UNIT-IV

Assessment and Appraisal

in Counselling
 Psychological Testing
Meaning

• Psychological tests are standard measure devised to assess behaviour

objectively and used by psychologist to help ppl make decision about their
lives and understand more about themselves.
 Psychological Testing
Characteristics

• Standardization

• Objectivity

• Test norms

• Reliability

• Validity
 Need for Psychological Tests
• Identifies Weaknesses and Strengths

• ; Norm referenced and group-administered achievement tests are the most common types administered in
schools.

• Supports Individualized Lesson Plans: Psychological testing in schools can identify students with disabilities
or delayed skills and determine their eligibility for receiving individualized lesson plans free of charge to
families.

• Enables placement decisions

• Monitors progress

• Identifying disabilities: LD can be very hard to identify, but psychological testing helps in detecting areas in
which students are having difficulties.

• Advancement: Psy. Testing is also important in helping the school administration & teachers to evaluate
students academic achievements and make decisions about their advancement.
• Vocational Ability: It assists parents, teachers & students ascertain the vocational ability of the child.
Types of Psychological Tests

• Intelligence

• Aptitude

• Achievement

• Interest

• Personality
 Types of Psychological Tests
Intelligence

• Measure general mental abilities.

• Measure motives, interests, values and attitudes

• They are intended to measure intellectual potential

•
 Types of Psychological Tests

Aptitude

• Assess talent for specific kinds of learning (Electrical speed, mechanical

reasoning etc.)

• Scholastic aptitude tests

• Scholastic assessment test
• American college testing
• Graduate record examination
• Vocational/Career Aptitude tests
• Armed services vocational aptitude test battery
• O* NET Ability Profiler
• Differential Aptitude Test
 Types of Psychological Tests

Achievement

• Gauge a person’s mastery and knowledge of various subjects

• SAT
 Types of Psychological Tests
Interest

• Used primarily for career counselling.

• Interest inventories include items that ask about the preferred activities and interests of ppl seeking career
counselling.

• Interest is the feeling that prompts us to spontaneous activity.

• Ounces interests is around in studies, games, literature and good conduct, the child will consider no sacrifice
and effort too great to attain proficiency.

• Jackson Vocational Interest survey – work role and work style

• Kuder Occupational interest survey

• Self directed search
• Thurstone Interest inventory
• Strong Campbell Interest inventory
 Types of Psychological Tests
Personality

• Measure aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values and

attitudes.

• Personality test is standardized tool or questionnaire which reveals different

aspects of an individual’s character for psychological make-up.

• Projective Tests: RIBT, TAT, CAT, SCT

• 16 PF, NEO-FFI, Big FIVE , Word Association Test , Draw a Person Test
• MMPI
• California Personality Inventory
• Myer’s Briggs Personality Type Indicator
 Appraisal Techniques

• Used in the organizations to measure the effectiveness & efficiency of their

employees

• Some performance appraisal techniques are,

• Ranking
• Graphic rating scale
• Critical incident
• Narrative essays
• Management by objectives
• Assessment centres
• 360 Degree
 Appraisal Techniques

• Rating Scales

• Anecdotal Record

• Autobiography

• Cumulative Record Card

 Appraisal Techniques
Rating Scales

• Behavioural method – is perhaps the most popular choice for performance evaluations.

• This type of evaluation lists traits required for the job & asks the source to rate the individual on each
attribute.

• A discrete scale is one that shows a number of different points.

• The ratings can include a scale of 1 – 10; excellent, average or poor; or meets, exceeds or doesn’t meet
expectations,

• A continuous scale shows a scale & the manager puts a mark on the continuuos scale that best represents
the employees performance.

Poor - - - - - Excellent
 Appraisal Techniques

Anecdotal Record

• Like a short story that educators use to record a significant incident that they have observed.

• An anecdotal record is descriptive of incidents or events that are important to the person
observing

• Informal device used by the teacher to record the behaviour of students as observed by him from
time to time.
 Appraisal Techniques

Characteristics of Anecdotal Record

• Simple reports of behaviour

• Result of direct observation

• Accurate and specific

• Gives context of child’s behaviour

• Records unusual and typical behaviours

 Appraisal Techniques

Autobiography

• The biography of oneself narrated by oneself

• Autobiographical works can take many forms, from the intimate writings made
during life that were not necessarily intended for publication (including letters,
diaries, journals) to a formal book-length autobiography.
 Appraisal Techniques

Cumulative Record Card

• Contains the results of different assessment and judgments held from

time to time during the course of study of a student.

• Generally it covers three consecutive years.

 Group Assessment Techniques

Point based system: This is most appropriate for worksheets or question-based

assignments.

Checklists: this approach is useful for binary criteria; the measured parameter is
either present or absent.

Rubrics: True rubrics contain a matrix of measured parameters and examples of

varying quality.
 Group Assessment Techniques

Sociometry

• A method used for the discovery and manipulation of social configurations by

measuring the attractions and repulsions b/w indls in a group.

• It is a way of measuring the degree of relatedness among people.

• Quantitative method for measuring social relationships / study of IPR

relationships b/w ppl in a group.

• Jacob Levy Moreno coined the term Sociometry

 Group Assessment Techniques

Sociometry
Sociogram

• Graphic representation of social links that a person has.

• Visual representation of the IPR within a group.

• Always start with a rough copy to plan the layout of a sociogram so that it
doesn’t become too messy or confusing.
 Group Assessment Techniques
Social Distance Scale

• Framed as a series of questions, asking the indl what the closest degree of intimacy is that he or
she would be willing to admit a member of the group in question.

• The Bogardus scale is called a Guttman, or cumulative scale, because if you agree with any
statement it is assumed you agree (or, in the case of the last, disagree with) all those less
extreme than yours.

• “Less extreme” on this list would be all ratings with a value higher than the rating you are
agreeing to.

• For instance, if you respond that you’d be happy to marry a circus dancer, you are given a score
of 1.00 and it is assumed you would also be willing to accept a circus dancer as your friend, as
your co-worker, and as your fellow-citizen.

• Similarly, if you would be willing to have a Hindu person as a neighbor on your street (score:
3.00), it is assumed you’d also be happy with him as a citizen in your country.
• Social distance refers to the extent to which people experience a sense
of familiarity (nearness and intimacy) or unfamiliarity (farness and
difference) between themselves and people belonging to different social,
ethnic, occupational, and religious groups from their own.

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 THANK YOU

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