MODULE 1 HOUSING

HOUSING HOUSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

● Generally refers to the social ● The World Bank estimates that
problem of ensuring that members of three billion people will live in
the society have a home in which to substandard housing by 2030.
live. ● In the Philippines alone, 70 million
● Public Housing - the property is people live in substandard housing,
owned by a government authority and this is projected to grow to 113
which may either be local or million people by 2030. Housing
national. indicators are sliding backward;
● Social Housing - rental housing that rapid urbanization is driving
may be owned and managed by the precarious construction in oftentimes
state, by a non-profit organization, or risky locations.
by a combination of the two, usually ● The Philippines ranks as the third
to provide affordable housing. most disaster-prone country in the
world based on the World Risk
IMPORTANCE OF HOUSING Index.
● Housing provides shelter.
● Housing is a location for business
and provides other intangible HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS IN THE
emotional and cultural benefits. PHILIPPINES (2015 CENSUS)
● Housing activities in developing
countries have economic benefits
beyond the housing sector.
● Housing is most importantly a
human right.
● The role of housing as a social
determinant of health is
well-established, but the causal
pathways are poorly understood
beyond the direct effects of physical
housing defects.
● Decent shelter is something
everyone needs to thrive. A decent,
affordable home helps people to
create a better life for themselves
and their families.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOUSING

NEEDS
● Climate
● Location
● Cost
● Lifestyle/culture
HOUSING PROBLEMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
● Migration of people from rural to
urban
● Rapid population growth
● Poverty
● Industrialization
● Job wages
CULTURAL BELIEFS IN HOUSING IN THE
PHILIPPINES
ORO, PLATA, MATA
● One of the most famous housing
superstitions in the country, it
involves the number of steps that
make up the staircase of a home. It’s
believed to have come from the
Spaniards.
● The number of steps in a staircase
should never end in mata” or it will
bring misfortune or even death.
● Translating to “Gold, Silver,Death”,
it’s believed that a staircase ending
in Oro or Plata will give them
immense wealth,while Mata wishes
them misfortune and death.
● Because of its notoriety, it is
sometimes blamed for tragedies that
happen to owners.
● Most ancestral homes in the country
have integrated this superstition into
the staircases of their homes.
SOLITARY OR FREESTANDING POSTS
● Posts should not be built in the
middle of any room as it will give the
owners a heavy life.
● It is advised to also affix the
foundation posts in a manner that no
room or space in the house will have
a solitary post in the middle as it
would give the owners a heavily
laden life, “mabigat na buhay”.
● One says to twist or affix the posts in
a way that its own shadow will point
directly to the east whenever the sun
sets.
MORNING SUN
● The house must receive an
abundance of sunlight as it will give
the owner a bright and prosperous
life.
● Lots preferably be open to the east
because houses that face the east
will receive the first light at dawn,
giving the homeowners a very bright
life.
● To follow this up, houses should be
built with as many and as large of
windows as possible inorder to let in
the most light possible throughout
the day.
KNOTTY WOOD
● Wood was a major material used in
Pre-SpainPhilippines. In almost all of
the regions, they actively avoided
using wood that had a lot of knots.
It’s believed that these knots are the
eyes of the forest spirits and using
them in your home would grant them
seeing into your life.
● When choosing wood, avoid the one
with a lot of knots. They are believed
to be the eyes of the forest spirits.
HOUSING THEORY
Theory plays an essential role for the
advancement of knowledge in housing as
guides of community development.
INTRODUCTION
The application of housing theory is useful
in the examination of the complex process
by which families make decisions about how
society and their families are being housed.
The study is focused primarily on human
behavior as it relates to housing.
BARRIERS RELATED TO
HOUSING
CLASS, RACE, AGE, AND GENDER
DISCRIMINATION
SCARCITY OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING
AND ACCESS TO CREDIT
Even when housing is available, the
prohibitive costs of renting or purchasing
and the lack of easy access to mortgage or
lending systems place decent housing
beyond the reach of ordinary citizens.
INSECURITY OF TENURE AND
PROPERTY RIGHTS
In Southeast Asia, the lack of secure titles
and the prevalence of informal ties to land
often result in eviction. Without proper
documentation of ownership, those evicted,
usually poor and the marginalized, have no
recourse to the law.
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
Overregulation and bureaucratic rigidity.
● The provision of infrastructural
necessities like sewage, water, and
the like.
● Stringency of building codes in the
area.
● Laws that are wholly incompatible
with local conditions.
SELF-HELP HOUSING PROGRAM
● NGO groups advocating for housing
rights actively search out planners
and technocrafts to elicit from them
ideas about how to develop
communities.
● Organized families, to construct their
own houses through low-interest
loans.
● The idea of people-centered
solutions to housing problems
highlights the importance of people’s
access to and control of their own
resources, and their ability to
participate in larger decision-making
processes that are related to their
lives.
GAWAD KALINGA COMMUNITY
● These communities produced locally
and affordable housing, where
provision for the poor and homeless
residents are seen as tourist
attractions.
● The process of housing provides a
model for upholding the principles of
ecotourism, leading to the creation
of new communities as well as the
upgrading of existing ones. It may be
improved if the housing process is
integrated in the plans and policies
of tourism development.
PRO-POOR LAND AND HOUSING
● The Philippines is beset with a huge
backlog in providing for land security
and housing for the poor. In the face
of high rates of population increase
and with urban areas continuing to
 be magents of hope for economic
opportunities, the demand for
affordable land and housing remains
a huge challenge.
● This was the prognosis of the United
Nations Human Settlements
Programme Document
(UN-HABITAT) as stated in its
Country Programme Document
(2008-2009) – Philippines.
THE LAND MARKET
● Prices of land in urban areas remain
way beyond the means of families
whose incomes fall within the bottom
30% of the income strata.
● The Annual Poverty Indicator Survey
of the government (2004) revealed
that four out of every 10 Filipino
families do not own their house and
lot. It is evidenced by the
proliferation of informal settlers in
urban and peri-urban areas
throughout the country, as well as by
the increasing number of families
sharing dwelling units.
● This aggravates the deteriorating
quality of life of the poor as cramped
spaces result in higher incidence of
sickness and violence that mostly
affects women and children.
● Apart from poverty, there are other
bottlenecks and issues hampering
pro-poor land and housing
programs.
BOTTLENECKS AND ISSUES
HIGH TRANSACTION COSTS
unclear land use policies; non-cooperation
of landowners in the Community Mortgage
Program (CMP)
MISINTERPRETATION AND/OR
NON-IMPLEMENTATION
The provisions set by the Urban
Development and Housing Act (UDHA) and
its implementing rules and regulations.
NO SHELTER PLANS AND PROGRAMS
Facilitate pro-active planning and
results-based targeting local concerns,
resulting in non-appropriation of budgets.
PROVISION OF LAND AND HOUSING
For internally displaced persons (IDPs) due
to natural hazards and armed conflicts.
DEVELOPED RESETTLEMENT SITES
For NHA’s reconstruction program affected
by typhoons.
MAJOR HOUSING PROBLEMS
HIGH LAND MARKET VALUES
Market values of residential lands in Metro
Manila, for example, range from PHP 3000
to as high as PHP 42,000 per square
meter, far beyond the incomes earned by
the majority of the urban poor.
But because people need to live in areas
where economic opportunities, including
informal activities, are present, it becomes
expedient for most of them to occupy idle
lands owned by the government or the
private sector.
● EFFECTS
○ The proliferation of slums
in the Philippine cities is thus
seen as a coping mechanism
for urban dwellers with
incomes that are too fragile
to afford land ownership.
 ○ Slum areas are often
blighted, overcrowded, and
lacking in standard
conveniences.
HOUSING ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
● Extended by government institutions
such as:
1. Social Security System
(SSS)
2. Pag-IBIG
● Housing programs that cater to the
urban poor included those
implemented through Presidential
land proclamations and the
Community Mortgage Program
(CMP).
● The Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating
Council (HUDCC) reports that the
102 presidential issuances as of
2006 covered 26,367 hectares, most
of them in Metro Manila and
occupied by more than 195,000
informal settler families.
INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
● Nowhere is the housing problem
more evident than in the
phenomenon of slums and
squatter settlements.
● Recent estimates show that more
than a third of urban populations
reside in slum areas and squatter
settlements.
● In Metro Manila, a little less than
four out of 10 residents are living
in slums and squatter settlements in
2002.
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has brought about the
expansion of the service economy and has
resulted in an increase in the supply of
basic life necessities for the street
homeless.
These conditions have worsened the
worker’s situation:
● Some workers had part-time jobs
with the informal sector:
● Other workers transferred from
companies to informal occupations
economically depressed people
become homeless.
DEADLOCKED POLICIES
Globalization has given birth to a financially
slim government through neoliberalism, and
has accelerated the financial crisis of the
developing country.
FOUR DEADLOCK POLICIES
1. JOB CREATION
For the urban poor, especially the
squatter inhabitants.
2. RELOCATION AND HOUSE
CONSTRUCTION
For squatter inhabitants
(compensation to those evicted was
only paid to some of the squatter
inhabitants).
3. PAUPER AND HOMELESS
4. EMPLOYMENT AND WELFARE
POLICIES
To provide relief to the street
homeless.
RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING
Ranges front he narrow – equating
homelessness to “rooflessness” – to the
broad, based on the adequacy of the
dwelling, the risk of becoming homeless, the
time exposed to homelessness and
responsibilities for taking alleviating action.
For statistical purposes, the United Nations
has defined homeless households as
“households without a shelter” that
would fall within the scope of living quarters.
8 HOUSING THEORIES OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1. HOUSING ADJUSTMENT THEORY
A sociological behavior where
people seek self respect and seek
to change housing made below
society’s norms for corrective
measures undertaken to remedy
the situation.
3 POSSIBLE CORRECTIVE
MEASURES:
Housing adjustment
● Moving to a different
dwelling.
● House alteration.
Adaptation
● Changes made by reducing
needs, constraints and
resources.
Regeneration
● Disintegration and
reorganization of household
or society.
2. PERSON-ENVIRONMENT
CONGRUENCE THEORY
● Dynamic relationship
between human behavior
and physical environment.
● Appropriate care for older
people examining the fit
between environment and
people to include
interactions.
3. TRANSACTIONAL THEORY
Holistic system showing all the
elements of the whole is
inseparable. The entry of Front
Porch in plan will embed physical,
temporal and social
environments.
4. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
THEORY
Reciprocal relations between
individual and society by
architectural restrictions.
● Religion
● Power
● Status
● Conflict
Symbolism through architectural
space.
5. DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION
THEORY
Consumers' decision making
process of accepting or rejecting an
innovation (anything perceived as
new both socially and
technologically.)
4 Foundations of Diffusion
Process:
● Innovation
● Communication channel
● Social system
● Time
6. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
Social interactions and relationships
are exchangers of valued resources.
Mental bookkeeping tha balances of:
● Rewards
○ Social approval
○ Love
○ Gratitude
 ○ Security
● Costs
○ Social disapproval
○ Damage self esteem
● Barriers
○ Discriminations
(elderly)
○ Rental
advertisements in
newspaper
(prohibition of PWD)
○ Racial discriminations
○ Black renter/white
renter

7. THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION

People are motivated by a guest to
fulfill their own needs and strive to
reach the highest levels of
capabilities.
● Human needs
○ Hierarchy (food,
shelter and clothing)
● Psychological needs
○ Psychological
○ safety/security
○ love/belonging
○ Self esteem
○ Self actualization

8. PREFERENCE THEORY
Cognitive model of effective
experience dealing with people
making aesthetic choices.