Unit I (iii)

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
 TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
• The success of any investigation depends on
• the suitability of the techniques and tools
• used for data collection or
• collection of information.

• It helps the investigator to collect relevant

data and
• to conduct the study properly.
 TECHNIQUES OF EDUCATIONAL
PSYCHOLOGY
• Techniques refers to the procedure used to
collect or gather information or required data.
• E.g.,
• Observation,
• Interview,
• Sociometry
• Projective techniques.
 Observation
• It is a technique of studying behaviour.
• It involves perception of an individual’s
behviour as it is and
• analysis and interpretation of that behaviour.
• By observing one’s external behaviour his/her
mental process can be inferred.
• It is an individualized approach to study
mental process.
 Observation
• Merits
• It is natural and flexible
• It is economical
• Its results are reliable
• Its results can be verified
 Observation
• Demerits
• It cannot be repeated
• It is difficult to draw conclusion based on
observation
• Subjectivity of investigator may affect
investigation.
• It reveals overt behaviour only
 Interview
• It is a technique to collect information directly
from the subjects of study.
• Generally it requires face to face contact.
• The interviewer and the subject sit together
and the interviewer collects information from
the interviewee directly and orally.
• Recording of interview is imporatnt
 Interview
• There are several types of interview
• Structured interview
• Unstructured interview and
• Semi structured interview
 Interview
• Structured interview
It is done using a preplanned framework and prepared
interview schedule.
• Unstructured interview
• It is conducted without any preplanned framework and
prepared schedule. Here the questions are asked
according to the situation.
• Semi structured interview
• It is conducted based on a preplanned framework and
the questions are asked considering the situations too.
 Interview
• Ways to make interview successful
• 1. Express sympathy
• 2. Give assurance where ever needed
• 3. Approve the merits of the counsellee
• 4. Use humour properly
• 5. Use personal reference
• 6. Use Non-personal reference
• 7. Ask questions to stimulate counsellee
• 8. Use threatening remarks as and when needed
 Interview
• Merits
• It is the most dynamic way of understanding
the individual
• It is relatively easy to conduct
• It can be made flexible
• It is natural-like conversation
• Most confidential information can be
collected using this technique.
 Interview
• Limitations
• It needs trained and competent interviewer
• It is costly in terms of labour, time and money
• It may involve subjective bias of the
interviewer
• The interviewee may not unfold himself
• The interviewee may have language handicap
 Sociometry

• It is a technique developed by J.L Moreno

J. L. MORENO
Sociometric Choice Matrix
 Sociometry
• It is used to assess the social relationship
among members in a group.
• i.e., the acceptability or unacceptability or
• rejective or receptive tendencies of members
in a social group can be found out.
• Children are asked to write the name of those
members with whom they like to play, study,
work etc.
 Sociometry
• This data can be represented by means of a
sociogram.
• Sociogram :- it is a diagram to indicate how
the members of a social group feel towards
each other; it gives the structure of the group.
• By using this technique stars, cliques and
isolates can be identified.
 Sociometry
• Stars:- stars are those who are chosen by
many.
• Cliques:- clique is a small group the members
of which have a strong bond exclusively
among themselves.
• Isolates :- isolates are those who are not
chosen by any.
 Sociometry
• Merits
• It is useful to understand whether a class is a
will knit group of loosely knit group.
• It can be used to promote social cohesion
among members by preventing
maladjustment.
 Projective techniques
• Projective techniques
• It refers to the techniques used to reveal (to project )
the inner world of repressed feelings, wishes, hopes,
fears and ambitions of an individual by going deep in
to his unconscious.
• It is called Projective techniques
• because
• it projects the inner world of unconscious.
 Projective techniques
• Projective techniques
• In projective techniques indefinite and
unstructured stimuli are presented to the
subjects and asked them to structure those
stimuli or explain them.
• While structuring or explaining the stimuli the
subjects project the repressed feelings, wishes,
hopes, fears and ambitions from the
unconscious.
 Projective techniques
• Some common Projective Techniques
• The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• Thematic apperception Test
• Children’s Apperception Test
• Word Association Test
• Sentence Completion Test
 The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• It was developed by Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss
psychiatrist. It consists of ten cards containing
inkblots.
• Five of them are in black and white and five of them
are multi coloured.
• These are unstructured and do not have any specific
meaning. It can be administered on subjects and
responses can be scored and interpreted
HERMANN RORSCHACH
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test
 THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
TEST
• Thematic Apperception Test
• It was first introduced by Henry Murray (1943)
to measure the need for achievement.
• Later it was developed for the assessment of
personality with the help of C.D.Morgan.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

MORGAN
 THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST

• It consists of thirty vague and indefinite

pictures portraying human beings in a variety
of actual life situations.
• Ten are meant for males, ten for females and
ten are common to both sexes.
 Thematic apperception Test
• The test is administered in two sessions using
ten pictures in each session.
• The pictures are presented one at a time.
• The subject has to make up a story for each of
the pictures within a fixed period of time.
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
TEST
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
TEST
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
TEST
 THEMATIC APPERCEPTION
TEST
• Thematic Apperception Test
• The following aspects are to be considered
while the subject is making up the story.
• 1. What is going on in the picture?
• 2. What has lead to this scene?
• 3. What would likely happen in such a
situation?
 Projective Techniques
• Children’s Apperception Test
• Thematic apperception Test is not suitable for
children
• So Dr. Leopold Bellak developed this test for
childeren between three and ten years old.
• It consists of ten cards having pictures of animals.
These are meant for both sexes.
• Children are asked to make up stories as a game.
 Projective Techniques
• Word Association Test
• It includes a number of selected words
• The examiner speaks a series of words, one word at
a time
• The subject should immediately say the first word
that comes to his mind
• There are no right or wrong answers.
• uttering of unusual words, if any, and behaviour
manifestations are considered for evaluation.
 Projective Techniques
• Sentence Completion Test
• It consists of a list of incomplete sentences,
generally open ended.
• These require completion by the subject in
one or more words.
• The subject has to go through the list of words
and answer as quickly as possible
 Projective Techniques
• Item Examples

• I am worried over……….
• My hope is ………………..
• I feel proud when ……..
• My hero is …………………
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Tools are instruments used for data collection
• Some of the important tools are
• Anecdotal Record
• Cumulative Record
• Checklist
• Rating Scale
• Questionnaire
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Anecdotal Record
• Anecdots are running description of actual
behaviour of a student as observed by teachers
and counsellors. It is followed by comments.
• Anecdots are descriptive accounts of episodes
or occurrences in the daily life of a student.
Brown and Martin
•
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Anecdotal record
• A pupil’s behaviour in different situations is
observed and recorded.
• His responses which reflects his attitude to
different materials and situations, his
personality traits etc. are included in
anecdotal record.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Anecdotal record
• Eg.
• His attitude to classroom, games out side the
class, media, helping friends legally and
illegally, whether he is talkative or reserved
with respect to some specific situations etc.
are included in the anecdotal record.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Anecdotal record
• The observation should be recorded
accurately and objectively soon after the
observation
• It has two columns.
• One for description of incidents and
• the other for interpretation of the incident
 Anecdotal record
• Merits
• It can supplement data collected using other
tools and techniques.
• It can be included in the cumulative records
of the children
• A teacher can evaluate a student from the
point of view of students personality.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Cumulative Records
• It is a progressive record of a pupil’s
educational history.
• The progress of each student in the
developmental pattern is recorded
cumulatively from period to period in a
comprehensive record designed for the
purpose.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Cumulative Records
• It contains data on
• Achievement in various subjects of study
• Physical development
• Health details
• Participation in co-curricular activities etc.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Cumulative Records
• It will help in directing students for future
career.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Checklist
• It is a prepared list of behaviours or skills to be
checked for verifying, comparing and ordering.
• It is simple laundry list type device.
• It is used to check whether an item of behaviour is
manifested by a student and to mark against it in
the list.
• The cumulative list is used for evaluation.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Checklist- merits
• It is easy to make
• Recording is systematic
• All important observable aspects can be
recorded
• It is easy to record the observations.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Rating scale
• It is an instrument to assess how much a
particular variable is present in an individual.
• Each component of the variable can be
assessed using three point scale.
• For more precision five point or seven point
scale can be used.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Rating scale
• Alternative responses for three point scale
are
• Good – Average – Poor
• Agree – undecided – Disagree
• Always – Sometimes – never
• A score of 3 to 1 is assigned to responses in
the three point scale.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Rating scale
• Alternative responses for five point scale are
• Very good – Good – Average – Poor – Very Poor
• Strongly Agree – Agree – undecided – Disagree –
Strongly Disagree
• Always – Most Often – Sometimes – rarely – never
• A score of 5 to 1 is assigned to responses in the five
point scale.
 TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
• Questionnaire
• It is a written or printed form of questions aimed to
collect information about a subject of importance.
• It is a flexible tool for gathering qualitative and
quantitative information.
• It is possible to collect information about various
aspects of a wide problem using questionnaire.
 Questionnaire
• There are two types of questionnaire
• Closed type
• Open type
• In closed type questionnaire responses are to
be selected by the subjects from the
alternatives ‘yes’ and ‘no’.
• In open type questionnaire responses are to
be made by the subjects themselves
 Questionnaire
• Advantages
• It is easy to construct
• Less expensive
• Qualitative and quantitative information can
be collected
• It can be administered uniformly.
 Questionnaire
• Limitations
• Questions may be misinterpreted
• Lack of understanding of items
• Lack of co-operation of respondents
• Preparation requires utmost care
• Every aspect cannot be covered
 Need revision?

• yes?

• Or

• No?
 so

Jazakallahu khairen kaceeren

May Allah reward you with enormous good