1. Which branch of the autonomic nervous system innervates blood vessels?

2. When vascular smooth muscle contracts, what happens to the diameter of the blood

vessel? What is this called?

3. What is the function of venous valves? What forms the valves?

4. In the systemic circuit, which contains more blood—arteries, veins—or blood capillaries?

5. Which have more anastomoses, arteries or veins?

6. Cole has a systolic pressure of 140mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mm Hg. What is

his mean arterial pressure (MAP)? His pulse pressure?

7. You are assessing the circulation in the leg of a diabetic patient at the clinic. Name the

artery you palpate in each of these three

Locations: behind the knee, behind the medial malleolus of the tibia, on the dorsum

of the foot.

8. How is the anatomy of capillaries and capillary beds well suited to their function?

9. Distinguish between elastic arteries, muscular arteries?

10. Write an equation showing the relationship between peripheral resistance, blood flow,

and blood pressure.

11. Define blood pressure and Differentiate between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

12. What is the normal blood pressure value for an adult?

13. Describe the neural mechanisms responsible for controlling blood pressure.

14. Describe the hormonal mechanism responsible for controlling BP?

15. Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the

two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a

constant? Why?

16. The heart is in the mediastinum. What is the mediastinum?

17. From inside to outside, list the layers of the heart wall and the coverings of the heart?

18. What is the purpose of the serous fluid inside the pericardial cavity?

19. Which side of the heart acts as the pulmonary pump? And what side acts as the systemic

pump?

20. Which of the following statements are true? (a) The left ventricle wall is thicker than the

right ventricle wall. (b) The left ventricle pumps blood at a higher pressure than the right

ventricle. (c) The left ventricle pumps more blood with each beat than the right ventricle.

Explain.

21. Name the two main branches of the right and left coronary artery?

22. Cardiac muscle cannot go into tetany. Why?

23. The second heart sound is associated with the closing of which valve(s)?

24. Describe the location and position of the heart in the body.

25. How many chambers are there in the heart?

26. . Describe the pericardium and distinguish between the fibrous and the serous pericardia

relative to histological structure and location.

27. Trace one drop of blood from the time it enters the right atrium until it enters the left

atrium. What is this circuit called?

28. Draw a normal ECG pattern. Label and explain the significance of its deflection waves.

29. What is cardiac output, and how is it calculated?

30. Describe the common function of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in a fetus.

(b) What problems result if these shunts remain patent (open) after birth?