belief in their ability to
achieve things.
VOCABULARY
IDIOM S, PREFIXES
5 Read the introduction again. Com plete the
sentences with the correct form of the idioms in
the article.
1 I'm not leaving this job till I've got something to go
2
to. I don't want t o _______ .
We don't need to look at the problem of falling sales
BRIDGING Till: GAP
yet. Let 's_______ . easured by the effect they have on our spirits
3
4
Don't worry about it anymore. It 's_______ .
I've had a few arguments with colleagues. If I want
M and imagination, bridges are the highest form of
architecture. They stand as metaphors for so much
to get promoted, I need t o _______ . in life. ‘Let’s cross that bridge when we come to it,’ I
remark, when I want to put off thinking about some nasty
6 a Look at the words in the box. Underline the dilemma. If I quit a secure job, I am ‘burning m y bridges’.
prefixes, then match them with meanings 1-4. If I make friends with strangers, I am ‘building bridges’. If
I argue with someone, but want to forget it and be friends
indisputable misplaced overcome revitalise again, I say, ‘It’s all water under the bridge.’
unusual
Why do we hold bridges in such regard? One reason is
surely that, because of their strategic importance, they are
1 again often scenes of fierce battles and thrilling heroics. Another
2 not (x2 prefixes) is that a bridge can often embody the spirit of a city, even
3 wrongly an entire nation, as the Sydney H arbour or Brooklyn
4 be too strong / too much Bridges do, or the Stari Most did until it was destroyed in
the Bosnian conflict. (Fortunately, it has since been rebuilt
6 b Add prefixes to the words to change the meaning. and is now listed as a World Heritage Site.)
1 important But perhaps the chief reason is that a bridge is a leap
2 understand of daring: a symbol of mankind’s belief in its ability to
3 crowded overcom e any natural obstacle, no matter how wide,
4 significant deep or windswept. That belief has occasionally been
5 define tragically misplaced, for example the collapse of the
6 sensitive H intze-Ribeiro bridge in Portugal killing fifty-nine people,
but it has never been shattered.
What’s indisputable is that our own age has seen one of
the most innovative bursts of bridge-building ever.
70
BUILDING BRIDGES 7.3
GRAMMAR
THE PASSIVE (2)
_______
71
SCENARIO
ON THE HORIZON
SITUATION
1 W o rk w it h a p art n er. Discu ss w h at
facilit ies yo u w o u ld exp ect to find in a INVITATION TO TENDER
t o p - class ho t el and co n feren ce cen t re.
Contract for the design of a luxury hotel and conference centre
2 Read t he 'In vit at io n to Ten d er'
in Rio de Janeiro
d o cu m en t . W h at facilit ies are
m en t io ned ? H orizon H otel & Conference Centre - 5 stars
w w w .h o t e lh o r i z o n . b r | 320 r o o m s
3a Read the d o cu m en t ag ain and
an sw er t he q u est io n s.
C a n d id a t e s a r e a s k e d t o s u b m it t h e i r le t t e r o f in t e n t b e fo r e 2 4 J u n e .
1 W h at sort of reputation does
H H CC have? H orizon H otels and C onference Centres (HHCC) in vit e s t h e
2 W h at w ill the ground floor look like? a r c h it e c t u r a l fir m s lis t e d b e lo w t o p r e s e n t a p la n fo r d e s ig n in g a
3 W h at w ill the m ain purpose of the H o t e l a n d C o n fe r e n c e C e n t r e in R io d e J a n e ir o .
hotel be?
HHCC is a n in t e r n a t io n a l c h a in o f h i g h - c la s s h o t e ls a n d c o n fe r e n c e
4 H o w w ill H H CC d ecid e w h ich
archit ect ural firm to cho o se for the c e n t r e s . I t is fa m o u s fo r p r o v id in g lu x u r y a c c o m m o d a t io n a n d
T h e h o t e l w i ll h a v e s e v e n flo o r s :
B asem en t - e q u ip m e n t a n d s t o r a g e
Ground floor - fa c ilit ie s t o b e d e c id e d
First floor - a la r g e c o n fe r e n c e r o o m , t h r e e m e e t in g r o o m s
a n d a s e m in a r r o o m
S econ d floor - o ffic e a c c o m m o d a t i o n
Third-fifth floors - b e d r o o m s
Sixth floor - a la r g e r e s t a u r a n t , a v a ila b le fo r g u e s t s a n d t h e
g e n e r a l p u b lic
T h e c o n t r a c t t o d e s ig n t h e h o t e l a n d c o n fe r e n c e c e n t r e w ill b e
a w a r d e d t o t h e a r c h it e c t u r a l fir m w h i c h p r o d u c e s t h e b e s t p la n
fo r t h e g r o u n d flo o r .
ON THE HORIZON
9UYj 80A
7.5 STUDY AN D W RITIN G SKILLS
STUDY SKILLS
IDEN TIFYIN G FACT AN D OPIN ION
‘If they had a choice, few people w ould liv e in high-rise ap artm en ts.’
D iscuss the statem ent and give you r opinion.
B e ca u s e o f e xp a n d in g p o p u la t io n s a n d t h e la c k o f s p a ce fo r b u ild in g n e w h o u s e s , h igh - r is e
a p a r t m e n t b lo ck s h a v e b e co m e in c r e a s in g ly co m m o n in m o s t o f t h e w o r ld ’s m a jo r cit ie s
s a n d t o w n s . H o w e ve r , so m e p e o p le s a y t h a t r e s id e n t s in m u lt i- s t o r e y b u ild in gs d o n o t r e a lly
e n jo y liv in g in t h em . It is cla im e d t h a t t h e y fe e l is o la t e d , a r e o ft e n lo n e ly a n d liv e in s u ch
b lo ck s n o t b y ch o ice b u t o u t o f n e ce s s it y. T h is is a m is co n ce p t io n . T h e r e a r e , in fa ct , m a n y
b e n e fit s o f liv in g in t h is t yp e o f a cco m m o d a t io n a n d fe w d is a d va n t a g e s . M o s t p e o p le e n jo y
t h is s t yle o f liv in g a n d d o n o t c r a v e fo r a h o u s e o r lo w - le ve l a p a r t m e n t .
io T h e m o st s ign ifica n t a d va n t a ge o f ch o o s in g to five in a h igh - r is e b u ild in g is t h a t t h e r e s id e n t s
a r e clo s e t o m o st t h in gs t h e y n ee d fo r t h e ir e ve r yd a y livin g . H igh -r ise a p a r t m e n t s t e n d t o b e
in d e s ir a b le , u r b a n lo ca t io n s , n e a r t o t h e d o w n t o w n a r e a . A s a r e s u lt , r e s id e n t s h a ve q u ick
a n d e a s y a cce s s t o s h o p p in g, n igh t life , c u lt u r a l in s t it u t io n s , t r a n s p o r t fa cilit ie s a n d o ft en
t h e ir p la ce o f w o r k . H o w e ve r , t h e r e a r e a ls o h igh - r is e a p a r t m e n t s s it u a t e d in b e a u t ifu l,
15 n a t u r a l s u r r o u n d in gs , s u ch a s p a r k s , ga r d e n s a n d b e a ch a r e a s . T h e s e a r e g e n e r a lly o u t s id e
t h e c it y ce n t r e a n d t h e y w ill be ch o s e n b y p e o p le lo o k in g fo r a n a lt e r n a t ive to c it y life.
An o t h e r m a jo r a d va n t a ge o f h igh - r is e a cco m m o d a t io n is t h a t it o ffe r s a w id e r a n ge o f s h a r e d
a m e n it ie s s u ch as: d o o r m e n , co n t r o lle d e n t r y, fit n e s s ce n t r e s , s w im m in g p oo ls, r e cr e a t io n
a r e a s , m o r n in g co ffe e s e s s io n s a n d h o s t e d e ve n t s a im e d a t b r in gin g r e s id e n t s t o ge t h er . Th e s e
20 p r o vid e o p p o r t u n it ie s fo r r e s id e n t s to ge t to k n o w e a ch o t h e r b e t t er . T h e y d e ve lo p a s e n s e o f
co m m u n it y, w h ich h e lp s r e s id e n t s to a vo id fe e lin gs o f is o la t io n a n d lo n e lin e s s . T h e r e s id e n t s
lo o k o u t fo r e a ch ot h e r , so t h a t a s e n s e o f s a fe t y a n d s e c u r it y is fo st e r e d .
C r it ic s o f h ig h - r is e a p a r t m e n t s p o in t o u t t h a t t h e r e a r e lim it e d o p p o r t u n it ie s fo r
g a r d e n in g in s u c h b u ild in g s . T h is is n o t e n t ir e ly t r u e s in c e m a n y r e s id e n t s h a v e
25 b a lc o n ie s a n d t h e y c a n u s e t h e s e t o g r o w v e g e t a b le s , p la n t s a n d flo w e r s . M o r e
im p o r t a n t ly , t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y n o w a d a y s fo r a r c h it e c t s t o d e s ig n h ig h - r is e b u ild in g s
w h ic h in c lu d e ‘g r e e n ’ s p a c e s fo r t r e e s , p la n t s a n d s h r u b s . A h ig h - r is e b u ild in g in M ila n ,
I t a ly, ‘B o s c o V e r t ic a le ’ is t y p ic a l o f t h is t r e n d . I t w ill p r o vid e h u n d r e d s o f n e w h o m e s
a n d b r in g a h e c t a r e o f fo r e s t in t o t h e c i t y ’s c e n t r a l b u s in e s s d is t r ic t . T h e b u ild in g w ill
3o b e a p e r fe c t m o d e l fo r a r c h it e c t s d e s ig n in g t o w e r b lo c k s in t h e fu t u r e .
T o s u m u p , t h e r e a r e u n q u e s t io n a b ly m a n y a d v a n t a g e s o f liv in g in h ig h - r is e a p a r t m e n t
b u ild in g s . R a t h e r t h a n c r e a t in g fe e lin g s o f is o la t io n a n d lo n e lin e s s , t h e s e b u ild in g s
d e ve lo p a s e n s e o f c o m m u n it y a n d fo r m a n y p e o p le t h e y o ffe r a n id e a l life s t y le . S u c h
a p a r t m e n t s w ill u n d o u b t e d ly in c r e a s e in t h e fu t u r e b e c a u s e o f t h e p o p u la t io n g r o w t h
35 a n d la c k o f s p a c e in m a n y c o u n t r ie s .
STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 7.5
belief emotions evaluation proved 7b Look at the essay again. What do the highlighted
scientific subjective pronouns refer to?
them (line 6) = high-rise apartments
A fact is true and based on 1_______ testing or practical 1 This (line 7) 5 which (line 21)
experience, not on ideas. It can be supported by 2 their (line 14) 6 This (line 24)
objective evidence. An opinion is a *1 2_______ that may or 3 These (line 15) 7 these (line 25)
may not be true. It is normally3_______ . It can be based 4 These (line 19)
on a person's perspective, 4_______ or understanding
of something. The essential difference between a fact 8 a Avoiding repetition - nouns/ noun phrases It is
and an opinion is that a fact can be 5_______ by study, common to avoid repeating nouns and noun phrases
research, 6_______ or previous knowledge. by using phrases with similar meanings. Find three
alternative phrases in paragraph 1 which avoid repeating
5 Work in small groups. Are the statements from the high-rise apartment blocks and one alternative in
essay facts (F) or opinions (O)? Give reasons. paragraph 4 for tendency.
1 Most people enjoy this style of living, (paragraph 1)
2 High-rise apartments tend to be in desirable, urban 8 b Avoiding repetition - verbs and adverbs Find the
locations, (paragraph 2) following in the essay.
3 There are also high-rise apartments situated in • two verbs in paragraph 3 which avoid repeating offers.
beautiful, natural surroundings, (paragraph 2) • an adverb in paragraph 5 which avoids repeating
4 These provide opportunities for residents to get to unquestionably.
know each other better, (paragraph 3)
9 Improve this paragraph about high-rise apartments
5 There are limited opportunities for gardening in such
buildings, (paragraph 4) by avoiding repeating nouns phrases, verbs, verb
phrases and adverbs.
6 There is a tendency nowadays for architects to
design high-rise buildings which include 'green Another great advantage of high-rise apartments is that
spaces', (paragraph 4) they are generally cheaper to buy than a house. They
7 The building will be a perfect model for architects are also cheaper for living and maintenance. Buying
designing tower blocks in the future, (paragraph 4) an apartment typically costs from $200,000- 300,000,
8 Living in such apartments will undoubtedly increase but buying a house will cost a lot more. M aintenance
in the future, (paragraph 5) costs are undoubtedly cheaper for high-rise apartments
because the surface area of high-rise apartments is
6 Find the phrases 1-6 in the essay. What can you smaller than the surface area of houses. Also, living
infer about the writer's intention? and maintaining a house is generally a lot more time-
1 It is claimed that they feel isolated ... (paragraph 1) consuming. A great argument, too, is that living above
You can infer from the phrase 'It is claimed ...' that the the ground in an apartment is more peaceful and less
writer may not agree with this opinion. noisy than living in a house.
75
Globalisation
8.1 GLOBALISATION - GOOD OR BAD?
IN THIS UNIT
GRAMM AR
• verb patterns
• causatives
VOCABULARY
• globalisation
• collocations
• abstract nouns
• words from the text
SCENARIO
• clarifying
• taking part in a debate
STUDY SKILLS
• summarising
WRITING SKILLS
• a summary
SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY 4 a Com plete the sentences with the nouns in the box.
GLOBALISATION
companies competition cultures environment
1 What do you understand by the term globalisation? gap manufacturing poverty standards
2 Complete the description with the words in the box. understanding workers
76
GLOBALISATION - GOOD OR BAD? 8.1
READING AND LISTENING 6 K C T Now listen to some other views from the
podcast of last w eek's show and complete the table.
5 Viewpoint is a w eekly current affairs programme.
Read the opinions on the Viewpoint message board and 7 Choose two of the messages and summarise each
com plete the table for messages 1- 4. person's view point in one or two sentences.
For or against
globalisation?
Reasons VOCABULARY
COLLOCATION S
1 M arco
2 Cindy 8 a Complete the collocations with the words in the box.
3 Anna change choice greed rights trade1
5
4
3
2
4 David
5 M ichel 1 consumer
6 M ike 2 clim at e__
7 Astricl 3 corporate
8 John 4 f air _______
9 M aria 5 human
6 resources
7 warming
Is globalisation a good thing? 8 companies
9 labour
10 markets
1 Globalisation is definitely about progress. It lead s to
8 b N ow check your answers to Exercise 8a in
better products, which are more cost effective to produce
Audio script 8.1 on page 177.
and therefore cheap er for everyone. It's about consum er
choice. Globalisation also connects people by m eans of 8 c Choose three or four collocations and write
communication and offers them new opportunities for travel, sentences about yo ur own country.
work and education. It m eans a fast er rate of development for
the whole world. M any poorer countries have benefited from
investment as a result of globalisation. M a r co , It a l y SPEAKING AND WRITING
9 Assessing results and consequences W o rk in groups
to discuss the questions.
' 2 The global economy sim ply m eans sweatshops in poor 1 Discuss the impact of globalisation up to now on
countries so that rich countries can have cheap goods.
There is a lot of inequality involved in globalisation and the your own life and your country.
desire for cheap er products. It also leads to the destruction 2 Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future? Why?
of nat ural resources. Globalisation benefits the rich nations, 3 Thinking about the issues involved in globalisation,
who control prices, who influence the economies of poor and having looked at some of the arguments in this
countries and cause populations to m igrate in order to try and lesson, do you think it is a force for good, for bad or
improve their lives. Ci n d y , Ch i n a a mixture of both?
77
8.2 GLOBAL SKILLS
6 Read the texts again. Which texts, if any, refer to the 1 0 W o rk with a partner. Look at the pairs of
following topics? sentences 1-5 and discuss the differences between
1 building relationships the verb patterns.
2 dressing conservatively 1 a I remember watching the first TV reports of
3 indirect and direct communication styles the tsunami.
4 avoiding stereotypes b Remember to lock the door when you go out.
5 showing respect for authority 2 a I'll never forget meeting Brad Pitt when I went
6 understanding handshakes to Hollywood.
7 using titles and correct forms of address b I won't forget to switch off the lights when I go.
8 exchanging business cards 3 a I stopped driving after three hours at the wheel,
9 punctuality and deadlines b I stopped to have a break for a few minutes.
10 space issues between people 4 a I tried sending her flowers, but it had no effect,
b I tried to persuade her to listen to me, but
7 Work with a partner. Describe the problems in each she wouldn't.
text. What advice would you give the people in the 5 a I regret to inform you that you did not get the job.
three situations? b I don't regret changing jobs.
8 Drawing conclusions With your partner, look again
at the listening and reading sections. What are the GRAM M AR TIP
three most important skills you need when working in After remember, forget, stop, regret and go on, we
a global team? choose infinitives to look forward and -ing forms to
look at the present or past.
GRAMMAR I must remember to download a map of the city. (I'm
VERB PATTERNS going there next week.)
I remember meeting him at a conference in Seoul.
9 Look at the highlighted sentences in the texts and
(The conference was two years ago.)
match verbs 1-5 with patterns a- e.
1 appear ^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
2 ask
3 dislike 11 Com plete the sentences with the infinitive or -ing
4 forget form of the verbs in brackets. In some sentences both
5 start may be possible.
a followed by the infinitive with to 1 I'm sorry I forgot_______ (respond) to your email.
b followed by either the infinitive with to or the -ing 2 I t ried _______ (talk) to the team leader, but he didn't
form with a different meaning really listen.
c followed by an object and the infinitive with to 3 I'll never forget_______ (attend) the Forbes Global
d followed by the -ing form CEO conference in September.
e followed by either the infinitive with to or the -ing 4 Don't forget_______ (go) to the meeting.
form with no change in meaning 5 I remember_______ (hear) something about how
popular the book was in China.
6 I stopped_______ (buy) global brands like Adidas
and Nike.
Team members from Mexico, India, China, Germany and 7 She remembered_______ (bring) her video camera to
the USA were having a series of business meetings in the conference, so we've got a great film of it.
Mexico when some problems arose with regard to punctuality
and deadlines. Team members from Mexico, India and China 1 2 Work with a partner and discuss topics from this list.
were sometimes late for meetings, giving the reason that • someone you'll never forget meeting
they had been getting to know their colleagues from other • something you stopped doing recently
countries over coffee in the st aff canteen. However, the team • something different you should try doing next year
members from Germany and the USA disliked waiting for team • something you'll never forget seeing
members who turned up late and had become frustrated. For • something you shouldn't forget to do before going to
the Germans and Americans if someone said 'the deadline is an interview
tomorrow', then that meant tomorrow. However, the Mexicans, • something you remember doing on one of your
Indians and Chinese argued that getting to know each other was birthdays
more important to the success of the project than a deadline,
because only by building trust together could they work as
a team. They also found that the Americans and Germans
didn't seem to value tact and diplomacy enough. For example,
sometimes the Americans said things without considering the
feelings of the people they were talking to.
79
8.3 GLOBAL COOPERATION
80
GLOBAL COOPERATION 8.3
READING GRAMMAR
1 You are going to read an article about global CAUSATIVES
cooperation. Work in small groups. How many 6 a K IM Listen to three people from a global
examples of global cooperation can you think of for the charity discussing their latest campaign and answer
areas below? How did the global cooperation occur? the questions.
• scientific breakthroughs 1 What was successful?
• humanitarian crises 2 Did Jane fix her own computer?
• natural disasters 3 Who updated the website?
• environmental disasters 4 Who approved the figures?
Scientists from all over the world worked on the Higgs 5 What was a shame?
Boson project in Switzerland. 6 Who w ill sign off the plan?
2 Read the article quickly and choose the best title. 6 b Look at Audio script 8.3 on page 177 and underline
examples of structures 1-3.
1 Global cooperation is on the increase.
2 Is innovation dependent on globalisation? 1 have + object + past participle to describe something
3 Global cooperation is needed more than ever before. which is done for the subject by someone else (i.e.
the subject arranges or pays for somebody else to do
3 Com plete gaps 1-4 in the article with sentences a- d. something for them)
a International cooperation based on sharing 2 get + object + past participle to describe something
information freely has produced innovative which is done for the subject by someone else (i.e.
approaches to solving problems, the subject arranges or pays for somebody else to do
b In a highly specialised world, scientists, medics and something for them)
engineers have to collaborate in order to innovate, 3 have + object + past participle to describe something
c It appears that the days of brilliant individual unexpected or unpleasant which happens to the subject
inventors working in garages on their own is over,
d We live in a world which has benefited from huge GRAM M AR TIP
advances in technology, medicine and science made
In this structure, get is usually more informal than
during the last century.
have and we tend to use it in spoken English.
4 Summarising Summarise these topics in one or two We must get the house decorated soon.
sentences.
^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
1 What is happening with innovation in this century
2 Langer's approach to teams 7 Put the words in order to make correct sentences.
3 Harada's innovative approach to problem solving
1 removed / the / protesters / had / the / authorities
2 we / have / w ill / new phone lines / three /
VOCABULARY installed / next month
WORDS FROM THE TEXT 3 at the airport / the photographers / searched /
had / bags / their
5 a M atch words or phrases in the article with their
4 is having / she / her new book / into Japanese /
meanings 1-7.
translated
1 the force that controls the relationships people or 5 you / do / your / done / hair / get / at / Alleycatz?
things have with each other (paragraph 1) 6 had / their / taken / fingerprints / the police /
2 to challenge the limit of what is thought to be by / the demonstrators
possible (paragraph 1) 7 he / is / to / have / going / tested / his eyes /
3 the newest way of doing something (paragraph 1) tomorrow
4 an event or situation that can be seen (paragraph 1) 8 of / I / to / you / have / had / a copy /
5 to work together (paragraph 2) the report / sent
6 the combined power of a group of things when they 9 passport / last year / my brother / his / stolen / had
are working together (paragraph 4) 10 my / friend / slashed / his / tyres / got / by /
7 serious (paragraph 4) some hooligans
5b Com plete the text with words from Exercise 5a.
All our scientists have 1_______with scientists throughout
SPEAKING
the world leading to 2_______ research which will have 8 a Work with a partner. Read notes about two
3_______ impacts in the field of space exploration. examples of global cooperation.
Working together has led to great4_______ and we will Student A: look at page 156.
only be able to push the 5_______ of scientific knowledge Student B: look at page 158.
through further collaboration.
8 b Share your information and discuss what else you
know about these topics.
81
8.4 SCENARIO
SUPERMARKET SUPERPOWER
SITUATION
1 Read the extract from a TV guide and discuss the
questions wit h a partner.
1 Do you prefer shopping in a supermarket or smaller
stores? Why?
2 What do you expect to be able to buy in a
supermarket? Discuss your ideas with a partner.
3 Do you think supermarkets are generally good or
bad for the communities they serve?
82
8.4
SUPERMARKET SUPERPOWER
KEY LANGUAGE
CLARIFYIN G
4 a Co rrect the mistakes in the extracts. Look at Audio script 8.4 on
page 177 to check your answers.
1 ... what do you think by good value?
2 Basically, what I'm meaning is the customer is ...
3 Sorry, I don't catch what you mean.
4 What I really try to say is ...
5 Or to give it another way, ...
6 Could you expand that in more detail, please?
7 Could you be more clear?
8 Let me research that.
9 Could you explain me an example?
10 To be more clear ... we really appeal to ...
TASK
TAKIN G PART IN A DEBATE
5a Work in groups. Smithsons is planning to come to your country. You
will be taking part in an edition of Vista, the live TV debate programme.
Student A (Chairperson): look at page 156 and study your role card.
Student B (Labour relations expert): look at page 158 and study
your role card.
Student C (Governm ent representative): look at page 161 and
study your role card.
Student D (Opposition party representative): look at page 163
and study your role card.
Student E (Consum er group representative): look at page 163
and study your role card.
5b Work in pairs of the same roles (two As, Bs, etc.). Discuss what you
believe, and think about the arguments you can use in the debate.
5c Hold the debate in groups of Students A- E.
Chairing
I'd like to ask (name) for his/ her views (on this).
Thank you, (name). You've had your say. Let the others give their
views now, please.
I'd like to move on now to ...
Interrupting
I'd just like to say ...
Can I just come in here?
If I can interrupt you at this p o in t ...
Dealing with interruptions
If you could just let me finish.
Hold on a minute, please.
If I can just finish what I'm trying to say ...
83
8.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
2 a Are these statements true or false, do you think? Supporting idea: Scientific and technical research and
Give reasons. development is now so complicated and sophisticated
that no one scientist, however brilliant, can know it all.
1 A summary is a short version of the original text.
2 To write a good summary, you must understand 6 Paraphrasing Read paragraph 1 of the article
every word in the original text. again and say which paraphrase below is better.
3 A summary is generally about one-third of the length Give your reasons.
of the original text. Paraphrase A
4 You should use your own words when summarising. In this century, new ways of dealing with the world's
5 You must not change the order of the ideas in the text. problems are the result of experts from different fields
6 You should never use words from the original text. working together rather than from achievements by
7 You must not include any quotations from the
individuals. For example, at CERN, scientists from
original text. different countries have joined together to find solutions
8 A summary should not include your own opinions. to complex problems. (44 words)
9 It is difficult to do a summary if you cannot
Paraphrase B
paraphrase well.
Global cooperation can result in invention and
10 It is helpful to find synonyms for words when
summarising. innovation. This depends on advances in different
fields. One individual cannot find new ways of solving
2b Which of the ideas that are true did you think of in problems. New solutions need cooperation. Scientists
Exercise 1b? at CERN are studying the problems of the universe.
These can only be solved by experts from diverse
3 Put the stages of writing a summary below in order.
fields. (47 words)
a Highlight the key points in the original text,
b Make notes of the key points. Paraphrase the points, 7 W ork with a partner. Read paragraph 2 of the
do not copy them. article. It contains 129 words. Discuss the summary
c Check the summary to make sure it is accurate below. Give reasons why it is not a good one.
and complete.
d Read the original text carefully and check the Scientists have to collaborate to innovate. There are
meaning of unknown words, now over 8 ,ooo scientific journals in the world. One
e Write the summary from your notes. person cannot be an expert in all the areas of research.
Professor Langer at M IT has made breakthroughs in
4 Work with a partner. What do you understand by
the medical field. He has done this by forming teams
the terms paraphrasing and topic sentences? Read the
from different disciplines to find new polymers for
text below to check.
treating a medical condition. He is always trying to
When you summarise a text, you need to select the key find new global collaborators. ( 6 7 words)
point in each paragraph. The main point is usually in
the topic sentence. This is generally the first sentence
of the paragraph, though it may appear in other places,
including at the end. You also need to paraphrase the
important points. This means that you express them in a
shorter, different way, using your own words if possible.
84
STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 8.5
W RITIN G SKILLS
Early next month, local officials will gather for a
A SUM M A RY
ribbon-cutting ceremony at a facility in Whitsett,
8 Read t ech n iq u es a- c ab o u t p arap h rasin g . Then North Carolina. A new production line will start
p arap h rase sen t en ces 1- 6. to roll and the seemingly impossible will happen:
a Using syno nym s America will start making personal computers again.
Som e p eop le believe/ say/ argu e/ claim that in n ovat ion / Mass-market computer production had been slowly
creat ivit y is driven/ st im ulat ed b y com pet it ion . disappearing for the past thirty years, and the vast
majority of laptops have always been made in Asia.
b Chang ing the w o rd class
Dell shut two big American factories in 2008 and
in novation - innovat e or in n ovat ive; com pet it ion -
2010 in a big move to China, and HP now makes
com pet e o r com pet it ive; collaboration - collaborat e
only a small number of business desktops at home.
c Chang ing the w o rd order The new manufacturing facility is being built not
D raw in g p eop le together from all over the w orld an d by an American company but by Lenovo, a highly
creating syn ergy is a p ow er fu l w ay o f drivin g innovation. successful Chinese technology group.
O n e o f the m ost effective ways o f encouraging innovation
is to form an international team to w ork on a project .
85
Art
9.1 WHAT IS ART?
IN THIS UNIT
I GRAM M AR
• gradable and ungradable
adjectives
• position of adverbs
) VOCABULARY
• art and artists
• adverb-adjective collocations
• order of adjectives
SCENARIO
• dicussing implications,
offering counter-arguments
• deciding on an action plan
STUDY SKILLS
• expanding your vocabulary
WRITING SKILLS
• an online review
c &
I paint objects as I think them, not as I see them. Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973, Spanish artist
SPEAKING AND READING 4 How would you describe the views of each person?
Select from the following adjectives and find reasons
1 Wo rk in small groups and discuss the questions.
in the article to support your answers. Can you add
1 Did you study Art at school? Did you enjoy it? any other adjectives?
Why?/ Why not?
2 How often do you visit museums and art galleries? conservative critical dismissive intellectual
3 Do you think art is important in people's lives? passionate radical respectful undecided
Why?/ Why not?
2 Read the debate on the webpage and match the 5 Justifying opinions W o rk in small groups. Which
people to the opinions below. of the following do you consider to be art? Explain
1 Art is about someone's feelings. your reasons.
Art is to show the craftsmanship of the artist. some graffiti on a wall
Art is a waste of time. a tattoo on someone's body
The purpose of art is to represent the natural a holiday photograph
environment. a pile of bricks in an exhibition
The purpose of art is to make viewers think about a screensaver on a mobile phone
their own ideas. a comic book
The purpose of art is for financial gain. a painting of a bowl of fruit
an advert for a product
3 Which people do you agree/ disagree with? Who a firework display
makes the best point, in your opinion?
New Language Leader Upper Int ermediat e Self St udy
f iiij . := p > q © 00 ♦ Q O ® © E H
HAVEA SAY I ABOUT I LINKS LOGIN
Taco
ART OPINION HAVE A SAY It'sjust a business really, isn't it? Some of these so-called
Follow ing t he provocat ive and hard - hit t ing ar t icle by Lo uise masterpieces - they can fetch millions. It seems criminal when
Trench Do you believe in Art ?, w e t hought you should have people are starving in the world. Museums make too much money,
your say. So t h is w eek ' s quest ion i s . . . particularly from these big retrospectives of famous artists. They've
usually all been dead for years, so what's the point of looking at
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ART? their work? I don't go to art galleries or museums for that reason.
Dan Anyway, I don't think they want people like me there who don't
For me, it is all about the skill of the artists. I can't draw or paint so I like understand art.
to see how they can recreate realityjust by using shapes and colour. It'sa Rina
real skill. I tried at school, but Ijust had no talent for it It'samazing what The purpose of art, for me, is to represent the world - to show
they can do. Ijust like naturalistic art I suppose. I think it'scalled realism. things around us. Paintings can show the natural beauty of the
Karen world. Even those really early cave paintings show the world of
I feel art should be thought-provoking and get people to question the people who painted them. I love landscape painting. I'm not
things, you know, the world around them, and their views on it. It interested in groundbreaking modern and contemporary art, or all
can also be used for political purposes - to criticise governments or that abstract art which people like. I'm not interested in what critics
challenge authority - just as Banksy does today with his murals. Art and collectors say. I don't want to think about what it means. I just
should be controversial and get people talking, you know, stimulate want it to look nice and to make me feel good.
debate. It may also be shocking. Maybe I'm idealistic, but I believe art Matt F
can help change the world. There's no point to art at all. It's ridiculous. I mean, it's a stupid
Kylie question. The fact that you need to ask means that it doesn't have
a point. You don't need to ask what the purpose of engineering
I'm really not sure. I mean, I've read books about art, but at the end
of the day, I think it's about your emotional reaction to a piece of art. or science is, do you? Art is rubbish - there's nothing useful about
Some art you respond to and like - other art you don't. Some people it at all. And being an artist isn't a real job anyway. I think a lot of
like more traditional art, like portrait painting, or sculpture. Other so-called art is a con. You know when 'artists' put a pile of leaves in
a corner of an art gallery and claim it's a work of art? Well, it's not.
people prefer more modern and contemporary art which can be very
unusual. Some people feel this is not art and they just can't stand it. Any fool can do that.
[■
PHOTOGRAPHY
1 Do you t ake phot os? W hen? Why? Do you pref er 3 Identifying argum ents Find argum ent s in t he art icle
colour or black and w hit e phot os? that support t he idea t hat phot ography is an art f orm.
2 Read the article and choose the best title. 4 W ork wit h a part ner and discuss t he quest ions.
1 What makes a good photo? 1 What does the article say about the difference
2 The best photo in the world. between photography and paintings?
3 Is photography an art form? 2 What reasons are given in the article for
photography not being an art form?
3 Do you think photography is an art form?
88
PHOTOGRAPHY 9.2
GRAM M AR TIP
1 Cartier-Bresson w as_______ for his excellent
coverage of Gandhi's funeral in India in 1948. We can use really with both gradable and ungradable
2 M ario Testino w as_______ in many fields before he adjectives:
moved to London to train as a photographer. The film was really interesting.
3 The plot of the film w as_______ and the war scenes The exhibition was really fascinating.
were fake. Really, awfully and terribly are more common in
4 One Hour Photo is a film starring Robin William s informal spoken English.
about a quiet an d _______ photo technician.
5 A top university w as_______ for spending £1.4m on ^ Language reference and extra practice, pages 126-149
art works when its main building needed repair.
6 The banning of photographers from the area was
10 Correct the adverbs if they are wrong.
as there was no obvious danger to people. 1 I thought it was a very excellent photograph.
2 We were a bit tired after our visit to the Louvre.
3 I was very devastated when they said the exhibition
GRAMMAR was closed.
GRADABLE AN D UN GRADABLE ADJECTIVES
4 The photographs were extremely terrible.
7a Look at these adjectives from the article. Put them 5 When we had finished going round the photo
into pairs with similar meanings. exhibition, we were absolutely exhausted.
89
9.3 CONTEM PORARY SCULPTORS
READING
1 Work with a partner. Do you know of any
sculptures in your country, or in the rest of the world?
Anish Kap o o r w as
2 Read the profiles of three artists quickly, and say born in M um bai, India,
what artistic disciplines each has worked in. in 1954 and moved to
England in 1972.
3 Read the profiles again and answer the questions.
He studied at two fam ous
According to the texts, which artist: art schools in London, before
1 still lives in his/ her country of birth? starting out as a sculptor. Kap oor
2 did not complete his/ her education? soon becam e well- known
3 had a husband/ wife who was more famous than because of his p art icular style,
he/she was? which, in his early wo rks,
4 is influenced strongly by his/ her country of birth? involved the clever use of
5 has received criticism of his/ her talent? monochrom e and brightly-
6 uses him/ herself as a model? coloured pigments surround ing
7 has recently combined two artistic disciplines the sculp ture.
in his work? Although he is mainly resident
in London, he often visits India,
4 Which of the works of art in the photos do you
and Western and Eastern styles
like the most? Would you like to go to the artists'
influence his work. His use of
exhibitions? Why?/ Why not?
colour is strongly influenced by
the heaps of coloured spices and
VOCABULARY powders found in Indian markets.
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Kap o o rs later works are often
5a Look at the highlighted phrases in the profiles. List very large. In fact, his 110-ton
the adjectives under some of these headings. Cloud Cate sculpture in Chicago
is amongst the largest in the world.
age, material, colour/pattern, opinion, nationality, size,
This sculpture is forged from a
shape, most other qualities
series of highly-polished stainless
5 b Add the adjectives from the following examples steel 'plates' that create an arched,
under the headings in Exercise 5a. Try to work out the highly-reftective work with
order of adjectives before a noun (i.e. opinion is first). Chicago's skyline and M illennium
Check your answers in the table on page 166. Park in the background.
beautiful, antique, colourful, Japanese silk paintings Kap o o r has also wo rked on
a huge, well-known, dark bronze sculpture subway design in Italy and his
wo rk is increasing ly becom ing a
6 Complete the sentences below, putting the m ixture of art and architecture.
adjectives in brackets in the correct order. In 2012, he completed 'Orbit'
1 Michael Ayrton m ade_______ sculptures. for the 2012 London Olym pic
(bronze, fabulous, large) Gam es. At 115 metres tall. Orb it
is the tallest sculp ture in the UK.
2 Rothko's paintings often consist of a number o f ______
boxes, (coloured, large, rectangular)
3 These_______figures date back 2,000 years.
(antique, wonderful, Javanese)
Yoho Ono
4 The artist created a _______sculpture. Yo ko Ono, who once said
(fantastic, stainless steel, shiny) 'Everybody's an artist',
5 Lacquer is a _______varnish. w as born in 1933 in Tokyo,
(hard, coloured, heat-resistant) Jap an. In 1945, at the end
of Wo rld W ar II, she had to hide with
6 Wall paintings are used to brighten up som e_______
her fam ily when Tokyo w as fire-
environments.
bombed. Alt hough she cam e from
(dreary, urban, modern)
a rich, arist o crat ic fam ily, she had to
7 The bird was made with a piece o f _______paper. pawn her mother's property to obtain
(square, Japanese, origami) rice when Japan surrend ered and
everyone w as poor. She moved with
her fam ily to N ew York when she
w as eighteen. She went to college,
but dropped out after two years.
90
CONTEM PORY SCULPTORS 9.3
GRAMMAR
POSITION OF ADVERBS
Antony Gormley
7a Look at the adverbs/ adverb phrases in bold in the
Ant o ny Go rm ley w as born in 1950 in
profiles. Add them to the list below.
H am pstead, England, and , like Kap o o r,
1 Time: then, in May, ...
is fam o us for his larg e- scale sculp t ures. He
2 Place: there, at home, ...
■ ■ ■ H studied at Cam b rid g e from 1968 to 1971 before
3 Manner: quickly, carefully, ...
t ravellin g to India and Sri Lan ka to st ud y Buddhism
until 1974. On his ret urn, he st udied in a num b er of 4 Frequency: sometimes, never, ...
co lleg es in London.
5 Certainty: definitely, perhaps, ...
6 Degree: a lot, mostly, ...
His w o rk m ainly fo cuses on the hum an body and he
uses his own body crea tively to form m et al cast s for 7b Look at the clauses these adverbs/ adverb phrases
his sculp t ures. On e of his best- known sculp t ures is 'The appear in and answer the questions below.
An g el of the Nort h', an enorm ous m et al fig ure, now 1 Do groups 1-3 come at the beginning, middle or
co m p let ely rust ed to a brown co lo ur, wit h hug e, fully- end of the clause?
ext ended w ing s. M otorists t ravellin g on the A1 road to 2 Where do groups 4- 6 come in the clause?
the North of Eng land and Sco t land see the A n g el rising 3 Where do the adverbs in 4- 6 go in relation to the
above them d ram atically as they d rive clo ser to it. verb they modify?
An o t her st riking sculp t ure is 'A sian Field ', inst alled 4 Is this the same with all verbs? (Look at mainly.)
in Syd ney in 2006. It has 180,000 sm all brown clay
fig urines craft ed by 350 Ch in ese villag ers in five days GRAM M AR TIP
from 100 tons of red clay. The inst allat io n is rem iniscent
We can emphasis adverb phrases of time and place by
of the terracott a w arrio rs of Xian , Ch in a.
putting them at the beginning of the clause.
His sp ect acu lar p ub lic art installat ion 'Event Horizon' In 2012, Yoko Ono received a lifetime achievement
prem iered in London in 2007, before being d isp layed award.
in a num b er of m ajo r wo rld cities, includ in g N ew Yo rk,
Sao Paolo and Rio de Janeiro . ^ Language reference and ext ra p ractice, pages 126-149
91
SCENARIO
THE RUSSELL DRAKE GALLERY
SITUATION
I’ve visited the gallery several times. Usually disappointed.
The Russell Drake Gallery sells contem porary art in The range of art is too great. I’m not interested in
Chelsea, N ew Yo rk. Chelsea, wit h its 300 g alleries, is photography, sculpture and video art, and I can’t get
the centre of modern art in the cit y and there is strong excited about modern African art (last week’s exhibition).
You need to focus more on what you’re offering.
com petition to try and satisfy existing customers as
w ell as attract new ones. Location is not enough. I didn’t enjoy my visit. The artists were boring. Most of the
Galleries need to stand out from the cro wd and offer paintings were landscapes and portraits. Middle-of-the-road
something different to co llect o rs and the general stuff that you can see in plenty of galleries. There was nothing
p ub lic. The Russell Drake Gallery represents about to talk about.
thirty- five artists, whose wo rks are priced from I liked the artists on show, and the naturalistic art was
$5,000- 200,000. The g allery's aim is to sell between really impressive. The exhibition ‘Realism in the arts’ was
eight and ten pieces each month. the highlight of my visit. But I got really tired after a while
and wanted to sit down. Unfortunately, there weren’t
Recently, the gallery has not been meeting its sales
enough seats. W hat about having a cafe to relax in at the
targets. As a result, its owners, Russell and Vanessa
end o f a visit?
Drake, realise that they must make changes to increase
sales and attract more customers to their gallery. They Yo ur prices are far too high for what you’re offering.
have a meeting planned with Dennis Paul, an art Only collectors can afford that sort o f money. By the way,
consultant, about how to increase their profits. parking’s really difficult in your area. I had to walk miles to
get to you. It’s not easy to find your gallery, either. Yo u’re
right on the edge of the district, I found out.
1 Read t he sit uat ion and an sw er t he quest ions.
Yo ur staff were friendly, but there weren’t enough signs to
1 W hat is the Chelsea area of N ew York famous for? show what was going on in some of the rooms. I wanted
2 W hat do galleries need to do in order to be to see more works by N ew Yo rk artists, I’m not really
successful? interested in Asian art.
3 Ho w m any wo rks of art wo uld the Russell Drake
You need to be more innovative in your choice o f artists.
Gallery like to sell each month?
I like naturalistic art, not abstract art and splash paintings.
4 W hat problem is the gallery currently facing? I’d love to buy some paintings by young, emerging artists.
2a W o r k w it h a part ner. Read t he r eview s f rom t he I like the high ceilings in the gallery, but there isn’t enough
gallery' s w eb sit e and d ecid e w hich are t he t hree m ost light, so I didn’t enjoy my visit. It’s about time you
serio us crit icism s. repainted the walls, isn’t it? That ’d make the rooms lighter.
5a Listen again and num ber the phrases below in the 5 Hire an expert to improve the gallery's
ord er you hear them. website. Aim to attract more foreign visitors by
advertising in specialist art magazines.
a But think of the consequences. (Dennis)
b I think there's a strong argument for doing it. 6 Redecorate the gallery and enlarge the
(Vanessa) windows.
c But it wouldn't if we charged variable commission 7 Move to a new location where the rents are
rates. (Russell) much cheaper.
d You need to take into account the reactions of the 8 Vary the commission rate, charging 50 percent
other gallery owners. (D) to established artists and a lower commission
e There are plenty of things you could do ... (D) rate for young artists.
f M aybe, but consider the implications. (D) 9 Set up a cafe in the gallery offering high-quality
g We do need to have more young artists on our books. (V) snacks and lunches.
h If you lower your commission, other galleries might
10 Invite famous modern artists to give lectures
start doing the same thing. (D)
on their work at the gallery.
i That may be true, but our situation's getting pretty
desperate. (V)
j W e've got to do something if we want to survive. (V)
k the problem with that is that it could really upset your
best customers ... (D) 7 Com pare your action plan with the plans of other
I It'll affect your profits if you lower your commission groups. Explain your reasons for not choosing some of
rate. (D) Dennis Paul's ideas.
5b Decide whet her each phrase is 'discussing 8 As one group, take a vote to decide which is the
best action plan.
im plications' (I) or 'offering a counter- argum ent' (C).
9.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
94
STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 9.5
Alessand ra.co m
1
NICE BLOG
A DAY IN NICE: CHAGALL AND MATISSE M USEUM S
95
Psychology
10.1 GROUP PSYCHOLOGY
IN THIS UNIT
GRAM M AR
• relative clauses
• reduced relative clauses
VOCABULARY
• personality adjectives
• phrasal verbs
• word formation
• idioms with mind
• words from the text
SCENARIO
• giving and reacting to advice
• taking part in an advice
phone-in
STUDY SKILLS
• writing a bibliography,
referencing
WRITING SKILLS
• an advantages and
disadvantages essay
96
Belbin model Role Strengths Weaknesses
How und erstanding
Creative, imaginative, free-thinking. Ignores incidentals. Too preoccupied
team roles can im p ro ve Plant
Generates ideas and solves difficult problems. to communicate effectively.
team p erfo rm ance.
Outgoing, enthusiastic, communicative. Over-optimistic. Loses interest once
Resource
Explores opportunities and develops the initial enthusiasm has passed.
Dr M eredith Belbin is investigator
contacts.
an expert on teams.
During his research, Mature, confident, identifies talent. Can be seen as manipulative.
Coordinator
Clarifies goals. Delegates effectively. Offloads own share of the work.
he identified nine key
roles in management Challenging, dynamic, thrives on pressure. Prone to provocation. Offends
teams, which are given Shaper Has the drive and courage to overcome people's feelings.
in the table. One of his obstacles.
most im portant findings Monitor- Sober, strategic and discerning. Sees all Lacks drive and ability to inspire
was that effective evaluator options and judges accurately. others.
teams have members Co-operative, perceptive and diplomatic. Indecisive in crunch situations.
Teamworker
covering all the roles. Listens and averts friction. Avoids confrontation.
However, he also noted Practical, reliable, efficient. Turns ideas into Somewhat inflexible. Slow to
that people may have Implementer actions and organises the work that needs respond to new possibilities.
more than one role. A to be done.
team does not need Completer- Painstaking, conscientious, anxious. Inclined to worry unduly. Reluctant
to be made up of nine finisher Searches out errors. Polishes and perfects. to delegate.
people, but should be
Single-minded, self-starting, dedicated. Contributes only on a narrow front.
at least three or four. Specialist
Provides knowledge and skills in rare supply. Dwells on technicalities.
o 7b
adjourning
Look at the names of the stages in the box
and match them with their meanings in Exercise 7a.
Listen to check your answers.
97
10.2 PEER PRESSURE
Pressure4parent s.com
Parentline 020 5320 4444
Kids helpline 020 5320 1111
1 What is peer pressure and why does it happen? 3 Can peer pressure lead to bullying?
W e all want to be part of a g roup and feel like we Peer p ressure d efinit ely plays a role in bullying . If a
belong in our com m unit y. Peer pressure can happen t een ag er is g enerally seen as w eak o r d ifferent by t he
when we are influenced to do som et hing w e would m ajorit y o f t h eir p eers, t hey can b eco m e a safe t arg et
not usually do because we want to b e accep t ed by our fo r b ullies. Bullies pick easy t arg et s, p eo p le t hat
peers (i.e. group s o f friends who are ab o ut the sam e t he g ro up are unlikely to d efend o r g et up set o ver.
ag e and share the sam e interests). Bullies can also t hreat en and t ease o t her t eenag ers
Children and young ad ults esp ecially feel social ano nym o usly o ver t he int ernet. Th is is called cyber-
pressure to conform to the p eer group with which t hey b ullying . Unfo rt unat ely, so m e b ullies are p o p ular and
socialise. Co nfo rm it y, which is t he m ost com m on form liked by m any o f t heir p eers, which m eans o thers
o f social influence, is usually d efined as the t end ency are less likely to call t he b ehavio ur b ullying . Th ese
to think o r act like o ther m em b ers o f a group. p o p ular b ullies can act ap p ro p riat ely t o ward s t eachers
and ad ult s so t he p roblem often g o es unno t iced .
2 How does peer pressure affect people? M any vict im s o f b ullies feel very lo nely, have low
Peer pressure can influence how p eople dress, how self- est eem and b eco m e d ep ressed . Und erst and ab ly,
they talk, what music t hey listen t o, what attitudes they p arent s are often d eep ly worried when t h eir children
ad opt and how they behave. Teenag ers want to belong are being b ullied .
and it is hard to belong if you are always going against
the grain. They want to be liked, to fit in and t o be 4 What can parents do about it?
accep t ed , which m eans peer pressure can be powerful To achieve p eace o f m ind, parents need to know with
and hard to resist. People never want to be looked whom their children are associating. They need to
down upon or m ade fun of. This m eans that people who encourage children to stay out o f situations in which they
are low on confidence and unsure o f them selves m ay be know they would b e pressurised and uncomfortable.
more likely to seek their peers' approval by going along Children should learn to feel comfortable saying 'no',
with risky suggest ions. Peer pressure can lead p eople to to choose their friends wisely, to talk to som eone they
do things they would not normally do on their own. In trust, to think about the consequences o f their actions
one study, a student who knew the correct answer to a and be true to them selves.
question actually gave the wrong answer because all the M ore information
others in the class gave the wrong answer and he didn't Yo u m ay w an t to check o ut t h e links at t he bo t t o m o f
want to b e different. t h e p ag e fo r m o re info rm at io n:
REA D IN G A N D V O CA BU LA RY 4 a Look at the verb s in the box and find t heir nouns in
W O RD FORM ATION the webp age.
1 What do you understand by the phrase p eer pressure? approve behave conform suggest
Can you give an exam p le of it?
2 Read the webpag e q uickly, then b riefly answ er the 4 b Form the noun for the verbs in the box using the
fo ur q uest ions in the webpage from m em ory. suffixes from Exercise 4a.
3 Read the webpag e again and m atch the co m m ents
associate continue define disable propose
from peop le who have phoned the kids help line or the
refuse save secure*1
parent line wit h the paragraphs t hey m ost clo sely link
to in to p ic.
a 'I had no idea who my son was hanging out wit h. 5 Evaluating effect iveness W o rk wit h a partner and
And now he spends all his time with a really bad discuss the q uest ions.
group who get in trouble all the tim e.' 1 What is the purpose of the webpage?
b 'I know one girl who the teachers love because she's 2 How successful do you think it is?
always polite to them, but she is really cruel to some 3 What other questions would you add?
students who can't stand up for them selves.'
c 'I pretend to like the same heavy metal m usic as my 6 Which of the following forms of bullying do you think
friends, but act ually I prefer classical m usic.' is the worst, and why? Physical, verbal or cyber-bullying?
d 'I'm in a friendship group at school and we do the
same things and have sim ilar hobbies. I would n't do
anything to upset the group.'
98
PEER PRESSURE 10.2
7a M atch the idioms 1-5 with their meanings a- e. What does the relative clause here refer to?
99
10.3 PSYCH O LO GY A T W O RK
recently risen in popularity both in police work and media portrayals. A quick
visit to any bookstore will reveal the popularity of the true crime section, and
READING AND there has been a recent flood of novels with a likeable lead detective profiling
VOCABULARY the offender.
W ORDS FROM THE TEXT B The origins of profiling can be traced hack to the second half of the 19th
century and it has become very common, especially in America, since the
1 a Lo o k at t h e f o llo w in g p ro f ile. In
1950s. It deals with methods used to detect criminals such as serial killers,
g ro u p s, b rain st o rm w h at crim e t he and to prevent crimes such as aeroplane hijacking. Other criminals for whom
p erso n co u ld h ave co m m it t ed , t h en psychological profiling has been used are suicide bombers and mass murderers.
ch eck yo u r id eas o n p ag e 167.
C Without doubt, one of the best-known profiles of the last century was that
Caring, well-respected but arrogant of The Mad Bomber of New York' who was profiled by James Brussels, a
New York psychiatrist in 1956. Brussels was called on to help police in their
doctor with trusting patients. Middle one
search as the bomber had left about thirty-two explosive packages across
of three children, devoted to his mother,
the city over approximately eight years. Reviewing the huge case file, the
stable marriage, successful children. photographs, and a number of letters mailed bv the suspect over a sixteen-
Helped organise charity collections and year period, Brussels suggested the police were looking for ‘... a heavy man.
served on local committees. Middle-aged. Foreign born. Roman Catholic. Single. Lives with a brother
or sister." He also added ‘... when you find him, chances are he will be
wearing a double-breasted suit. Buttoned." He also deduced that the man
1 b W h y are w e surp rised w h en d o ct o rs was paranoid, bated bis father, was obsessively loved by his mother and lived
co m m it crim es? in the state of Connecticut. When police officers finally arrested the Mad
Bomber, they were amazed by how close Brussels was in his assessment, even
2 Read t h e art icle q u ick ly and an sw er
down to the double-breasted suit that was buttoned.
t h e q u est io n s.
D What exactly is psychological profiling? Essentially, it involves investigating
1 What is a criminal profiler?
an offender’s behaviour, motives and background to provide specific
2 What do they do? information about the type of person who commits a certain crime. This
makes if possible to draw up a profile of actual or potential offenders. The
3 Read t h e art icle ag ain . W h ich
investigation covers such areas as the criminal’s age, sex, employment, place
p arag rap h o r p arag rap h s co n t ain t h e
of residence and distinctive personality characteristics. Profilers note and
fo llo w in g in fo rm at io n ? U n d erlin e t he evaluate minute details of the crime scene, enabling them to describe the
relevan t p h rases in t h e art icle. specific methods of operation of the criminal, e.g. how he kills, where he kills,
1 how profilers work and what type of victim he selects. Profiling tries to identify potential serious
2 a phrase for 'where people live' offenders early; for example, in their teens they often commit petty crimes,
3 terms for criminals who have killed defying authority, until they begin killing in their mid- to late twenties.
lots of people E Some experts say that psychological profiling is at best useless and at worst
4 mention of a famous profiler harmful. They argue that the profiling of killers has no real-world value,
5 mention of looking at all the small pieces wastes police time and risks bringing the profession into disrepute. Incorrect
of information at the scene of a crime information from profiling can lead to serious mistakes. Police may find a
6 types of criminals/ crimes that profiling suspect who appears to fit an incorrect profile and stop investigating other leads.
I bis happened in the case of Richard Jewell and the Olympic Park bombing in
is used for
Atlanta. Jewell was wrongly investigated because he fitted the criminal profile,
7 another name for psychological profiling delaying the identification of the real culprit, Eric Rudolph.
8 the disadvantages of profiling
100
PSYCHOLOGY AT WORK 10.3
4 Work with a partner and discuss your reaction to 9 In this article, cross out the pronoun and auxiliary
the final paragraph. verbs and use just the present or past participle where
possible.
5 Com plete the sentences with the words in the box.
101
io.4 SCENARIO
WHAT'S ON YOUR MIND?
SITUATION
0
Listen to Professor Bright talking to a caller. Read the three
Professor Bright gives to M ichelle. Which
summaries of the problem. Which one is the best summary? Give
of her ideas did you think of?
reasons for your choice.
Summary A
M ichelle loves her husband, but is worried because he spends too
KEY LAN GU AGE
GIVIN G AN D REACTIN G TO ADVICE
much. Early in their marriage, they were very happy and they had a lot
of money. But now she is planning to divorce him. 5a Listen again to the second part of
Summary B the phone-in when Professor Bright
M ichelle's husband has always been a big spender. He has so many gives M ichelle several pieces of advice
debts that they may have to sell their house. At times, M ichelle has and she reacts to them. Com plete the
considered leaving her husband, even though she loves him. sentences b elow.
Summary C 1 OK, first of all, yo u _______ to someone
M ichelle's husband owes a lot of money because he has many about the debts you have.
gambling debts, which worries his wife. Earlier in the marriage they 2 Yes, t hat _______ .
were happy, but now M ichelle wants to leave him. 3 Now, yo u _______ your local Citizens
Advice Centre ...
4 Well, I like the idea, but I don't
t h in k_______.
5 Well, you know, i t _______ to have a
separate bank account.
6 I don't think so. W hat 's_______ that?
7 There's_______ he'd agree to it.
8 Well, i f _______ , I'd look at some of
the sites offering help.
9 Also, i t _______ a finance company.
10 Th at _______ a good idea to me.
11 Well, it 's_______ do something about
his overspending, M ichelle.
12 I've got one final bit of advice. Yo u ______
getting some counselling yourself.
102
10.4
WHAT'S ON YOUR MIND?
6 b Work with a partner. Listen to each other's sentences Subject: Unhappy student
and comment on the language and intonation.
Dear Professor Bright,
TASK My name's Adam. I'm a university student studying
AN ADVICE PHONE-IN Oriental languages. For about six months now, I've
had a girlfriend, May. She's Asian, studying for a
7a You are going to do a role-play between Professor
Masters in Engineering. I love her a lot and I think
Bright and a caller who first writes to her, then phones
she loves me. Actually I'm sure she loves me. But
her show.
she's tried to end our relationship twice before, and
Student A: choose one of the problems below. Make yesterday she sent me a note saying it's all over.
notes on your problem so you are ready to talk about it.
I feel so upset. I can't do anything at the moment. I
Student B: choose one of the problems on page 159. Make can't study, I can't sleep. Sometimes, I think I'm going
notes on your problem so you are ready to talk about it. crazy. It's all because of her parents. They're far away,
and they don't want her to have a boyfriend, and
7b Role-play the situation.
certainly not an Englishman. They're proud of her
Student A: you are the caller. Describe your problem to being at university and want her to do really well.
Professor Bright, and respond to the professor's advice. They don't want any distractions! But also I think
Student B: you are Professor Bright. Listen to your they're afraid that she might end up marrying an
caller's problem and give him/ her advice. Englishman, and then they won't see her very often.
Now change roles and Student B describes May loves her parents. She respects them and
his/ her problem. doesn't want to upset them. They have a strong
influence on her. Her family is very important to her.
8 Now work in groups. Discuss which problem I'm certain they've told her to stay away from me and
was the most interesting and which was the most focus on her studies. What can I do?
difficult to solve.
103
10.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
5a Read t he essay t itle below . W ork wit h a part ner 8 a Com p lex sent ences Com p lex sent ences cont ain
and t hink of t hree advant ages of being an only child conjunct ions (e.g. and, but, because, in spit e of) or
and t hree disadvant ages. Not e t hem dow n. relat ive pronouns (e.g. that, w ho or w hich). W hich of
'It is a big advantage in life to be an only child in a t he f ollowing sent ences are com plex sent ences?
fam ily.' To what extent do you agree with this statement? 1 Others take a different view , (paragraph 1)
2 They are also more able to cope with feelings of
5b Com p are your ideas wit h ot her pairs. loneliness, (paragraph 2)
6 Read t he f irst paragraph of t he essay. W hy, in t he 3 This w ill help a child with his or her homework,
w rit er' s opinion, is this t opic wort h writ ing about ?*7 so that the child achieves above-average results,
(paragraph 2)
In many parts of the world, it is 4 It is said that children who have siblings are less
becoming more common for parents to selfish, (paragraph 3)
have only one child. An obvious reason
5 Even though this is probably true, it is a fact that
for this is that people are tending to
brothers and sisters often quarrel a lot. (paragraph 3)
marry at a later age than they did some
years ago. This is an important area
6 Only children may well have quieter and more
of discussion because some people peaceful childhoods, (paragraph 3)
think that being an only child is a big 7 W hile this research seems to confirm that only
disadvantage in life. Others take a children in China have an advantage, this may not
different view. This essay discusses the be the case in other countries, (paragraph 6)
arguments and considers whether, on 8 On the whole, the evidence seems to suggest that it
balance, it is truly an advantage to be is an advantage to be an only child , (paragraph 7)
the only child in a family.
8b Find t hree ot her exam ples in t he essay of each
t ype of com plex sent ence (with a conjunct ion or a
7 Read t he rest of t he essay. Co m p are your ideas from relat ive pronoun) and underline t hem. Ch eck your
Exercise 5a wit h t he w rit er' s opinions. answ ers on page167.
A major advantage of being an only child is that the child 9 Write four complex sent ences containing a conjunction
gets more attention and financial support from his o r her or a relative pronoun expressing opinions about the
parents. They will help the child with his or her homework, advantages and disadvantages of being an only child.
so that the child achieves above-average results at school.
10 Conclusions Read t he conclusion of t he essay
In addition, because the only child is the sole focus of the
below . W hich of t he f ollowing does it cont ain?
parents’ love, he o r she develops more confidence and
becomes more mature at an early age. Another advantage 1 a restatement of the points in the introduction
of being an only child is that they are on their own a lot 2 a summary of the main ideas in the essay
more. As a result, they learn how to occupy themselves 3 new evidence or ideas about the topic
and to become more independent than other children. 4 the writer's opinion
They are also more able to cope with feelings o f loneliness.
On the other hand, some people argue that only children
On the whole, in spite of the research on only children in
miss out on brother and sister relationships as they do not
China, evidence seems to suggest that it is an advantage to
have siblings to share their joys and sorrows. It is said that
be an only child. However, the key point, surely, is that a
children who have siblings are less selfish and learn at an
child has the love and support of his or her parents. This
early age how to get on with other people - an important
is the most important influence which will determine a
life skill. Even though this is probably true, it is a fact that
child's development, happiness and future success in life.
brothers and sisters often quarrel a lot. Only children may
well have quieter and more peaceful childhoods.
A recent study of China’s one-child policy supports the
view that there are disadvantages to being an only child. 11a Cho o se one of t he essay t opics and discuss it in
The study was published in Science by Professor Lisa pairs. To w hat ext ent do you agree wit h t he w rit er' s
Cameron and colleagues from Australian universities. It point of view ?
investigated the impact of one-child families in China. The
• Women have the primary responsibility for bringing
researchers compared the behaviour of Chinese people
up children.
born before and after the one-child policy was adopted.
• Children have too much freedom nowadays.
Their results showed that children born after the one-
child policy, in other words ‘only children’, had certain • Today's world is not a safe place to bring up children.
characteristics. They were less willing to take risks, less • 'The desire to be accepted by their peers is perhaps
conscientious, less trustworthy and more pessimistic. the strongest motivating force during adolescence.'
According to Professor Cameron, the amount of contact (Bruce A. Epstein)
that subjects had with other children, such as their peers,
did not affect the results of the study. While this research 11b Writ e a short essay on one of t he t opics, using
seems to confirm that only children in China are at a t he int ernet to look up som e art icles or ideas. Include
disadvantage, this may not be the case in other countries. som e ref erences in t he t ext and a short bibliography.
The results, therefore, are not conclusive.
105
Cultures
11.1 DEFINING CULTURE
IN TH IS U N IT
K
J
GRAM M AR
• reported speech
• reporting verbs
, VOCABULARY
• culture
• adjectives
SCENARIO
• creating impact in a
presentation
• giving a formal
presentation
STUDY SKILLS
• improving reading
skills
WRITING SKILLS
• formal
correspondence
The limits o f my language mean the limits of my world. Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951, German philosopher
READIN G AN D VO CABULARY 4 W o rk with a partner. Select three or four of the words from
CULTURE Exercise 3b to discuss. Give an example from your country, or
another country you know well.
1 What do you understand by a culture?
What comes into your mind? 5 Reflect ing on the topic W o rk in sm all groups and d iscuss
the quest io ns.
2 Read the webpage on page 107 quickly
and choose an appropriate heading for each 1 Which three of the thirteen factors listed on the webpage do
section from the box. you think are the most useful for defining cultures? Why?
2 What do you think are the typical features of your own
Architecture Climate Cuisine Values national culture? What do you imagine people from other
Customs/Traditions Geography Religion cultures would say?
Historical events Institutions The arts 3 The heritage of a society is those aspects or things from the
Language Life rituals Rules of behaviour past that are considered important to its culture today. What
parts of your heritage are you most proud of?
4 Which factors do you think make your culture different from
3a Look at these meanings for words and those of other countries? (Think about countries which are far
phrases from the webpage. Which section away and those that are near neighbours.)
(1-13) do you think you might find each of 5 Are there aspects of any other cultures which you admire?
the words in? What? Why?
a a kind of food eaten every day
b a particular linguistic form (often spoken)
c ways of behaving politely
d a belief that some things are lucky/ unlucky
e a particular type of land
f a ceremony which makes you remember
and respect someone or something from
the past
g a small group with particular beliefs and
practices
3b Find the words or phrases in the webpage
which match the definitions in Exercise 3a.
106
DEFINING CULTURE 11.1
LISTEN IN G
6 What do/ would you miss about your
The word ‘cult ure’ has a number of meanings, but in its widest sense it culture when you are abroad?
refers to everything that makes up the identity of a part icular group of
people, society or nation. 7 EEQ Listen to six people answering
the question in Exercise 6. What does
1 ________ - the general terrain and physical features such as mountains,
rivers, proximity to the sea, whether there is a coastline
each person miss about t heir culture?
2 ________ - weather conditions in different seasons, length of seasons, 8 Listen again and answer the questions.
average temperatures and types of extreme weather if appropriate, e.g. What does:
hurricanes, typhoons, droughts
1 Ayla say about Turkish hospitality?
3 ________ - written and spoken means of communication used by a particular
2 Ingrid say about supermarkets
group of people; this may include particular dialects, and characteristics of
in Germany?
grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation
3 Anna say about Russian friendship?
4 ________ - a particular style of cooking; this will include specialities, unusual
4 Danielle say about the food in
dishes and staple diet of a particular area (e.g. rice, potatoes, pasta)
Cameroon?
5 ________ - things which are considered important to people and tend to
5 Alessandra say about hearing her
guide their lives (e.g. attitudes to family, money, honesty, superstitions,
dialect of Italian?
nature, animals)
6 Nancy say about making arrangements
6 ________ - characteristic styles of music, theatre, film, painting, opera,
in Argentina?
literature, etc. and their relative importance and status
7 ________ - particular faith/ belief systems, e.g. Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, 9 W o rk in small groups. Think back to
Judaism, including sects within a particular tradition Exercise 6. W ere any of the speakers'
8 ________ - unspoken/ unwritten ways of doing things, e.g. rules of etiquette opinions like yours? Have the speakers
and manners regarding how to eat, socialise, dress, drive, greet and address made you think of anything else which
each other; punctuality, tipping, the way people treat each other (male/ you miss? Com pare your ideas. Do you
female/ adults/ children), etc. have any things in comm on which you
9 ________ - particular national/ public holidays, feast days, festivals (e.g. would miss?
carnivals), commemorations, anniversaries and activities associated with
and performed on these occasions
SPEAKIN G
10 ________ - (civil) wars, invasions, revolutions, famines, natural disasters, etc.
11 ________ - birth, marriage, maturity, employment, retirement, death, and
how these are treated
12 ________ - the political system and type of government and/ or monarchy,
the legal system, education, financial system
13 ________ - characteristic style of buildings and interior design; also common
building materials used, ratio of old/ new buildings, the built environment in
general and its appearance
Professor Mancini, Institute of Cultural Studies (ICS)
107
11.2 CULTURE SHOCK
b
comfortable living here now. I also
appreciate my own culture and enjoy
going home on holid ay.'
'I think I'm getting used to living here
CULTURE
now and I don't worry anym ore.'
c 'I love all the different tastes, the spices
in the food, the smells, the sights and Culture shock describes the impact of moving from a familiar culture
the sounds.' to one which is unfamiliar. It is an experience described by people who
d 'I don't like the way people stare at have travelled abroad to work, live or study; it can be felt to a certain
me all the time and how they just rush extent even when abroad on holiday. It can affect anyone, including
onto the trains without waiting for international students. It includes the shock of a new environment,
people to get off.' meeting lots of new people and learning the ways of a different country.
e 'I feel a little bit lonely at the moment It also includes the shock of being separated from the important people
and I miss having my sisters to talk to.' in your life, maybe family, friends, colleagues, teachers: people you
would normally talk to at times of uncertainty, people who give you
4 W o rk in small groups and discuss the
support and guidance. When familiar sights, sounds, smells or tastes are
quest io ns. no longer there, you can miss them very much.
1 Have you lived in another culture, or
The process (of culture shock) can be broken down into five stages:
do you know someone who has? What
have been your/ their experiences with 1 The ‘honeymoon’ stage
culture shock? When you first arrive in a new culture, differences are intriguing and
2 What countries have a sim ilar culture you may feel excited, stimulated and curious. At this stage you are still
to your own? protected by the close memory of your home culture.
3 Do you agree with the following 2 The ‘distress’ stage
quote? A fish only discovers its need A little later, differences create an impact and you may feel confused,
for water when it is no longer in it. isolated or inadequate as cultural differences intrude and familiar
Our own culture is like water to a fish. supports (e.g. family or friends) are not immediately available.
It sustains us. We live and breathe 3 The ‘re- integration’ stage
through it. (Dr F. Trompenaars) Next, you may reject the differences you encounter. You may feel angry
or frustrated, or hostile to the new culture. At this stage, you may be
conscious mainly of how much you dislike it compared to home. Don’t
worry, as this is quite a healthy reaction. You are reconnecting with
what you value about yourself and your own culture.
4 The ‘autonom y’ stage
Differences and similarities are accepted. You may feel relaxed,
confident, more like an old hand, as you become more familiar with
situations and feel well able to cope with new situations based on
your growing experience.
5 The ‘independence’ stage
Differences and similarities are valued and important. You may feel
full of potential and able to trust yourself in all kinds of situations.
Most situations become enjoyable and you are able to make choices
according to your preferences and values.
108
CULTURE SHOCK 11.2
5 a Look at the following adjectives from the article. 7c What is different about sentences 3-5 in Exercise 7a?
Which are positive and which are negative?
7d Here are three reasons for not changing the direct
frustrated hostile inadequate intriguing speech verb in reported speech. M atch the reasons
isolated stimulated with sentences 3-5 in Exercise 7a.
a The action or situation in the indirect speech is still
5 b M atch the adjectives in Exercise 5a with the closest happen ing/true.
synonym in the box. b The reported verb expresses a fact or situation that
cannot or is unlikely to change,
disappointed excited interesting insufficient c The verb comes immediately after a time
lonely unfriendly conjunction (e.g. when, after).
109
UN DERSTAN DIN G CULTURES
GRAM M AR
REPORTIN G VERBS
5 Look at the verbs you wrote in Exercise 3 and add
them to the table.
4 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. 7b Now say and report your sentences. Student
1 Have you ever made any cultural mistakes? A reads a sentence to Student B, who reports it to
What were they? Student C. Then change roles.
2 What mistakes do visitors to your country A: I'll take notes and photocopy them for you.
sometimes make? B: Henri offered to take notes and photocopy them for me.
110
UNDERSTANDING CULTURES 11.3
READING
CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
8 W h at o t h er cu lt u res are yo u aw are o f in yo u r co unt ry?
A knowledge of differences between cultures, in an
ever-shrinking globalised world, is becoming one of the 9 Read t ext s A an d B and ch o o se t h e m o st
essential key skills that modern ‘citizens of the world’ ap p ro p riat e an sw er.
need to possess in order to work and learn effectively. 1 Text A arg ues for the fo llo w in g
At a superficial level, this involves knowing about food or a Do ct o rs sho uld treat sym p t o m s o f illn ess,
body taboos. For example, some cultures don’t eat meat, b W e sho uld all und erst and the cau ses o f illn ess,
cows can be sacred, the head must not be touched. But c W e sho uld all be cu lt u rally aw are.
while it is important to know about these things, if this 2 Text A arg ues that
is where your intercultural knowledge stops, you will still a t h inkin g ab o ut o t her p eo p le's b eh avio u rs and
end up offending people or being misunderstood. b eliefs is strange.
More important than superficial behaviour is the value b it is very easy to d escrib e w h at o t her p eo p le
system of a culture. In the same way that a good doctor b elieve and h o w t hey b eh ave as strange,
needs to understand underlying causes rather than c o ur o w n w ays o f b eh avin g are p erfect ly n o rm al.
just treat symptoms, the culturally aware individual 3 Text B states that
needs to have not only a knowledge of publicly visible a sm all d ifferen ces d o n't get into the n ew sp ap ers,
behaviours and stated beliefs, but also an awareness of b it is im p o rt ant to kn o w h o w clo se yo u sho uld get
the underlying value systems of cultures that shape those to so m eo ne on p u b lic t ransp o rt ,
behaviours and stated beliefs. c sm all cu lt u ral d ifferen ces are u nim p o rt ant .
4 Text B states that
Of course, these belief systems can be very different from
a m ulticult uralism can w o rk in certain circum st ances,
one’s own, and it is very easy to label other people’s
b m u lt icu lt u ral co m m u n it ies sho u ld be easy to
behaviours and beliefs as strange. It is more difficult to
est ab lish.
accept that one’s own ways of behaving, which seem
c yo u r kid s' ed u cat io n is m o re im p o rt ant than
perfectly normal, can be seen as strange and even rude in
b eing ab le to find a jo b .
another culture. But unless one tries to observe one's own
culture objectively and have an understanding of why 1 0 Read t ext s A and B ag ain . W h at are t h e m ain
other cultures do things differently, it is inevitable that d if f eren ces b et w een t h e o p in io n s o f t h e t w o w rit ers?
cultural mistakes will be made.
1 1 a W h ich o f t h e w o rd s b elo w sug g est a st yle clo ser
t o t ext A? W h ich w o rd s are clo ser t o t ext B? Yo u m ay
Cult urest o yo u.ee>m ch o o se m o re t h an o n e w o rd t o d escrib e each t ext .
a ^ A _
1 ►
blog
fo rm al
chat t y
info rm al
d ist ant em ail
t ext b o o k
essay
111
11.4 SCENARIO
KALEIDOSCOPE WORLD
SITUATION 28 | NEWS
EXPANDING WORLD
Ka leid o s co p e W or ld , t h e cu lt u r a l exch a n ge or ga n isa t ion ,
is e xp a n d in g it s n et w o r k o f d est in a t ion s. F ou n d ed b a ck
in th e 1960 s, it h a s b een o p er a t in g cu lt u r a l exch a n ge
p r o gr a m m es t o over t h ir t y cou n t r ies fo r th e p a st fifty
yea r s. Th ese give p eop le a ged 18 -2 5 t h e op p o r t u n it y to
exp er ien ce a co m p let ely d iffer en t cu lt u r e fr o m t h eir ow n
fo r a sh or t t im e. Th e visit s h a ve b een h igh ly p r a ise d for
t h eir b en efits b y a ca d e m ics a n d wr it er s. F u n d in g co m es
p a r t ly fr om go ver n m en t gr a n t s a n d p a r t ly fr om d o n a t io n s.
A sp o k esm a n exp la in ed , ‘In t h ese t r o u b led t im es,
Ka leid o s co p e W o r ld h a s d ecid ed to in cr ea se its a ct ivit ies
a n d r e a ch o u t t o yo u n g p eop le a ll a cr o ss t h e w o r ld .’
T O U RI ST B O A RD S
• Are you proud of your culture and heritage?
• Do you think people in other countries
1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions. misunderstand your way of life?
• Do you want to improve your country's image
1 What foreign country would you like to visit? around the world?
2 Why does it interest you?
3 If you visited the country, what kinds of things would If you answered YES to any of the above, read on.
you do to learn about its culture (e.g. visit a museum, KA LEID O SCO PE W O RLD
do an official tour)? invites presentations in English from tourist boards
2 Read the newspaper article and the advert and around the world wishing to become destinations
answer the questions. for our popular and successful cultural exchange
programmes.
1 What is the purpose of Kaleidoscope World?
2 Where does it get its money from? For further details go to:
3 What do you think are the benefits mentioned in the text? www.kaleidoscopeworld.com
4 What change is taking place?
KALEIDOSCOPE WORLD
6 a Q Q Listen to an extract of the presentation again. 7b Work with different groups and take turns to give
Com plete the examples of the techniques. your presentations. Choose the best one(s).
Tripling (saying things in threes)
OTHER USEFUL PHRASES
1 ... it's an important ind ustrial,_______ an d ________
centre. Starting
2 ... they help to create t h e ________, frien d ly,_______ Good morning, everyone. I'd like to talk to you today
atmosphere the city is famous for. ab o u t ...
Repetition Signalling structure
3 Toronto's getting_______ an d ___ these days, as The presentation is organised into three sections.
_______an d ________people come from all over the I'll begin with ... Next, ... and lastly, ...
world ...
M oving on
Rhetorical questions
Turning to the next part, ...
(These help to create anticipation in the minds of
Let's now look a t ...
the audience.)
4 So ,_______ are the m ain ________of the city? Summarising
5 O K ,_______is the CN To w er________seeing? In conclusion, I would just like to say ...
To summarise ...
6 b Now look at Audio scripts 11.4-7 on page 181 and
find other examples of the techniques described in Inviting questions
Exercise 6a. Now if there are any questions, I'll be happy to try
11.5 STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS
3 Listen again. Which techniques in Exercise 1a does 5d Look back at the texts on page 111 and identify as
the guest mention? many prefixes and suffixes as you can (look for verbs,
There are different techniques for improving reading nouns and adjectives).
speed and ability. Do Exercises 4-6 to try them out. 6 Reading linkers Focusing on linking expressions
will help you to understand how the ideas in a text
4 Reading and chunking If you want to improve
are connected. Match the common formal linking
reading speed, it's important to look at groups of expressions 1-8 with their functions a-h.
words rather than individual words. You can read the
sentence below one word at a time. 1 alternatively
2 on the contrary
All | cultures \ develop \ from \ a \ range \ o f \ diverse \ 3 provided that
influences.
4 in addition
However it is better to 'chunk' groups of words as below: 5 similarly
All cultures \ develop from \ a range of | diverse influences. 6 nevertheless
The cosmopolitan atmosphere \ o f many world cities \ is 7 in order to
a result of \ centuries o f immigration. 8 therefore
a adds something
How are the sentences above chunked? Do you
b introduces a result
notice any patterns? Divide the sentences below into
c gives the purpose of something
appropriate chunks.
d introduces a surprising piece of information
1 He wrote a brief history of Western culture. e introduces another choice
2 M any people argue that American culture will soon f suggests a condition
take over the world. g makes a comparison
3 Cultural Studies is becoming an increasingly popular h makes a contrast
university course.
7 a Work with a partner. You will each read a different
text, then summarise it orally for your partner. What
ideas are similar in both texts?
Student A: turn to page 156.
Student B: turn to page 159.
14
STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 11.5
K
1 2 Write a piece of formal correspondence in reply to
L the advertisement. In your correspondence, you should
do the following.
• refer to the advertisement
• give the topic you would be willing to answer questions on
9b Com pare the letter layout in Exercise 9a with the
• briefly state your views/ experience of youth cultures
layout of an email. Which of the items 1-12 would be
• say when you w ill be available
in the same place and which would be different? If
• make a closing remark
different, where would you find them in an email?
• refer to the future
115
Technology
12.1 D EV ICES A N D GA D GETS
IN TH IS U N IT
GRAMM AR
• conditionals: first and second
• conditionals: third and mixed
VOCABULARY
• technology
• opposites (prefixes)
• words from the text
SCENARIO
• persuading, making a case
for something
• conducting a problem-solving
meeting
STUDY SKILLS
• plagiarism - what it is and
how to avoid it
WRITING SKILLS
• an opinion article
Computers are stupid. They can only give you answers. Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973, Spanish artist
116
DEVICES AND GADGETS 12.1
LISTEN IN G
Th e Nearly m en
4 K£ £ l Listen to three people describing technological equipment Technological advance is not
and answer the questions. a smooth process. Often the
1 What piece(s) of technology is mentioned by each speaker? pioneers don’t get the credit they
2 What do they like/ dislike about the technology they mention? deserve, or they pay the price for
3 What adjectives do they use to describe the technology they talk about? being first. Sometimes they fail
to protect their ideas by taking
5 Discuss a piece of technology you like and one piece you dislike, out a patent. In this article we
giving your reasons.
celebrate three of these unsung
heroes responsible for some of
READIN G the most important pieces of
communication technology.
6 What inventions do you associate these names with?
117
12.2 LIVING WITHOUT TECHNOLOGY
L a n c a s t e r Co u n t y, P e n n s y lv a n ia
Am ish FAQ s • Am ish-m ade fu rn iture • Am ish q u ilts • Am ish faith • H istory of the Am ish • Am ish videos
B ____________________________________
The Amish value simplicity and self-sufficiency. They into their privacy. But, supposing that for. The film Witness, starring Harrison
are not inefficient. They just do not wish to depend an Amish had to make an important Ford, is now quite old (1985), but many
on the outside world o r on modern technology. telephone call, they would go to a think the film portrayed the Amish
The conveniences that we take for granted, such as small outbuilding usually located at an fairly accurately, although it showed
electricity, television, cars and tractors are thought inconvenient distance from their home. a limited segment of their lifestyle. A
to create inequality and to lead the Amish away from And, to answer the second part of the lot of Amish had reservations about
their close-knit community. They are considered question, if they had to go to hospital, the film because it was filmed in the
inappropriate and are not encouraged o r accepted. The they would be able to ride in cars and geographical area of the Amish, but not
Amish believe in equality and they are not attracted by travel in planes. One final example: on a real Amish farm, and obviously the
material comforts. They live in a separate world, with its the Amish will even allow the use of actors were not Amish. There is also
own values, the most important of which is a mistrust of modern farm equipment, provided that Amish: out o f order, a documentary
anything modern, especially modern technology. it is pulled by teams of horses and not reality series made by the National
tractors. Geographic Channel in 2012 that
C ________________________________________
follows the lives of former Amish who
The Amish do compromise with the modern world, as
D ___________________________________
have left the community. Finally, the
long as it is strictly necessary. They dislike telephones and There are a number of other websites 2 0 13 TV series Banshee is set in a
don’t use them unless it’s an absolute emergency, as they dedicated to presenting the Amish way fictional small town in Amish Country,
interfere with their separation from the world. It brings of life. There are also a number of films Lancaster, Pennsylvania and features
the outside world into their home and is an intrusion and documentaries you could look out Amish people.
118
LIVING W ITHOUT TECHN OLOGY 12.2
119
12.3 PRO O R AN TI?
6 W h at is yo u r o p in io n o f g en et ically m o d ified fo o d ?
120
PRO OR ANTI?
If- clause Main clause 11 Com plete the prompts, in more than one way if
possible. Then discuss them with a partner.
If + past perfect would/ could, etc.
+ have + past participle 1 If I had won the lottery last week, ...
2 If I'd told my friend the truth, ...
3 If we hadn't gone to live abroad, ...
There are also mixed condiitionals to describe: 4 If we wanted to have solar panels, ...
5 If we had had more money when we were
1 things that happened in tlhe past which may have
growing up, ...
present consequences
6 If we didn't take life so seriously, ...
If- clause Main clause 7 If I weren't so busy, ...
(3rd conditional) (2 nd conditional)
SPEAKIN G
2 past events which may be?the result of timeless or 1 2 Hold a class debate on the motion: The rapid rate
present facts o f technological developm ent has im proved our lives.
First, discuss the motion in two groups.
If- clause Main clause
Group A: you are for the motion; turn to page 160.
(2nd conditional) (3rd conditional)
Group B: you are against the motion; turn to page 160.
121
12.4 SCENARIO
CONDUCTING A PROBLEM-SOLVING MEETING
122
CONDUCTING A PROBLEM-SOLVING MEETING
1 Wo rk with a partner and discuss the questions. 1 Quoting from a text without mentioning the name
of the author.
1 What is plagiarism?
2 Cutting and pasting a paragraph from a website
2 Can you give an example of plagiarism? without acknowledging the source.
2 (3 3 1 You are going to see a video of four 3 Rewriting a sentence from another text in your
postgraduate students. They are taking part in a panel own words.
discussion on plagiarism which has been organised by 4 Copying material from another student for an essay
the Student Union. Watch the first part of the video or report.
and make notes on George's definition of plagiarism. 5 Taking a graph or a chart from a book, giving the source.
Then compare it with your definition from Exercise 1. 6 Rephrasing an idea from another source without
acknowledgment.
7 Using information that you consider to be general
knowledge.
8 Quoting from another source, but misspelling the
author's name.
9 Discussing an essay with your colleagues and using
some of their ideas in your writing.
10 Using the results of your own research, e.g. from
questionnaires, without giving the source.
Original
3 Watch the first part again. Choose the reasons
Develop in g cou n tries h a ve sign ifican t u n m et food n eed s, an d
mentioned by the panel to describe why plagiarising GMO food crop s are p osition ed to h elp . In Asia , p oor con su m ers
is serious. wh o cu r r en t ly d on ’t get en ou gh vitam in A from th eir rice-on ly
1 It is unfair and deceives people. d iets cou ld b e b ett er p r otect ed a gain st blin d n ess if th eir farm ers
2 It shows a lack of respect to writers. h a d p erm ission to p la n t so-called Gold en Rice, wh ich h as been
3 It is not a correct way of behaving. gen et ica lly en gin eer ed wit h h igh beta-car oten e con ten t.
4 Students should present their own ideas. Paarlberg, R. (20 13) The W orld N eeds Genetically M odified Foods,
5 It enables students to get high grades. [Onlin e], The W all Street Journal, European edition, Available at:
h ttp :/ / on lin e.wsj.eom / ar ticle/ SB10 0 0 14241278 8 732410 520 4578
4 ( 3 ^ 9 Watch the second part of the discussion. 38 0 8 72639718 0 46.h tm l# articleTabs%3Dar ticl), [22 August 20 13].
M atch each example below with the correct speaker
(S = Sophia, L = Li, I = Ismet, G = George). GMO crops could provide more food for developing
Version A
1 copying, with no quotation marks or references countries. If farmers were allowed to grow Golden Rice
2 giving in a piece of writing that someone else has containing vitamin A, many people in Asia could be
produced prevented from going blind.
3 using too many words from the original text l
4 using other writers' ideas without acknowledging Version B Developing countries have a significant need for food
the source and GMO food crops could help. Poor consumers in Asia
don't get enough vitamin A from their rice-only diets. If
5 Watch the second part again. Wo rk with a partner farmers had permission to plant Golden Rice, which has
and discuss the questions. high beta-carotene content, consumers would be better
protected from blindness.
1 Who thinks that their example of plagiarism is the
most serious?
2 How would you rank the above examples in order of Version C Paadberg (2013) points out that GMO food crops could
help to provide more food for developing countries. Poor
seriousness? (1 = least serious, 4 = most serious)
people in Asia don't get enough vitamin A. He argues that
6 (3 3 1 Watch the third part and make notes on many of these people could be prevented from going
blind if farmers were allowed to produce Golden Rice.
the four reasons for plagiarising that the panel give.
Com pare your notes with a partner.
7 Work with a partner. Do you think that the software Version D Developing countries have food needs. GMO crops could
help. In Asia, poor people don't get enough vitamin A.
available, such as Turnitin, will stop plagiarism?
They could be protected against blindness if farmers could
Why?/ Why not? plant Golden Rice. This has high beta-carotene content.
124
STUDY AND WRITING SKILLS 12.5
Technology:
W RITIN G SKILLS
M o d er n t e ch n o lo gy is ch a n gin g t h e w a y o u r b r ain s w o r k , AN OPIN ION ARTICLE
sa ys n eu r o logist .
1 0 Wo rk with a partner and read the title of the
By Su san Gr een field article. In what ways do you think our brain is changing
1 H u m an identity, the because o f new technologies?
idea that defines each and
11 Read the article, then choose the statements which
every on e o f u s, cou ld
are an accurate paraphrase of Susan Greenfield's ideas.
be feeing a crisis. It is a
crisis that wou ld threaten 1 New technology will affect the way we think
and behave.
ou r ideas o f wh o we are,
wh at we d o and h ow we 2 Our brain changes in good and bad ways over time.
behave. It goes right to the 3 We w ill not be able to achieve our goals in the
heart - or the head - o f us all. Th is crisis cou ld change h ow we modern world.
interact wit h each other, alter wh at m akes u s h app y, an d m odify 4 We w ill probably be very surprised at the changes in
ou r capacity for reach ing ou r full potential as individuals. It’s our brain in the future.
caused b y one sim ple feet: the hum an brain. T h is m ost sensitive 5 Technology will have no physical effect on our brains.
o f organs is u n der threat from the m od em world. 6 There is no evidence that the modern world is
changing human behaviour.
2 O f cou r se, th er e are ben efits from tech n ical p r ogr ess - bu t
7 In the future, our sense of identity w ill be lost.
th er e are gr eat dan gers as well, a n d I b elieve th at we are seein g
8 There could be advantages for us because the brain
som e o f th ose tod ay. O n e vital feet I have learnt is th at the
is so flexible.
br ain is n ot th e u n ch an gin g organ that we m igh t im agin e. It
9 The writer looks forward to more discoveries about
n ot on ly goes on d evelop in g, ch an gin g, an d in som e tragic
the human brain.
cases, even tu ally d eterioratin g wit h a ge, it is also substan tially
10 She is worried that we are not taking seriously the
sh ap ed b y wh at we d o to it, an d b y th e exp er ien ce o f d aily life.
effects of technology on our brain.
3 T h e p ace o f ch an ge in the outside en vironm en t an d in the
d evelop m en t o f n ew techn ologies has in creased dram atically. 12 a Stylistic features Opinion articles that appear in
T h is will affect ou r brain s over die n ext 10 0 years in ways we newspapers and magazines often have a number of
m igh t n ever have im agin ed. O u r brain s are bein g in fluen ced stylistic features. Work with a partner and find examples
b y the ever-exp an d in g wor ld o f n ew techn ology: m u ltich an nel of the following in the article by Susan Greenfield.
television , vid eo gam es, M P3 p layers, the internet, wireless 1 Strong vocabulary: strong nouns, adjectives and
n etwor ks, Blu etooth lin ks - th e list goes on an d on . adverbs crisis, vital
4 E lect r on ic d evices an d p h a r m aceu tical d r u gs all have an 2 Use of the personal pronoun /
im p a ct on th e str u ctu r e an d b ioch em ist r y o f th e b r ain . An d 3 Use of the dash - for punctuation
th at, in tu r n , affects ou r p er son alit y, ou r b eh a viou r a n d ou r 4 Use of informal language (e.g. abbreviations)
ch ar acter istics. In sh or t, th e m od er n wo r ld co u ld well be 5 Compounds (noun adjective, adverb adjective)
alter in g o u r h u m a n id en tity. ever-expanding
5 W it h ou r b r ain s n o w u n d er su ch a w id esp r ea d attack 6 Use of imagery It goes to the heart - or the head -
fr om th e m od er n w o r ld , th er e’s a d a n ger th at ou r sen se o f o f us all.
se lf cou ld b e d ecr eased or even lost. F o r exa m p le, it’s p r ett y
1 2b Com pare your examples with other pairs.
clear th at th e scr een -b a sed , two-d im en sion al wo r ld th at so
m a n y t een ager s - a n d a gr owin g n u m b er o f ad u lts - in h a bit 1 3 Write an opinion article on the topic below. It
is p r o d u cin g ch an ges in beh aviou r . Att en tion span s are should be 300-350 words. Try to use some of the
sh or ter , p er son al com m u n ication skills are r ed u ced a n d above techniques in your article.
th er e’s a d ecr ease in th e a b ility to th in k abstractly. The increased use of mobile technology, social networks
6 Bu t we m u stn ’t b e too u n h a p p y a b ou t th e fu tu re. It and gaming is changing the way people think and behave.
m a y so u n d fr igh ten in g, b u t th er e m a y b e som e p ot en t ial
ad van tages to b e gain ed fr om ou r gr owin g u n d er sta n d in g o f
th e h u m a n br ain ’s tr em en d ou s flexib ilit y. W h a t i f w e cou ld
cr eate an en vir on m en t th at wo u ld allow th e br ain to d evelop
in a wa y th at wa s o f u n iver sal ben efit?
7 I d o see p ot en t ial in on e p a r ticu la r d ir ection . I th in k it is
p ossib le th at we m igh t on e d a y b e able to u se ou tsid e stim u li
in su ch a w a y th at cr eativity - su r ely t h e b est e xp r ession o f
in d ivid u alit y - is a ctu ally in cr ea sed rath er th an d im in ish ed .
8 I am op t im istic an d excit ed a b ou t wh at fu tu re research
w ill r eveal in to th e w o r kin g o f th e h u m an b r ain . H o wever ,
I’m also con cer n ed th at we seem so u n awar e o f th e d an gers
th at are a lr ead y u p on u s.
125
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAM M AR PAST PERFECT
The past perfect looks back from a time in the past to
ESI THE CON TIN UOUS ASPECT another time before that.
Use the co nt inuo us aspect to talk about:
She'd applied for ten jobs before she got this one.
• an action which is in progress.
Answer the door! I'm wat ching something. W e can use the past perfect to d escrib e a sequence
• an unfinished action. of events. The past perfect d escrib es the first action.
She was working on a new novel when she died. When we arrived, the train had left. (First the train
• a temporary action. left, and then we arrived.)
I'm using Jo's laptop while mine is being repaired. W e can use ju st o r already to sho w that the first
• a trend, changing action or situation. action happened recent ly or earlier than expected.
Scientists say the weather is getting hotter. We arrived at six, but the train had just left.
Com p are the present sim p le and co nt inuo us: When they arrived, the film had already started.
I live in a small flat, (permanent situation) We can use the past perfect for repeated earlier actions.
I'm living with a host family for six weeks, (temporary By 2006, Deborah Tannen had writ ten twenty books.
situation)
W e can also use the present co nt inuo us fo r repeated KEY LAN GU A GE
act ions w hich are happening around now. d OUTLIN IN G PROBLEM S AND OFFERIN G
I'm watching the new series of Breaking Bad. It's SOLUTION S
fantastic. (I watch it every Thursday evening.)
OUTLIN IN G PROBLEM S
W e often use the past co nt inuo us and the past The problem is ...
sim p le to talk about a longer background action in The trouble is ...
the past when a sho rter action happens during it or It's a tricky situation because ...
int errupts it. It's a vicious circle.
I was washing the car when the phone rang.
OFFERIN G SOLUTION S
W e can also use the present co nt inuo us to d escribe One way of dealing with this could be ...
fut ure arrangem ents. Well, there's an obvious solution.
We're collecting our new car at the weekend. We could talk to ...
The best way to deal with it is to ...
K3 1 STATE VERBS
Som e verbs d escrib e som ething passive o r a state. REACTIN G TO SUGGESTION S
Examples of these verbs are: agree, believe, belong, depend, That might well solve the problem.
hate, hear, know, like, love, prefer, see, understand, want. That seems the best way to deal with it.
W e rarely use state verb s in the co nt inuo us:
I'm not understanding this word. * VO CA BU LA RY
I don't understand this word. S d PHRASAL VERBS
bump into, catch up with, get in touch with, keep track
ESI THE PERFECT ASPECT of, lose touch with, stay in touch with, track down
Use t he p erfect aspect to lo ok back from o ne tim e
to ano t her. d SCIEN TIFIC STUDY
concept, experiment, method, random, research, results,
PRESENT PERFECT
sample, theory
The present perfect looks back from now to a time analyse (v), confirm (v), prove (v), test (v)
before now. There are four main uses.
• a state that started in the past and is still continuing d IDIOM S
I've lived here all my life. actions speak louder than words, be on the same
• a completed action in the past which has some wavelength, get a word in edgeways, get straight to the
relevance to the present (e.g. a present result) point, have a quick word with someone, hear it on the
There has been a severe storm and the airport is grapevine, think before you speak
now closed.
• finished actions in a period of time that is still continuing d COLLOCATION S
I've been there once already today. display similarities, establish connections, establish
• actions in the past which may happen again rapport, exhibit knowledge, impart information,
Deborah Tannen has written several books on maintain status, negotiate relationships, negotiate status
communication. (She could write more books.)
Use the past sim p le, not the present perfect, when
127
2 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
ln ind irect q uest io ns use statem ent word o rd er
GRAM M AR
ESI PRESENT PERFECT SIM PLE AN D CON TIN UOUS B (subject before the auxiliary), not quest ion word
o rd er (subject aft er the auxiliary).
Form the present perfect continuous with has/ have + been
Do you know where the post office is? S
+ -ing- Do you know where is the post office? *
John's been telling us about climate change.
Have you been watching that new series on global warming? But wit h an ind irect sub ject quest ion (when we use
who, what or which to ask about the sub ject o f a
Use the present perfect co nt inuo us to talk about an
sent ence), do not change the word ord er.
ongoing situation o r action that started in the past and
Who knows him? (I wonder who knows him.)
is still co ntinuing .
What made it go wrong? (Do you know what made
Sea levels have been rising.
it go wrong?)
The climate has been getting warmer.
W e use i f o r w het her to int ro duce yes/ no q uest io ns.
Com p are this use o f the present perfect co ntinuous
Are they expensive? (I wonder if/ whether they are
wit h the present p erfect sim p le:
expensive.
We' ve been painting the house, (continuing action)
We' ve painted the house, (completed action) W e o nly use quest ion m arks if the int roductory
'Why are you wet?' 'Because I've been washing the car.'
KEY LA N GU AGE
(This is the reason I'm wet.)
1 3 9 BEING POLITE
With the present perfect sim p le the focus is on the
result , not the activity. ASKING POLITE QUESTIONS
'Is the car ready?' I'd like to know ...
'Yes, I' ve washed it.' (So now it is ready.) I'm interested in knowing ...
128
EXTRA PRACTICE 2
PT1 1 Choose the best answer to complete the E3 9 5 The residents of an apartment block are
dialogues. discussing the budget for roof repairs. Com plete the
1 Why are you so out of breath? dialogue with five of the phrases below.
a I've run. A: OK. Any more questions before we vote?
b I've been running. B: Yes. I'm 1_______ knowing how much this is going
2 Are the exam results ready? to cost.
a Yes, our teacher's put them on the wall, A: Well, I think that depends on the damage.
b Yes, our teacher's been putting them on the wall. C: That's 2_______ because we don't know how much
3 Did my mother contact you? work is needed yet.
a Yes, she's phoned three times, B: OK. You 3_______ , but we can't just sign a blank
b Yes, she's been phoning three times. cheque. We need to get an estimate of costs.
4 Is the computer working now? D: You 4______right, because we only have a limited
a Yes, I've just repaired it. budget for next year.
b Yes, I've been repairing it. C: Yes. I'd 5_______ you there.
5 What a mess! a very true
a I know, we've cleared out the cupboards, b one way of
b I know, we've been clearing out the cupboards. c are absolutely
d don't you think
2 Com plete the email extracts with either the present e interested in
perfect simple or continuous form of the verbs in f have a point
brackets. Use at least one form of the present perfect g go along with
continuous in each extract.
EH 6 Com plete the text with words from V1 and 2.
11_______(look at) the website you recommended, but I Are you fed up with life in the 1_______ city? Do you want
have looked at to escape from mindless2_______and the rising3________
didn't really understand the information. 1*12_______ (read) ■
have
the chapters in our coursebook, but I still don't really rate? Come to Lensford Green, the new town just outside
understand them. 13_______ (worry) about it all day. Birmingham. We have a range of affordable properties
have been worrying available, from spacious 4_______houses to flats in smart
apartment5_______ . There are plenty o f 6*_______ spaces for
have been living children to play in. And with our excellent transport
Although 14_______ (live) here for three years, I still 7_______ you can be in Birmingham in twenty minutes.
can't get used to the climate. Right now we're in the ■ Who wants to look at 8_______ cars and busy streets when
middle of the monsoon. It 5________(rain) for days! I they can have stunning views of unspoilt countryside?
has been raining
6___bought
have ____ (buy) a new air conditioner, but it doesn't seem
to be very effective. d 7 In each sentence two words are in the wrong
order. Put them in the correct order.
1 The government has promised to halve emissions
carbon by 2020.
PT1 3 Choose the correct answer. 2 The burning of fuels fossil is one of the biggest
1 I wonder where he works / does he work? causes of global warming.
2 Can you tell me are they / if they are for sale? 3 We must try to protect species endangered.
3 Do you know how much is it / it is? 4 Deforestation is destroying the habitat natural of
4 Could you tell us where we can get / can we get many animals.
application forms? 5 Due to the destruction of its ecosystem, the polar
5 Do you know whether it is / is it expensive? bear extinction faces.
6 I'd like to know what does she do / she does for a 6 The melting glaciers of is causing sea levels to rise.
living.
d 8 Choose the correct adverb.
4 Put the words in the correct order to make indirect 1 Mobiles are pensively / relatively cheap these days.
questions. 2 I think the factory owner started the fire deliberately /
1 it / me / could / how much / you / costs / tell / ? thoughtfully.
2 I'd / starts / the film / like / when / to know 3 There are plenty of car parks in the city centre, but
3 coming / you / know / she's / whether / to elsewhere there are possibly / comparatively few.
the / party / do / ? 4 Poisonous insects are mainly / relatively found in
4 this model / can / if / you / me / is available / tell / ? tropical countries.
5 put / I / where / the keys / wonder / they 5 The professor nodded generally / pensively and told
6 what / earthquakes / to know / like / I'd / causes us she would think about it.
6 The weather is normally / intentionally warmer at this
time of year.
129
3 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR But if the abstract or plural noun is made specific by a
ESI QUANTIFIERS B defining phrase, we use an article.
The computers we've just bought are fantastic.
Use quant ifiers to d escrib e the quantity of
som ething. We use different quant ifiers wit h plural • before people's names and the names of most
countable nouns and uncountab le nouns. companies, materials, countries, mountains and lakes.
Alexandra lives in Italy. She lives near Lake Como.
+ plural + uncountable + countable or She works for Deutsche Bank.
countable noun noun uncountable
• before the names o f types of institutio ns, for
noun
exam ple sch ool, hospital, university.
few, (too) many, little, (too) much hardly any, a lot My brother is about to start school.
several of, some, all
But if we are referring to a p articular building, we
130
EXTRA PRACTICE 3
PT1 1 Choose the correct word or phrase. d 5 Read the summary of a business meeting and
1 Borrow one of my pens - there are few / a few in the use the information to complete the sentences below
cupboard. with the names in italics.
2 Hardly any students / of students passed the test. Once everyone had sat down, David started the meeting
3 There's few / hardly any music on my MP3 player. by making some suggestions and asking everyone for
4 Almost none / none o f our photos came out well. their ideas. Steve made sure everybody had a chance to
5 Several / Several of my friends are at university. speak. Lucy said she wanted to talk about the marketing
6 I need a few / a little help with my homework. campaign, but then she realised she had left her notes
7 There's a little / little furniture in the flat so we'll behind, which made her look foolish. But of course
have to buy some. Walter remembered that he had a summary of the
8 You should invest your money with my bank. Few / campaign on his laptop, so he was able to help her with
A few other banks offer such good interest rates. the details. We then asked Miranda to give a summary
9 There's far too much / many rubbish on the streets. of the situation, but she hadn't been listening so she
couldn't say much. Then Caroline said she wanted to
^ 9 2 Read the text and add six definite articles. discuss everybody's opinions on the new US office, but
Quidditch is a fictional sport invented by the author J.K. then suddenly decided she wanted us all to write our
Rowling for best-selling Harry Potter books. It is a ball opinions in a report, which was rather annoying.
game in which players try to score goals. There are four 1 _______ tried to create a level playing field.
balls and two teams of seven players. Usually players are 2 ________moved the goalposts.
wizards and witches and play game by flying on their 3 ________scored an own goal.
broomsticks. The goals are ring-shaped and are above 4 ________started the ball rolling.
the ground. The object of game is to score more goals 5 _______ took her eyes off the ball.
than opposing team. 6 ________was really on the ball.
3 Com plete the sentences with either the definite ^ 9 6 M atch the sentences.
article or a blank space if no article is needed. 1 I'm always nervous at interviews.
1 How far is it fro m _______ capital city? 2 I never lose my temper.
2 Did you see_______ last episode of Heroes? 3 I want to improve my skills and understanding.
3 I've bought a new p hone._______ phone's got a 4 I find it difficult to make myself work hard.
fantastic camera. 5 I'm not really happy with my personality and
4 Who is_______ best singer at the moment? behaviour.
5 All children should d o _______ sports when they are a I lack self-discipline,
at _______ school. b I have a lot of self-control,
6 Is t hat _______ house where you grew up? c I don't have much self-respect,
d I don't have any self-confidence,
1 3 9 4 Two managers are discussing job applicants
e I'm interested in self-development.
they have just int erviewed. Com plete the dialogue
with the words and phrases below. 9 9 7 Choose the correct word.
A: Well, Caroline and Toby w ere_______ - they both 1 The aim of the game is not to hurt your opponent, but
have lots of experience. to demonstrate your skill and physical agility / agile.
B: You're right. They both h ad _______ qualities. 2 Success in the game depends on coordination /
A: So, Caroline or Toby? Who do you prefer? coordinated between all parts of the body.
B: Well, Caroline h as_______ technical skills. 3 The gymnasts are extremely flexibility / flexible to
A: Yes, but she's a bit direct and pushy ... make all the moves they do.
A: Do you think so? I thought her presentation w as_______ 4 The coach wasn't very tolerance / tolerant when the
A: Yes, but Toby also gave an _______ performance and team made mistakes.
he has a great C V ._______ to his achievements. 5 She showed great determination / determined
B: Yes, h e _______ h as________ personal qualities. He'd throughout the difficult race.
get on really well with the rest of the team. 6 It is said you have to make / have sacrifices to get to
a exceptional the top in sport.
b admirable 7 He is slightly obsession / obsessive when it comes to
c extraordinary his training - he doesn't know when to stop!
d truly remarkable 8 His talent set him apart / upon from the rest of the team.
e There seems to be no end
f outstanding
g undoubtedly
h astonishing
131
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR FUTURE SIM PLE
We use the fut ure sim p le (will + infinit ive) to make
ESI FUTURE CON TIN UOUS, GOIN G TO, PRESENT
p red ictio ns about the future.
CON TIN UOUS They w ill lose the next election.
FUTURE CON TIN UOUS
Use ad verbs of certainty (probably, possibly,
Form the future continuous with will/ won't + be + -ing
definitely, certainly) to make the pred ictions more
form of the verb.
or less certain. In affirm ative sentences, the adverbs
I will be working from home tomorrow, so I won't be
com e aft er will, before the main verb.
meeting any clients.
The old hospital will probably close down in the next
Use the fut ure co nt inuo us to talk about a tem porary few years.
action in progress at a p articular tim e in the future. He'll definitely call you if he's interested in coming.
They'll be opening the new hospital next Tuesday.
In negative sentences, the adverbs come before will not.
I won't be working on Wednesday. It's my day off.
I probably won't come to the lecture tomorrow.
W e can also use the fut ure co nt inuo us to ask
tentative quest io ns about peop le's plans, esp ecially if KEY LANGUAGE
w e want them to do som ething.
Will you be coming to the party? (I want you to come.)
139 DISCUSSIN G IM PLICATION S
We need to look at the implications of doing it.
Will you be using your car this evening? (I'd like to
If we support him too strongly, the press may get hold of
borrow it.) the story.
W e can also use this form to give reasons fo r refusing It could be really bad for our reputation.
som ething. But it's a risky option.
I'm afraid I can't come to the party - I'll be working. One consequence could be she'll start negotiating with us.
It has a serious disadvantage.
GO IN G TO That could be a big problem for us.
Use going to to talk about int entions (things you plan It would have a huge impact on our profits.
to do). It would also result in other patients coming forward with
I'm going to get a new computer. (I want to get one,
complaints.
but I haven't ordered it yet.)
We're going to work much harder next term. (We
VOCABULARY
want to do this, but we may not.)
ESI M EDICAL TERM S
PRESENT CON TIN UOUS Alzheimer's, anaesthetist, antibiotic, arthritis, cancer,
Use the present continuous for fixed arrangements chest infection, diabetes, heart disease, injection, midwife,
(things that have already been planned and organised). morphine, patient, painkiller, pharmacist, physiotherapy,
I'm getting a new computer tomorrow. (I've already psychiatrist, radiologist, surgeon, transplant
ordered it.)
Jane's working at the supermarket next week. (It's d ADJECTIVES
organised.) authoritative, calm, efficient, knowledgeable, objective,
open-minded, patient, reassuring, sensitive, sociable,
W e norm ally use a tim e reference (or the speakers
sympathetic
kno w what time is being referred to) wit h the present
co nt inuo us fo r fixed arrangem ents. B I ILLNESS AND M EDICIN E
I'm starting my degree course this September. complication, contract (v), diagnosis, fever, infection,
parasite, symptom, vaccine
E9 FUTURE PERFECT SIM PLE, FUTURE SIM PLE
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE d DEPENDENT PREPOSITION S
Form the future perfect simple with will/ won't + have + agree with, apply for, care for, complain about, deal
past participle. with, focus on, protect from, recover from, rely on,
He w ill have arrived home by the time you phone. specialise in, succeed in, suffer from, worry about
We won't have done the work in time for the meeting.
Use the fut ure perfect to talk about an action you
exp ect to be com p leted by a tim e in the future.
By this time next year I will have finished all my exams.
(My exams will finish before this time next year.)
W e usually use a tim e exp ressio n (soon, by then, by +
date, in + date).
Don't worry - we'll have finished the project by then.
They will have completed the stadium in time for the
Olym pics.
32
EXTRA PRACTICE
P?1 1 Match sentences 1 and 2 with the 3 Com plete the dialogue with the phrases below. There are two
explanations/ continuations a or b. extra phrases.
1 1 We're seeing Swan Lake tonight. A: Sorry, I can't meet you on M onday. I'm still working on my project
2 We're going to see a ballet soon, and I 1_______ it by then.
a We haven't bought the tickets. B: OK. Well what about Tuesday?
b We've bought the tickets. A: I'm not sure. 11 2_______ most of the work by Tuesday evening. What
2 1 I'm going to do some exercise. are your plans?
2 I'll be doing lots of exercise. B: 13_______ Sara then, but it depends on her.
a I'm spending two weeks at a health A: 4_______ your car with you?
spa next month, B: No, it's being serviced and the garage 5_______ it by Tuesday.
b I'd like to get fit. A: That's a pity. Well, look, 16_ 8______ you on Tuesday afternoon and
7
we can talk then.
3 1 I'll be speaking to the manager.
2 I'm going to speak to the manager, a will have had e 'll definitely phone
a We always have a meeting on b 'II probably visit f 'll have done
Wednesday. c won't have finished g won't have returned
b I want to make a complaint. d 'II phone certainly h W ill you have
4 1 I'm going to do a yoga course.
d 4 There is one word missing in these sentences. Complete them
2 I'll be doing a yoga class on Tuesday,
with words or phrases from the box. There are two extra words or phrases.
a I enrolled for it last week,
b I think there's one at my local gym. could consequence disadvantages impact
5 1 We'll be repainting the house. implications option problem serious
2 We're going to repaint the house,
a We haven't decided when to do it yet. 1 It sounds a good idea, but we'll need to look at the of doing it.
b We've arranged to take a week off 2 It has a disadvantage. It's going to cost quite a lot of money.
work to do it. 3 We'll have to think about that; it's a risky.
4 If the press get hold of the story, it be really bad for our reputation.
ksM 2 Read the itinerary for a day trip 5 It could result in more patients coming forward with complaints.
to the Tower of London. Complete the
That could be a big for us.
sentences to talk about what the tour
6 We need to be careful. That would have a huge on our sales.
group will or will not have done by certain
times in the day. Use the future perfect. 5 Com plete the sentences with an appropriate word.
1 It took the doctors a long time to come up with the co rrect _______ .
1 O 8:30 Collection from your hotel
2 Everyone does what she says because she has such an _______manner.
Arrive at main gate 3 The surgeon was very_______ and I calmed down immediately.
915 Lecture on history of the Tower
I 9:30-11:00 4 I can't sit in the sun for very long because my skin is so _______ .
11:00-11:20 Coffee 5 Extreme tiredness is a _______ of diabetes.
Visit to the Whit e To wer 6 She has read a great deal and is clearly very________.
11:40-12:25
7 He died of a _______ following the operation.
| 12:30-13:30 Lunch
8 She's very_______ and goes out all the time.
13:45-14:45 Visit the Crown Jewels
133
5 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR Use manage to or su cceed in to talk about som ething
you did that was d ifficult . Use the -ing form of the
E O M ODAL VERBS: ABILITY, POSSIBILITY AND
verb aft er su cceed in.
OBLIGATION (FUTURE) Our flight was cancelled, but we managed to get seats
Use will/ won't be able to to talk about fut ure ability. on the next one.
After I pass my driving test I'll be able to drive a car After several phone calls we succeeded in speaking to
on my own. the manager.
She's going on holiday so she won't be able to see
Use cou ldn 't or wasn't/ weren't able to fo r a negative
you next week. p ossib ility in the past.
Don't use can fo r fut ure ability. Use w ill be able to I lost my key and I couldn't find it.
B instead.
Gan I type by the end of the course? *
Will I be able to type by the end of the course? S
When I was young I wasn't able to stay out late.
Use had to to talk about obligation in the past.
I had to get a visa when I went to the USA last summer.
Use may, m ight or cou ld to d escrib e future
B
Use didn't have to to talk about a lack of obligation in
p ossib ilities. the past.
In the future cars might contain high pressure At my old school we didn't have to wear a uniform.
hydrogen tanks.
We could go to Greece next summer. Use cou ldn 't to talk about a negative obligation (a
They may be able to help you with your problem. prohibition) in the past.
We couldn't use calculators in class when I was
To describ e a negative p o ssib ility in the future, we
0
at school.
use m ight not; w e don't use cou ld not.
The weather forecast is good so we might not need
KEY LANGUAGE
our umbrellas tomorrow. S
The weather forecast is good so we could not need 139 THE LANGUAGE OF M EETINGS
our umbrellas tomorrow. * SUM M ARISING
OK, let me summarise our discussion.
Use w ill have to o r w ill n eed to to describ e future
Let me recap, please.
obligation.
So, just to confirm ...
There's an admission charge so w e'll have to take
Right, what have we covered so far?
some money with us.
OK, do we essentially have agreement?
Use w ill not have to and w ill n ot n eed to to d escribe Right, I'll now sum up.
a lack of obligation in the future. Everyone happy with my summary?
They're going to give us lunch so we won't need to
take any food. VOCABULARY
Use can't to talk about a p rohib ition (a negative d TRAN SPORT PROBLEM S
obligation) in the future. congestion charge, delayed sailing, engineering work,
We should eat something now. You can't take food fogbound runway, lane closure, lost baggage, low tide,
into the theatre. platform alteration, puncture, rough weather, signalling
problems, (long) tailback, turbulence
E 9 M ODAL VERBS: ABILITY, POSSIBILITY AND
OBLIGATION (PAST) I d SAFETY FEATURES
Use could o r was/ were able to to talk about a general airbag, anti-lock brakes, one-way street, seat belt, speed
ability/ possibilit y in the past. cameras, speed limit, traction control, traffic signals
When I was young I could run for miles without
getting tired. d COLLOCATION S
Years ago people were able to drive without taking a test. air pollution, automated system, carbon emissions,
construction company, distant future, human error,
But to talk about a single action in the past we only
B
inflatable slide, preliminary findings, rush hour,
use was able to, not cou ld. significant contribution, significant impact, space
There was a bus strike, but I could get a lift with a elevator, technological advances, traffic congestion,
colleague. * traffic jam, transport infrastructure, transport system
There was a bus strike, but I was able to get a lift with
a colleague. S d W ORDS CON N ECTED W ITH (ICON IC) TRAVEL
altitude, era, gruelling, icon, impeccable, nomads,
nostalgia, opulence
134
EXTRA PRACTICE 5
P A 1 Match the sentence halves. 139 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
1 We'll have to go by train
summarise recap confirm covered
2 We could go by train
agreement sum summary
3 We won't be able to go by train
4 We might not go by train
5 We won't need to go by train 1 OK, I'd like to move on. But first, let m e_______, please.
because Uncle Jim's going to give us a lift, 2 Right, I'll n o w _______ up.
w
if the bus fare is a lot cheaper. 3 So, just to ________, you won't support the proposal if
C"
135
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR W e never use w ou ld to t alk about states in the past.
Summers would be cooler here in the past. *
K3| N ARRATIVE TENSES Summers used to be cooler here in the past. V
PAST SIM PLE
Use the past sim p le fo r sing le finish ed act io ns. We GET USED TO
also use it fo r a seq uence o f sing le act io ns (to say that Use get used to + gerund to talk about sit uat io ns you
one action was fo llo w ed by ano t her o ne). w eren't accust o m ed to doing / fo und strange in the
I opened the door and walked into the room. past but are b eginning to find less strange.
I didn't used to read electronic books but I'm getting
PAST CON TIN UOUS used to reading them now.
Use the past co nt in uo u s fo r an ong oing action w hich
sets the scene or b ackground fo r a story. KEY LANGUAGE
The rain was falling as we left the house.
139 PERSUADIN G, M AKIN G A PERSUASIVE
Use the past co nt in uo u s to co nt rast an ongoing PRESEN TATION
action wit h a sing le sho rt er (past sim p le) event w hich
PERSUADIN G
o ccurs d uring or int errup t s the ong oing event.
I'm sure it'll be a winner.
I was washing the car when the phone rang.
I'm confident you'll like my idea.
PAST PERFECT I think you'll agree, it's a really interesting and creative idea.
The past perfect looks back from a time in the past to They'd be perfect.
another time before that, so we can use it to describe an They're bound to appeal to the audience.
earlier action in a sequence of events. They love our concepts.
It was dark. Someone had turned off the light. It w ill attract a wide range of filmgoers.
When we arrived, the train had left. (First the train We think it's got tremendous potential.
left, then we arrived.) We think our concept is great and hope we've been able
to persuade you, too.
PAST PERFECT CON TIN UOUS
M AKIN G A PERSUASIVE PRESEN TATION
Form the past p erfect co nt inuo us wit h had + been +
I'll start with ...
- ing fo rm o f the verb .
Turning now to ...
A lady had been sitting in the chair.
Who is our target audience?
Use the past p erfect co nt inuo us to d escrib e an To summarise ...
ong oing act ion w hich co nt inued up to or finished
just before ano t her act ion or tim e in the past. VOCABULARY
Karl realised he'd been waiting for over an hour.
K 2 I GENRES
W e often use the past p erfect co nt inuo us to explain autobiography, biography, biopic, crime (story), costume
a past result . drama, horror, novel, play, poetry, psycho drama, romcom,
I was angry because I'd been waiting so long. science fiction (sci-fi), short story, thriller, travel writing
W e often use the past p erfect co nt inuo us wit h d PEOPLE IN LITERATURE
before, after and w hen. author, autobiographer, biographer, crit ic, dramatist,
Carol had been working there for a year before they ghostwriter, novelist, poet, screenwriter
gave her a pay rise.
d ADJECTIVES (FOR LITERATURE/ FILM / PLOT REVIEWS)
E 9 USED TO, W OULD, GET USED TO awful, brilliant, classic, disturbing, dreadful, dull,
USED TO gripping, interesting, lightweight, moving, overrated,
Use used to + infinitive without to to talk about states that riveting, shocking, tedious, tense, thought-provoking
existed in the past, but no longer exist, and for actions
that were repeated in the past, but don't happen now. d CO LLO CATIO N S AN D IDIOM S
We used to live in the suburbs, (past state) a charming read, a child's perspective, a moral tale, a
I used to read a lot, but I don't have enough time remake of a film, (dynamic) dialogue, evocative language,
now. (past repeated action) extremely well-written, key character, incredibly heart
warming, (realistic) plot
Note the sp elling chang es fo r statem ent s,
0 q uest io ns and negatives.
I used to be a student. Did you use to be a student?
I (just) couldn't get into it. I couldn't put it down. It's a
real page turner. It's light and easy to read. It (certainly)
lived up to all the hype. It's (not) my kind of thing. It was
We didn't use to be students. (very) hard going at the beginning. The ending was a real
W OULD letdown.
Use would + infinitive without to to talk about things
B 3 REPORT (READIN G HABITS)
that happened regularly in the past.
associated, outperform, preference, pronounced,
When I was a child, we would spend every summer
proportion, relatively, the gender gap, typically, virtually
by the seaside.
36
EXTRA PRACTICE 6
El 1 Read the sentences and choose the best d 4 There is a mistake in each of the sentences
explanation. below. Add or delete a word to correct them.
1 We were cooking dinner when there was a power cut. 1 I'm sure it'll be winner.
a We finished cooking dinner. 2 I think you agree, it's a really interesting and creative idea.
b We didn't finish cooking dinner. 3 They're bound to appeal the audience.
2 Darlene stood up, walked to the window and put on 4 We think it's tremendous potential.
her glasses. 5 We think our concept is great and hope we've been
a She walked to the window before putting on her able to persuade to you, too.
glasses. 7 Who is our target market?
b She put on her glasses and walked to the
window at the same time. d 5 Com plete the word puzzle with the eight
3 When we arrived, we realised it had been raining, different writing genres.
a It stopped raining before we arrived.
B O
b It was still raining when we arrived.
4 Although I knew his name, I'd never actually met P O
him before. B o
a I met him. S o
b I didn't meet him. p o
2 Com plete the text with the words in the box. A o
brought had brought looked was looking
R o
sat was sitting had been sitting had N o
hadn't had was went had been working
6 Which person in V2 is described in each
Joe 1______on the balcony when he suddenly felt his sentence?
arms burning. H e 1 2______down and noticed his skin was
critic novelist autobiographer biographer
red and felt hot. It wasn't surprising as h e 3______in the
poet dramatist
sun all day. He knew he 4______some after-sun cream,
but he wasn't sure where i t 5______- he 6______ so hard
in the few days before leaving home that he 7______time 1 Jeremy has decided to start writing his life story.
to pack everything properly. Firstly, he 8______into the 2 Cindy has just published a book of poems.
bathroom, but it wasn't there. H e 9______his bag into the 3 Has Joe completed his book on Nelson Mandela?
bedroom and 10_ *_____at the desk, trying to think. He 4 They're putting on Debbie's play at a local theatre.
11______through the bag again when he remembered that 5 I've just read Henry's review of the play.
he 12______a tube of shaving cream - it was probably just 6 Janet has just published her second novel.
as good!
KSS1 7 Find the following words in V3 and V4.
3 There are two mistakes in each extract. 1 two adjectives that mean b ad :_______ , _______
Correct them. 2 two adjectives that mean bo ring:_______ , _______
A 3 a phrase that means words which make you
When I was a child, I use to read lots of adventure remember or feel something:_______, _______
stories at night. I would lie in bed and pull the sheets 4 an adjective that means you feel happy because other
over my head. Then I would to read by the light of a people are hap p y:_______ -_______
torch. 5 a noun that means point of v iew :_______
B
Years ago, I would live in a house by the sea. Every
day we would go down to the beach and spend hours
swimming. It would be such good fun.
C
Don't I know you? Didn't you used to live in Dorking
Street? Do you remember me? I would live in number 16 -
the house with the blue front door.
D
He took a long time to get used to live in the city. At
first, the crowds and the constant noise were very scary.
He would thought of quiet places to help him sleep.
137
7 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR E 9 USE OF THE PASSIVE
ESI THE PASSIVE: PRESENT SIM PLE AND In English we prefer to start a new sentence wit h a
fam iliar sub ject (som ething that has already been
CON TIN UOUS, FUTURE SIM PLE AN D - IN G FORM S
m entio ned). The passive can help us do this.
Form the present sim p le passive wit h am/ is/ are + past
The house is in Illinois. It was designed by Frank
participle.
Lloyd Wright. V
The castle is protected by high walls.
The house is in Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright designed it. *
Form the present co nt inuo us passive wit h am/ is/ are
We usually p refer to put short subjects at the
being + past participle.
beginning of a sentence and longer exp ressions at
We're being watched.
the end. The passive helps us do this.
Form the fut ure sim p le passive wit h w ill be + past The new bridge was designed by an engineer who
B participle.
The new bridge w ill be opened next year.
The form o f be agrees wit h the sub ject o f the
had previously worked on a bridge in Spain. S
An engineer who had previously worked on a bridge
in Spain designed the new bridge. *
0 passive verb.
A bag was stolen.
Ten bags were stolen.
KEY LANGUAGE
139 TALKIN G ABOUT REQUIREM ENTS
Form the passive of -ing form s wit h being + past ESSENTIAL REQUIREM ENTS
participle, fo r exam ple aft er p repositions. We really must have ...
The children insisted on being taken to the zoo. ... it's vital we have ...
I don't like being watched. It's absolutely essential to o ffer...
It's a priority ...
Intransitive verb s (verbs w hich don't have an object) We've got to offer them ...
cannot be made passive. We certainly need ...
The train was arrived on time. *
DESIRABLE REQUIREM ENTS
W e often use the passive w hen:
It'd be very popular with ...
• the agent is obvious from the context.
We should offer them (something) ...
The man was arrested yesterday, (obviously by the
police) POSSIBLE REQUIREM ENTS
I'm going to be given a promotion, (obviously by It might be a good idea to have ...
my boss) We could also co nsid er...
• the agent is unknown or isn't important. Another possibility would be to ...
M y watch has been stolen.
The house has been demolished. VOCABULARY
d DESCRIBIN G BUILDIN GS
K31 THE PASSIVE: PAST SIM PLE AN D CON TIN UOUS, ancient, classical, contemporary, cramped, derelict,
PRESENT PERFECT, INFIN ITIVES
dilapidated, elegant, graceful, imposing, impressive,
Form the past sim p le passive wit h was/ were + past ingeneous, innovative, magnificent, miniscule,
participle. numerous, ornate, remarkable, run-down, stylish,
The building was demolished in 2005. temporary, traditional, vast, ugly
amphitheatre (n), configuration (n), dome (n),
Form the past co nt inuo us passive wit h was/ were
exterior (n), eyesore (n), interior (n), landmark (n)
being + past participle.
The rooms were being decorated so we couldn't go in. E2 1 VERBS USED WITH BUILDIN GS
Form the present perfect passive wit h has/ have been commission, construct, damage, demolish, design,
+ past p articiple. maintain, rebuild, restore, renovate, survive
The factory has been designed by a Spanish architect.
IDIOM S
Form the past perfect passive wit h had been + past build bridges, burn one's bridges, cross a/that bridge
participle. when we come to it, water under the bridge
The flight had been cancelled because of fog.
d PREFIXES IN-, MIS- , OVER-, RE-, UN-
Form the passive of infinit ives wit h to be + past
indisputable, insensitive, insignificant, insoluble,
participle.
misplaced, misunderstand, overcome, overcrowded,
The builders are scheduled to complete the work
redefine, revitalise, uncrowded, unimportant, unusual
within two years. (The work is scheduled to be
completed within two years.)
I wanted somebody to help me. (I wanted to be helped.)
138
EXTRA PRACTICE 7
H H 1 Com plete the second sentence so that it has 139 4 Com plete the sentences with the words in
a similar meaning to the first. Do not include the agent the box.
(the person or thing that does the action).
absolutely find need got offer vital
1 Someone has stolen my dictionary.
idea through
My d ict io nary_______.
2 A security guard was watching the building.
The building_______ . 1 W e've_______ to offer good value for money.
3 Something is keeping me awake at night. 2 But we need to think all the problem s_______ .
I _______. 3 It 's________we have plenty of time to discuss this.
4 They gave my father a watch when he retired. 4 It 's________essential to offer leisure facilities.
My father_______ when he retired. 5 It might be a good_______ to have a sauna.
5 We require a large deposit. 6 It might be a good idea t o _______ out how many
A large deposit_______ . rooms we need.
6 We can't explain it. 7 We sho uld _______ them something, that's for sure.
It _______ . 8 We cert ainly_______ parking spaces.
2 Com plete the text with a passive form of the words d 5 Circle the odd one out in each group.
in brackets. 1 derelict / dilapidated / ornate / run-down
The Parthenon was commissioned while democracy 2 elegant / innovative / graceful / stylish
1_______(establish) in Athens in the 5th century b c . Many 3 ancient / imposing / impressive / magnificent
of the old buildings in Athens had been burnt down by the 4 classical / ugly / contemporary / traditional
Persians and Phidias, a sculptor, 2_______(give) the task of
rebuilding them. The Parthenon3_______(build) to house ^ 3 6 Replace the phrase in italics with the correct
the statue of Athena. Phidias insisted on 4_______(allow) to form of a verb from V2.
use only the most expensive and beautiful materials. 1 After the fire many buildings had to be made again.
Ever since ancient times architects, all over the world 2 The earthquake harmed large areas of the country.
5_______ (influence) by the Parthenon. Over the years 3 We decided to ask a German construction company
a number of exact copies 6_______ (construct) in to build our new company headquarters.
different parts of the world. Even the Capitol building in 4 They plan to knock down the dangerous building.
Washington DC 7_______ (inspire) by it. 5 Who planned the Sydney Opera House?
At the moment, the Parthenon 8_______ (damage) by 6 This building is hard to keep in good condition.
pollution, but it is expected9_______ (restore) to its 7 We'd like to repair all the original decoration.
former glory in the years to come. 8 They plan to build a new library here.
PB1 3 Choose the best way to follow the sentences. ^ 3 7 M atch the sentence halves.
1 We should forgive that past mistake. It's
1 Jane's lived in that house by the river all her life,
a It was built by Don Baum, who was a famous 2 You don't need to deal with that now - you can
3 If you do that, you'll never be able to work there
architect.
again, so don't
b Don Baum, who was a famous architect, built it.
4 After their past disagreements, they all need to
2 The bridge only lasted twenty years.
a The terrible earthquake that damaged much of a cross that bridge when you come to it.
the city destroyed it. b build bridges,
b It was destroyed by the terrible earthquake that c burn your bridges,
damaged much of the city. d water under the bridge.
3 I've always enjoyed talking to my grandmother.
a Great stories about her life are told to me by her. d 8 Choose the correct word.
b She tells me great stories about her life. 1 We'll never know the answer to that question - it's
4 The film has received five Oscar nominations. misplaced / insoluble.
a It was directed by James Cameron, who also 2 Some of the old houses in the city are terribly
directed Titanic. insensitive / overcrowded.
b James Cameron, who also directed Titanic, 3 Investment in industry has revitalised/ misplaced
directed it. the town.
4 I'm sorry - I obviously m isunderstood/ overcame
what you said.
5 Don't worry about that - it's indisputable /
unimportant right now.
139
8 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAM M AR We can make questions and negatives.
A r e you h avin g yo u r car ser v iced this week?
E S I VERB PATTERNS: VERB + - IN G/ IN FIN ITIVE
I h aven ' t had t he w in d o w s clean ed for ages.
W hen one verb fo llo ws another, it may appear in the
infinit ive or -ing form . The form d epends on the first In spoken or inform al English, we can also use get +
verb, and the fo llo wing structures are possible: o bject + past participle.
• verb + infinitive, e.g. appear, attempt, decide, manage, I got m y eyes ch eck ed last week because I've been
need, offer, promise, seem, want. having headaches.
Globalisation appears to be a serious political issue
W e also use this form to talk about som ething that
these days. happens to us that we have no control over.
• verb + object + infinitive, e.g. advise, allow, encourage, In this street we have our rubbish collect ed once a week.
invite, persuade, remind, request, tell.
The internet allows people to communicat e. W e often use the form for unexpected or unpleasant
• verb + -ing form, e.g. consider, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel things that happen to us.
like, finish, practise, suggest. To our great surprise, we had o u r m o n ey ref u n d ed .
Would you consider giving us a refund? He had his m o b ile p ho ne st o len .
• verb + -ing or infinitive with different meanings:
KEY LAN GU AGE
REMEMBER
Remember to bring the tickets. We need them for our C l CLARIFICATION
flight. (+ infinitive: thinking about a future action) ASKING FOR CLARIFICATION
I remember wat ching the Olympics in 2004. (+ -ing Sorry, I don't know what you mean.
form: thinking about an earlier action) What do you mean by ... ?
FORGET Could you explain that in more detail, please?
Don't forget to bring your passport. (+ infinitive: Could you be more specific?
thinking about a future action) Could you give me a specific example?
I won't forget eating my first Thai curry. (+ -ing form: Sorry, I don't follow you.
thinking about an earlier action) I'm sorry, I don't see what you mean by ...
140
EXTRA PRACTICE 8
P A 1 There is a missing or incorrect word in each S E 3 5 Co m p l et e t h e cr o ssw o r d u sin g t h e clu es.
sentence. Find the mistakes and correct them. Cl u es A cr o ss
1 Our teacher allowed us use calculators. 1 The annual conference is a great_______ opportunity.
2 We stopped the car look at the beautiful view. 3 There's a com plicat ed_______ in this organisation
3 Would you consider give us a larger room? which you should be aware of.
4 I'm afraid I forgot locking the door before I left. 5 _______ is a valuable attribute, especially if you are a
5 The door seems be locked. Do you have the key? scientist or a researcher.
6 There's no answer. I'll try send him a text message. 7 Our new advertising campaign shows great_______
7 Did you remember turning off the lights? and inventiveness.
8 I always try stay in touch with my old friends. 8 Disagreements between employees need to be
treated w it h _______ .
2 Complete the gaps with the appropriate phrase, a or b. 9 As a multinational company, we need to promote
1 1 Th ey_______ sugar in those drinks years ago. on an international scale.
2 W e _______ some petrol in the car. Cl u es Do w n
a stopped to put b stopped putting 2 A good leader needs business_______as well as business
2 1 Do n't _______eggs when you go shopping! knowledge.
2 I'll never_______ only 10 percent in my final 4 _______ is an important attribute to have if you work
university exam. It was so embarrassing! in a dynamic, ever-changing industry.
a forget to get b forget getting 5 The general_______ is that the workers aren't happy.
6 Old, traditional company structures are changing due to
3 1 I _______my first girlfriend to meet my parents.
the_______of young technology companies.
2 I m ust _______ some warm clothes with me.
a remember to bring b remember bringing
4 1 I _______the door, but it was stuck.
2 Sh e_______ a shop, but it never made a profit.
a tried to open b tried opening
141
9 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR KEY LANGUAGE
ESI GRA D A BLE A N D U N GRA D A BLE A D JECTIV ES 139 D I SCU SSI N G I M PLICA TIO N S;
A d ject iv es d escr ib e a q ualit y t hat so m et hing p o ssesses. To d escr ib e, O FFERI N G CO U N TER- A RGU M EN TS
f or ex am p le, var iat io n s in t em p erat ure, w e can use hot or cold, w h ich
D I SCU SSIN G IM PLICA TIO N S
ar e g rad ab le ad ject iv es. But t o d escr ib e t he lim it s (t he m ax im u m or
M ay b e, but co n sid er t he im p licat io n s.
m in im u m level) of t em p erat ure, w e use boiling or freezing, w h i ch are
But t h ink of t he co n seq u en ces.
u n g r ad ab le ad ject ives.
It 'll af f ect yo u r prof it s if you lo w er yo u r rat es.
ungradable gradable 4— — ► gradable ungradable Yo u need t o t ake int o acco u n t t he r eact io n s
of t he o t her g aller y o w n ers.
t iny sm all size big enorm ous
Th at m ay b e t rue, but o ur sit uat io n' s get t ing
excellent good good/ bad bad t errible
pret t y d esp erat e.
boiling warm/ hot t emperat ure co ld f reezing
Th e p r o b lem w it h t hat is t hat it co u ld r eally
So m e o t h er co m m o n g rad ab le an d u n g r ad ab le f o r m s are: up set yo u r best cu st o m ers ...
tired -* exhausted, angry -* furious, hungry -* starving,
O FFERI N G CO U N TER- A RGU M EN TS
interesting -* fascinating, upset -* devastated, unusua\ -* unique and
If you lo w er yo u r co m m issio n , ot her g aller ies
important - »essential.
m ig ht st art d o in g t he sam e t hing.
A d v er b s m ak e ad j ect i v es st r o n g er o r w eak er . So m e ad v er b s can I t h in k t here' s a st rong ar g um ent f or d oing it.
o n l y b e u sed w it h g r ad ab le o r u n g r ad ab l e ad j ect i v es. W e d o need t o h ave m ore yo u ng art ist s on
o u r b oo k s.
+ gradable adjectives + ungradable + gradable /
W e' ve got to do somet hing if w e w ant to survive.
adjectives ungradable adjectives
But it w o u ld n ' t if w e ch ar g ed v ar iab le rat es.
very, ab so lu t ely, really Th er e are p len t y of t hings you co u ld d o ...
ext rem ely, co m p let ely ,
a bit , t o t ally VOCABULARY
slig ht ly
E l A RT A N D A RTISTS
Th e w eat h er w as very co ld and I w as extremely hungry. I w as also ab st ract , art ist , art lover, cav e paint ing,
really ex haust ed . cer am ics, co llect o r , cr it ic, co nt em p o r ar y,
co n t r o ver sial, g ro u nd b r eak ing , lan d scap e
D o n ' t u se co m p ar at i v e o r su p er l at i v e f o r m s o f u n g r ad ab l e
B ad j ect i v es. U se g r ad ab le ad j ect i v es i n st ead .
T+us^wateH s-more-freezmg-t Jw H -he-water in the sea. *
(paint ing), m ast er p iece, m o d ern, m ural,
n at uralist ic, p aint er, p erf o rm an ce art ,
p r eview , port rait (paint ing), pot t ery, r ealism ,
Th is w at er is co ld er t han t he w at er in t he sea. S realist , r et rosp ect ive, sculp t o r, sculp t ur e,
W it h so m e ad j ect i v es, w e d o n ' t u se very, absolutely, et c., b u t in st ead t houg ht -p rovo king , t rad it io nal art , v id eo art
w e u se o t h er ad v er b s, e.g . highly qualified, com pletely wrong.
El A D VERB- / A D JECTIVE CO LLO CA T I O N S
K 3 1 O RD ER O F A D V ERBS/ A D V ERB PH RA SES absolut ely unique, co m p let ely dif f erent,
co m p let ely w rong, d eep ly m oving, ent irely
A D VERBS/ A D VERB PH RA SES O F TIM E, PLA CE A N D M A N N ER
unexpect ed, heavily crit icised , highly praised,
W e u su ally put ad verb s of t im e an d m an n er at t he end of a clau se.
highly qualif ied, p ainf ully shy, really excellent ,
Th e last invasio n of Eng land t ook p l ace in 1066.
t ot ally dif f erent , t ot ally unb elievab le, t ot ally
W h en d id yo u live there?
unjust if ied, ut t erly im possib le, ut t erly useless
W e can e m p h asi se ad v er b s o f t i m e an d p l ace b y p u t t in g t h em at
t h e b eg i n n i n g o f t h e cl au se:
E l A D JECTIV ES
ab so rb ing , ab surd , an t iq u e, ap p alling ,
In 2009, I d ecid ed t o g ive up m y jo b and go b ack t o co lleg e. b r o n ze, ch ar m in g , cl assi cal , cr it ical,
A D V ERBS O F FREQ U EN CY, CERTA IN TY A N D D EGREE co m p ellin g , co n ser vat ive, d evast at ed ,
W e u su ally put ad verb s of f req u en cy, cer t ain t y an d d eg ree in t he d ism issiv e, d reary, d read f ul, eno r m o us,
m id d le of a clau se, b et w een t he su b ject an d t he verb . exhaust ed , exhilar at ing , f ab ulo us,
We often take t he t rain t o co lleg e. f ascinat in g , g rip p ing , heart -b reaking , heat -
You probably left yo u r m o b ile p h o n e in t he t axi. resist ant , h ilar io u s, int ellect u al, laug hab le,
His work mainly focuses on t he hum an body. m o n o t o n o u s, n ail-b it ing , out st and ing ,
p assio nat e, p ict u r esq ue, p r o d uct ive, r ad ical,
W it h t h e v er b to be, w e p u t t h e ad v er b af t er t h e v er b . r ect an g u lar, repet it ive, resp ect f ul, rest f ul,
She is probably t he best person f or t he job. r id icu lo u s, sh in y, st ainless-st eel, st arving,
H is lat er w o r k s are often very large. t ed io u s, t o u ch in g , t rendy, w it t y
W it h au x i l i ar y v er b s, w e p u t t h e ad v er b b et w een t h e au x i l i ar y an d
t h e m ain v er b .
W e have often laughed at his jo k es.
Sh e was definitely staying in t he big hot el.
142
EXTRA PRACTICE 9
P A 1 Choose the correct adjective or adverb. 139 4 There is one word missing in these sentences.
Sometimes both choices are possible. Com plete them with words or phrases from the box.
1 Let's stay at home; it's very / absolutely freezing outside! There are two extra words or phrases.
2 I was really / absolutely devastated when I heard
co u ld if int o m ay st art w o u ld n ' t
the news.
3 This work of art is absolutely / a bit unique.
4 It's really / very important to have good friends. 1 The problem with that is that it really upset your best
5 Her new mobile is slightly / extremely unusual. customers.
6 Be careful. The boss is very / absolutely angry. 2 But it if we charged variable commission rates.
7 These photographs are very good / excellent. 3 That be true, but our situation's getting pretty
8 M ike's new house is really enormous / big. desperate.
9 Her latest book is extremely interesting / fascinating. 4 You need to take account the reactions of the other
10 In August, Madrid is hotter / more boiling than Paris. businesses.
11 I'm absolutely hungry / starving - can we get 5 If you lower your commission, other galleries might
something to eat? doing the same thing.
12 Maria was a bit devastated / upset by her exam results. 6 We've got to do something we want to survive.
2 There are seven adverbs/ adverb phrases in d 5 Find the following in V1.
the wrong position in the text. Find and correct the 1 six people connected with art
mistakes. 2 four styles or periods of art
Bridget Riley probably is the most famous living painter 3 three adjectives describing opinion
of op art (optical art). These are works which feature 4 two types of exhibition
usually patterns that create illusions of movement and 5 the word for the best example of an artist's work
colour in the viewer's mind.
Riley studied in London and then had a number of jobs d 6 Choose the correct word in italics.
in art colleges and in the art department of an advertising 1 The funeral was deeply different / moving.
agency. Her most famous works were painted in the 2 Jo is com pletely / painfully shy so she hates parties.
1960s. In these large paintings she used skilfully black 3 Sorry - I'm utterly useless / wrong at Mathematics.
and white lines to create amazing illusions. Her in 4 The model's behaviour was heavily criticised/
London first big exhibition was in 1962. The paintings praised in the press.
on display were so powerful that viewers complained 5 Although she is highly / totally qualified, she doesn't
frequently of seasickness or headaches. earn much money.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Riley became inspired by 6 The sudden change in the weather was heavily /
Egyptian art. In the paintings from this period, she used entirely unexpected.
imaginatively colour. She in the late 1980s, began to 7 A lot of people think the book's plot is totally /
experiment with diagonal patterns. deeply unbelievable.
8 Jemma's painting was highly / utterly praised by
3 Choose the correct word or phrase. the critics.
1 He is mainly / mainly is a singer, but he occasionally 9 Your comments are heavily / totally unjustified.
writes songs, too. 10 The two works of art were total ly criticised / different.
2 M ichaela opened carefully the envelope / opened 11 His answer was completely qualified/ wrong.
the envelope carefully. 12 It's utterly / highly impossible to live without food
3 In 2004, I I I in 2004, moved to Birmingham. or water.
4 They get home usually / usually get home at 4 p.m.
5 You certainly know / know certainly lots about art! 7 Com plete the sentences with a word from V3.
6 We often have seen / have often seen foxes in our 1 The book was absolut ely_______ - I couldn't stop
garden at this time of year. reading it till I got to the end!
7 What time there did you get / did you get there? 2 His story w as_______ - it really moved us.
8 Jack was in a rush so he finished his essay quickly / 3 The meal was absolutely_______ - we'll never go
finished quickly his essay. back to that restaurant.
4 I found his voice q uit e_______ - it nearly sent me
to sleep!
5 She thought he was being o verly_______ because he
didn't have a nice word to say about anything that
evening.
6 Her performance w as_______ - we definitely
recommend going to see her show.
143
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR E 9 RED U CED RELA TIVE CLA U SES
ESI RELA TIVE CLA U SES W e can o f t en r ep l ace a r el at i v e cl au se w it h a
p ar t i ci p l e p h r ase (a p h r ase b eg i n n i n g w it h t h e p ast
Rel at i v e cl au ses g iv e us i n f o r m at io n ab o u t so m et h i n g
p ar t i ci p l e o r -ing f o r m o f a v er b ).
o r so m e o n e in a m ain cl au se.
W e read t he t ext w h i ch had b een sent b y t he susp ect .
D EFIN IN G RELA TIVE CLA U SES = W e read t he t ext sent by the suspect.
U se d ef i n i n g r el at i v e cl au ses t o i d en t i f y o r d ef i n e (p assive m eaning )
t h i n g s, i d eas, p l aces, t i m e an d p o ssessi o n s.
FHe arrived lat e, w h i ch m ad e us m iss t he t rain.
M r Car so n is t he m an who taught us geography. = H e arr ived lat e, making us miss the train.
U se a r el at i v e p r o n o u n o r ad v er b t o i n t r o d u ce t h e (act ive m eaning )
r el at i v e cl au se. U se that f o r t h i n g s an d p eo p l e, which W e can ' t r ep l ace a r el at i v e cl au se in t h i s w ay if t h e
f o r t h i n g s, who f o r p eo p l e, where f o r p l aces, when r el at i v e p r o n o u n is t h e o b j ect o f t h e r el at i v e cl au se.
f o r t i m es, w hose f o r p o ssessi o n . Kaf H s-t he-pef son-teHfng/ t okl you ab out . *
In f o r m al En g l ish w e p r ef er t o p u t p r ep o si t i o n s
b ef o r e t h e r el at i v e p r o n o u n . In i n f o r m al En g l ish w e KEY LANGUAGE
n o r m all y p u t t h e p r ep o si t i o n at t h e en d o f t h e cl au se. 139 GI V I N G A N D REA CTIN G T O A D V I CE
Parent s need t o k n o w with whom t heir ch ild r en are GI V I N G A D V ICE
asso ciat ing , (f orm al) I' d ad v ise yo u t o ... If I w er e yo u , I' d ...
Parent s need t o k n o w w h o t h eir ch ild r en are m ixin g I t h ink you need t o ... It's vit al/ essent ial t hat you ...
with, (inf orm al) W h y d o n ' t yo u ... ? It might be a good idea t o ...
U se whom in st ead o f who, an d which in st ead o f that Yo u co u ld also ... It 'd b e ad v isab le t o ...
af t er p r ep o si t i o n s. Yo u m ig ht co n si d e r ... It m ight b e w o rt h ...
Ch ild r en f eel so cial p ressure t o co nf o rm t o t he p eer
REA CTIN G T O A D V ICE
group with whom t hey so cialise.
Yes, t hat co uld be helpf ul. W hat ' s t he point of doing that?
Parent s need t o en co u r ag e ch ild r en t o av o id sit uat ions
O K, it' s w ort h t rying. That sounds like a good idea.
in which t hey co u ld b e p ressu rised .
I like t he idea, b u t ... Th at ' s r eally g ood ad v ice.
D o n ' t u se p r ep o si t i o n s w it h t h e r el at i v e ad v er b s I'm not sure, I co uld try it. Yes, I lik e t he idea.
0 when an d where.
2011 w as t he year w h en sh e left ho m e m . * VOCABULARY
Th is is t he sch o o l w h er e I st udied at . * d PH RA SA L VERBS CO N N ECT ED W ITH
If t h e r el at i v e p r o n o u n is t h e o b j ect o f t h e cl au se, w e W O RK I N G TO GET H ER
can o m i t it. b r eak up, f all out (w it h), get d o w n t o, get on (w it h), get
Karl is t he p erson (that) I t o ld you ab out . (I t o ld you used t o (+-/ ng), put up (wit h)
ab o ut him.)
d PERSO N A LI TY A D JECTIV ES A N D N O U N S
W e can ' t o m i t t h e r el at i v e p r o n o u n if it is t h e
B su b j ect o f t h e cl au se.
I' d like yo u t o m eet St eve, w h o used t o b e m y b oss.
am bit ious, am bit ion, aut horit at ive, aut horit y, co nscient ious,
co nscient iousness, cont rolling, cont rol, creat ive, creat ivit y,
d ip lom at ic, d ip lo m acy, d yn am ic, energet ic, energy,
I' d li ke yo u t o m eet St eve, used t o b e m y b oss. * ent husiast ic, ent husiasm , f air, impat ient , ind ecisive,
inf lexible, know ledg eab le, know ledge, object ive,
N O N - D EFIN I N G RELA TIVE CLA U SES
object ivit y, observant , out going, p ract ical, pract icalit y,
N o n - d ef i n i n g r elat iv e cl au ses g iv e u s ex t r a
i n f o r m at io n w h i ch can b e lef t o u t w i t h o u t af f ect i n g responsible, resourcef ul, resourcef ulness
t h e m ain m ean i n g o f t h e sen t en ce. Th ey ar e m o r e
co m m o n in w r i t t en En g l ish .
d W O RD FO RM A TIO N
approve, approval, associat e, associat ion, behave, behavior,
Th e aut hor lives in Ox f o rd .
conf orm , conf orm it y, cont inue, cont inuit y, def ine, def init ion,
Th e au t ho r , who is elderly, lives in Ox f o rd .
disable, disabilit y, propose, proposal, ref use, ref usal, save,
Th e se cl au ses h av e a co m m a b ef o r e t h e cl au se, an d savior, secure, securit y, suggest, suggestion
af t er it if n ecessar y .
d ID I O M S W ITH M IN D
D o n ' t u se that in n o n - d ef i n i n g r el at i v e cl au ses.
B M y n ew TV, t hat I bought last w eek , is b ro ken . *
M y n ew TV, which I boug ht last w eek , is b r o k en . S
b e in t w o m in d s, b e out o f (your) m ind , keep an op en
m ind , m ak e up (your) m in d , p eace of m ind
Q 3 PSYCH O LO G Y
In b o t h sp o k en an d w r i t t en En g l ish w e can u se a
assessm ent , case f ile, d ed u ce, m ot ive, prof ile, p sychiat rist
n o n - d ef i n i n g cl au se t o ad d a co m m en t o r o p i n i o n
ab o u t t h e act i o n o r sit u at i o n in t h e m ain cl au se.
Ever yo n e f ailed t he t est , which was really unfair.
144
EXTRA PRACTICE
P A 1 Com bine the information to make one 139 5 Complete the sentences with the phrases below.
sentence using a relative clause. If possible, do not 1 It might b e_______ to speak to a lawyer.
include a relative pronoun. 2 Why don't yo u _______ your boss?
1 That's the man. I met him yesterday. 3 If I were yo u ,_______ get some counselling.
That 's_______ . 4 It's essential_______ tell somebody about it.
2 This is the DVD player. It doesn't work very well. 5 I'd _______ you to ask for a refund.
This i s_______. 6 You might________contacting a lawyer.
3 Janine is the woman. Her house was destroyed in 7 I think yo u _______ to see a doctor.
the earthquake. 8 It 's_______ that you talk to him
Janine_______. a consider
4 My sister lives in an old house. She's a doctor. b vital
M y _______. c a good idea
5 This is the computer game. I told you about it. d I'd
This i s_______. e need
6 The course is very difficult. It began in September. f advise
Th e_______. g talk to
h that you
2 Rewrite the sentences in more formal English.
1 I don't fully understand the problem that he's d 6 Replace the phrases in italics with the verbs in V1.
working on. 1 I have a friendly relationship with my neighbours.
2 Protecting the environment is a cause that she really 2 It's hard to becom e comfortable with a new home.
believes in. 3 My parents separated when I was quite young.
3 This is the bill that we disagreed about. 4 It's important not to quarrel with your colleagues.
4 This is the course which they applied for. 5 My father won't tolerate bad behaviour.
5 That hotel is the one that we often stayed in. 6 Have you managed to start work on that project?
6 Constance is the architect who I work for.
7 That's the team that my brother plays football for. t E H 7 Match the definitions with a word from V2 or V3.
8 Do you remember the project that we used to work 1 able to use tact and sensitivity in dealing with others
together on? 2 act according to socially accepted standards
3 unable to make decisions quickly and effectively
3 There is a mistake in each sentence. Correct it. 5 be thorough and careful in order to do a task well
1 Do you know the person about who I am talking? 5 the state of being just and unbiased
2 This phone, that was very expensive, has never
worked properly. d 8 M atch the sentences.
3 I'm visiting the place where I grew up in.
1 Carol deliberately doesn't form a definite opinion.
4 M ichael is very intelligent, isn't very good at solving
2 M ichaela is crazy.
puzzles.
3 Now she's finished, Isabel feels calm and relaxed.
5 The students, are from many different countries, are
4 Cristina knows what she wants to do.
learning English.
5 Serena can't decide what to do.
6 She's a woman that she never admits she's wrong.
a She's in two minds.
PEI 4 Choose the correct word. b She's out of her mind,
c She keeps an open mind,
1 This is one of the houses designing / designed by
d She's made up her mind,
Le Corbusier.
e She has peace of mind.
2 There was a lot of rubbish leaving / left by the
previous residents.
AjfcS 9 Com plete the text with the correct form of
3 We noticed a girl standing / stood on the corner.
words from V5.
4 I always do the exercises recom m ended/
recommending by my personal trainer. Speakers at next month's conference for the world 's
5 We arrived early, giving / given us plenty of time leading crim inal profilers w ill include po lice officers,
to check in. psychologists and 1________from all over the world.
6 We live in a house buying / bought by my father Participants w ill be able to exam ine 2________from
in 1992. a number of w ell- kno wn crim inal investigations.
Presentations include lectures on psychological
3_______ and the use o f 4________ in terrorist cases.
There w ill also be discussions on the analysis of
5_______ and whether we can 6_________future crim inal
act ivit y from youthful behaviour.
145
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
;r ammar E 9 REPO RTI N G VERBS
E 3 1 REPO RTED SPEECH W e o f t en u se p ar t i cu l ar v er b s t o r ep o r t sp eech . Th e
U se r ep o r t ed sp e e ch t o r ep o r t so m eo n e' s w o r d s. v er b s sh o w t h e at t i t u d e o f t h e p er so n sp eak i n g so
t h ey g iv e a lo t m o r e i n f o r m at io n t h an say.
' I' m hung ry.' Sh e said sh e w as hungry.
'I t h ink yo u really sh o u ld ap p ly f or t he jo b .'
W e u se st at em en t w o r d o r d er in r ep o r t ed q u est i o n s. H e encouraged m e t o ap p ly f or t he jo b .
W e d o n ' t p u t a q u est i o n m ar k at t h e en d .
' H o w m u ch is it?' D i f f er en t r ep o r t i n g v er b s ar e f o l l o w ed b y d if f er en t
Sh e ask ed how much it was. S st r u ct u r es.
Sh e ask ed h o w m u ch w as it? *
inf init ive with to offer, refuse, agree, promise
To r ep o r t a yes/ no q u est i o n , w e u se ask + i f o r whether.
object + advise, invite, warn, tell,
' Is it ex p en sive?'
inf init ive with to encourage, persuade
Sh e ask ed if it was expensive.
-i ng form admit, regret, consider, deny,
W h en w e u se r ep o r t ed sp eech , w e o f t en m ak e ch an g es all verbs followed by a preposition,
t o t h e t en se o f t h e v er b , t o p r o n o u n s an d t o t im e e.g. insist on, apologise for
ad v er b s. Th e t ab le sh o w s t h e m o st co m m o n ch an g es:
146
EXTRA PRACTICE
P A 1 Co m p l et e t h e r ep o r t ed st at em en t s. M ak e 1 3 9 5 Use the notes to write sentences for a
ch an g es t o t en ses, p r o n o u n s an d t im e ad v er b s. presentation about Cambridge. Use the techniques of
1 Tm working in a cafe.' tripling, repetition or rhetorical questions.
She said sh e_______ in a cafe. 1 why / Cambridge / seeing ?
2 'I lived in Berlin for three years.' 2 it / important educational / cultural / business centre
He said h e _______in Berlin for three years. 3 facilities / tourists / better each year
3 'You should see a doctor.' 4 its buildings / parks / countryside / make it / beautiful
She said I _______ a doctor. place / live
4 'We'll see you here tomorrow.' 5 the university / becoming / more popular /
They said t h ey_______ u s________ . international students
5 'I've been abroad with my wife and our children.' 6 what / main historical sights / city ?
He said h e_______ abroad w it h ________wife an d _______
children. EH 6 Com plete the sentences with words from V1.
6 'M y father received a tax bill yesterday.' 1 Most children learn a foreign_______ these days.
He said _______ fat her________a tax b ill________. 2 The financial and legal systems are vit al_______ .
3 I'm not keen on Ind ian_______ - I find it too spicy.
2 Co m p l et e t h e r ep o r t ed st at em en t s. D o n o t ch an g e 4 Buddhism is a popular________in Asia.
t h e t en se if it is n o t n ecessar y . 5 I lo ve_______in general, but my favourite is opera.
1 'I don't have a job at the moment.' 6 She loves t h e_______ of 16th-century Italy, especially
This morning Caroline said _______ . M ichelangelo's buildings.
2 'The weather here is always cold in the winter.' 7 Having a formal dance at the end of the year is one
This afternoon the receptionist told u s_______ . of t h e_______of high school life in the USA.
3 'We're going to France when we finish the course.' 8 I love places with a w arm _______ - I hate the cold!
They said _______ .
4 'I went to a terrible school when I was a child.' 7 M atch the sentence halves.
M ichaela said sh e_______ . 1 I'm a happy person, but I live alone
5 'We watched the final episode of Emergency! last night.' 2 My neighbours hate me - they shout at me
Last Wednesday, my friends said _______ . 3 I feel frustrated when
6 'Pollution from cars causes global warming.' 4 Being surrounded by very intelligent people
We want to buy a smaller car because the scientist 5 We were really stimulated by
said _______ . 6 I couldn't work out who the murderer was
a and can be quite hostile.
EH 3 Ch o o se t h e co r r ect w o r d .
b can make me feel inadequate,
1 The driver w arned/ refused me not to jump off the c so it was very intriguing,
bus while it was moving. d so I sometimes feel isolated,
2 Carol refused / regretted to pay the bill. e I can't find the answer to a problem,
3 Our teacher apologised for / offered being late. f all the exciting possibilities ahead of us.
4 They've offered / invited to give me a trial.
5 My friends persuaded / agreed me to go to the park 8 Com plete the sentences with a suitable form
with them. of the word in brackets.
6 I'm afraid she didn't agree / advise to lend it to me.
1 She owns a very_______ (value) watch.
2 It's OK - my children are very_______ . (responsibility)
4 Co m p l et e t h e sen t en ces t o r ep o r t t h e st at em en t s.
3 Budget airlines have m ade_______ (nation) travel
1 'I'll carry your case.' He offered_______ . much more affordable.
2 'I was really stupid to get married so young.' She 4 There are 20 different nationalities here - it's a very
regretted_______ . (culture) area.
3 'Don't buy anything in that shop.' Mike warned_______. 5 We had a fight over a stupid_______ . (understand)
4 'I'm really sorry that I shouted at you.' She 6 We w ill not tolerate_______ (social) behaviour here.
apologised_______ . 7 The castle is very old. It _______ (date) the
5 'We really think you should learn the guitar.' My surrounding buildings.
parents encouraged_______ . 8 Really good music is_______ (time) - it appeals to
people just as much today as it did in the past.
147
2 LANGUAGE REFERENCE
GRAMMAR M IXED CO N D I TI O N A LS
W e can co m b in e t he clau ses f rom t he seco n d and t hird
ESI CO N D I T I O N A LS: FIRST A N D SECO N D co n d it io n als t o t alk ab o ut t he p resent or past result s of unreal
FIRST CO N D I T I O N A L sit uat io ns.
Fo r m t h e f ir st co n d i t i o n al in t h e f o l l o w i n g w ay : • second + third condit ional: past condit ion wit h present result
1 You are going to watch an int erview with Dr 1 Wo rk with a partner and discuss the questions.
Andrew M cGonigle, a scientist who studies volcanoes. 1 Do you play any sports?
Discuss the questions in pairs. 2 Do you prefer team sports or individual sports?
1 W h at d o yo u t h ink his jo b in vo lves? 3 In what ways do you think athletes prepare themselves
2 W h er e d o yo u t h ink he w ork s? for competitions, both mentally and physically?
3 W h at d ang ers d o yo u t h ink he f aces?
2 Dr Elizabeth Pummell is a sports psychologist.
2 Read the five topics he discusses. Watch the Watch the interview and answer the questions.
150
H M EDICINE H TRANSPORT
1 Wo rk with a partner and discuss the 1 Work with a partner and discuss the questions.
questions. 1 Do you like travelling by train?
1 For what reasons might somebody have 2 What's the longest train journey you've ever been on?
something implanted in their body? 3 What are the advantages of travelling by train over other forms
2 How can scientists change the human of transport?
body?
2 a You are going to watch an int erview with M onisha Rajesh, a
2 a In her int erview, Dr Tina Chowdhury, travel writer who recently wrote a book about her journey around
a scientist at Queen M ary University of India on trains. What do you think she might talk about? Choose
London, talks about the topics below. four topics from the list.
Work with a partner and discuss what a Why she decided to go
you think each one involves. b The difficulties she had
1 Information biology c Why Indian trains are unique/ special
2 Bionics d The trains and places she visited
3 Biocompatibility e How much it cost
4 M icrochip technology f The people she met
5 Tissue engineering g Where she plans to go in the future
2 b ►WM Watch the interview and 2 b '■►FM Watch the int erview. Which four topics in Exercise 2a did
match each description below with she talk about? What can you remember about each one?
the topics in Exercise 2a. What other
3 Choose the correct answer (a, b or c). Then watch the interview
information can you remember about
again to check your answers.
each topic?
1 Which of these was not a reason why she decided to travel by train?
a How well a device can stay in the body
without degrading
a she thought she'd be able to find out more about people than
on planes
b The study of why tissues break down b she wanted to visit the places she had visited when she was younger
and how they can be repaired
c she saw that trains went to places that planes don't
c Taking something from the human body
2 What was the most important factor when planning where to go?
and growing it in a lab
d Devices which improve how the brain
a the places they wanted to visit
b the people they wanted to meet
works
c the events they wanted to experience
e Building devices which can copy the
3 What does she say about the way Indian people talk to you?
functions of limbs or organs
a they often ask lots of personal questions
3 Are these statements true or false? b they won't talk to you unless you talk to them
Watch the int erview again to check your c it's important for them to know where you're from
answers. 4 What can you learn about Indian society from travelling by train?
1 The ultimate purpose of bionic devices
a the different classes of society
b that people like to share
is to help people continue living their
c that there are 37 different classes
lives after an accident.
5 What does she say about the Lifeline Express?
2 It is hoped bionic hearts will be used in
the future.
a they treat a limited number of health problems
3 With neurological problems such as
b it runs in the south
c it helped raise her awareness of the importance of railways in India
Parkinson's disease the brain is getting
6 What did she particularly like about the Konkan railway?
bigger.
4 Tina thinks microchips should be
a it goes from Mumbai to Goa
b it's very beautiful
used to help healthy people as well as
c it travels over several high bridges
patients.
7 What happened with the members of parliament she met?
5 Tissue engineering borrows tools from
another area of study.
a she never heard from them again and felt disappointed
b the woman sitting next to her laughed at them
4 Discuss the questions in small groups. c she thought she wouldn't hear from them again, but she did
1 Do you agree with Tina, that microchip 4 a You are going to plan a tour of your country and present it to the
technology should only be used with class. Work with a partner and decide on the following information.
patients, not healthy people?
• The 'theme' of your tour • Places you will visit • How you will travel
2 What might be some of the positive
and negative effects of allowing healthy 4b Present your tour to the class. Decide which tour you like best.
people to have microchip implants?
151
►) M EET THE EXPERT
3 b Watch the interview again and
| A RCH ITECTURE
complete the missing information.
1 Work with a partner. Look at the three buildings in the photos 4 Work in groups and discuss the
and answer the questions. questions.
1 Are there any unusual buildings in your
city?
2 What are your favourite buildings? Why
do you like them?
3 If you could design a building for your
local area, what would you design?
EL GLOBALISA TION
% ToZ^oJvt k e
5f .i v ________ it iKv t h e s* i^ e w * y ^ o w . ______________
152
3a Wo rk with a partner. Can you 2 You are going to watch an interview with Yulia Podolska, a
remember Richard's answers to these sculptor. Before you watch, match the words in the box with their
questions? M ake notes. meanings 1-6 below.
1 What different things can working in a
carve clay maquette marble plasticine sketch
global business environment mean to
different companies?
2 What big differences are there between 1 a hard, white rock which becomes smooth when it is polished
working in a global environment and 2 a simple, quickly-made drawing which does not show much detail
'business as usual'? 3 a small scale model, or rough draft of a sculpture
3 What different ways of communicating 4 a type of heavy, sticky earth that can be used for making pots and bricks
do the two cultures he refers to have? 5 a soft substance that comes in many colours and is used by children
4 What do native English speakers do for making models
when they communicate? 6 make an object or pattern by cutting a piece of wood or stone
5 How does he suggest adapting the phrase 3a *MeM Work in pairs. Put the stages of the sculpting process in
When in Rome, do as the Romans do? order, then watch the interview and check your answers.
3b Watch the int erview again and check a She makes a bigger sculpture out of clay.
your answers. b She has an idea in her head.
c She uses that to make a cast out of plaster.
4a Work with a partner. You are going d She makes a maquette.
to give a short presentation on advice for e She carves the sculpture in marble.
people coming to work in your country. f She plays with plasticine or does a pencil sketch.
M ake notes on these things, and think
about how you are going to present your 3b Watch the interview again and choose the correct option (a, b or c).
ideas. 1 What inspired Yulia to become a sculptor?
• communication styles a her work as a doctor
• what people value most b a visit to a museum
• how to get the best out of people c her university professor in Kiev
2 Why is marble her favourite material?
4b Give your presentation to the class.
a you can make detailed sculptures with it
Discuss which you liked the best.
b you can transform it into something very different
c it's easy to use
0 ART_______________________________ 3 Which of these is not a material she has used in her work?
a plastic toys
1 Work with a partner and discuss the b rubber
questions. c ice
4 Why does she refer to Renaissance and contemporary collections in
movies adverts sculpture pottery
Italy and France?
theatre street performance jingles
a she wants to create better pieces
modern art graffiti photography
b she wants to create something different
c she wants to create her own place within this world
1 Which of these things do you consider
to be art? What are the other things? 5 Where does she get most of her ideas from?
a her emotions and political situations
2 Which of them do you like most/least?
b her relationships
c the TV
6 What does she say about the stone she used for The Cardinal?
a it was difficult to find
b she knew what it would be as soon as she saw it
c it was a difficult piece to carve
153
M EET THE EXPERT
^ PSYCH OLOGY 4 Work in groups and discuss the questions.
1 W h y m ight so m eo n e h ave a b rain scan ?
1a Work with a partner. How much do you know about 2 Dr Jack Lew is t alks ab o ut t he b enef it s of n eu r o scien ce
the human brain? Do the quiz. in t reat ing st roke p at ient s an d d ealin g w it h ch r o n i c
p ain . W h at ot her benef it s d o yo u t h ink it can b ring t o
m ed icin e?
3 H o w else can a bet t er u nd er st an d in g o f t he hum an
b rain help us?
154
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 1.4 EXERCISE 6A (P.13) LESSON 5.1 EXERCISE 11A (P.47)
COUN SELLOR A STUDEN T A
Summary of your conversation with M artin. Read this quote from a representative of the Campaign for
Problems Better Driving. Discuss the points in it with your group.
• He is unhappy because the flat is always untidy. He does
more cleaning and washing-up than the other students.
'I agree t hat w e need t o do som et hing about t he
• He thinks they spend too much money on food each
num ber of accident s and injuries on t he roads t oday,
week and a lot of food is wasted.
but I don' t agree wit h all t hese rest rict ions and saf et y
• He thinks that Stewart's friend, Tom, has stayed too
f eat ures t hat t he police w ant t o int roduce, you know,
long in the flat without paying any money.
like speed cam eras. They af f ect everybody and
Solutions
penalise t he good drivers as well as t he bad ones. It's
• He wants one flatmate to buy essential food for
a f act t hat driving f ast doesn' t cause accident s - it's
everyone else each Saturday at the local supermarket.
driving badly t hat causes t hem , so I t hink w e should be
• Each flatmate should be responsible for cleaning the
looking at bad drivers. Now, most crashes are caused
flat and washing the dishes on a certain day.
by young men, so w hy don' t w e raise t he age f or
• Stewart's friend, Tom, must leave the flat immediately.
learning t o drive, say to 20 f or w om en and 22 f or m en?
M artin's communication style
Anot her possibilit y is t o ret est young drivers every t wo
• He is very direct, 'I say what I think - some people
years unt il t hey' re 30 - make sure t hey' re driving well.
don't like that.'
I f irmly believe t hat educat ing and monit oring young
• He often puts up notices about cleaning the flat,
people is t he w ay t o solve t his problem.'
washing the dishes and keeping the flat tidy, but no
one pay any attention to the notices, he says.
155
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 8.3 EXERCISE 8A (P.81) LESSON 11.5 EXERCISE 7A (P.114)
STUDEN T A STUDEN T A
International Space Station
• art if icial sat ellit e in sp ace - t ravels around t he Eart h
15.7 t im es per d ay
• nint h inhab it ed sp ace st at ion
What is a subculture?
• largest art if icial b od y in sp ace
• can be seen f rom Eart h A subculture is a group of people with a particular set
• f irst lau n ch ed 1998 of beliefs, ideas and behaviour, which makes them
• cr ew co n d u ct ex p erim ent s in Biolog y, Physics, different from a larger culture. They may be different
Ast ro nom y and M et eorolog y
due to their race, gender or ethnic background.
Subcultures are often defined by their opposition to
• m ult inat io nal p rog ram m e - jo in t p rog ram m e b et w een
the values of the larger culture to which they belong,
f ive sp ace ag en cies (Japanese, Russian, Can ad ian ,
although not all writers agree on this. Members of a
European and Am er ican )
subculture will often show their membership through
• o ne of m ost sig nif icant ex am p les of int ernat ional a distinctive and symbolic use of style and dress.
coop erat io n in m od ern hist ory Therefore, the study of a subculture often consists of
the study of the clothing, music and other visible signs
LESSON 8.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.83) used by members of the subculture to identify it. In
addition, the ways in which these same symbols are
STUDEN T A interpreted by members of the dominant culture are
Chairperson important. Provided that the subculture is characterised
You will chair the debate about superm arket growth. by a systematic opposition to the dominant culture,
You need to make sure everyone speaks and to stop then it may be described as a counterculture.
people dominating the discussion. You may need to It may be difficult to identify subcultures because their
clarify points. style (particularly clothing and music) may often be
• Begin by w elco m in g t he au d ien ce at ho m e t o t he adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, as
program m e. business is always looking for opportunities to make
• Int rod uce each of t he part icipant s, an d w h o t hey money. This process of cultural absorption may result
in the death or evolution and development of the
represent .
subculture, as its members adopt new styles.
• Int rod uce t he t op ic, w h ich t onight is ' Sup erm arket
sup erp o w er? Th e co nt inu ed growt h of a sup erm arket
A common example is the punk subculture of the United
Kingdom, whose distinctive (and initially shocking) anti
giant ' .
fashion style of clothing was swiftly adopted by mass-
Ask the panel the following general questions to start market fashion companies once the subculture became
the debate. a media interest. Nevertheless, many subcultures do
• Sh o u ld Sm it hso n s co m e t o yo u r co un t ry? constantly evolve, as their members attempt to remain
• W h at ef f ect w il l its arrival h ave on t he eco n o m y? / one step ahead of the dominant culture. This process
em p lo ym en t ? / o t her ret ailers? / sho p p in g habit s? provides a constant stream of styles and ideas which can
be commercially adopted by the mainstream culture.
Bring the debate to an end and thank the guests and
This activity seems to stimulate rather than kill the
the audience at home for watching. development of youth cultures.
156
LESSON 1.4 EXERCISE 6A (P.13) LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.23)
COUN SELLOR B STUDEN T B: LOCAL RESIDENT 1
Summary of your conversation with Paul. You are a local resident.
Problems You are very much in favour of the wind farm.
• His flatmates do not understand his problems. Law You live in the area and own some of the land needed
students are very competitive. He must study hard in for the wind farm. You represent a number of farmers.
the evenings to keep up with the other students. He You w ill receive money because the wind farm will be
has no time to socialise. built on your land.
• He does not like M artin. Martin's habit of putting You think:
notices everywhere about cleaning the flat annoy • wind farms are beautiful structures.
him. He thinks Martin is too 'bossy'. • the wind farm will attract visitors to the area. It will be
• He thinks the flat is too untidy, but it's not his fault. the biggest in the country.
Solutions • the wind farm will provide cheap power for the local
• Flatmates should not play music in the sitting room community.
after midnight. • building the wind farm will create jobs for local people.
• The other flatmates should talk to Martin and ask • the wind farm will attract international interest and
him to be more 'relaxed'. publicity.
• They should pay someone to clean the flat once a week. You want to know what the disadvantages of the wind
M artin's communication style farm would be.
• He is polite, but does not have time to talk much to
his flatmates: 'I must focus on my studies this year. LESSON 5.1 EXERCISE 11A (P.47)
It's very important for me to do well.'
STUDEN T B
Read this quote from a car manufacturer. Discuss the
LESSON 2.3 EXERCISE 10A (P.21)
points in it with your group.
STUDEN T B
158
LESSON 10.4 EXERCISE 7A (P.103) LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 7A (P.110)
STUDENT B STUDENT B
M ake sentences from these prompts.
To: Professor Bright • Invite your partners to dinner on Saturday evening.
• Apologise for interrupting too much.
Subject: Bullying at work • Refuse to share your sandwiches with your partners.
160
LESSON 1.4 EXERCISE 6A (P.13) LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.23)
COUN SELLOR C STUDENT C: LOCAL RESIDENT 2
Summary of your conversation with Stewart. You are a local resident .
Problems You are completely opposed to the wind farm.
• He wants to live cheaply and save money for his You live in the local area and run a hotel. The area is
trips to Asia during the holidays. popular with tourists who want relaxing walking holidays.
• He would like to be more friendly with Paul as he You think:
likes and respects him. • the wind farm will damage the tourist industry and
• He does not know how to make friends with Paul. affect local property prices.
Paul is always so busy. • the machinery used creates a lot of noise pollution
• He wants his friend, Tom, to stay in the flat until and wind farms are not as efficient as other ways of
Tom gets a job. producing electricity.
Solutions • wind farms are ugly and ruin the landscape.
• He prefers to buy his own food and eat as little as • the flashing lights on the towers and the shadows from
possible. the blades will disturb and upset people.
• He w ill ask the other flatmates to be more • it will take five years to build the wind farm. There are
understanding about Tom's situation. bound to be traffic problems.
Mart in' s communicat ion style You want to know what the disadvantages of the wind
• He does not communicate well with the other farm would be.
flatmates: I'm not a very confident person, that's my
problem.'
LESSON 5.1 EXERCISE 11A (P.47)
161
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 7A (P.110) LESSON 12.4 EXERCISE 7A (P.123)
STUDEN TC CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER (CEO)
M ake sentences from these prompts. Present the case for introducing the new machines. Your
• Admit making a lot of mistakes in your life. Production manager will add arguments when you finish.
• Tell your partners to phone you at the weekend with Then listen to the union representatives and lead the
any news. discussion on how to deal with the workers' concerns.
• Encourage them to buy some designer clothes. Here are some ideas for your presentation. Add any
information you wish.
LESSON 12.1 EXERCISE 8 (P.117) The new machines will:
• reduce costs and increase workers' productivity.
STUDEN TC • motivate workers because they'll produce more
goods and make more money.
• help the company to compete against cheap
LOUD'S imported clothing.
• enable workers to produce a wider range of products.
• make the production line more flexible. It will be
able to respond more quickly to changes in fashion.
162
LESSON 1.4 EXERCISE 6A (P.13) LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.13)
COUN SELLOR D STUDEN T E: GOVERN M EN T REPRESENTATIVE
Summary of your conversation with Carlos. You are a government representative.
Problems You are a government minister in the Energy
• His personality is different from the others. He's very Department. You will welcome people to the meeting
sociable and extrovert. He wants to enjoy his time at and lead the meeting.
university as well as study hard. You think:
• He has problems with all three housemates. Stewart • wind farms are a good idea and building new ones is a
is not friendly. Carlos invited him to go to a Brazilian government policy.
disco. 'Sorry, I don't have enough money,' Stewart • it is important, however, to listen to the opinions
answered. Paul is boring. 'He's always studying, never of local people. There is an election next year and
having any fun.' Martin is friendly and sociable, but too you do not want to upset too many potential voters.
'bossy' and puts up notices everywhere telling flatmates As Sparrow Hill would be a very big wind farm it is
how to behave properly. important to make the right decision.
• Carlos loves Brazilian music and is unhappy he can't You want to know what the feelings of local people
play it in the evening. about the proposed wind farm are.
Solutions
• All the housemates should go out for a meal together LESSON 8.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.83)
once a week.
• Talk to Paul and explain that he's spending too much STUDEN T E: CON SUM ER GROUP REPRESENTATIVE
time studying. You need to listen carefully to the chairperson and
• Ask Martin to be more relaxed and less 'bossy'. other guests. Ask them to clarify anything you are
not sure about. You also need to make the following
points.
LESSON 2.4 EXERCISE 5A (P.23)
You think Smithsons will:
STUDENT D: W ILDLIFE GROUP REPRESENTATIVE • benefit the consumer by lowering prices, which is good
You are a wildlif e group represent ative. for poorer sections of society.
You are very hostile to the wind farm. • give consumers a greater range of products at
You are a member of a radical wildlife group Flora and affordable prices.
Fauna Protection (FFP). You are strongly against the • bring general improvement in quality.
building of wind farms in areas of natural beauty. • provide more international and up-to-date products.
You think:
• wind farms are dangerous to all wildlife.
• birds and bats are often killed when they fly into the
blades of wind turbines.
• the habitat of many birds, animals and plants will be
destroyed during the building of the farm.
• the proposed site is home to several rare species of
butterfly.
• the area currently attracts a large number of scientists
and naturalists who study the wildlife of the area.
• wind farms are an expensive and wasteful way of
producing electricity.
You want to know what the advantages of wind farms are.
163
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
SUPPLEMENTARY IN FO RMATIO N
LESSON 3.4 EXERCISE 7A (P. 33) Ye Shiwen, Chinese swim m er
• Born Hangzou, China, 1996 • Started swimming aged six.
• She has performed Teacher noticed she had very
Lionel Messi, Argent inian f oot baller exceptionally well in World big feet and hands - good
I • Born Rosario, Argentina, 1987. Moved to Spain at the age Championships and the for swimming.
o f 13 when Barcelona FC agreed to pay for his expensive Olympic Games at a very • Was a member o f the
medical treatment. Was suffering a lack o f hormones which young age (16). Chinese national team at
limited his growth. • Gold medals in the 200 and age 12.
| • Considered to be the best footballer in the world and one of the 400 metres medley in the • Very tough training in China,
greatest players in the history o f the game. London Olympic Games in financed by the Chinese
• Became a star of the Barcelona team and Argentina national 2012. In the 400 metres race, Government. Had little
team. Set many records for goal scoring, helping his team to she was five seconds faster contact with her parents
national and international championships. than her previous best time. between the age of 11-14
| • First footballer to win four FIFA Ballon d'Or awards. Swam the last 50 metres when training. Her mother
• Made history by becoming the first player to score five goals in a of the race faster than the said, 'I missed her a lot. We
Champions League match. Most goals in a calendar year (2012), men's winner Ryan Lochte. were allowed to see her only
beating the record o f German footballer Gerd Miiller, which had Set a World record in the 400 once a week ... But of course,
stood for 40 years. metres race and an Olympic it was all worthwhile. We are
; • Playing style: a fast, attacking record in the 200 metres. very proud of her.'
style. Quicker with the ball • Her father talked about
at his feet than any other the family's sacrifices in an
footballer. Able to change interview, 'Chinese people
direction rapidly. believe that we have to give
;• Diego Maradona, a famous in order to earn. Give time
Argentinian player, says about and effort.'
Messi, 'I see him as very similar
to me,' he told the BBC, 'he's
a leader and is offering lessons
in beautiful football.’
164
Lesson 4.1 EXERCISE 7A (P.37) LESSON 4.4 EXERCISE 4A (P.43)
1 The clean-desk policy
RXZ has a clean-desk policy. This means that staff must
X-rays are images which are not leave documents on their desk or on their computer
X RAYS
used to diagnose disease. They screen when they leave work at the end of the day. A
were discovered by Wilhelm worker in the Research Department rushed away from
Rontgen, a German scientist her desk after receiving a call that her daughter had been
working in Munich, in 1895. taken ill at nursery. Very upset, she left immediately,
He was working on a cathode leaving highly confidential research results on her screen
ray tube* developed by one overnight. She is a good researcher, very experienced at
of his colleagues, when he processing and analysing data. What action should the
noticed that it was projecting a green light on management take?
the wall. Strangely, the light was passing through 2 Gif ts to doct ors: a conf lict of interest?
some materials, including paper, wood and books. Up to now, RXZ has been giving expensive gifts to
As he experimented by placing other materials in doctors who prescribe the company's brands, attend
the way, he noticed that the outline of the bones conferences run by the company or who give talks about
in his hand was projected onto the wall. In the RXZ's new and current drugs. For example, doctors who
following weeks he continued to investigate the have been particularly loyal to the company's brands are
new rays, which he temporarily called ‘X-rays’. Two sometimes given a week's cruise with their family on the
months later, he published his paper ‘On a new Mediterranean. Many big pharmaceutical companies do
kind of X-rays’, and in 1901 he was awarded the the same thing. RXZ have learned that a newspaper is
first Nobel Prize in Physics. Although the new rays going to do an in-depth, critical article on the gifts that
would eventually be known as Rontgen rays, he pharmaceutical companies make to doctors. Should RXZ
always preferred the term X-rays. Today, Rontgen introduce a policy of not giving gifts to doctors?
is considered the father of Diagnostic Radiology,
a medical speciality using images to diagnose 3 Negative results from trialling a new drug
disease. Nowadays, radiologists can examine all RXZ's Research Department have been developing a
areas of the body for different types of disease. promising new drug to treat obesity. But a recent series of
tests have shown that it could have dangerous side effects
*A cathode ray tube is a piece of equipment which
for just a few patients. The company has invested millions
can produce an image on a screen, as in a television.
of euros in the product and they are confident it will be a
very profitable drug for years to come. They do not have
1
165
COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LESSON 4.5 EXERCISE 13 (P.45)
1 Hong Kong International Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong 4,066,738 2.3%
Adjectives Noun
Opinion Size Shape Most other Age Colour/ Nationality Material Function/ Class
qualities Pattern
beautiful antique colourful Japanese silk paintings
166
LESSON 10.3 EXERCISE 1A (P.100) LESSON 11.3 EXERCISE 12 (P.111)
A case w here p sycho lo g ical p ro filing w o u ld have been d ifficult w as
that of Haro ld Ship m an. He app eared to be a caring , w ell- resp ect ed Lo cal cult ures reflect
d octor. Act u ally, he w as an arrogant drug ad d ict and mass m urderer o rd inary p eo p le's feeling s of
w h o killed ap p ro xim at ely 236 p eo p le b etween 1971 and 1998. ap p ro p riat eness, co m fort and
The p eop le he killed w ere his eld erly pat ients, so their deaths did co rrect ness. Given the strength of
not at first seem too su sp icio us. He w as tried and im p riso ned , but lo cal cult ures, it is hard to argue
he hanged him self in prison in January 2004. A p o ssib le reason for that one global cult ure exists.
his crim es w as this: Ship m an w as devoted to his m other, Vera, w ho
b ecam e ill w it h lung can cer w hen Ship m an w as very yo ung . The
fam ily d o cto r inject ed Vera w it h m o rp hine and she died aged 43.
Ship m an w as o nly 17 years o ld .
O Lo o k, everyo ne's b asically the
sam e. I m ean, at w o rk nearly
everyo ne w ears the standard
m an's business suit w it h a
LESSON 10.5 EXERCISE 8B (P.105)
co lo ured tie and a buttoned shirt.
It's wo rn just about everyw here.
n m a n y p a r t s o f t h e w o r ld , it is b e c o m in g m o r e c o m m o n fo r p a r e n t s t o
I h a v e o n ly o n e ch ild . An o b v io u s r e a s o n fo r t h is is t h a t p e o p le a r e t e n d in g
t o m a n y a t a la t e r a g e t h a n t h e y d id s o m e y e a r s a g o . T h is is a n im p o r t a n t
Tho se w ho d eny the im p ort ance
of cult ural d iversit y m ay refer to
a r e a o f d is cu s s io n b e ca u s e s o m e p e o p le t h in k t h a t b e in g a n o n ly ch ild
the universal business suit. But
is a b ig d is a d va n t a ge in life. O t h e r s t a k e a d iffe r e n t v ie w . T h is e s s a y
lo cal variat io ns have ap p eared .
d is cu s s e s t h e a r g u m e n t s a n d c o n s id e r s w h e t h e r , o n b a la n c e , it is t r u ly a n
Iranian p arliam ent arians do not
a d va n t a g e t o b e t h e o n ly c h ild in a fa m ily.
w ear ties and Saudi diplom ats
A m a jo r a d va n t a g e o f b e in g a n o n ly c h ild is t h a t t h e c h ild g e t s m o r e
alt ernat e the b usiness suit wit h
a t t e n t io n a n d fin a n cia l s u p p o r t fr o m h is o r h e r p a r e n t s . T h e y w ill h e lp t h e
t rad it io nal robes.
c h ild w it h h is o r h e r h o m e w o r k , s o t h a t t h e c h ild a c h ie v e s a b o v e - a ve r a g e
r e s u lt s a t s c h o o l. In a d d it io n , b e ca u s e t h e o n ly ch ild is t h e so le fo cu s o f
t h e p a r e n t s ’ love, h e o r s h e d e ve lo p s m o r e co n fid e n ce a n d b e co m e s
m o r e m a t u r e a t a n e a r ly a ge. An o t h e r a d va n t a ge o f b e in g a n o n ly ch ild You can see that most hotels in the
is t h a t t h e y a r e o n t h e ir o w n a lo t m o r e. As a r e s u lt , t h e y le a r n h o w ' t o world have becom e standardised.
o c c u p y t h e m s e lve s a n d t o b e c o m e m o r e in d e p e n d e n t t h a n o t h e r ch ild r e n .
I m ean, they now have western-
style beds, toilets and showers. A
T h e y a r e a ls o m o r e a b le t o c o p e w it h fe e lin g s o f lo n e lin e s s .
lot of them have fitness centres and
O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s o m e p e o p le a r gu e t h a t o n ly ch ild r e n m is s o u t o n
restaurants. They all fit a sort of
b r o t h e r a n d s is t e r r e la t io n s h ip s a s t h e y d o n o t h a ve s ib lin gs t o s h a r e
global standard.
t h e ir jo ys a n d s o r r o w s . I t is s a id t h a t c h ild r e n w h o h a v e s ib lin g s a r e
le s s s e lfis h a n d le a r n a t a n e a r ly a g e h o w t o g e t o n w i t h o t h e r p e o p le - a n
im p o r t a n t life s k ill. E ve n t h o u gh t h is is p r o b a b ly t r u e , it is a fa c t t h a t
b r o t h e r s a n d s is t e r s o ft e n q u a r r e l a lo t . O n ly c h ild r e n m a y w 'ell h a ve The Davo s group is an elit e
q u ie t e r a n d m o r e p e a c e fu l c h ild h o o d s . group of hig hly educat ed peop le
A r e ce n t s t u d y o f Ch in a ’s o n e -ch ild p o licy s u p p o r t s t h e vie w t h a t operating in finance, m ed ia and
t h e r e a r e d is a d va n t a ge s t o b e in g a n o n ly ch ild . T h e s t u d y w'a s d ip lo m acy. They share co m m o n
p u b lis h e d in S c i e n c e b y P r o fe s s o r L is a C a m e r o n a n d c o lle a g u e s fr o m
b eliefs about ind ivid ualism and
A u s t r a lia n u n iv e r s it ie s . I t in v e s t ig a t e d t h e im p a c t o f o n e - c h ild fa m ilie s in
m arket eco no m y. H o w ever, they
C h in a . Th e r e s e a r ch e r s c o m p a r e d t h e b e h a vio u r o f Ch in e s e p e o p le
are too sm all a group to co unt as
b o m b e fo r e a n d a ft e r t h e o n e -ch ild p o li c y w a s a d o p t e d . T h e i r r e s u lt s a co herent cult ural system .
s h o w e d t h a t c h ild r e n b o m a ft e r t h e o n e - c h ild p o lic y , in o t h e r w o r d s ‘o n ly
c h ild r e n ’, h a d c e r t a in c h a r a c t e r is t ic s . T h e y w 'e r e le s s w i lli n g t o t a k e r is k s ,
le s s c o n s c ie n t io u s , le s s t r u s t w o r t h y a n d m o r e p e s s im is t ic . A c c o r d in g t o
P r o fe s s o r C a m e r o n , t h e a m o u n t o f c o n t a c t t h a t s u b je c t s h a d w it h o t h e r
c h ild r e n , s u c h a s t h e i r p e e r s , d id n o t a ffe c t t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e s t u d y.
W h ile t h is r e s e a r ch s e e m s t o co n fir m t h a t o n ly ch ild r e n in Ch in a a r e
a t a d is a d va n t a ge , t h is m a y n o t b e t h e ca s e in o t h e r co u n t r ie s . T h e
r e s u lt s , t h e r e fo r e , a r e n o t c o n c lu s iv e .
O n t h e w h o le , in s p it e o f t h e r e s e a r c h o n o n ly c h ild r e n in C h in a , e v id e n c e
s e e m s t o s u g g e s t t h a t it is a n a d v a n t a g e t o b e a n o n ly c h ild . H o w 'e ve r , t h e
k e y p o in t , s u r e ly , is t h a t a c h ild h a s t h e lo v e a n d s u p p o r t o f h is o r h e r
p a r e n t s . Th is is t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t in flu e n ce w h ic h w ill d e t e r m in e a
c h ild ’s d e ve lo p m e n t , h a p p in e s s a n d fu t u r e s u cce s s in life .
167
AUD IO SCRIPTS
LESSON 1.1 RECORDIN G 1.1___________________ concentrates on the issue of interrupting, C: Mmm, he's not very good at managing his
and how different ideas on what interrupting money, is he? He can't go on like that. You
1 Well, I have two phones, which I'm
is and when it is good and bad can also know, one way of dealing with this could be to
always checking for messages, but actually
vary greatly depending on gender, culture look at his weekly expenses. Then work out a
I love getting and making calls. It's just
and so on. To back Tannen up, some recent budget and tell him he's got to stick to it.
more personal than texting. I like hearing
surveys have shown that, surprise surprise, J: Mmm, good idea. I'll be seeing him again
people's voices. I find there can be a lot of
women tend to be interrupted more than tomorrow, I'll suggest that. I've already
misunderstandings with SMS and messaging
men and that women who interrupt others advised him to contact his bank to pay for
apps, even if you use emoticons. I guess I'm
are seen more negatively than men who do his rent by direct debit. That way, his rent
addicted to my phones. They are the last
the same thing. However, it has also been will always be paid regularly.
thing I check before I go to sleep and the
found that there are more interruptions C: Was he OK about that?
first thing I look at in the morning!
overall in conversations when all the J: Yes, he thought it was a good idea. But
2 I do use social media at the university for
people involved are women. Although unfortunately, he has another financial
making arrangements with my classmates,
these interruptions are often seen as 'talking problem. You see, they have a lot of parties in
but I tend to send a lot of SMS messages as
along' with each other, rather than 'talking his flat and during one of them, they broke an
well. I also like to use Facebook to keep track
over' each other. OK, I'll take the first caller. expensive lamp. The owner of the flat wants to
of all my friends around the world. It's funny,
charge them to replace it. Marco doesn't have
last month someone got in touch with me 2 R = Rie, M = May
the money to pay his share of the cost.
who I met on holiday two years ago. It was R: I've just made a nice pot of tea, May. C: So, what are we going to do to help him?
completely out of the blue and it was quite Would you like a cup? J: It's not going to be easy, Carol, he's in a
a surprise after all this time, but they tracked M : Oh, yes please.
difficult situation. He doesn't have a lot of
me down on Facebook. I also follow a few R: How are you feeling at the moment? You money for his everyday expenses, so he works
celebrities on social media. I think it's funny, said on the phone yesterday that it's been a
part-time, quite long hours, to pay for his
but I know a lot of people think it's stupid. bit rough recently.
studies. But when he gets money, he likes to
3 I'm a big fan of social media, and I have my M : I don't want to bore you, but the last few spend it. I told him I'd talk to you and we'd sort
own blog, but I do send people real cards months have been terrible, Rie.
something out for him. What do you think?
for birthdays and at Christmas. I really don't R: I'm sorry to hear that.
C: Well, there's an obvious solution. We could
like those electronic greeting cards. They are M : We've been married for nearly five years but talk to the owner of the flat and ask her to give
so impersonal. A funny thing happened to it has all gone wrong. We've had so many
Marco more time to pay for his share of the
me last year. I had lost touch with one of my arguments recently and he has moved out. lamp. You know the owner, she's a reasonable
friends from school, but I bumped into them R: Oh, when did he leave?
person, I'm sure she'll be understanding.
by chance when I was shopping in Paris. We M : This evening. He phoned me from a cafe at
J: Right. That makes sense to me. You know, if
stay in contact by using one of the various 5 p.m. and asked me to meet him there after M arco sticks to his weekly budget and pays
messaging apps. They're really great. work to talk about our problems. But by the
his rent by direct debit, we may not see him
4 I keep track of all my friends on Facebook. time I arrived at the cafe he had left.
here so often.
I also tend to Skype a lot as I'm a student R: I'm sorry to hear that. C: Let's hope so.
studying abroad. I Skype with my family at M : It was alright until he found out that I had
least once a week. I can catch up with all the booked a vacation with all the girls.
LESSON 1.5 VI DEO RECORDI NG 1.1_______
news from home. Sometimes the connection R: Well, you went on vacation every year with
isn't very good though, which can make it the girls before you got married. James Hammond
difficult. Also, the time difference can cause M : Exactly. He's so controlling and it's my Good evening everyone.
problems, if I wake people up! money. I should have known that it Did you know that in many surveys the worst
5 I'm afraid I'm a bit unusual, as I don't use wouldn't have worked. And his mother phobia for many people is public speaking? Not
a mobile phone. I mean, I have one but it's hates me. When he introduced me to her, I spiders or rats or heights, but having to face an
only for emergencies. No one knows the knew I had seen her somewhere before. She audience and talk to them.
number. I'm not a technophobe, I just don't had been a classmate of my mum and they How do people react when put in this situation?
like phones! I tend to stay in touch with had never been friends. Well, there are a number of things which happen
people by email, but really I prefer to speak R: Oh, that's not good. to our bodies when we are put in stressful
to people face to face. I think technology M : And we ... we just don't do things together situations, and making a speech is no different.
sometimes gets in the way of real anymore. I've always been a sociable person Basically, your body goes into the classic 'fight or
communication, but I suppose I'm a bit old but he just doesn't like going out with me. flight" response. In other words, your hands may
fashioned. I mean I still send real Christmas And when we do go out in a group, he sweat and your mouth may go dry. Your heart may
cards to people through the post - snail mail always dominates the conversation and beat faster and you may start feeling sick. You may
I think it's called, ha, ha! shows off. He thinks he knows everything sound strained - for instance, the audience will
and he's so insensitive. He interrupts me all probably notice that you are speaking fast and that
LESSON 1.3 RECORDIN G 1.2__________________ the time in a group but when it's just the two your voice is weak and with a higher pitch than
of us he doesn't talk and doesn't listen. And normal. You will want to rush to the end of the
1 Welcome to today's call in programme. As
he just won't talk about our relationship. talk and may even ignore the audience. There is a
some of you may know, Deborah Tannen
is most famous for her books Talking from strong feeling of wanting to run away.
LESSON 1.4 RECORDI NG 1.3____________ But making a speech to a group of people is in fact
9 to 5, about women and men at work
and You Just Don't Understand, about C = Carol, J = |ean a great opportunity to impress them and really show
women and men in conversation. She has what you can do, so why do so many people have a
C: I saw M arco in your office again this
recently written a book about how sisters phobia about it?
morning, Jean.
communicate called You Were Always Well, there are several reasons. Firstly, people feel
J: Yeah, it was the usual thing, he needs they'll make mistakes and lose their way. Secondly,
Mom 's Favorite. However, in today's money. He shares a flat with two other
programme we're focusing on an essay she the speaker may fear that the audience won't like
students, as you know, and the problem is, them personally. And finally, they may worn' that
has recently written for the N ew York Times he's been spending too much money once
about interrupting called 'Would You Please the audience will not like or really understand what
again - he can't pay this month's rent. The
Let Me Finish', and I think a number of they're trying to say. All of these fears create a sense
others aren't happy because they'll have to of looking a fool in front of other people, which is
politicians might like to read it. pay more than usual to stay in the flat.
I'll just give a quick summary of what the main reason for all our worries and fears - no
C: Mmm, well, the way to sort it out, surely, is to
Professor Tannen thinks and then I'll take one wants to look a fool.
tell him to get a loan from the Student Union. Now this response is more than just nerves.
some calls. A lot of Professor Tannen's J: I'm not sure it's the right thing to do, Carol.
research has focused on the fact that That's normal, and it would be strange not to feel
The trouble is, it's the third time he's run
conversation styles can vary greatly because nervous. Nerves will keep you alert and stop you
out of money. It's always the same story. He feeling too relaxed. If controlled well, nerves can
of different factors - for example, your age, spends too much, can't pay the rent and then
your gender, your culture. In this article she make the difference between an average speech
gets a loan from friends or the Student Union. and one which keeps people listening and wanting
to hear more.
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LESSON 1.5 VIDEO RECORDIN G 1.2__________ 2 I live in a farm cottage on the edge of a very Another question ... yes, you.
small village, almost a hamlet really, in the S3: Um, is it true that people can go inside
James Hammond
countryside. It really is very rural - about volcanoes?
So how can we control our nerves and become 25 kilometres to the nearest town. It's the P: That's an interesting question. Obviously,
more confident about making a speech? Well, the peace and quiet I like really, and the fresh you can't go inside an erupting volcano. As
most important thing is to get your nerves to work air. There aren't many vehicles on the I told you, extremely high pressures under
for you rather than against you. roads - so no traffic congestion ... the air's the Earth cause volcanoes to erupt - the
I intend to discuss a number of things you can very clean, and there's very little noise and pressure forces very hot lava up out of the
do to help. First of all, I can say that rehearsal is light pollution. The whole pace of life is volcano. Lava flows can have temperatures
essential. Nerves are caused by fear and being much slower - no one rushes anywhere. Oh up to 1,250 degrees centigrade. But,
unfamiliar with things, so take time to practise yes, and the fantastic views. The beautiful actually, the answer to your question is yes.
your speech to feel comfortable with what natural environment with the hills means You can go inside volcanoes. Some people
you're going to say. Secondly, it's a good idea I'm surrounded by magnificent scenery. live inside volcanoes as some of them don't
to know your introduction by heart. You'll feel There's a bit of trouble with a wind farm erupt for a long time. In the USA people
most nervous at the beginning and may stumble which could spoil it for some people, but I live in three volcanoes, the most famous
over words. If you learn the beginning, this will guess renewable energy is the future. The being the large volcano under Yellowstone
become second nature and help you get into main environmental issue we have at the National Park, which, incidentally, has
the main part of the speech more comfortably. moment is abandoned cars. People are been showing a lot of activity recently. Yes,
Another good thing to do is begin with some kind dumping old cars they don't want any more the young man with the beard.
of interest hook, such as an anecdote, or diagram in the village at night. We then have to wait S4: Could you tell me if Vesuvius is an active
or photo. This will engage the audience and help for ages before they're taken away. volcano?
you get over the beginning of the speech. 3 I live in an apartment block in the city P: Well, an active volcano is one that has
Take some deep breaths before you start. This'll centre. It's the cosmopolitan atmosphere erupted in historical time. Vesuvius, which
help control your nerves. Breathe in slowly, count I like. There's always plenty to do, and is east of Naples in Italy, famously destroyed
to three and then breathe out slowly. Finally, such a wide range of shops. I can go out Pompeii in ad 79 and it is the only volcano
remember, you will always be more nervous at any time of the day or night and get on the European mainland to have erupted
than you look. You can 'trick' your mind in a few whatever I want, either food and drink or within the last hundred years - I think it was
simple ways to help you - try and look confident entertainment. The cultural activities are 1944. So yes, it is an active volcano ... and a
and you'll become more confident. Stand in a endless. I love the liveliness of the city lot of people live near it. In fact, one in ten of
relaxed way, hold your head up and smile. Look and being surrounded by people all the the world's population live within volcanic
happy and enthusiastic, even if you're not! time - you know, that constant buzz of danger zones. Another question ... yes?
One other thing is to focus on something other activity. People talk about the crime rate S5: I'd like to know why volcanoes stop erupting.
than yourself. Pay attention to the environment in the city, but where I live there always P: That's a good question. There are three
you're in to distract yourself. Notice the seems to be loads of police, so I feel very possible reasons. Maybe the heat runs out
audience. For example, how are they dressed? safe. The one thing that gets me down is the when the rocks are melted. Or the hot rocks
Who's wearing glasses? Who's the most amount of litter people drop on the streets. - w h ich , if you remember, we call magma,
attractive? All of this will help to trick your It's so unnecessary and just makes me feel solidify on their way up. Or the magma
mind into not noticing the situation you're in. depressed. Most of it could be recycled, it can't generate enough pressure to crack the
The less you concentrate on how you're feeling, seems to me, if there were more recycling rock above it. OK, last question ... yes?
the more confident you'll become. points. I guess a lot of people don't really S6: Do you know whether the Chilean Copahue
You should use plenty of eye contact, change the care about the way the urban environment volcano is safe for the local people?
pace of your delivery, change the volume of your looks. I sometimes feel like saying to them,
voice, and perhaps move around a bit. Don't worry 'I have to live here with all your rubbish'. LESSON 2.4 RECORDIN G 2.4___________________
too much about mistakes. A few mistakes are all The council could do more to keep the
right, they show the audience you're human. One S = Switchboard, DR = Deborah Rydell, JR =
streets clean as well, I suppose, but we all
way you can really engage with your audience is John Reynolds
have to pay for it in higher taxes.
humour - tell a joke! If you aren't good at jokes, S: Good morning, Power Gas and Electricity,
tell a story, or draw on your personal experience to LESSON 2.3 RECORDIN G 2.3___________________ how can I help you?
connect with your audience. DR:Good morning. Can I speak to John
The main rule about public speaking is that P = Professor, S1 = Student 1, S2 = Student 2, Reynolds, please?
there are no rules! This seems a strange thing to S3 = Student 3, S4 = Student 4, S5 = Student S: Certainly. Who's calling, please?
say, but it's true - everyone is an individual and 5, S6 = Student 6 DR:It's Deborah Rydell, from the Department
so you have to find what works for you in terms P: Finally, to check you've all been listening, of Energy.
of delivering a speech. The most important I'm going to ask you a question. So, what is S: Putting you through now.
thing is to control your nerves, build your a volcano? Yes, the young man in the red DR: Hello, is that John?
confidence and learn to enjoy it! shirt. JR: Speaking.
SI: Erm ... volcanoes are a natural way that the DR: Hi John, it's Deborah from the Energy
LESSON 2.1 RECORDIN G 2.1___________________ Earth has of cooling o f f ... well, the Earth Department. I wanted to have a chat with
and other planets. you about the wind farm proposal, you
1 Well, I live in a detached house in a suburb
P: Yes that's right. OK. Do you have any know, the one at Sparrow Hill.
of a major city. Mmm, what do I like about
questions for me? Yes, the woman in the JR: OK, Deborah. You're still in favour of it, I
it? Mmm, well, for a start it's a friendly
green jacket. hope. You're not going to cancel it, are you?
neighbourhood. I also like the access to all
S2: Professor, can I ask what the biggest DR:W ell, it's not really my decision, John.
the facilities and shops, but what I really
volcano in the world is? Personally, there's no doubt in my mind that
like is the fact that my local area is very
P: Right, that's easy. The biggest volcano wind farms are the future, although some of
green - you know, lots of parks and open
on Earth is Mauna Loa in Hawaii and it's my colleagues seem to think we should be
spaces for the kids. The public transport
about 8.5 kilometres high - that's from doing more with nuclear power. It's much
connections are very good too, so I can be
the bottom of the ocean to its top. It's more cost effective at the moment, they say.
in the city centre in a very short time if I
interesting that most of the volcanoes JR: Well, that's one way of looking at it, but
avoid the rush hour. So I guess you could
on Earth are found around the rim of the we need to think long term. We just can't
say I have the best of both worlds! I suppose
Pacific Ocean. But there are volcanoes go on in the same old way.
it's what people call a 'desirable area'. The
around the coastline of Antarctica and DR:You're absolutely right, because oil and
only real problem, I think, is the mindless
there are even volcanoes underwater. gas will run out eventually. Well, really,
vandalism that goes on, you know, damage
There are probably more volcanoes and my reason for calling, John, is that I'd like
to cars and bus stops, which we all have to
eruptions than people think. Out of an to know when you think we should have
pay for in the end. It's bored young people
estimated 1,500 active volcanoes around the first public meeting about Sparrow Hill.
with nothing to do. I suppose it's the price
the world, 50 or so erupt every year. You know, to stop any rumours.
you pay for living in a city.
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JR: Well, it's a bit too early. I'm totally variety of answers. But closed questions are LESSON 2.5 RECORDIN G 2.7___________________
convinced that we should wait until we get questions to which the answers are given, so
D = Donna, E = Eduardo
further with the process, as there's likely to the person answering has a limited choice.
be a lot of trouble about this. For example, a question like, 'How satisfied D: Now, what other questions shall we
DR:You have a point, but don't you think we are you with your course? a) satisfied, b) include? Any suggestions, Eduardo?
should have a meeting and put our case not satisfied, c) don't know. Circle the E: Yes. We'll need to know how important each
early? I mean, I'm sure we'll be able to get appropriate answer.' Well, that's a closed issue is for our respondents; that'll be the first
some supporters to attend. I was wondering question; the choices are given to you. OK? question. So, I think we should ask them to
if holding a public meeting sooner rather S: Right. I suppose you get more information rank the issues in order of importance, with
than later could really help. with open questions. one being the top issue. And then we should
JR: Mmm, I see what you mean, but I'm just L: Yes, you do, but it takes a lot longer to have a second question asking them to give
worried that it could get very noisy - you analyse all the answers! reasons for their choice. Of course, that
know a lot of people feel strongly about S: Yeah, I can see that. would be an open question, and the answers
this sort of thing. Though ... thinking about L: Oh, a word of warning about open questions. might be more difficult to analyse.
it, I'm interested in knowing what sort of Ask for only one piece of information at a D: Yes, but it'd be a useful question, so let's
local support you think we're likely to get. time. For example, if you ask, 'What is your include it. Anything else?
It could also be a great chance to see how opinion of the course materials and teaching E: We'll need to find out how aware they are
people who live in the area really feel. method?', that's not really a good question. of all the issues, and how worried they are
DR: Yes, exactly. I just think if we want it to It's really two questions, and it would be about them. Those could be questions three
get public approval, we need to persuade better to use two separate questions, not one, and four. Probably for question four they
people it's right for the area from the start, to get your information. could fill in a chart with headings like 'very
and this would be a good opportunity. S: I see, OK. worried', 'fairly worried', 'not worried at
JR: That's very true, because without local L: Another thing about questions. All questions all', and they put ticks in the appropriate
support we're probably not going to get should be clear and well structured. In other boxes to show their opinion.
much further very quickly. words, respondents should be able to see D: Great idea. Just one final point. I'd like to
DR:OK, I'll sort out a venue for some time the point of the question; they shouldn't be have a question asking if they're prepared to
in July and organise some publicity and thinking, 'What on earth does that mean?' help us, you know, by working in the office,
security. I think that's important in case Also, it's good to start with fairly simple interviewing people, taking part in campaigns,
things get out of hand. questions which people can answer easily. or raising money for us - that's very important.
JR: I'd go along with you there, because some This encourages them to complete the Let's put one in - a final question - to find
of these environmental groups can get questionnaire. out if they want to join us. Right, time to get
quite violent. But, don't worry, I'm sure it S: Yes, I see! OK, I've got all that. started writing the questionnaire.
will be OK. I really believe all the really L: One final piece of advice. Before designing
great ideas are unpopular at first. your questionnaire, you need to look ahead LESSON 3.2 RECORDIN G 3.1___________________
DR:Yes, OK, John. Goodbye. and think carefully about how you're going I = Interviewer, KC = Kevin Coles
JR: Goodbye. to analyse the data. People often forget to I: How long have you been doing karate?
do this when they design a questionnaire, KC:O K. My time in karate is just over 32
LESSON 2.5 RECORDIN G 2.5___________________ and they find out they can't analyse the data years now. I started back in 1981 in my
very easily. It's too late then! final year at university down in Bath and
L = Lecturer, S = Student
L: It's not easy to design a good questionnaire, I've been training ever since on the basis
LESSON 2.5 RECORDIN G 2.6___________________ of something like between two and five
Paula. I'm not surprised you're having
problems. How can I help? D = Donna, E= Eduardo, S= Sophie times a week. So, 32 years in karate. Like,
S: Well, a few tips would be useful. I mean, D: OK, let's talk about the questions we'll put in we say it takes about five to six years to
what are the key points? our questionnaire. Eduardo, you've done some get to black belt - that's what we say is
L: Erm, OK, when you design your work on this, what have you come up with? the beginning of karate. So I achieved my
questionnaire, remember two things. Firstly, E: OK, well, I think we all agree that we black belt in 1987 and since then I've been
you need to ask the right questions so you need to get some basic data about the working my way as a black belt through
get the information you're looking for. And respondents in our sample. You know, we'll the various levels and I'm now at the fifth
secondly, you want to make sure you get need to know their age, sex, marital status, level of black belt.
enough data to analyse. You need as many that sort of thing. And their educational I: What gives you the most satisfaction in
questionnaires as possible to be completed qualifications, of course. teaching karate?
and returned to you. OK? D: Yes, and also get something about their KC: Well, I think I'm going to sum it up with
S: OK, so I have to choose good questions and current employment situation. Are they one word. Im p act ... having an impact
get as many responses as possible. employed or still students? on people - our students - students who
L: Exactly. Now would you like me to give you E: Exactly. And I'd add a question about their now these days range from four to ... I was
a few tips about the wording of questions? nationality - that could be very useful for us going to say 64, but we've had someone of
Of course, the type of question depends on to know. 73 in one of our clubs.
what the aims of the questionnaire are, but D: True, let's get that as well. OK, the next We can measure progress through different
there are certain rules, I'd say ... thing is ... what issues do we want to belts - something which was introduced
S: Oh, yes? include? Sophie, I think you've got some in the West. These days people need to
L: Mmm, first of all, use simple, short ideas about that. measure their achievement and that's good.
sentences. And avoid questions which are S: Yeah, I've done a bit of research, the key It's a way to distinguish different levels. And
too long. Some people just won't bother issues are ... let's see ... in no particular when students achieve their new b elt ... I
to answer them if they're long, and other order: nuclear power; climate change; air take tremendous joy in seeing their reaction,
people just won't understand them. pollution; real food, in other words, there's you get smiling faces, you get some children
S: OK, short and snappy questions, I've got it. a lot of concern about genetic engineering coming up and saying, 'Wow, it's the best
L: Another thing, Paula. Try to use open and of food products - GM Os. Those are the day of my life.' I mean, for the adults it
closed questions in your questionnaire. M ix four key issues. OK? may be simply an expression of relief- t he
them if possible. D: It's a good list. How about protecting fact that they've got through an exam 20
S: Hold on, can you explain, erm, open and rainforests? years after having left school and not taking
closed questions? S: It's an important issue, I agree, but I think anything of this like before.
L: Sure. Open questions, well, they allow four issues are enough. But I'd like to take that a step further. I
people to answer as they wish, for example, D: OK, we'll go with those. Now, what other take greatest satisfaction from witnessing
if you ask people, 'How do you feel about questions ... the change in a student's approach and
the quality of the teaching you received?' attitude. When I see students who cross
it's an open question. You'll probably get a a barrier from just doing movements to
feeling or living their karate, then I feel
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great - we've made a change somewhere, outstanding achievement for such a young recommend I do next?
and I can think of a number of incidences person. She was the youngest woman ever L: Well, then I think you should make some
where I've had, say, children who are to win the championship. After that, she won notes. Start by writing the exact title at the
floppy and not really with it, and after a many international championships. She won top of a new sheet of paper to focus your
certain level something snaps - all of a her first World Championship title in 2009 and attention, and then brainstorm your ideas.
sudden they are down in their stances, at the 2010 Olympic Games she won a gold I find it's helpful for students to get into the
they're breathing, they're concentrating, medal. Yuna Kim's skating programmes were habit of starting with the topic area and just
they're looking, things are working, and given the highest scores since the International noting down any topic vocabulary which
for me that's a case o f ... well, between us, Skating Union had judged the competition. comes to mind.
them and me, we've made a change. You can watch her astonishing performance SI: Oh, OK. That's a good idea. What next?
in the competition on YouTube. Experts have L: Well, I suggest that you ask yourself questions
LESSON 3.2 RECORDIN G 3.2_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ described it as 'amazing', 'breath-taking' such as, what do I already know? What do I
and 'phenomenal'. She seemed to skate need to find out? Get all your ideas down on
I = Interviewer, KC = Kevin Coles
faster than the other competitors, her jumps paper, however crazy they may seem. Then,
I: Is it a hobby or is it more of a way of life? were higher and more artistic. She moved organise your notes - it's really important that
KCrYeah, this is a classic question, really. I more elegantly and more athletically than you have a clear and logical structure in your
mean, for most people who do it these days the other skaters in the competition and she mind before you start writing.
it's undoubtedly a hobby. Mmm, for some, appeared to hear the rhythms better than SI: Yeah, I think that's one of my problems,
lessons learnt in karate can be part of their everyone else. getting to that. Thank you very much.
life, it can become part of their life if they After her success in the Olympics, she L: That's OK.
do it for longer and longer. worked hard to promote ice skating in South S2: I was wondering if you could give me some
I: Why do people start karate? Korea and also to ensure that her country advice on how I should go about actually
KC:Th e majority of the new starters these days won the bid for the Winter Olympics in writing the essay?
are children and either they are attracted 2018. She presented television programmes L: Sure ... a good approach to writing is what I
themselves by the glamour and excitement and also wrote books on her sport giving call the beginning, middle and end approach. I
of karate, the martial arts, they've seen it on advice to young skaters. think that good essays tend to follow this.
TV, they've enacted it on their Playstation In 2013, she took part in the South S2: Oh, right. What does that mean?
games, they see the noise, the excitement, Korean Ladies Championship. She won L: Right, I'll explain. I think at the beginning or
they see the fast-flowing kicks and so on. the competition and, once again, people in the first paragraph you should restate the
Or it may be because their mum or dad admired her extraordinary technical skills, question in your own words and introduce
has encouraged them to attend. And there her artistry and elegance. the topic. The next two, three or four
could be the twin attractions there of karate She is a role model not only for young paragraphs are the middle or main part of
instilling discipline and control in their people in South Korea but also for skaters all the essay where you state the arguments for
children. As is increasingly the case these over the world. She is one of the highest- and against the proposition, or offer solutions
days, maybe things don't work at home, paid female athletes in the world. Because to the problem. The third part and final
parents are out at work more often. Maybe of her fame, her beauty and, above all, her paragraph is a conclusion where you should
the school doesn't instil discipline. Very admirable personal qualities, she is asked refer back to the question and offer your own
often these days teachers are restricted in to endorse all kinds of products. She was a opinion if that is appropriate.
terms of what they can say and do and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador and often S2: That's useful, thanks very much. Is there
parents bring their children and say 'sort represents South Korea at international anything special about academic writing that
them o u f. And the kid can also, from a events. What's also extraordinary about her we should think about?
parent's perspective, their child can also is that's she's so versatile. She's a fine singer L: Mmm, let's think. Yes, firstly, most questions
learn stuff which enables them to look after and has recorded a number of songs written involve some kind of comparison and contrast,
themselves, and that's an admirable aim by Korean pop stars. There seems to be no if only looking at the for and against of
in itself because everyone's fearful of their end to Yuna Kim's remarkable talents. She is something, or assessing which solution to a
child being out of their sight. undoubtedly a superstar. problem is better. Secondly, good academic
writing will have a logical argument and
LESSON 3.3 RECORDIN G 3.3_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ LESSON 3.5 RECORDIN G 3.5____________________ guide the reader through the argument, using
1 I studied sports psychology as part of my examples and supporting the points you
L = Lecturer, S1 = Student 1, S2 = Student 2,
course at university. make with examples where necessary and
S3 = Student 3
2 We can meet outside the university at six appropriate. You should also put similar ideas in
L: Right, thank you very much for coming and a single paragraph, you know, all the reasons for
o'clock.
I hope you found the session useful. Now, a particular thing, that sort of thing.
3 Did you see the game where the captain
if there are any questions, I'll be here for S2: OK, great, thanks.
broke his ankle?
a few minutes if anyone wants to discuss S3: Could I ask about the language itself?
4 Tennis players tend to suffer a lot of wrist
anything. L: Mmm, good point. Most important - academic
injuries.
SI: I have this essay to write and I'm finding it a writing tends to be neutral in tone.
5 We saw all the tennis players who had
real struggle. Could you give me a few tips? S3: Neutral? What exactly do you mean?
arrived early at the courts.
L: Sure. Gosh, where do I start? OK, well, a L: Well, you need to stand back and to appear
common mistake new students often make to look at the question from a distance to
LESSON 3.4 RECORDIN G 3.4 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
is about the purpose of an essay. An essay is be emotionally detached. A good way of
Yuna Kim is a South Korean figure skater. She basically a question which needs an answer. achieving this is to leave yourself out of your
was born in Gumpo, South Korea in 1990. Erm, I mean, it isn't an opportunity for you to writing - don't keep writing 'I think', but
She's a truly remarkable sportswoman and show how much you know about a particular instead use phrases like 'it is clear that" and
some people say she's the greatest modern subject. So, if you don't actually answer the 'it is obvious t haf, 'this shows that', 'it is true
sportswoman. Let me tell you about her. question, you'll fail the task, however good that' and so on. You can put in your own
When she was still very young, her coaches your writing is. A lot of people forget this. experience, but it's often better to make this
noticed she had the perfect body for skating. S1: I see, that makes sense. So what's the best way sound more general by introducing personal
However, she had to overcome difficulties to of preparing to write an essay, do you think? opinions and experiences with phrases like
develop her talent. There's no doubt she's a L: Well, the first thing I would do is analyse the 'for many people', and 'a lot of men, women,
very determined person because at that time, title. I think it's helpful to underline any key younger people find ...' . Passive structures
there were not many public ice rinks in South words and work out what you're actually are often used because they help to give that
Korea, so she had to practise very early in the being asked to do. Then decide what kind distance and objectivity. Finally, you should
morning or late at night. The rinks were so cold of structure the title indicates to you. For avoid abbreviations and contractions if it's a
that she risked injuries. In spite of this, at the example, is it a for-and-against essay or are formal academic essay.
age of 12, she won the senior figure skating you being asked to compare and contrast, or S3: Well, thanks very much. You've really been
title in the South Korean championships. An even offer solutions to a problem? helpful. I think I'm ready to make a start now.
SI: OK, thanks. That's good. Then, what do you L: No problem, I hope it helps.
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LESSON 4.1 RECORDIN G 4.1___________________ European Union and similar organisations. perform surgery. The robots would go right to
Working in partnerships with university the problem area and use lasers or stitches or
Well, yes, there is certainly a lot of
departments, the agencies can try to produce produce a healing material which will help
training and it takes a long time to become
treatments and develop them to a stage patients recover from their injuries quickly.
qualified. There's a lot to learn. You do
where a pharmaceutical company would be 4 I think cancer will be treated differently. Instead
need to be good at science, there's no doubt
interested in bringing them to the market. of trying to totally destroy the cancer from the
about that. Oh, and not mind the sight
outside, I think we will have found something
of blood! Seriously though, I think many
LESSON 4.2 RECORDIN G 4.4___________________ very small that can get into the cell. Mind you,
people forget that it is after all a job about
I think we'll probably have a whole different set
people, and being able to deal with people. J = Jan T = Tom S = Susan
of diseases that we'll be worrying about. I agree
There is a very human side to being a good J: So, Tom, you're in charge of arrangements. with those who say that cancer probably won't
doctor. It's a sociable job. For me ... well, Can you give us the details? be a big problem in 100 years.
I try to make a real effort to engage with T: Sure, Jan. All the support team are flying out 5 In terms of imaging technology, I guess that
patients, simple things like remembering to Kampala at 5 p.m. on Friday. We are flying in 100 years, three-dimensional imaging (and
names. Some of my colleagues think I from Heathrow. We're all meeting at check-in I mean things like CAT scans and three-
spend too long with patients, and that I'm at 3 p.m. Everyone has been emailed and all dimensional ultra sound) will be huge. X-rays
not efficient. Sometimes it can be difficult the arrangements have been made. and radiation will certainly not disappear
with certain cases - you know we call them J: Thanks, Tom. OK, Susan, how's it going completely, but we will have found ways to
hypochondriacs - they like to come to with the support team in Uganda? use lower amounts of radiation.
the doctor, but are not really ill. It can be S: Well, they've purchased half a million 6 100 years ... well, in 100 years people will
difficult to be sympathetic sometimes, as mosquito nets and these are the long lasting probably be living on other planets or out in
they are time wasters, and doctors are busy insecticide-treated nets. space. I think by then we will have developed
people, you know! J: Great. And what's happening with the a way to protect astronauts from radiation
Some doctors go a lot further and like to lecture celebrities? exposure, and those methods could be used
people about their lifestyles. I don't think you S: The Ugandan team will be waiting for the to help prevent damage in people exposed to
can do that too much, but you can chat to celebrities in the hotel reception on Monday radiation and it will be easier to care for them.
patients and find out what is going on in their morning at 9 a.m. when the celebrity bus
lives. It is a good idea to be open-minded as arrives. LESSON 4.4 RECORDIN G 4.6___________________
far as treatments are concerned. I'm constantly J: So the Ugandan team are getting to the
surprised by what does and doesn't work with hotel at nine? S = Sandra, H = Hans
different patients. Some patients respond to S: No they'll be there before nine. S: I know the doctor well, Hans, he's very
treatments which have no effect on others. J: OK. Good. popular with all his patients. He's a good
In my experience, some of the alternative S: Then we'll be filming the celebrity interviews listener, very sympathetic, knowledgeable,
treatments really do work and doctors should for the fundraising appeal all Monday up-to-date with treatments - just what you
consider them, although western science is morning and then we'll be distributing the first want for a family doctor.
sometimes still very sceptical. batch of mosquito nets with the celebrities on H: Yeah, that's what I've heard too. And he did
One thing I do feel, is that doctors today Monday afternoon. Tom and I will be working some great work for us when he was trialling
need to think about money. You can't just in Uganda all next month, helping with the our new products for arthritis and diabetes.
keep giving out tablets and medicine all distribution of the rest of the nets. We've used him a lot for our research - he's
the time. They are very expensive. Another J: Great. And what are the celebrities doing? very reliable and writes good reports.
thing which ... S: Some of the celebrities are going to spend a S: We've got to be careful how we deal with
few days sightseeing, but no arrangements this. We want to support him, but we need
LESSON 4.2 RECORDIN G 4.3___________________ have been made yet. to look at the implications of doing it. If
J: Well, everything's looking good ... and we support him too strongly, the press may
The pharmaceutical industry has a problem
based on the money we've raised so far and get hold of the story. They'll start digging
at the present time because the very
the support we've had, I think we're going around and perhaps suggest we do this sort
common diseases throughout the world
to raise a lot more money than last year. of thing all the time, I mean, not informing
such as high blood pressure, asthma,
patients, using them as guinea pigs.
diabetes and so on have huge markets with
LESSON 4.3 RECORDIN G 4.5___________________ H: Yeah, it could be really bad for our reputation.
potentially very large profits for successful
What do you think we should do then?
drugs, but the people who are paying for 1 Well, in terms of sight, I think 100 years from
S: Well, I don't know. I suppose we could
the drug, such as insurance companies now we will probably have a genetic way to
offer the patient some sort of financial
and state health services, do not wish to fix diabetes, which is the number one cause
compensation and persuade her not to
pay more than they have to for an effective of blindness in this country. And as diabetes
make a fuss. But it's a risky option. One
treatment. That is why so much money goes accounts for 10% of the health budget, it's a
consequence could be she'll start negotiating
into marketing as well as into development good area for researchers to focus on. I also
with us. Asking for more cash. We don't
and testing of drugs. think we'll have succeeded in preventing some
want to get into that scenario, do we?
There are still very large areas of medicine eye diseases - maybe with a pill. I think we'll
H: No, we certainly don't. How about if we
where new drugs are desperately needed. definitely be able to transplant the optic nerve
meet her, say we're really sorry, and explain
For example, it would be wonderful if we and the area at the back of the eye and will
that the doctor was trying to give her the
had more anti-malarial drugs because many possibly be able to clone eyes from skin cells.
very best treatment available? We could
of the existing preparations have become People ask me if scientists will make a bionic
say it's a wonderful drug and it's had great
less effective as time has gone on and the man or woman soon. Well, they have already
results in clinical trials. The doctor was very
malaria parasite has become resistant to made a bionic eye.
busy at the time and he simply forgot to tell
them. Ideally, we need a vaccine against 2 By 2120, engineers will have developed a
her that the drug was still being trialled.
malaria so that all the people in a particular 'smart suit', or a sort of special 'airbag'... and
S: It might work, but it has a serious disadvantage.
malarial country can be immunised and when you're skiing or doing other vigorous
H: Oh, what's that?
thereby protected. This of course needs activities and you start to fall then the suit
S: Well, will she believe it's a wonder drug? It
to be combined with measures to reduce would quickly adjust to help protect you.
seems she had some bad side effects when
mosquitoes and so on. But these countries 3 I believe that in the not too distant future,
she took it. She often felt dizzy and her
where there are huge needs for effective scientists will have created personal virtual
blood pressure went up. According to her,
new treatment are generally poor and computer models that will be constantly
she didn't feel at all well.
can't afford the huge cost of new drugs. updated to record injuries, accidents or
H: Mmm, that could be a big problem for us. It
So the pharmaceutical companies are less diseases or illnesses that you suffer from. It will
would have a huge impact on our profits if
keen to develop new treatments which be kept in cyberspace and your doctor will that information was made public. It would
will not be very profitable. This type of probably be able to access it from anywhere in
also result in other patients coming forward
development really depends upon support the world. I also think they will have invented
with complaints.
from international agencies such as the World tiny robots that you swallow which will S: Yes, it would be very damaging. But let's
FHealth Organisation, the World Bank, the
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face it, all drugs have side effects, she's just information from the independent research better since they introduced the congestion
been unlucky. I think we need to go softly group may be more trustworthy. charge. It just depends. Last week I had a
with this one. We should talk to her, be Thirdly, you need to consider whether the terrible journey. There was a long tailback
very honest. And remind her that she has a website is providing facts or if it is clearly due to a big accident. They talked about it
wonderful doctor to treat her. I think she's giving the author's opinion. If it's providing on the news - a multi-vehicle pile up, so that
been with him for some years. facts, ask yourself what evidence the author really delayed things. Because of the lane
H: True, but she's not very happy with him at gives to back up his or her facts. closures it caused a bottleneck, so the traffic
the moment. My next tip is about the age of the website. was very slow. You know, crawling along-
S: It's understandable, I suppose. You'll want to know how old the website slower than walking - and very stop/start.
is and if it's been well maintained. It's After about 45 minutes we started to move
LESSON 4.5 RECORDIN G 4.7__________________ important that the information you obtain is properly again, but then there was another
up-to-date. You don't want to use out-of-date problem. Someone had a breakdown. It
My name is Jeffrey Davies and I'm a business
information in your research. looked like a puncture, and was blocking
consultant. My job is to advise individuals and
My fifth tip concerns the need to check the carriageway, and right near a junction as
companies on ways in which they can improve
the information you find. Does the writer well! I don't know - some days nothing goes
their performance in terms of work processes,
indicate where their information comes my way, but as I say, at other times it's just
team building and better customer and client
from? Can you check the information the best way to travel!
service.
from other sources, for example, from an 4 It's not something I have used often, but a few
I use the Internet all the time - for research, for
encyclopedia, an authoritative report or times, and generally I like it. It can be very
contact-building and networking, and generally
article or from some published statistics? relaxing, and comfortable. The last time was
for keeping up to date with trends and issues in
Finally, see if the website provides links to a bit different though. Well, there had been
areas of business that are relevant to my work.
other relevant information. And if it does, engine trouble on the previous crossing so
In terms of research, I read a lot of studies
check that all the links work. You may also everything was delayed. The Captain was very
and articles written by academics and
want to check if the website has a real postal apologetic and we did get an upgrade to a first
researchers on topics that are linked to what
address and telephone number so that you class cabin. Of course, by this time it was low
I do - work-place efficiency, staff training
can respond to the author or organisation. tide and we had to wait again - delayed sailing
and development, and so on. There is a huge
You know, evaluating website information they call it. Once we finally left the harbour
amount of material out there, of course, and
is all about critical thinking. You need to be there was more rough weather, because of the
the hard part is finding out what I need to learn
constantly asking yourself questions while you time of year. Most of the passengers and crew
about and not spending time reading through
read a webpage so that you can decide if you were ill. It wasn't pleasant, I can tell you. We
what I already know. I follow a number of
want to use the information in your research. docked about twelve hours late, and I was glad
management professionals online - their blogs
to get back on dry land. As voyages go, it was
and articles - and I often look up the reading
LESSON 5.1 RECORDIN G 5.1___________________ one of the worst!
which they recommend. I also often use an
RSS news feed. This lets me know if there are 1 I'm afraid I've had a lot of bad experiences,
LESSON 5.2 RECORDIN G 5.2___________________
any new and relevant blogs, articles and other and this was more of the same. It's not that
publications that'll be useful to me. it is inefficient, it's just for me there is too Space tourism using ordinary rocket ships
As far as networking goes, services like much waiting around. The last time was has been talked about for a number of years.
Linkedln and more specialised professional a nightmare. Admittedly, it did involve a We've all heard about Virgin's plans to send
sites are very useful for making new contacts, stopover, and a missed connection, but even rich people into space. But recently a range of
letting people know what I do and sharing so it seemed like everything went wrong. new technologies to help people into space
information with other professionals. In some I'm just glad I didn't use one of the budget has been suggested. In today's technology
cases it leads to new working relationships carriers - it could have been even worse. The report, we're going to look at two of them.
- working with other consultants in order to weather started it all. A fogbound runway The first is the space train or Orbital
share our experience and offer an expanded meant nothing was leaving, and it's true Maglev. A train carriage would be levitated
service to potential clients. You can learn a you couldn't see a thing. When we were by magnets and would be contained inside
great deal from fellow professionals in this way. finally cleared for departure, it took almost a vacuum tube. The final 20km of the
It's so important to keep up to date with 15 minutes to walk to the gate! I had priority 1,609km-long track would point upwards,
trends and issues in business, and the Internet boarding and I'd booked an aisle seat, so that launching the carriage into space. The
offers so much with its truly global reach. was OK, but there was a lot of turbulence space train is the idea of Dr George Maise
The problem, always, is the sheer amount shortly after take off, which scared a lot of and Dr James Powell, who is one of the
of information and the lack of time to wade people. Then the transit lounge was closed inventors of the superconducting Maglev. It
through it. So people who can design really due to a security alert, and when I finally is hoped that this system could significantly
good information selection systems - which arrived at my destination - guess what? Lost reduce the cost of putting space tourists and
filter out key content and let you access it baggage! M y luggage had gone to Hong commercial cargo into space.
quickly and easily - are going to make a lot of Kong instead of Jakarta! Let's move on to another idea to get people
money in future, I'm sure! 2 It's a great way to travel, really. You can into space. Let's look at the space elevator,
work easily on board and the fares are which was first talked about over 100 years
LESSON 4.5 RECORDIN G 4.8___________________ reasonable if you can book early enough. ago. The idea is to use a cable tied to a base
I know a lot of people complain, and station to send elevators climbing into space
Remember, anyone can create a website, so
for some people it has a bad image. You at a fraction of the cost of rocket-based launch
there's a lot of information out there and it's
know, they are always going on about the systems. A thin cable made from light material
not easy to know if your source of information
delays because of signalling problems and would stretch from a base station near the
is reliable and appropriate for your research.
engineering work, but I guess I've been Equator to a point 95,560 km into space. The
But I can give you some tips to help you.
lucky. Having said that, the last journey I Earth's rotation and a weight on the upper
First, consider who has made the website.
made was almost a disaster as there was end of the cable would keep the line tight and
Is the author a recognised authority on the
a last minute platform alteration, so I had elevators travelling as fast as trains would be
subject? Can you trust the person behind
to run like crazy, but luckily I made it. It sent up into space. Tokyo-based construction
the website? So, look for clues which
seemed to be something to do with the company Obayashi Corporation is hoping to
point to the credibility of the writer or the
change to the winter timetable and some late have a space elevator capable of carrying 30
organisation who created the website.
running due to the weather. It is supposed to passengers a time working by 2050.
Secondly, you need to know why the
be a high-speed line, but it wasn't that day,
website was created and what its purpose
I'm afraid. It hasn't put me off though. Given LESSON 5.4 RECORDIN G 5.3___________________
is. For example, if you want to find factual
the choice, it's how I like to travel.
information about a new drug, you'll And now some news for all you tourists who
3 The main problem is it is very unpredictable
want to know if the webpage is produced are planning to go to the beautiful city of
as a way to travel - sometimes it's fantastic,
by the company making the drug or by Beauciel for a vacation. The results of a survey
fast and door to door - but other times it can
an independent research group. The about the transport system in the city have just
be awful, although getting out of the city is
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been published. They make interesting reading. to spend time discussing them? I think we film - oh dear, what a disappointment. It was
As many people know, Beauciel has serious should focus on a short-term solution. I'd just awful. In fact, I think the film is worse
transport problems. According to the survey, like to have more exclusive bus routes, and than the book, if that's possible!
there are too many cars in the city, traffic jams more buses for that matter. And let's get rid M : Come on, Erika, it's a thriller. It's light and
at peak times, insufficient car parks, too much of on-street parking on the busy routes. easy to read, just a good story.
noise, especially from motorbikes, and slow, D: Well, they're interesting ideas. Right, Francoise? E: Well, not for me. It was very hard going
unreliable buses. Residents also mentioned F: Yes, very interesting. A better bus system at the beginning and then I just gave up.
on-street parking, which slows down traffic, is definitely worth considering. But still, There were just too many people in it for
especially the buses. I'd like to discuss the ring road proposal me. And all those really short chapters
For most people in the survey, that's over 80 at the next meeting. If we could build that about the different people - I suppose that
percent, traffic jams are the biggest problem. ring road, a lot of cars would go round the was to make it easier to follow, except that
At peak times in the morning and evening, city instead of through it. And that'd greatly for me it didn't work. I don't know if it was
there are often serious traffic jams when reduce traffic congestion. OK? the way it was written.
people enter and leave the city. Over 75 D: Well, OK. I suppose you're right. J: Well, for me it certainly lived up to all the
percent of the residents consider there are F: OK, do we essentially have agreement, then? hype - I'd definitely read one of his others
too many cars in the city. K: OK now. I agree with M ichael. It was really
Many residents, about 70 percent of those F: Right, I'll now sum up. We talked about bicycle gripping. I couldn't wait to see what would
surveyed, feel the city needs more car parks. lanes and agreed to discuss this proposal at our happen next.
There is only one car park near the city centre, next meeting. But Kirsten is not in favour of P: Not me. I mean, I like a good mystery but
and that is always full early in the morning. them. We think a short-term solution could be this was definitely overrated.
The other car parks, dotted around the city, to improve the bus system, have more buses E: Yes, just awful ... anyway, let's agree
are generally small and insufficient for the and stop on-street parking on some routes. And to differ on this one, but it's my turn to
number of cars. we'd also like to discuss a long term solution choose for next month and it's going
Many residents, roughly 60 percent in the at the meeting, building a ring road which will to be something a bit less lightweight.
survey, mentioned the unacceptable noise take cars round the southern part of the city. How about a classic, perhaps something
levels, not just from cars but also from Everyone happy with my summary? by Charles Dickens, you know, with
motorcycles. This is having a bad effect on K: Yeah, fine. interesting characters?
people's quality of life. J: Great. A lot of his stories have been made
Just over 45 percent drew attention to LESSON 6.1 RECORDIN G 6.1___________________ into films as well.
the problem of on-street parking. There M : Yes, I've never read any of his, but I'm sure
J = Jenny, E = Erika, P = Paul, M = M ichael
are too many private cars parked on the I've seen some of the film versions.
streets. This causes problems for people J: Now, if everyone's got a coffee, I think J: Sounds good.
who have to park on the roads such as we should begin. Has everyone read this
ambulance drivers, taxis, school buses, road month's book and seen the film? LESSON 6.2 RECORDIN G 6.2___________________
maintenance vehicles, and so on. E/ P: Yes, sure.
J: Well, M ichael, I suppose as you chose this 1 Which film has had the biggest impact on me
The unreliable bus services were criticised by
book for us to read, you should start us off. ... mmm ... I'd have to say Jack N icholson's
40 percent of the residents. Many complained
Why did you choose it? performance in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's
also about the time it takes by bus to travel
M : Yes, well ... OK. I chose it because we have Nest. Trying to choose just one of Nicholson's
across the city from east to west. The journey, a
a book and a film which I think people will great performances is difficult and he was
distance of about five kilometres, usually takes
have strong opinions about. Also his latest amazing in The Shining. But he is heroic, funny
more than an hour.
book Inferno has just come out - again and menacing as McMurphy who ends up in
The survey results have come at the right time.
seems to be dividing opinion. Critics are a prison ward for the mentally ill and leads
The city planners are now considering how to
often not keen, but people buy his books. a fight against Nurse Ratched. This film isn't
solve the problems and have set up a website
He is one of the world's most read authors. only great entertainment. It goes much deeper
where people can give their opinions and voice
I thought I would choose one of his earlier than this and gives us a wonderful insight into
their complaints. That's all from me. I'll be back
works and the one which perhaps made him society. Everything about the film is brilliant:
again tomorrow morning at 11 o'clock.
so popular. Well, The Da Vinci Code by the plot, direction, filming, casting and of
Dan Brown. What can I say? I really thought course, the acting. Rarely can a film make
LESSON 5.4 RECORDIN G 5.4__________________
it was brilliant! It's a real page turner. I read you laugh and gasp with horror and shock at
F = Francoise, K = Kirsten, D = Daniel the whole thing in a day. I thought the film the same time. Rarely can a film leave you so
F: OK, I'd like to move on. But first, let me was great too, but I suppose I just really like entertained yet thinking about its disturbing
recap, please. We've talked about having Tom Hanks. He's a fantastic actor. scenes. The book by Ken Kesey is brilliant, but I
bicycle lanes. We think it's a good idea and P: Really??!! I thought it was dreadful! believe the film is better than the book.
we'd like to discuss it at the next planning M : Oh come on, Paul! 2 I really enjoyed the Japanese film Zatoichi
meeting. But Kirsten, you're not convinced P: All that stuff about the Louvre being a which starts as a straightforward samurai
it's worth doing, right? museum, which is in Paris, which is in movie, turns into a comedy and ends as a
K: Well, I know it's been tried in other cities France. I felt insulted. And what was all dance scene. I love it mainly because the
and hasn't really worked. that romantic stuff in the middle? No, lead actor and director is Takeshi Kitano, who
F: So, just to confirm, you won't support the I'm sorry, it's not my kind of thing. And some may know as Beat Takeshi. Kitano is
proposal if it goes to a vote. in the film Tom Hanks looks nothing like famous as an actor, director, comedian, kid's
K: Exactly. the main character in the book, Robert TV favourite, novelist, poet, cartoonist and
F: Right. Now what about our biggest problem? Langdon, should. It's ridiculous. Jenny, painter, and he seems to have made a film that
Flow to get from the harbour to the city what did you think? combines a number of his talents. Kitano plays
centre. It took me almost an hour yesterday to J: OK Paul, I agree that was a bit odd, but you the blind masseur Zatoichi who turns out to be
get there. It's not good enough, the journey's must agree the plot was riveting, all those incredibly skilled with a sword. He wanders
only three kilometres, and the bus was twists and turns? I couldn't put it down. into a town harassed by a criminal gang and
stopping every five metres. It's so frustrating, P: Really, Jenny, I'm surprised at you. It was helps two geishas take revenge on the men
especially when the weather's hot. What do really tedious. And the ending was a real who murdered their parents. I loved Kitano's
you think, Daniel? What's the answer? let down. After 500 pages nothing really performance as the chuckling, shuffling,
D: Mmm, it's a big problem getting from east to happened. I found that Stephen King book friendly masseur who turns into a revenging
west, no doubt about that. In the long term, we read last month much more tense, and warrior when required. He makes an intensely
we'll need to have a tram system or build at least the characters were written with likeable main character while speaking very
a ring road. But either solution will cost a some imagination. few words throughout the film.
lot of money, and there'll be environmental E: I agree with you, Paul - I just couldn't get 3 In terms of visual impact, I think I'd have to say
problems. What do you think, Kirsten? into it. It was really dull and just not thought- Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon with excellent
K: You're right, a ring road or tram system, provoking, which I was surprised about, performances from Michelle Yeoh and Zhang
they're long-term solutions. Do we need considering the subject matter. And as for the Ziyi, two of Asia's greatest actresses. This movie
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has breathtaking fight scenes and contains loved and lost. The story doesn't have a happy my favourite books that I would read over
beautiful landscapes. The cinematography is ending for Gatsby. He manages to have a romantic and over. To be honest, I think it's down to
outstanding and I think it won an Oscar for art relationship with Daisy. However, she chooses to the Internet. I seem to have lost my attention
direction. I also loved the beautiful musical remain with her husband rather than start a new life span and focus. I used to read entire books
score, and especially the use of the cello. with Gatsby. in one sitting, now I put them down to check
The film was based on a novel by novelist I like this book for several reasons. First, it's my phone, forget about them, only read the
Wang Dulu, but I can't say which I preferred extremely well written. Fitzgerald is so skilful at beginning and then lose interest.
as I haven't read the book. The film was a describing the characters and their emotions. And 4 I didn't use to read a lot. It once took me a
Chinese, Hong Kong, Taiwanese, American co his language is very evocative. You really get the year to read Martin Johnson, the ex-England
production directed by Ang Lee. The dialogue feel of how upper class people lived in the 1920s Rugby Captain's autobiography. I used to read
is in Mandarin with subtitles and in my opinion in America. He sees this as a period of declining a page a night and I would get bored really
that version is much better than the version social and moral values. People are greedy and quickly. I hated reading at school because I'm
with English voiceovers. pursue pleasure and money at all costs. The novel dyslexic. However, I'm reading a lot more
4 I've enjoyed many of the Sherlock Holmes holds a mirror up to this corrupt society. now. Recently, I've been reading the Lee
films and Holmes is the most portrayed Childs novels and I read two chapters a night
I find the main characters, especially Jay Gatsby,
movie character, with more than 70 actors absolutely fascinating. Gatsby has a romantic and actually I'm really proud of myself.
playing the part in over 200 films. I enjoyed 5 Before I became a librarian, I used to read
view of life. He believes that you can repeat the
watching Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee pretty exclusively within the fantasy/sci-fi
past and achieve happiness. He is a mysterious
portraying Holmes and also recent versions genres. Even now those are my go-to book
person. There are all kinds of rumours about his
with the brilliant Robert Downey Jnr. I also choices. However, I try to continuously
past. As the story unfolds, you are not sure about
like the modern series set in New York his character. He is undoubtedly charismatic with remind myself to read across as many genres
which stars Lucy Liu as Dr Watson. But to as possible because advising readers is a big
a charming smile, but you wonder if he is not
be honest, I prefer the books, which made a part of my job. And actually I really enjoyed
what he seems. For example, he did not inherit
huge impression on me when I first read them, his fortune, as he says, but made money from reading George Eliot's Middlemarch. It's not
and the reason's simple. Sherlock Holmes the sort of book I would normally read, but
selling alcohol, which was illegal at the time.
himself is a fascinating person ... someone it had everything - great characters, great
Your feelings about him change as you learn more
we can all admire. He's got a brilliant intellect about his past. The characters in the book are all stories and great descriptions of the scenery
and incredible analytical powers. He's also and countryside. It was warm and funny
richly drawn and that is one of the book's greatest
got amazing powers of observation - just by strengths. I have a favourite bit of dialogue about and gripping. I'm reading more now than I
iooking at people, he can deduce all kinds did when I was younger... and I'm reading
Gatsby which reveals his character. Nick says to
of things about them and their lives. He's different genres as well.
hi m,' You can't repeat the past.' Gatsby replies,
supremely talented as a detective and can solve 'Of course, you can. Of course you can.'
the most difficult cases. But he has human LESSON 6.3 RECORDIN G 6.6___________________
failings as well. He has character flaws, like The 'Great Gatsby' was published in 1926, just
he can be very arrogant-especially in his a few years after the Great War. The novel had I used to read in bed for an hour every night
relations with his sidekick, Dr Watson. Watson a great impact. This was not just because of the before I fell asleep.
accompanies him on most cases, and he isn't novel's fascinating plot, but because it poses
stupid, but Holmes is so brilliant! And he's interesting questions like: 'Can you get back the LESSON 6.4 RECORDIN G 6.7___________________
a very courageous person, especially when past?' 'Is there such a thing as 'true love?' It was
J = Jerry, F= Francesca
dealing with some very dangerous men. He's also, I think, because in the novel, Fitzgerald
depicted brilliantly and accurately the lives and J I've got a great idea for a film, Francesca.
knowledgeable and he's talented musically. He I'm sure it'll be a winner.
often plays the violin when he's in an unhappy behaviour of wealthy people in America.
F Really? OK, try it out on me. Imagine I'm
mood. He's very believable as the main the management listening to your pitch. If
character in the stories. When I was young, my LESSON 6.3 RECORDIN G 6.4____________________
it's really good, we can work on it and enter
uncle used to read extracts from the stories to 1 When I was in elementary school I was a the competition.
me, and he could quote pages of the stories by devoted reader and a good student. I used to J OK, I'm confident you'll like my idea.
heart. I love Sherlock Holmes and I've re-read read in bed for an hour every night before I fell F I hope so.
the stories many times. asleep. And at school I would go to the library J OK, I'll start. Good morning, everyone, I'm
every afternoon. I loved reading. Then my dad sure you'll find our concept exciting and
LESSON 6.2 RECORDIN G 6.3___________________ lost his job and we kept moving schools. As original. I'll start with the storyline. Two
soon as I got used to the new school and new women are returning from college to their
One book that has made a huge impression on
friends I would have to leave. And finally I parents' houses. On the way, they find the
me is 'The Great Gatsby' by the American writer,
ended up in a school where reading was not road's closed, with a notice saying 'Do not
F. Scott Fitzgerald. It's always been my favourite
cool, certainly not for boys. My grades got enter'. A local man explains that there was
novel. I've re-read it many times and each time
worse and I would only read one or two books an awful murder last night at the house on
I find new meaning in it. There have been two
a year. When I left school, I joined a band and the hill. The women are in a hurry. They
impressive films based on the novel: one with
started composing songs. I started reading again ignore the notice and go down the road.
Robert Redford and Mia Farrow and a more recent
because reading helped me understand the They're never seen again. I think you'll agree,
one with Leonardo di Caprio and Carey Mulligan.
world and understand myself, and helped me it's a really interesting and creative idea.
The book is about a wealthy man, Jay Gatsby, who find ideas for my songs. Of course, we'll have to work out the
tries to win back the love of Daisy, a beautiful 2 I used to read more than one book at a time and details. It's just a storyline at the moment.
woman he first met when he was young and sometimes I'd have three or four on the go. But But it's got a lot of potential and it could
penniless. Instead of marrying Gatsby, Daisy in recent years, I've mainly stuck to one book be a real winner. A woman disappears and
marries a rich man, Tom Buchanan, from her own at a time, although if I'm reading a hardcover no one knows what's happened to her. It's
social class and years later, Gatsby, who's now I'll sometimes have a paperback on the side to really ... intriguing.
very wealthy, wants to revive their romance. The bring on the train or to read in the bath. And Turning now to the actors. We'd like to
narrator of the story, Nick Carraway moves to that's my favourite place for reading - the bath - get stars, if possible - young actors who've
Long Island where his cousin, Daisy lives. He rents and if it's a really good book I'll keep reading till already proved themselves. We're thinking
a small house, close to the magnificent mansion the water goes cold. Life would be a much less of Naomi Watts and Jennifer Lawrence - the
of Jay Gatsby. Gatsby holds lavish parties ever)' interesting place if I didn't read. one who was in Hunger Games. They're both
Saturday. Hundreds of people come to them, and 3 Asa child I loved to read and I would read really attractive and good actors. They'd be
most of them are not invited and have never met in bed almost every night. But now I seem to perfect. The budget, I think, would allow us
their host. Nick is surprised to receive a written have lost my love of reading. I used to love it. to use well-known actors. They're bound to
invitation to one of the parties, even though he's And I mean love it. I was a bookworm. I used appeal to the audience who'd go to the film.
never met Gatsby. In a key scene, Nick wanders to read, like, a whole novel in one day or less F OK, so, who is our target audience? Who
around the party and meets a man who turns out than a day. I loved imagining myself in the do we have in mind?
to be Gatsby. Later on, Gatsby uses his friendship book. But now I've lost interest in them - even J I'd say the twenty-to-forty-year-old group.
with Nick to meet Daisy again, the woman he
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They're the ones that go regularly to the investigative journalist Mikael Blomkvist and a S2:What type of architecture has particularly
cinema. They'll love our concept. It's got such female researcher, Lisbeth Salander. The books impressed you in terms of solving problems?
a wide appeal:, two female characters, mystery were a huge success internationally. Their sales to M : That's an interesting question. I've lived
and danger. It's biggest selling point would be date have been well over $100 million. The film in and visited a lot of hot climates and I
that it's a thriller and also a horror film. has been equally successful. One critic, comparing really like the way that Islamic architecture
OK, to summarise, our concept has a it to the book wrote, 'This mystery is just as deals with the problem of extreme heat.
fascinating storyline. We think it's got devastating, suspenseful and satisfying on screen.' Houses are often built around a central
tremendous potential. The audience will And another one wrote, 'This dynamite thriller open courtyard which ventilates them. And
want to know what's happened to the two shivers with suspense. In a word, wow!' they often have a central basin or fountain,
women. Have they disappeared for ever? OK, I'll start by outlining the plot of the film. It's which provides a cooling effect and the
That's the mystery the film will solve. There'll very complicated and I hope my summary will soothing sound of falling water. When
be all kinds of twists and turns in the plot, make it easier for you to understand the twists and you visit the old mosques and palaces,
and a lot of human interest. We really turns in the story. After that, I'll talk about the two which did not have electricity, you notice
believe in our concept and hope we've main characters. And finally, I'll suggest a couple that the temperature is often just right. I
managed to convince you too ... What do of reasons why the film has been so popular and sometimes use some of the central features
you think, Francesca? Do you like the idea? highly praised. of Arab architecture, which include patios,
F I absolutely love it, It's a fantastic plot. Well Right, let's start with the plot. The film's about an open courtyards and water features, when
done! investigation by a journalist, Mikael Blomkvist. designing hotels. Those features are really
J Great, I thought you'd like it. He's hired by a millionaire, Henrik Vanger, to find useful in regulating heat and cooling
F I do. You've convinced me totally. Nice out what happened to Vanger's niece, Harriet, who buildings during long, hot summer days.
presentation too. Let's start working on it disappeared 40 years ago. Henrik suspects that S3:What's your next project?
because the management will ask a lot of someone in the family, the powerful Vanger family, M : Well, it seems that affordable housing is
questions and expect more details. I'd say murdered Harriet. the new buzzword and we've just won a
we've got a winner, Jerry, with this concept. In his investigation, Mikael gets help from a contract to deliver 300 housing units on
J OK, let's meet tomorrow after work in the young female researcher, Lisbeth Salander. She's sites in and around Copenhagen. These
canteen. OK with you? a computer hacker, very anti-social and looks will be very reasonably priced and a large
F Fine. See you roundabout six. like a punk. They soon realise that Harriet's proportion will be reserved for essential
disappearance isn't a single event, but rather workers such as nurses, police officers
LESSON 6.5 RECORDIN G 6.8___________________ linked to a series of terrible murders in the area. and teachers. Most affordable housing
They begin to discover a dark and appalling family looks very boring but our project offers
1 I went to a lecture on English Literature. To
history, and when they do this, they put themselves a huge variation of housing sizes and
make her key point, the lecturer quoted two
in great danger. configurations. The project is based on
lines from the American poet Robert Frost,
So, I've given you an idea of what the film's about. a prefab basis module of wood which
'Home is where you go to and they can't
Moving on now to the two main characters: surrounds a central core for a wet room
turn you away.' She repeated the two lines
Mikael Blomkvist and Lisbeth Salander. They're or shower and technical installations and
several times during her talk to make her
an interesting contrast. On the one hand, there's a staircase. Then the modules can be put
points. I heard that presentation 25 years
Mikael, the journalist, played by Daniel Craig, together horizontally and vertically like
ago and I still remember the quote. Her
who's better known for playing James Bond building blocks. We're really looking
presentation was truly outstanding.
in the Bond films. Mikael's a serious person, forward to getting started.
2 The lecturer was talking about trends in the
with a journalist's curiosity and a strong social
current economic climate. Her presentation
conscience. He's 20 years older than Lisbeth. LESSON 7.4 RECORDIN G 7.3___________________
could have been boring, but the slides she
On the other hand, there's Lisbeth Salander, by
used to illustrate her points were striking C = Carlos, G = Gabriela, R = Richard
far the most interesting character in the film. Who
and incredibly imaginative. So everyone C: Let's talk about our plans for the ground
wouldn't find her fascinating? A small woman,
listened to her very intently. floor. Gabriela, What ideas do you have?
at times she looks like a frightened animal. But
3 There was another presenter at the G: Well, I need a little more time to think about
at other times, she's strong, single-minded and
conference on the current economic it, but seeing that space won't be a problem,
stubborn. She's a very troubled person because
climate. He started by telling us an in my opinion, it's vital we have some sort of
she had a difficult childhood. Physically, she's very
anecdote, something about a train coming sports facility on the ground floor. Also we'll
attractive in an unusual way. She has shiny black
through a tunnel and almost crashing when need an area where people can relax.
hair, yet her skin is pale like porcelain china. She
it came out the other side. He took about C: How about you, Richard? What do you think?
has a tattoo, nose ring and many ear rings. Often a
two minutes to come to the punchline. R: I agree with Gabriela, she's right. It's
victim, she always takes revenge on her enemies.
He took so long to tell the story that the absolutely essential to offer a facility for
50 why has the film been so successful? Probably
audience were amused and listened people who want to forget work for a while,
for two reasons. The main characters are played by
carefully to the rest of his talk. just, you know, chill out, and the ground
two extraordinarily talented actors, Daniel Craig
4 The presenter had worked for years for floor's the best place to provide it. But I'm
and Rooney Mara - they're perfect for their roles.
the BBC. His talk was on 'how to give an not sure what sort of facility it should be.
And the second reason is that the film's based on a
effective presentation'. He spoke in a low C: So, Gabriela, any ideas?
superb novel that millions of people have enjoyed.
but powerful voice which carried to the G: Mmm, well, people are very health
OK, I hope you've found my presentation useful
back of the room without the need of a conscious these days, they do want to relax,
and informative. Let's watch the film!
loudspeaker. He had such a magnificent they're often very stressed. So ... we've got to
voice that his presentation was memorable. offer them something, that's for sure. Off the
LESSON 7.2 RECORDIN G 1.2___________________
5 It was the best presentation I've ever heard. top of my head, I suggest we have a games
The speaker used all kinds of rhetorical 51 = Student 1, S2 = Student 2, S3 = Student room on the ground floor - you know, table
devices, you know, techniques to get across 3, M = Marta, tennis, snooker, that sort of thing. It'd be very
his ideas in a memorable way, like tripling S1:What do architects find interesting when popular with some of our guests.
- that's using words in threes - contrasting designing buildings? C: Mmm, I don't know, Gabriela. We certainly
ideas, repetition, alliteration, quotes from M : A good question. I'd say the most interesting need some kind of area where people can
literature. It was an amazing demonstration thing relates to our role as an architect. In take it easy, let their hair down a bit. But I'm
of how to make a presentation effective. most cases, what are architects trying to do? not sure a games room is the answer. I mean,
Well, we're trying to design an ideal place is it really the right choice for a business hotel?
LESSON 6.5 VIDEO RECORDIN G 6____________ to meet human needs. That's really our main G: OK, maybe not a games room, but we
Presenter motivation. It's our 'duty' if you like, to create should offer them something to help them
a place that integrates interior design with relax, maybe a sauna, a jacuzzi, a sun deck.
Hi everyone. The film you're going to see tonight
the needs of the people who'll be using the Don't you agree, Richard?
is The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. It's based on
building. It's, how can I say, a relationship R: Yeah, a sauna, why not? And, erm, I've just
the first of three Swedish novels written by Stieg
in which the individual and the place are thought of something. It might be a good
Larsson and it features two main characters, an
integrated. They depend on each other. idea to have an aerobics and dance studio.
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Of course, we'd have to find out first if our LESSON 8.2 RECORDIN G 8.2___________________ valued. People from this culture want a
guests really wanted that kind of facility. We focussed, facts only, get it done, listen to me
R = Radio presenter, G = Gina, P = Paulo, C =
could also consider having a stand with free type meeting. However, in the second culture,
Carlos, I = Iwonna
newspapers for guests - that'd be popular. the team is highly valued, and consensus,
C: Mmm, I like that idea, Richard, aerobics R: On today's programme four international deciding something together, is a vital step
and dancing. It'd probably appeal to all recruitment managers give advice to in decision-making and it might take time
age groups. And it'd be good to offer guests university leavers who wish to work for global to get to a decision. This culture also wants
free newspapers. Nice idea. But we need companies. Gina, could you start us off please? to make the other person look good and is
to think this through. There are plenty of G: Certainly. I meet a lot of employers who not focussed on grabbing the spotlight or
options to meet the needs of groups who recruit graduates, and most of them say speaking up in meetings. People from the
want to keep fit, and others who'll want to they value individuals who are comfortable second culture don't speak up and people
wind down. Let's talk about it tomorrow working in global teams and who are from the first culture just think people from the
and get ideas from the rest of the team. willing to work with people from different second culture never say anything. So good
G: Right, they'll have plenty of ideas. Let's see backgrounds and cultures. They want ideas go unspoken and misunderstandings
what they come up with. people who have the ability to think quickly grow. And the problem can get worse when
and intelligently. It's about taking an active one is looking at virtual communication and
LESSON 8.1 RECORDIN G 8.1___________________ interest in the world around them and tele conferencing between people in different
having a global mindset. That's what will time zones, and where there is a shortage
M = M ichel, Mi = M ike, A= Astrid, J = John, catch the eye of global recruiters. These of time and meetings cannot drag on. If you
M a = M aria global graduates need to be able to show want to work for a global team, you need to
M : I'm Michel, from France. Globalisation's they've thought about the global challenges think about how you would react in situations
definitely made the world smaller, but I don't and opportunities facing companies. like these, and you need to be able to adapt,
think it's a fairer place. I think it has benefits P: I agree with you, Gina. They need whichever culture you come from ...
for developed world consumers, but not for to demonstrate that they have global
workers in poorer countries. It often means skills. They need to understand the LESSON 8.3 RECORDIN G 8.3___________________
things like child labour and other abuses of communication styles of the cultures
human rights. There are some benefits but they've come from, for example are J = Jane, T = Tomas, M = M aria
they're not evenly distributed. It's contributed their cultures direct or indirect, are they J: Well, I'm delighted with the outcome of the
to the gap between the rich and poor formal or informal. And they need to annual report on our charity and we can say
countries. Globalisation exploits the poor and demonstrate curiosity and patience and be our clean up from the oil spill was a great
has no respect for local cultures. respectful about how people from other success. But let's catch up on our plans for our
M l: Hi, this is M ike from the USA. cultures communicate. It's about having latest environmental campaign ... and I have
Globalisation is just another aspect of more awareness about yourself and the to say I'm sorry for being out of touch last
evolution. It's a new name for an old culture you come from. If they are in a week but I had my computer fixed yesterday
process. Surely the coming of the railways confusing situation they need to take a and hope to catch up with emails this week.
and industrialisation hundreds of years ago step back and not take things personally. So, can you bring us up to speed, Tomas?
was globalisation? It enables products to The challenge is to stay open to other T: Yeah. I had the web team update the site with
be produced wherever it is most efficient ways of communicating and not to make news about the global campaign last week
to do so. I think it means great social quick judgments about people. It's about and we got the figures approved by Finance.
and economic progress for developing putting yourself in their shoes. At the same J: Right. One other thing I forgot to say ...
countries. I don't understand this anti time, treat people as individuals and don't Hamza called me and, unfortunately, he
globalisation movement and feeling. Surely stereotype them. The key words to think had his car stolen so he won't be able to
free markets and the free movement of about are flexibility and adaptability. You make the meeting!
people, goods and services are beneficial can try to act appropriately by watching T: Oh dear!
to economies all over the world? what other people do and mirroring their M : That's a shame.
A: This is Astrid, from Sweden. I think it's behaviour. If you try to respect and adjust to J: OK, well back to the new campaign. So now
true that globalisation has connected the the way another person communicates, then it's just a case of having it all signed off by the
world with great technological advances in that will help put them at ease and help legal team. Maria, can you deal with that?
communications. Television and the Internet you to avoid miscommunication. Trust your M : Sure. When do we need it by?
have improved people's lives all over the intuition and have confidence that you will J: Oh, no rush. The original deadline is fine -
world. For me personally, globalisation is a act with sensitivity. we're well ahead of schedule.
good thing but it has also pushed rich and C: Maybe I can come in here Paulo, and give
poor further apart. Globalisation is basically an example of how you can adapt and LESSON 8.4 RECORDIN G 8.4___________________
an economic movement. Manufacturing adjust. If I'm communicating with someone
P = Presenter, CEO = Bob Craven
goes to the cheapest places. Companies who has a more indirect communication
maximise profits by exploiting workers as style than me, then I should remember P: Good evening everyone and welcome
a way of reducing costs. Globalisation is that they may be giving me hints rather to this week's edition of In the Hot Seat,
mostly about corporate greed. than explaining clearly what they want. with me, Louise Falcon. Tonight my guest
J: John, from the UK. Globalisation benefits And they may not appreciate a very direct is Bob Craven, chief executive of the
everyone, including people in developing answer as this may be interpreted as rude. supermarket giant Smithsons.
countries. It allows me personally to work In this situation I would adapt my behaviour CEO: Good evening, everyone.
from home in the UK with clients and by paying more attention to how I phrase P: Welcome to the programme, Bob. It's
colleagues all over the world. Globalisation things and by softening my style to make good to finally have you on the show to
isn't just benefiting big corporations. It also sure information and facts don't come answer a few questions.
benefits small businesses like my own. across too directly. And I could think about CEO: It's my pleasure, Louise.
Technology and cheaper transport mean I can speaking to them in private as that might P: Could I start off by asking you about the
compete with large corporations who used to avoid embarrassment. I would also look out success of Smithsons - why do you think
have a monopoly on faraway markets. for body language and non-verbal clues as it's so successful?
M A:l'm Maria, speaking from Colombia. You to what they are trying to express. Iwonna, CEO:W ell, Louise, I think it's because of our
know, when the result of globalisation is would you like to come in here? range of products and because we have
damaging the environment, it's a bad thing. I: That's a really useful example Carlos. I'd always meant good value for money.
It's clear to me that global warming and like to give our listeners a practical example P: Yes, but what do you mean by good
climate change are the direct results of as well. Let's take the classic example of value? Surely in some markets, and for
globalisation. Industry and big business have attitudes to meetings. Let's consider a meeting some people, you are very expensive?
no respect for the environment - they're between people from two different cultures. CEO:W ell, I don't think so actually. Basically,
only interested in making money. I don't see In the first culture, the individual and their what I'm saying is the customer is at the
any benefits for workers in poor countries contributions and achievements are highly heart of our business. We always charge
who are just exploited by globalisation. lower prices than our competitors.
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P: A h , yes, but so m e p eo p le accu se yo u of LESSON 9.1 RECORDIN G 9.1___________________ D: But t h in k o f t he co n seq u en ces, Van essa.
using lo w p rices to fo rce t he co m p et it io n It 'll affect yo u r p ro fit s if yo u lo w er yo u r
1 W ell, I'm a big fan of contem porary art - you
out of b u sin ess. co m m issio n rat e. Also , yo u need to take
kno w, really up-to-date things. I like video art
CEO rSo rry, I don't kn o w w hat yo u m ean, Louise. int o acco u n t t he react io ns o f t he other
- the stuff m any people think is a bit crazy. I'm
P: W e ll, t h ere've b een exam p les w h ere g allery o w n ers. Th ey w o n 't b e p leased if
really into that sort o f thing. I t hink som e of i t ...
yo u h ave d est ro yed sm all b u sinesses by t h ey hear yo u 're p rice- cu t t in g . Th ey'll start
som e of it is really st ylish, but you wo uld n't , or
keep ing p rices lo w , w h ich o f co u rse you d o in g t he sam e t hing and that w o n 't be in
co uld n't have it in yo ur hom e. I suppose I like
can do b ecau se o f yo u r size. an yo n e's int erest s.
art w h ich is controversial. I also like the idea of
CEO :Th at 's rid icu lo u s, Lo uise. W h at w e're V: Th at m ay be t rue, but o ur sit u at io n 's getting
m ixing artistic styles and types o f art together. A
d o ing is offering t he co nsu m er a ch o ice ... pret t y d esp erat e. W e'v e got to do so m et hing
friend of m ine took m e to a great perform ance
and part of that ch o ice is lo w er p rices. And if w e w an t to su rvive.
art exhib it io n w h ich I loved. W it h the m usic,
w e're pro ud o f that. N o w , yo u co u ld fo rce D: W ell, the effect o f a lo wer com m issio n rate w ill
lights and the m ovem ent it w as so impressive
p eo p le to use hig her p riced com p et it o rs be harm ful to your business, in m y opinion.
- out of this wo rld . It was a bit like d ance in
to keep them in b usiness, but that do esn't R: I've had a f ew t houghts ab o ut t h is, Den n is.
som e parts. I also enjo y sculpture, but really
seem right to m e. W h at I really w an t to say Yo u say that it 'll affect o ur p ro fit s. But it
weird stuff m ade from strange m aterials. I kno w
is that w e b elieve in t he cust o m ers' right to w o u ld n 't if w e charg ed variab le co m m issio n
it's not for everyone, but I really like it.
cho o se w h ere t hey shop. rates, I m ean, charg e d ifferent rates to
2 It's m u ch m o re t rad it io n al art w h ich I like,
P: I see, but let m e ask yo u ... d ifferent art ist s. Keep t he rates w e' ve got for
b ig m useu m s and g alleries. I like classical
CEO :O r to p ut it ano t her w ay, b usinesses co m e artists w h o are p o p u lar w it h co llect o rs and
art, I su p p o se, yo u kn o w , lan d scap es and
and go. Th e w o rld chang es. N o t hin g lasts p eo p le w h o p ay to p p rices, but g ive up - and-
p o rt rait s - t he t yp ical m ast erp ieces. But
for ever. co m in g art ist s a lo w er rate. H o w ab o ut that?
recently I've got very interested in Asian art. I
P: O K, but d o n 't yo u t h in k that so m e p eo p le D: Th e problem wit h that is it co uld really upset
saw this exhibition of Chinese art w h ich w as
m ig ht t h in k t h at 's a rat her arro g ant t hing your best customers, the cash co w s, if I can put
incredible. It w as so beautiful. It really took
to say w h en yo u co n sid er t he im p act it like that, w h o are keeping yo ur gallery afloat.
m y breath aw ay. I'd seen a lot o f stuff in books
on p eo p le's lives. If yo u d o n 't m in d , I'd R: M m m , I d o n 't kn o w , m ayb e yo u 're right .
and then I saw a TV d ocum ent ary about the
like to m o ve on n o w to yo u r staff. Th ere O K, w ell t h en , w h at are w e g oing to d o if
exhib it io n. It really lived up to m y expectations
have been crit icism s o f the fact that as a w e d o n 't lo w er o ur co m m issio n ?
w hen I saw it. Th e reality was even better than
co m p an y yo u p ay lo w w ag es, and also D: Yo u 've got a lot o f o p t io ns, b elieve m e.
I hoped. Som e of the pottery w as am azing ,
t here are accu sat io n s that so m e o f yo ur Th ere are p len t y o f thing s yo u co u ld do
esp ecially w hen you think ho w old it is. The
clo t h in g su p p liers m ay use ch ild lab o u r t h at 'll get m o re p eo p le co m in g to yo u r
w h o le exhib it io n inspired me to find out more
and sw eat sho p s. g allery and im p ro ve yo u r bot tom lin e. Yo u
about art from around the wo rld .
CEO :Rig h t , w e ll, I can 't co m m en t on o ur can 't do all o f t h em . So m e, I'm sure, yo u 'll
3 I like m odern art, and p art icu larly ab stract
su p p liers, but w h at I can t ell yo u is that in reject im m ed iat ely. Yo u 'll have to m ake
art. At the m o m ent , I also really like Pop
m an y m arket s o ur w o rkers are p aid o ver up yo u r m in d s and ch o o se t he b est o nes.
Art - all that st uff from the 60's w h ich w as
the m in im u m w ag e and as a co m p an y w e So m e w ill be exp en sive, others w o n 't co st
insp ired b y ad vert ising and co m ic b o o ks. I
do a lot fo r ch arit y. to o m u ch . I've jo t t ed d o w n so m e id eas for
w en t to see a great exh ib it io n last m onth.
P: Co uld you exp lain that in m ore detail, yo u . Let 's t alk ab o ut t h em . I ho p e y o u 'll feel
It w as a bit exp en sive, and I had to q ueue
please? W h at do you act u ally do for charity? so m e are w o rt h co n sid erin g .
to get in, but it w as w o rt h the effort and the
CEO rCert ain ly. I can t ell yo u that Sm it hso ns
cost . I sup p o se I'm lu cky b eing in Lo nd o n,
g ives ab o ut 2.5 p ercen t o f its p ro fit s to LESSON 9.5 RECORDIN G 9.3___________________
as w e seem to get a lot o f high p ro file
lo cal co m m u n it y p ro ject s.
exh ib it io n s and ret ro sp ect ives. Th is w as a If you go on a fairly long ho lid ay, m aybe
P: Co uld you be m ore sp ecific? Because m any
o nce- in- a- lifet im e o p p o rt unit y. It's fu n n y, to a faraway destination, I think it's a really
p eople have claim ed they haven't seen the
but I w asn 't interested in art at all w h en good idea to writ e a travel blog. Yo u see, one
results o f these co m m unit y p rojects.
I w as yo ung er. It's so m et hing w h ich I've advantage o f doing it is you can create a social
CEO : Yes, w ell, er, for exam p le, if w e b uild a new
b eco m e fascinat ed b y d uring t he last co u p le environm ent wit h your blog. W h at do I mean
store, w e, er, also , er, set aside m o ney for
o f years. I'm t h inkin g o f jo in in g o ne of the b y that? W ell, yo u'll create a group o f people
a co m m unit y cent re or p ark. People like
big m useum s as a m em b er, as then yo u get w h o are interested in w hat yo u're doing. Yo ur
Sm ithsons, Louise. W e do a lot for peo p le.
invit ed to p review s, and it's a lot cheap er. fam ily and your friends can read yo ur diary
P: Yes, but w h at ab o ut the neg at ive im p act
I rem em b er going on a scho o l t rip to Paris entries and respond to them , so they becom e
o f Sm it hso ns?
o nce to see t he m ast erp ieces in the big part o f your ho lid ay. W it h yo ur blog, you
CEO rSo rry, I d o n 't f o llo w yo u .
m useum s, but I found that classical art rather can keep in touch wit h a m uch bigger group
P: O K. Let m e rephrase that. W h at I'm t alking
dead and d isap p o int ing , and the g alleries o f people, you w o n 't need to b uy d ozens of
ab o ut is eco n o m ic and so cial d am ag e
w ere just too cro w d ed and full o f p eo p le postcards to let them kno w w hat yo u're doing.
w h ich big m ult inat io nal co m p an ies like
t aking photos, rather than lo o king at the art! So yo u'll save m oney, that's alw ays a good
yo urs can do aro und the w o rld .
thing, I'm sure yo u'll agree.
CEO rCo u ld yo u g ive m e an exam p le?
LESSON 9.4 RECORDIN G 9.2___________________ Blo g s are a great w ay o f t ellin g yo u r fam ily
P: Yes, the fact that as a co m p an y yo u are
ant i u n io n . Yo u d o n 't let em p lo yees jo in V = Vanessa, R = Russell, D = Dennis and friend s ab o ut yo u r h o lid ay and h o w
w o rkers' o rg an isat io ns. it 's go ing , yo u kn o w , the int erest ing p laces
R: O n e of the things w e're co nsid erin g , Den n is,
CEO :Ye s, t hat 's t rue. W e d o n 't t h in k that yo u 're visit in g , t he p eo p le yo u 're m eet ing .
is to lo w er o ur co m m issio n . At the m om ent,
un io n s are a good id ea for st aff or t he An d everyo n e w h o 's fo llo w in g yo u w ill
w e charg e 50 % , t hat 's co nfid en t ial b y t he
co m p an y as a w h o le. kn o w yo u 're safe b ecau se t h ey're co n st an t ly
w ay . But if w e lo wered the co m m issio n,
P: But w h y not? W h at I m ean is ... w h at are read in g yo u r m essag es. Th ey 'll also be ab le
w e'd at tract q uit e a few yo ung er artists and
yo u w o rried about? to lo o k at yo u r photos and vid eo s. O h , o ne
that co u ld be help ful for us.
CEO : I do n't t hink w e're w o rried at all. I'm sorry, I o t her ad vant ag e I w an t to m ent io n , yo u r
D: M ayb e, but co n sid er the im p licat io n s. At the
don't see w h at you m ean b y all this dam age t ravel b lo g is a p erm anen t reco rd of yo u r
m o m ent , yo ur artists are p aying 50 % and not
you t alk about. I see o n ly benefits. Perhaps t rip - so m et hing yo u can lo o k at ag ain
co m p lain in g , t h ey're accep t in g yo ur term s
in som e w ays w e are vict im s of o ur o wn w h en yo u 're b ack ho m e.
o f sale. If yo u lo w er yo u r co m m issio n , other
success. W e are alm o st too successful, but So, I'm encouraging you all to writ e a travel
g alleries m ig ht start d o ing t he sam e t hing,
that's d o wn to o ur cust om ers. Statistics blog - it's good p ractice for im proving your
then yo u 'll be in a p rice w ar. H o w do you
sh o w that in the m arkets w e have entered writ ing - and you can tell everyone about the
feel ab o ut lo w erin g co m m issio n s, Vanessa?
recent ly it is act u ally the poorest sect ions am azing exp eriences yo u're having and m aybe
V: W e ll, I t h in k t h ere's a st rong arg um ent for
o f so ciet y w h o benefit most. To be m ore even about things that have gone wrong,
d o in g it. W e do need to have m o re yo ung
p recise ... w e really appeal to everyo ne and esp ecially if t hey're funny and not too serious.
artists on o ur b o o ks, I've said it for so m e
alienat e no one. t im e. It'd b e a w ay o f at t ract ing t h em . It'd be
P: Right . An o t h er q uest io n fo r yo u n o w ... q u ick and very effect ive.
78
AUD IO SCRIPTS
LESSON 10.1 RECORDIN G 10.1________________ team m ay do w ell and w in cham pionships and PB: Right, first o f all, yo u need to t alk to som eone
trophies. Then the team breaks up - for whatever about the debts you have. A real professional.
Am b it io u s - am b it io n
reason - perhaps due to the age or the am bition of M : M m m , yes, that co u ld b e h elp fu l, I su p p o se.
Au t h o rit at ive - aut ho rit y
the players. Finally, a very contem porary exam p le But I d o n 't kn o w an yo n e w h o do es that sort
Co n scien t io u s - co n scien t io u sn ess
wo uld be in reality TV, where the w ay the group o f t hing .
creat ive - creat ivit y
wo rks together is often the most interesting part of PB: W e ll, I d o , M ich elle. At t he end o f t he
d ip lo m at ic - d ip lo m acy
these sorts o f program m e, and w h y people wat ch p ro g ram m e, I'll g ive yo u t he nam e of
energ et ic - energ y
them. So Tuckm an's model is a good one, and it's so m eo ne w h o can ad vise yo u h o w to d eal
kn o w led g eab le - kn o w led g e
useful for analysing group dynam ics. w it h yo u r debts.
o b ject ive - o b ject ivit y
N o w are there any questions so f a r ...? M : Great , t h anks very m u ch .
p ract ical - p ract icalit y
PB: N o w , you co uld also contact your local Cit izens
reso u rceful - reso u rcefu ln ess
LESSON 10.4 RECORDIN G 10.3_________________ Ad vice Cent re - their services are free. If
possible, you should both go there. OK?
LESSON 10.1 RECORDIN G 10.2________________ PB = Professor Brown, M = M ichelle M : W e ll, I like the idea b u t ... I d o n 't t h in k it'd
PB: O K, let 's go to m y n ext caller, w h o 's in w o rk, both of us go ing t h ere, I m ean. I kn o w
Go o d m orning, everyone. O u r topic today is group
Prest o n. Jack 'll find so m e excu se not to go, I'm sure
d ynam ics. I want to talk about ho w groups develop
M : H ello Pro fesso r, m y n am e's M ich elle. he w o n 't like t he id ea.
over a period of t im e. So I'll describe the stages
PB: Hi M ich elle. H o w can I help ? PB: O K, then, fair enough, let's look at som e other
that groups often go through.
M : It's ab o ut m y husb an d , Jack. Yo u see, he's things yo u co uld d o . Can I ask yo u, do you
Erm , first o f all, I'd like to mention an acad em ic retired n o w , he hasn't w o rked fo r o ver a have a jo int acco unt w it h yo ur husband?
w h o did som e interesting early wo rk on year. And t he p ro b lem is, he's got no t hing M : Yes, w e do - o ur acco u n t 's in bot h o ur
groups. His name's Kurt Lew in, you spell Kurt, to do all d ay excep t sp end m o ney and , nam es. A lw ays has b een.
scient ifically, so he's important. He published his w e ll, h e's sp end ing an aw fu l lot of m o n ey. PB: W ell, you kno w, it might be a good idea to have
result s d u rin g the 194 0s and 19 5 0 s. And he PB: O h d ear! Th at m ust b e w o rryin g . a separate bank acco unt . Just for the tim e being,
creat ed t he term 'g ro up d yn am ics' to d escrib e M : M m m . Yo u see, he's run up a lot o f debts, until your husband gets his finances in order.
h o w g ro up s and in d ivid u als act and react in he o w es p eo p le m o n ey all o ver t he p lace, W h y don't you suggest it to him?
ch an g in g sit uat io ns. and if he goes on like t h is, w e ll, w e' ll have M : O h , I don't t hink so, what 's the point of doing
O K, the next really im p ortant co nt rib ut io n cam e to sell o ur ho use. that? Th ere's no w ay he'd agree to it. W e've
from a researcher, Bru ceTu ck m an . Tuckm an PB: M ich elle, I can see yo u 're very up set . Can had a jo int acco unt all our m arried life.
d evelo p ed a t heo ry ab o ut group s in 1965. H e yo u t ell m e a lit t le b it m ore? W h at 's he PB: O K, w e ' ll forget ab o ut that o ne. Do yo u use
argued that groups w en t t hrough fo ur stages. sp end in g his m o ney on? t he int ernet a lot a hom e?
N o w I'd like to lo o k b riefly at each o f t he stages M : W e ll, yo u see, Jack sp end s a lot o f t im e on M : Yes, alm o st every d ay.
in t u rn . t he int ernet . H e's b o red , I su p p o se, and PB: Great ! W e ll, if I w ere yo u , I'd lo o k at so m e
First , 'Fo rm in g '. Th is is t he stage w h en the t hen he co n t in u ally b u ys t h ing s. U su ally it's o f t h e sit es o ffering help fo r p eo p le in yo u r
really exp en sive stuff, top b rand clo t h es, sit u at io n . I can g ive yo u t he ad d resses of
g ro up p ret end s to get on w ell w it h each other
d esig ner sung lasses, that sort of t hing . A few so m e o f t he rep ut ab le o nes. Also , it m ig ht
and everyo n e seem s to be hap py. It's a kin d o f
w eeks ag o , he bo ug ht a Ro lex w at ch on b e w o rt h co n t act in g a f in an ce co m p an y.
ho n eym o o n p erio d .
eBay. It co st a fo rt une - o ver £ 7 ,0 0 0 . Th ey co u ld h elp yo u w it h yo u r d eb t s. If
N ext is the 'Storm ing ' stage. As the nam e
PB: M m m , I'd say he's addicted to sp end ing yo u d ecid e to do t hat , yo u sh o uld co nt act
suggests, at t his stage, m em b ers of the group are
m o ney. Th ere are so m any form s o f ad d ict io n, yo u r b ank for a n am e. Th ey'll b e ab le to
less p olit e to each other and they try to resolve
M ich elle, and so often w e find that the ad d ict reco m m en d a su it ab le co m p an y. O K?
t heir issues, even if t hey lose their tem pers at
isn't aw are t hey're ad d ict ed . Th at seem s M : Yes, I'll ch eck so m e w eb sit es and m ayb e ask
tim es. Ind ivid ual group m em b ers m ay fall out
to be yo ur husband's pro b lem . O n ce he m y b an k to reco m m en d a f in an ce co m p an y.
w it h each other as the t rue perso nalit ies o f group
understands he's ad dicted to sp ending, it'll be Th at so und s like a good id ea to m e. But w h at
m em bers b eco m e clearer at t his t im e.
possible to help him get rid o f the ad d ict io n. ab o ut m y husb an d 's sp end in g p ro b lem ?
'N o rm in g ' is the stage after that . M em b ers get M : Yes, yo u're right, he is addicted . And it's a W h at can I do ab o ut it?
used to each o t her at t his stage. Th ey begin terrible problem . W e just can't afford that level PB: W e ll, it's vit al that yo u do so m et hing ab o ut
to trust each other, sh are info rm at io n and are of spending. He's alread y up to the lim it on his o versp end in g , M ich elle. O r sh o uld I
m uch m o re p ro d u ct ive as t h ey get d o w n to the three credit cards, w e've no savings left in the say, it's vit al yo u r husb and d oes so m et hing
jo b o f w o rkin g together. bank, and he's just taken out a personal loan. ab o ut it. W h y d o n 't yo u h ave a serio us t alk
The final stage is 'Perfo rm ing '. The m em bers of PB: An d d o esn't t h is level o f deb t w o rry him ? w it h him ? Tr y to p ersuad e him to jo in a
the group have co m m o n goals. The at m osphere in M : W e ll, no . It d o esn't seem to, no. co u n sellin g g ro up . I'll g ive yo u t he nam e of
the group is good. Th ey w o rk efficient ly together PB: W e ll, yo u can 't go on like t hat . W h at w as an o rg an isat io n t hat 's help ed m an y p eo p le
and cooperat e effect ively wit h each other. he like b efo re he ret ired , M ich elle? W as he like yo u r husb and to co nt ro l t h eir sp end in g .
Th ese are t he fo ur stages in Tu ckm an 's o rig inal alw ays a b ig sp end er? It m eets every t w o w eeks and it d o esn't co st
t h eo ry ab o ut h o w group s d evelo p . I sh o uld say M : Yes, he w as. He alw ays lo ved g ivin g p art ies, an yt h in g to jo in .
that lat er on he ad d ed a fifth stage. H e called go ing o ut on t he t o w n , h elp ing his friend s M : Yo u kn o w , that's really good ad vice. Jack
it 'A d jo u rn in g '. That 's the stage w h en the group if t h ey need ed m o n ey - that sort o f t h ing . likes m eeting n ew p eo p le - he'd p ro b ab ly go
b reaks up . O f co u rse, so m e g ro up s never even A ct u ally, early on in o ur m arriag e, he w en t reg u larly to that sort of co u n sellin g session.
reach t he 'N o rm in g ' stage. If t h ey d o n 't trust b ankrup t - it w as an aw fu l t im e fo r us. Yo u Yeah , I like that id ea. Th an ks very m uch ,
each other, and m em b ers find t h ey can n o t put kn o w , I so m et im es w o n d er w h y I st ay w it h Professor. Yo u 've been really help ful.
up w it h each other, t he gro up m ay b reak up him , and w h en t hing s get really b ad , I've PB: Go o d . M ich elle, I've o ne final b it o f ad vice.
early, b efo re t h e 'N o rm in g ' stage. even tho ug ht o f leavin g him . Yo u m ig ht co n sid er gett ing so m e co u n sellin g
PB: Perhap s it 's b ecau se yo u st ill lo ve h im . yo u rself. Yo u 've had a tough t im e recen t ly,
Tuckm an's theory is useful and of practical value.
M : I suppose I do. Yo u kno w it's not easy to leave life's been d if f icu lt fo r yo u . It m ig ht help you
Th in k for a m om ent about pop groups, or bands
som eone yo u've been wit h a long tim e - even to h ave a f ew sessio n s w it h a co u n sello r. Just
you know. A classic exam p le for m e, although
if they are ruining yo ur life. I'm so confused, an id ea.
not from m y generation (laughs) isTh e Beatles, for
Professor. W h at do you think I should do? M : Co u n sellin g ? For m e? I d o n 't t h in k so . It 's m y
exam p le. They w ent through all five stages. During
the 'Perform ing' stage, they w ere very effective, husb and w h o need s co u n sellin g , not m e.
and wrote and performed som e of their best songs,
LESSON 10.4 RECORDIN G 10.4_________________ H e's the o ne w it h t h e p ro b lem s. N o , I've got
but event ually John Lennon m oved away from PB = Professor Brown, M = M ichelle to o m uch on m y m in d at t he m o m ent . I d o n't
the group and after Fbul M cCart ney left, the band h ave t im e fo r that.
PB: W e ll, it's o b vio u sly very d if f icu lt fo r yo u,
began to break up. You can also think o f successful PB: O K, just a suggestion. I agree it's your husband
M ich elle. N o w o n d er yo u 're co nfused and
football teams w hich go through those stages. w h o really needs counselling. It's essential that
upset.
After early struggles, they have a period o f success, he chang es his behaviour. If he doesn't, yo u'll
M : M m m , I d o n 't kn o w w h ich w ay to t u rn , to
wit h a core of the sam e team m embers, although be very unhapp y and it'll end in tears.
be ho nest . Th at 's w h y I've p ho ned yo u - I
a few ind ivid uals w ill leave and jo in . This stable M : Yes, t hat 's w h at I'm w o rried ab o ut . A n yw ay,
need so m e good ad vice.
t h an ks a lot fo r yo u r ad vice.
179
AUD IO SCRIPTS
PB: Go o d . M y st aff w ill co n t act yo u and pass
weather. Believe it or not, what I missed most b ack to peoples' homes and they've cooked
on all t he info rm at io n yo u need . Go o d b ye
w as the sun of course, but also the t ropical rain. for m e. I've met up wit h people for language
M ich elle, and goo d lu ck!
I tell you, when it beats d o wn on top of a tin exchang e - w here w e've had lunch together
roof, it produces a sound that's like a lullab y, it and then gone shopping. I've met a lot o f
LESSON 11.1 RECORDIN G 11.1_________________
m akes you feel sleepy. people - Japanese and foreigners - through
1 W hen I'm outside Tu rkey, travelling for m y job, 5 I feel com fortable living in foreign countries, the Fukuoka N o w web site. I just love Japanese
I miss the sm ell o f strong Turkish coffee, and esp ecially in Europe. I like the variet y of food, esp ecially sushi. It's all so different from
the sm ell of the food. I really m iss our t ypical cultures you meet just travelling a few hundred hom e, but it's fantastic. Th e o nly problem I've
Turkish breakfast of whit e cheese, bread, eggs, kilom etres. But I m iss something that just isn't had is that I've got quite big feet and I just can't
honey and olives. I t hink also of the rain in m y there. It's the sound of m y t yp ically Italian b uy wo m en's shoes here that fit me.
hom e t o wn, and holid ays w here m y fam ily and language w here I g rew up. It took m e a long I: Hahaha. It sounds like yo u're having a great
relatives co m e together. I miss the prayers w e tim e to realise its effect on me. W hen I hear t im e. Hugo, I kno w yo ur exp erience has been
hear five tim es a day from the mosques. I also people speaking m y Italian dialect , then I let slightly different.
think Turkish hospitality is wo nd erful. I miss m yself d ive into a very private com fort zo ne. H: Yes, yo u're right. I've been here three months
visiting friends, relatives and neighbours and the It's a blend of feelings consisting of love, no w and, as I said, I'm t eaching English here in
w ay that Turkish people really try hard to m ake trust, com fort and being 'ho m e'. For me, I've To kyo . I have a very sm all room and I feel a bit
their guests feel com fortable. Another thing I lived and worked in various p laces around lonely. Also I get frustrated by the giggling and
m iss about Turkish culture is the respect for the w o rld , but I've never exp erienced that whisp ered com m ent s w hen scho o lchild ren
older people. anywhere else, excep t in m y hom e count ry. pass me. I've stopped going out into the
2 W hen I lived abroad, I missed cycling to places. I'm studying in England no w and I definitely count rysid e because when I went out into the
I did n't see m any people on bikes, everyone m iss not being ab le to express m y ideas as count rysid e child ren w o uld stare at m e. I'm
used cars all the t im e, even for short distances. soon as they co m e into m y m ind. I just can't just not fitting in at the m om ent. Som etim es the
Child ren were taken to school by their parents, co m m unicat e easily and p recisely what I think Japanese are quite indirect wit h their requests
and m y host father drove to a nearby petrol in English, and that frustrates me. and suggestions, and I don't kno w what they
station to get his newspaper. I thought about O f course, I m iss kno wing w here to go to find are really trying to get at.
getting a bike, but there w ere no cycle paths in w hat I need. Being Italian, it m eans I miss good I: Sorry to hear that Hugo. H o w about you Lars?
m y area, and I felt I'd be a kind of 'outsider' if I food, the sun and friendly people. I m iss so L: W ell, as I said, I've just finished studying at
cycled to wo rk in the m orning. m uch, but I'm really enjoying being in England. Ho kkaid o Universit y in Sapporo in the north
I also missed sm all local supermarkets where 6 I've t ravelled all o ver t he w o rld . W h at do o f Japan. I studied eco no m ics and I'm no w
you can w alk to do your shopping. In Germ any, I m iss? W e ll, t he first t h ing that co m es to wo rking for a b ank in To kyo . So I've been
w e have m any sm all supermarkets in all parts of m in d is the m o re relaxed at m o sp here w e in Japan for five years. Ho kkaid o is really
cities or t owns, and you can get everything you have in the streets, yo u kn o w , so cialisin g beautiful. Th e wint er landscapes are stunning
need there. Th ey are not huge and anonym ous, and m eet ing friend s for co ffee o r d in n er. and the people in Ho kkaid o are wo nd erful, if
like the big supermarkets in som e other It's a very sp o nt aneo us cu lt u re. Yo u d o n't you go there, look out for the vo lcano es, the
countries. need to m ake arrang em ent s a lo ng t im e in frozen sea and the fam ous ice sculptures. And I
Talking of food, I missed Germ an bread and ad van ce. Yo u ju st p h o ne a frien d , and then really recom m end going cross count ry skiing to
Germ an rolls. Bread tastes a lot better in m y m eet t hem at ho m e o r o ut sid e o n ly a few appreciate the scenery.
count ry, I can tell you. m in ut es after yo u r p h o ne call. I: And what has been yo ur exp erience of culture
3 W hen I wo rked abroad what I missed most I should mention our drink, I m iss it a lot when sho ck, Lars?
w as certain em otional aspects of our culture, I'm overseas. It's called m ate, it's a traditional L: W ell, I think I can no w appreciate all the
not material ones. I cert ainly missed the drink in a sp ecial container. Yo u pour a kind strengths o f both Japanese culture and m y own
Russian style of friendship. In m y count ry, of green tea herb (called yerba m ate) into cult ure. I t hink you don't have to w o rry too
people w ill discuss all kinds of very personal the container, you add b oiling hot wat er and m uch about obeying rules. It's m ore important
problem s, even intimate problem s wit h you. then sip the tea. It's a kind of ritual. Yo u pass to rem em ber your m anners, behave and speak
And they exp ect friends to forget their own the container around wit h a group w hen you wit h respect and realise that hum o ur crosses all
problem s and do everything to help you out. get together at som eone's hom e - it's a bit barriers. Yo ur stay in this wond erful count ry is
But outside Russia, I noticed people are more like the Indian tribes used to pass round the so m uch m ore relaxing if you just have a sense
ind ivid ualist ic, and even wit h good friends, the 'p ipes of p eace'. Yo u chat, have fun and talk o f hum our.
conversations are more sup erficial, they take p hilo so p hically about life, the state of the I: And finally, for those planning to co m e to
less tim e, and people tend to be more focused wo rld and so on. Friendship and bonding are Japan, is it safe?
on their o w n problems. very important in Argentina. I missed all that H: Definit ely.
Also , I miss Russian jokes and loud laughter. so cialising w hen I w as in England and the L: Yes.
Russians often organise parties at som eone's Unit ed States. S: O b vio usly, crim e does happen, but it7s been
hom e, old friends co m e together and spend a really great exp erience to live in a p lace that
hours eating and drinking around a big table, LESSON 11.2 RECORDIN G 11.2_________________ feels so safe.
discussing things, singing, dancing. O n e final
I = Interviewer, L = Lars, S = Sofia, H = Hugo
thing. I missed our traditional Russian wint er, LESSON 11.3 RECORDING 11.3__________________
going down sno w covered hills on a toboggan I: Thanks for all com ing t oday. W h o 's co m e the
furthest? Lars? 1 W h en m y w ife and I w ere on ho lid ay in
wit h m y young son, skiing and skating, playing
L: W ell, I've just finished studying at Ho kkaid o Istanbul, Tu rkey, w e d ecid ed to visit a
sno wb alls and m aking sno w m aidens wit h our
Universit y but I'm no w wo rking for a bank in m arket . M y w ife persuaded m e to travel
fluffy snow.
To kyo - so it's not me. there b y dolm us - o ne of the sm all m inibuses
4 W h at did I m iss w h en I w as abroad ?
H: It can't be m e, either. I'm t eaching English here w h ich hold about 20 passengers. W e sat in
D efin it ely the fo o d . In Cam ero o n , everyt hing
in To kyo . the m id d le o f the bus, and after about ten
w e eat is fresh, no p ro cessing , art ificial stuff
I: Sofia, ho w about you? m inutes, an old w o m an cam e from the back
or co lo u rin g . I rem em b er w e had to lit erally
S: Yep , must be m e. I've co m e from Fukuoka, seats, tapped m e on the sho uld er and put
chase the ch icken , kill it, and then co o k it. It
w h ich for your listeners, is on the Southern t w o co ins in m y hand, m uttering som et hing
to o k alm o st the w h o le aft erno o n. An d then
island of Kyushu. in Tu rkish . I d id n't underst and, but t hanked
I m issed the sp ices. W e t oo k t he t om at oes,
I: W ell, thanks for com ing all this w ay Sofia. Can her and put the co ins in m y pocket. A few
b asil and p eanut s st raight out o f the field , it
you tell us about your exp erience of living in m inutes later, the bus d river stopped and
w as w o n d erfu l! W h en w e w an t ed a treat, all
Japan and culture shock? sp oke to the old w o m an . She pointed at me,
w e had to do w as go to t he m ango or g uava
S: W ell, I arrived here one month ago, and I'm and d id n't look very pleased . Th e bus d river
or avo cad o tree and p ick it. An d if w e w ant ed
studying Japanese on a scholarship from Nihon started w avin g his arm s about and shouting at
a sn ack, w e w o u ld go to t he co rn field to
Keizai Universit y. I'm staying in a dorm itory m e in broken English, 'Yo u bad person. Yo u
get so m e co rn . I tell yo u , I had no p ro b lem
provided b y the university. get off m y bus, you don't g ive m e m o ney.' I
keep ing slim .
I: And are you enjoying it? sud d enly realised that the w o m an had given
Th e weather, I missed that too. Cam ero o n is a
S: I'm having such a good t im e. People have m e the co in s to pass on to t he d river to p ay for
t ropical count ry, so w e have som e very good
been incred ib ly w elco m in g . I've been invited the jo urney. I w as so em barrassed.
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AUD IO SCRIPTS
I admitted taking the m oney and apologised truly gigantic, incredible, and aw e inspiring. So , w h at are the m ain sights o f t he cit y?
for not giving it to him . He just w o uld n't listen. Go up the tower and you get a fantastic view W e ll, t here are m an y t hing s to see, but let
He w arned m e not to get on his bus again. I of the cit y. And if yo u're very brave, w h y don't m e fo cus on t h ree: t he CN t o w er, Cit y H all
regretted t ravelling b y dolm us and w e never you stand on the glass floor, 342 metres off the and Casa Lo m a.
did it again. During the rest of our ho lid ay, w e ground, then look down? And if you can do O K, w h y is the CN To w er worth seeing? W ell,
travelled b y taxi and ferry-boat! that, w h y not take the elevator and go on up to it's a tall build ing, a very tall building. Act u ally,
2 I m ad e a t errib le so cial gaffe in Sp ain the the Sky Pod? That 's another 34 storeys higher! it's one of the the tallest structures in the w o rld ;
first t im e I w en t t here fo r w o rk p urp o ses. I'd Another great sight is the Cit y H all. There w as it's 1,815 feet high.
refused to do the o rien t at io n p ro g ram m e a w o rld w id e com petition in the 60s to design
b ecau se I'd been to M alag a fo r a w eek it, and a Finnish architect, Viljo Revell, wo n the LESSON 11.4 RECORDIN G 11.8________________
a few years b efo re - it w as g reat: su n n y com petit ion. Unfortunat ely, he died before it
P = Presenter, M = Mary Robinson
b each es and lo ad s o f ot her exp at riat es - I w as opened in 1965. If s beautifully designed,
really en jo yed m yself. But w h en I w en t t here and far ahead of its tim e. N o w it's a very P: ... and w elco m e to t od ay's edition of Daybreak,
fo r a w eek to w o rk it w as t o t ally d ifferent . popular tourist attraction, in fact it's probably the w here m y guest is Professor M ary Robinson,
I'd arrived in t he aft erno o n and t here w as most pop ular attraction. In front of it is Nathan the author of a new book on im proving reading
a car to t ake m e to t he hot el from the Phillip s Square. Th e Square is an entertainment skills.
airp o rt . I'd m issed lu n ch so I had a sn ack venue, it offers free concert s, ice skating and on M: Hello , Pam , and good m orning everyo ne.
at ab o ut t hree o 'clo ck . Th en , kn o w in g that N ew Year's Eve, a huge celebrat ion takes p lace P: Yes, hello, M ary, and thanks for jo ining us.
m y hosts had insist ed on p ickin g m e up at there. Perhaps w e co uld start wit h you t elling us a bit
n in e o 'clo ck and that I'd ag reed to m eet Finally, Casa Lom a. W h at can I say about this about w h y you wro te the book?
t hem in t he hotel lo b b y, I t ho ug ht I w o u ld ext raordinary castle? It w as called a 'rich m an's M: Yes, sure. W ell, I've noticed that am ong
h ave m y sup p er b efo re g oing o ut for the fo lly'. People thought Sir Henry Pellatt, the the sort of students I meet at the university,
even in g . Big m ist ake! I h ad n 't realised that o wner, w as crazy to spend so m uch m oney on there seems to be a d ecline in the am ount of
t he Sp anish eat very lat e. So t here I w as in build ing the cast le in 1914. It cost 3.5 m illion reading they do, both for their studies and for
a very n ice rest aurant h avin g to ch o o se a dollars, a huge sum in those days. And he w ent pleasure. Th is is a real sham e because there
m eal at 11 o 'clo ck w h en I felt st uffed full bankrupt trying to m aintain and d evelop it. Ten is a clear link between the am ount you read
fro m m y sup p er earlier. Th ey enco urag ed and your ab ilit y to express yourself. Also , it
years later, its value w as just 27,000 dollars. It
m e to o rd er lots o f d ifferent d ishes. I t ried has so m any interesting architectural features: seems that reading is the best w ay of acquiring
to eat but co u ld n 't m anag e m o re t han t w o knowled ge. For exam p le, research into ho w
60 large rooms, an im m ense Great Hall, where
o r t hree m o u t h fu ls. M y hosts t hought I m ust 2,00 0 people can be entertained, a beautiful people acq uire knowled ge has sho wn that
b e u n h ap p y o r ill. I co u ld see that t h ey w ere library, secret underground passages and people w h o wat ched m ore TV w ere more
very co n cern ed so I d ecid ed to t ell them likely to get general knowled ge questions
m agnificent gardens. It's a M U ST p lace to visit.
t he t rut h. Th ey n early fell off t h eir ch airs wrong , and this is independent of intellectual
laug hing and to ld m e to forget ab o ut eat ing LESSON 11.4 RECORDING 11.6___________________ ab ilit y.
an y m o re fo o d . In a f u n n y w ay , m y so cial P: Really, ho w interesting.
gaffe w o rked o ut O K in t he end b ecau se Finally, I'll talk about som e things a visit or M: Yes, it seem s the more reading you do, the
everyb o d y w as laug hing so m uch t hat w e should definitely do w hen they co m e to better, what ever it is. Reading increases
w ere ab le to t alk b u sin ess in a frien d ly Toronto. vo cab ulary, improves your general knowledge
at m o sp here. But I never w en t an yw h ere n ew W ell, ho w about trying som e waffles for and keeps your m em ory and reasoning abilit ies
ever ag ain w it h o u t a full b riefing breakfast? Th ey're sort of p ancakes - wit h m aple wo rking w ell.
syrup - d elicio us, and t yp ically Canad ian food. P: That 's got to be a good thing! So w hat tips can
:sso\ 1 RLCOR c,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you give for im proving reading?
Seco nd ly, if you like sports, you should go to
M: O b vio usly, it depends on the sort of reading
Hello , everyo ne. M y nam e's Jam es and I'm see a ho ckey gam e - an ice ho ckey game -
yo u're doing. Ho w ever, I t hink students are
from Canad a. Th is m orning I'm going to talk featuring the local M ap le Leaf team . Th ey've
often not select ive enough about w hat they
to you about m y fascinat ing hom e t own of wo n m any cham p io nship s and are one of the
choose to read and then they focus too m uch
Toront o. I've divid ed m y presentation into top ice ho ckey teams in North Am erica. Ho ckey
on details. It7s very important to get an overall
is p hysical, fast and exciting. It's a rough game,
three parts. First of all, I'll start wit h some idea about w hat yo u're reading and to m ake
background information, then I'll m ove on to a contact sport, but thrilling and skilful.
full use of any headings and subheadings to
the m ain sights. Finally, I'll out line som e other I'd also like to suggest that visit ors should help guide your reading, and stop you wasting
exp eriences a visit or should try when they try and exp erience the Carib ana fest ival, tim e reading unnecessary information. Also,
co m e to Toront o. If you don't m ind, w e'll leave w h ich takes p lace every year from m id July I think it's cru cial to engage wit h w hat you
questions to the end. to early August. It is one o f North Am erica's read. People often think o f reading as a one
O K, I'll start wit h som e basic information. largest street fest ivals and is based on the w ay process, but in fact it should be a t w o w ay
Toront o is the capit al cit y of the p ro vince of Trinid ad carn ival. Th e first o ne took p lace in p ro cess...
Ont ario , and it's situated on Lake Ont ario . Until 1967, w h en the cit y's Carib b ean co m m unit y P: Can you exp lain what you mean there?
1934, it w as called Yo rk. It's got a population of celebrat ed the 100th ann iversary o f Canad a. M: O f course. To be an effective reader, you
ap p ro xim at ely 2.4 m illio n, so it's a fairly large It just got bigger and bigger so that tod ay it should alw ays be t hinking about what the
cit y. It's an important industrial, co m m ercial and attracts m ore than a m illio n visit ors. writ er m ay say next, and also questioning what
cultural centre. To sum up, I'd just like to say that To ro nt o is you read. Th in k about if you agree or disagree
Toront o's getting better and better these days, a m odern, excit ing , and w elco m in g cit y just wit h what yo u're reading, wit h the opinion of
as m ore and more people co m e from all o ver w ait ing to be exp lo red . I do hope yo u w ill be the w rit er, wit h their logic, co nclusio ns and
the wo rld to settle here. Th ey enrich our cit y ab le to add it to yo ur list o f dest inations and arg um ent s... that sort o f thing.
greatly wit h their skills and talents and they w e look fo rward to sho wing you the very best P: Right. Anyt hing else?
help to create the lively, friendly, cosm opolitan w h ich Toront o has to offer. M: W ell, one part icular problem that I've noticed
atmosphere the cit y is fam ous for. That 's all fro m m e. An y questions? is foreign students w h o focus too m uch on
unkno wn vo cab ulary. Th is can m ake reading
LESSON 11.4 RECORDING 11.5___________________ LESSON 11.4 RECORDING 11.7___________________ very t im e- consum ing as they const ant ly stop to
look up wo rd s in their dictionaries.
So, w hat are the m ain sights of the city? W ell, It's got a population o f ap p ro xim ately 2.4
there are m any things to see, but let me focus on
P: Yes, I see. In fact, I think people often do that in
m illio n, so it's a fairly large city. It's an important their o wn language too.
three: the CN tower, Cit y Hall and Casa Lom a. industrial, co m m ercial and cultural centre.
O K, w h y is the CN To w er worth seeing? W ell,
M: W hen t hey're studying, indeed. Ho wever,
Toront o's getting better and better these days, often, you can w o rk out the m eaning of the
it's a tall build ing, a very tall build ing. Act ually, as more and m ore people co m e from all over
it's one of the tallest structures in the w o rld ; w o rd by reading on and looking at the context
the wo rld to settle here. Th ey enrich our cit y it's used in, or at least m ake an educated guess.
it's 1,815 feet high. Built in 1976 by Canad ian greatly w it h their skills and talents and they For people w h o want to im prove their reading
National Railways, it overlooks the cit y and help to create the lively, friendly, cosm opolitan
you can see it w herever you are in the cit y. If s speed, a good tip is to use your finger, but not
atmosphere the cit y is fam ous for. to fo llo w the wo rd s on the line. N o, the secret
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AUD IO SCRIPTS
here is to m ove your finger down the page as to b elieve it. Th e ot her t h ing ab o ut the LESSON 12.4 RECORDIN G 12.4________________
you read, as this w ill train your eyes to m ove sh red d er that I d o n 't like is t he fact that it
S = Stephanie, D = Don
m ore q u ickly d o wn the text and keep you isn't very en viro n m en t ally f rien d ly - it uses
q u it e a lot o f elect ricit y, w h ich isn 't very S: Yo u kno w, Do n, a lot o f people, and I'm one
m o ving forward.
P: That 's a good tip. W ell, thank you very m uch, green to start w it h , and ap p aren t ly, yo u o f them , don't t hink w e need to spend a load
o f m oney on new m achines at the m oment.
Professor, and good luck w it h the book. can 't put shred d ed p ap er in t he recyclin g
W e're still m aking a profit, not as m uch as
M : Th ank you, Pam. b in . I t h in k it 's d ifferent fro m co u n cil to
co u n cil, but w h ere I live, t h ey w o n 't t ake before, true, but let's face it, the eco no m y's
LESSON 12.1 RECORDIN G 12.1________________ shred d ed p ap er b ecau se t h e p ieces are too not in good shape at the m om ent. Everyone's
sm all and can 't b e sort ed m ech an ically for suffering.
1 I really detest GPS. A ct u ally, I have o ne D: It's true w hat you say St ephanie, but w e do
recyclin g .
m yself, (lau g hs). I w ill ad m it t h ey are need to m o d ernise our p roduct ion line. O u r
very p ract ical - and t h ey can stop a lot o f com petit ors are up- dating t heir eq uipm ent ,
LESSON 12.3 RECORDIN G 12.2________________
arg um ent s, ab o ut w h ich is t he q u ickest , and w e need to do the sam e. W e don't
o r fast est w ay to get so m ew h ere w h en L = Lia, P = Paulo w an t to be left b ehind . That 's a very strong
yo u are d rivin g , but t h ey can get p eo p le L: I think w e all agree that the d isco very of argum ent for sp end ing som e m o ney on
int o t ro u b le. I t h in k t h ey are an exam p le p enicillin changed the wo rld and if Edward the latest m achines. Ano t her reason is that
o f p eo p le put t ing too m uch fait h in Jenner had n't discovered vaccines, there wo uld the new m achines w ill enab le operat ors to
t ech n o lo g y. Th ey d o n 't trust t h eir inst inct s. be far more fatalities every year than there p ro d uce a w id er range o f goods and earn
Th ey w o u ld so o n er rely on a stat e- of- the- art act ually are. And I t hink it's vital that w e m ove m ore m o ney. Do n 't forget, t heir p ay depends
gadget t han w h at t h eir o w n eyes t ell t hem . forward wit h golden rice. If the authorities on h o w m any items t hey pro d uce.
Th ese p eo p le w h o end up d rivin g t hrough hadn't b lo cked the introduction of golden rice S: W e w o n 't need as m an y w o rkers, w ill w e,
rivers o r get st uck in t in y, n arro w streets - w e co uld have saved m any from blindness. to do that?
rid icu lo u s. An d then t here are the p eo p le P: I t h ink m any p eo p le are uneasy ab o ut GM D : I wo uld argue that w e'll be using our resources
w h o m ist yp e t he d est inat io n and end up foods, Lia. If w h eat g rew in the desert, w e m ore efficiently. O f course, w e'll have to
go ing to a co m p let ely d ifferent p lace! Th en w o u ld n 't have needed to d evelo p GM cro p s red uce our wo rkfo rce, m aybe by 2 0 % , but
ag ain , yo u co u ld say GPS is d ang ero us, in t he first p lace as w e w o u ld have had that'll help to lo wer our costs and m ake us
w h en p eo p le try and race t h em , yo u kn o w eno ug h fo o d . An d ano t her t hing . I saw on a m ore com petit ive. It's a hard wo rld out there.
b y t rying to get to t he d est inat io n fast er than TV p ro g ram m e t he other d ay that a person S: If so m e of o ur staff lose t heir jo b s, it'll
t he arrival t im e t he GPS says. Th ere are w o u ld need to eat seven kilo s of co o ked rice have a bad effect on p ro d u ct io n. Staff w ill
also t ho se d rivers w h o lo o k at the screen every d ay in ord er to get su fficient vit am in A. be unh ap p y and then w e' ll begin to have
rat her t han t he road ah ead , b ut I sup p o se L: W ell Pau lo , in t he first p lace, GM cro p s are p ro b lem s, serio us p ro b lem s. It 'll affect the
t h is is p eo p le w h o are a d ang er rat her t han ab o ut im p ro vin g healt h as w ell as p ro vid in g cu lt ure of o ur co m p an y. Yo u kn o w , one
t he t ech n o lo g y. W h at ever hap p ened to eno ug h fo o d . An d seco n d ly, acco rd in g to hap p y fam ily, t he st aff are o ur biggest asse t ...
m ap s and at lases? At least t h ey g ave you t he latest scien t if ic evid en ce, it seem s that a D: That 's a fair point, Stephanie, but look at the
an o verview . I really t h in k GPS has g iven large am o unt o f vit am in A can b e o b t ained bigger picture. Yo u kno w the saying, you can't
p eo p le a w o rse sense o f d irect io n , and b y eat ing sixt y g ram s o f co o ked g o ld en rice m ake an omelette wit hout breaking eggs. I'm
so m e p eo p le h ave ju st lost t h eir co m m o n and t h at 's gram s not kilo s. sure you agree wit h m e, it's our jo b to manage
sense! But , I have to ag ree t hat t h ey are very change, to help staff to adapt to the new
hand y! LESSON 12.4 RECORDIN G 12.3________________ situation, even if it's painful for som e of them.
2 W h at 's m y favo urit e p iece o f t ech no lo g y? S: Yo u kno w , som e of our colleagues don't think
Th at 's easy, m y t ab let co m p u t er. It's really J = Jessie, C = Carol
w e need the new t echnology. W h o 's to say that
g reat. I kn o w it 's cut t ing ed ge, t he very latest J: It's pret t y o b vio u s the w ay the w in d 's the new m ach in es... t hey're very com p licat ed,
m o d el and all t hat, but w h at I d o n 't like is b lo w in g , isn't it, Caro l? I m ean, w h y t hey can w e be sure t hey'll do the jo b for us?
that it t akes a long t im e to ch arg e. Also , I w an t to b u y these n ew m ach in es. D: I've heard about these object io ns. M y answer
h ave o t h er gadgets from t he sam e co m p an y, C: Yeah , no d o ub t ab o ut it. Th ey w an t to cut is sim p le. Th e m anufacturer has assured us that
b ut t h ey all h ave d ifferent charg ers. I've got co st s and red u ce t he w o rkf o rce - w h at ot her the m achines w ill increase the output of each
so m an y - w h y t h ey can 't ju st have one? reaso n w o u ld t h ey have? wo rker by 2 0 - 5 0 % . That 's good enough for
I've no id ea - it's a real p ain . It's really easy J: Th at 's t he w ay I see it to o . Th ey just w an t m e. Th eir eq uipm ent is reliable and they don't
to use and it seem s d u rab le. I d id d ro p it, to sq u eeze m o re w o rk out o f us and red u ce m ake claim s they can't b ack up.
b ut it d id n 't b reak, u n like m y last sm art t he lab o u r b ill. Th en t he p ro fit s w ill lo o k a S: Yeah , but w ill t he o ld er w o rkers, w e ' v e got
p h o n e. Th at w asn 't at all h ard - w earin g - b it healt h ier. p len t y o f t h em , learn h o w to use t he n ew
t he screen cracked pretty soon after I got it C: Exact ly, Yo u kn o w , I d o n 't f an cy m y ch an ces m ach in es? I'm not so sure.
and I had to get a rep lacem en t . I sup p o se having a jo b here in six m o nt hs' t im e. N ot at D: Lo o k, I t h ink yo u 'll ag ree, w e' ve got som e
I lo ve gadgets - t he t ro ub le is that b ecau se m y age, I'll be o ne o f the first to go. o f t he best and m ost exp erien ced w o rkers
t ech n o lo g y ch ang es so fast t hese d ays t hey J: W ell, I don't kno w, you m ay be lucky. Both of in t he t rad e. Th ey'll learn h o w to use t he
go o ut o f d ate very q u ick ly - t h ey b eco m e us m ay be ab le to survive. W e w o rk pretty fast m ach ines if w e g ive t hem p lent y o f t im e
o b so let e alm o st as so o n as yo u b u y t h em . I and w e've got a lot o f exp erience. But I must to train on t hem . Th at 's the w ay fo rward
guess I am a b it o f a slave to m y m ach in es, say, I don't like the idea of wo rking on som e for us. W e can 't co m p et e w it h t hese cheap
as I p an ic if I d o n 't have t hem w it h m e. Yes, really co m p licat ed new m achines. I'm not sure im ports unless w e use t he m ost up-to-date
I'm a t ech n o lo g y ad d ict ! I'll be ab le to. I'm doing good wo rk on the ones t ech no lo g y. W e d o n't h ave an y other opt io n.
3 I sup p o se t he last p iece o f t ech n o lo g y I w e have no w. Like yo u, I'm used to them and S: I d o n 't kn o w if I sh are yo u r o p in io n . Yo u
bo ug ht w as a sh red d er, yo u kn o w , for no one's co m p lained about m y w o rk. But I'll m ay b e su rp rised b y t he resist an ce t hey
sh red d in g d o cum ent s and thing s like take months to get the hang of these new ones. sh o w . Peo p le d o n 't like ch an g e. In an y
t hat . Everyo n e kep t t ellin g m e to b u y o ne I'm not sure I'll be ab le to do it. case, t h ere are o t her o p t io ns ...
b ecau se t h ey, ... b ecau se o f id ent it y fraud - C: I feel the sam e. I d o n 't w an t to sp end w eeks D: O h ?
o t her p eo p le fin d in g out info rm at io n ab o ut on a t rain in g co urse to m ast er t he m ach in es. S: Yeah , W e ll, first ly, w e co u ld st ay as w e are,
yo u and using it t o , I d o n 't kn o w , to steal J: W e're not t he o n ly o nes w h o feel like that. w e' re m akin g a p ro fit in d if f icu lt eco n o m ic
fro m yo u r b ank acco u n t or get a p assp o rt in Th ere are a lot o f u n h ap p y and w o rried co n d it io n s ...
yo u r nam e, that kin d o f t hing . So I've just p eo p le here at t he m o m ent . Everyo n e w an t s
bo ug ht a sh red d er, and it's all right . It w as to kn o w w h at 's g oing on and t he rum o urs
ch eap eno ug h and it's pret t y user frien d ly, are f lyin g aro und .
b ut I d o n 't like i t ... t he id ea, I m ean . I d o n 't C: Yeah , it's ab o ut t im e t he m anag em ent t o ld
like t he id ea o f h avin g to d est ro y im p o rt ant us exact ly w h at t h eir p lans are - then w e' ll
d o cum ent s so ot her p eo p le can 't use t hem . kn o w w h ere w e st and .
It's just that it sh o w s w h at kin d o f a w o rld
w e live in n o w , I su p p o se, and I d o n 't w an t
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New Language Leader Upper Intermediate Self Study
III! 6 d Q O (2 ) ©
David Cotton st ud ied Eco n o m ics at t he Un iversit y o f Read ing and d id an Far left: Simon Kent
M A in French Lang uag e and Lit erat ure at t he Un iversit y o f To ro nt o . H e has Cent re left: David Falvey
o ver fo rt y- fo ur years t each in g and t rain in g exp erien ce, and is co - aut ho r o f the Cent re: Gareth Rees
su ccessfu l M arket Leader and Bu sin ess Class co u rse b o o ks. H e has t aught in Cent re right: Ian Lebeau
Can ad a, France and Eng land , and has b een visit in g lect u rer in m any un iversit ies Far right: David Cotton
o verseas. Previo u sly, he w as Sen io r Lect u rer at Lo nd o n M et ro p o lit an Un iversit y.
H e freq u en t ly g ives t alks at EFL co n feren ces.
David Falvey st ud ied Po lit ics, Ph ilo so p h y and Eco n o m ics at t he Un iversit y
o f O xf o rd and d id his M A in TEFL at t he Un iversit y o f Birm in g h am . H e has
lived in A f rica and the M id d le East and has t each in g , t rain in g and m anag erial
exp erien ce in t he U K and A sia, in clu d in g w o rkin g as a t each er t rain er at the
Brit ish Co u n cil in To kyo . H e w as p revio u sly Head o f t he Eng lish Lang uag e
Cen t re at Lo nd o n M et ro p o lit an Un iversit y. D avid is co - au t h o r o f the su ccessfu l
b u siness Eng lish co u rse M arket Leader.
Gareth Rees st ud ied N at ural Scien ces at the Un iversit y o f Cam b rid g e. H avin g
taught in Sp ain and Ch in a, he cu rren t ly t each es at the Un iversit y o f t he Art s,
Lo n d o n . As w ell as t each in g En g lish , he is an acad em ic Eng lish co u rse lead er,
and u nit lead er on co urses in cro ss- cu lt u ral co m m u n icat io n fo r the Lo nd o n
Co lleg e o f Fash io n . H e has also d evelo p ed Eng lish lang uag e m at erials fo r the
BBC W o rld Service Learn in g Eng lish sect io n , and he m akes film s w h ich ap p ear
in fest ivals and on Brit ish t elevisio n .
Ian Lebeau st ud ied M o d ern Lang uag es at t he Un iversit y o f Cam b rid g e and
d id his M A in Ap p lied Lin g u ist ics at t he Un iversit y o f Read in g . H e has t hirt y-
five years' exp erien ce in ELT - m ain ly in hig her ed u cat io n - and has t aught in
Sp ain , It aly and Jap an. H e is cu rren t ly Sen io r Lect u rer in Eng lish as a Foreig n
Lang uag e at Lo nd o n M et ro p o lit an Un iversit y.
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