WORM AND WHEEL TRAINING

APPARATUS

DL 2602WW
 DL 2602WW

Contents
1. Product overview Page 3

2. Product composition Page 4

3. Experimental principle Page 6

4. Experimental steps of turbine and worm device Page 9

5. Questions and thoughts Page 5

6. Matters needing attention Page 6

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1. Product overview

This product is a worm and wheel teaching experiment device. It is suitable for
teaching environment to let students understand the working principle of worm
and wheels and develop students' inherent thinking about gear transmission. This
product adopts a structure suitable for teaching and experimentation, which
enables better demonstration and experimentation of worm and wheel mechanical
transmission.
This product mainly introduces and displays the transmission ratio, material and
structure of the worm and wheel, the characteristics of the gear, the transmission
type, the failure form of the gear and the selection of the gear.
Turbine worms have a wide range of applications, and their use can be seen
everywhere in life, such as ships, automobiles, locomotives, heavy machinery for
construction, clocks and so on. Its application can be seen from the transmission of
large power to the transmission of small loads and precise angles.

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2. Product composition

This product is assembled by brackets, panels, winding wheels, worm, and wheels,
bearing seats, etc.
In order to better protect the experimental device, all the worm and wheels are
nickel‐plated to prevent rust.

1 Panel
2 Wheel
3 Horizontal
Bearing Seat
4 Worm
5 Reel
6 Vertical
Bearing Seat
7 Reel
8 The Central
Axis
9 Cushion

1. Bearing seat

The bearing seat has vertical bearing seat and horizontal bearing seat. T
hey are put into the shaft in different directions, but their functions are the same.
The bearing seat has four parts: inner ring, outer ring, rolling element and cage.
The main function is to support the mechanical rotating body, reduce the friction
during its movement, and ensure its rotation accuracy.

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2. Worm and Wheel

The worm and wheel in this experiment has four modules and thirty teeth. The
modulus is an important parameter for the design and manufacture of worm and
wheels or gears. The magnitude of the modulus reflects the size of the gear.
The larger the modulus, the thicker the teeth and the thicker the gears.
The greater the capacity, on the contrary, the smaller the gear, the smaller the
load‐carrying capacity. The gears to be matched must have the same modulus.
Generally, worm and wheels have 1 mode, 1.5 mode, 2 mode, 3 mode, and 4 mode.

3. Winding wheel
The worm and wheel experiment device has two reels in total, which are used to
cooperate with the worm and wheel to carry out quantitative transmission
experiments.
The function of the reels is to wind and measure the distance and output torque of
the turbine transmission.
There is a top wire on the winding wheel, which is used to fix the shaft so that it will
not slip or loosen.

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3. Experimental principle

1. Introduction to worm and wheels

Worm and wheel mechanisms are often used to transmit the motion and power
between two interleaved shafts.
The worm wheel and the worm are equivalent to the gear and the rack in the
middle plane, and the worm and the screw are similar in shape.
The axial force of the worm is large, and a large transmission ratio can be obtained,
which is more compact than the cross‐shaft helical gear mechanism.
When the worm and wheel is engaged in transmission, the relative sliding speed
between the meshing gear teeth is large, so the friction loss is large and the
efficiency is low.
On the other hand, the relative sliding speed means that tooth surface wear is
serious and heat is serious.
In order to dissipate heat and reduce wear, more expensive materials with better
anti‐friction and anti‐wear properties and good lubricating devices are often used,
so the cost is higher.

2. Main Size and Calculation of the Worm and Wheel Drive

(1) The number of worm heads Z1, the number of worm and wheel teeth Z2 and
the transmission ratio i.
A smaller number of worm heads can achieve a larger transmission ratio, but
the transmission efficiency is low.
The more the number of worm heads, the higher the transmission efficiency.
However, the more the number of worm heads, the more difficult it is to
process. The usual number of worm heads is 1, 2, 4, 6,

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The number of teeth of the turbine mainly depends on the transmission ratio,
that is, Z2=i*Z1. (Z2 should not be too small, otherwise the transmission
stability is poor, and Z2 should not be too large, otherwise, when the modulus
is constant, the diameter of the turbine will increase, thereby increasing the
distance between the meshing worm supports and reducing the distortion
rigidity of the worm.
Transmission ratio i i=n1/n2=z2/z1.

(2) The failure mode of worm and wheel drive.

The main problem of the worm and wheel drive is serious wear, which is the
main problem to be solved in the design.
The turbine wear system is overheated and the worm is insufficiently rigid as
the main form of failure.

(3) Material and structure of worm and wheel drive

In order to reduce friction, usually worms are made of steel, non‐ferrous metals
(copper alloys, aluminum alloys) for turbines, high‐speed and heavy‐duty
worms are usually 15Cr, 20Cr carburized and quenched, or 45 steel, and
low‐speed, medium‐ and light‐duty worms can be 45 steel.

(4) Strength calculation of worm and wheel drive

Worm index circle diameter d and worm diameter coefficient q
Since the worm wheel is processed by matching worm wheel hobs with the
same size as the worm, in order to limit the number of hobs, the national
standard specifies a certain number of standard worm indexing circle diameters
d1 for each standard modulus, and the diameter d1 is combined with the die.
The ratio of the number m is called the diameter coefficient of the worm.
When the modulus m is constant and the value of q increases, the diameter d1
of the worm increases, and the rigidity of the worm increases.
Therefore, for small modulus worms, a larger q value is specified to ensure that
the worm has sufficient rigidity.

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(5) Selection of commonly used gear transmissions

When selecting the transmission type, the following aspects should be
considered when transmitting high power, generally cylindrical gears are used.
When using cylindrical and bevel gears in combination, bevel gears should be
placed in the high‐speed stage.
Compared with helical gears, helical gears are generally stronger than spur
gears, and their transmission is stable, so they are used in high‐speed
applications.
Spur gears are used in low‐speed applications. Straight‐tooth gears are only
used in applications where V<5m/s.
Curved teeth can be used at high speeds. When the circumferential speed of
the worm is v<4m/s, it is driven by the lower‐mounted worm; when v>4m/s, it
is driven by the upper‐mounted worm. When the gear and worm drive are used
in combination, there are two arrangements for the gear drive at the
high‐speed stage and the worm drive at the high‐speed stage.
The former has a compact structure, while the latter has higher transmission
efficiency.

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4. Experimental steps of worm and wheel device

1. Purpose of the experiment

(1) Understand the change of input and output direction during the rotation of the
worm and wheel.

(2) Grasp the relationship between worm and wheel transmission speed ratio and
the related tooth number modulus relationship.

(3) Master the calculation of the lead of the worm and the index circle of the
turbine. 4.2 Experiment preparation materials

No. Name Qty

1 Ruler 1
2 Weight 1
3 Cross Screwdriver 1
4 Allen Wrench 1
5 Worm And Wheel 1
Experimental Device

2. Test procedure

(1) Rotate the worm and wheel manually, feel how the worm and wheel is
stressed, observe the change of the worm and wheel's speed and the direction
of shaft input and output, and judge the force of the worm and wheel
according to the right‐hand rule.

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(2) Measurement and calculation

1. Measure the diameter of two reels and calculate the circumference
Circumference L=2πr=πD,
2. Wrap the cord on the reel.
3. Hang the weight on the wire and measure the initial height of the weight.
4. Let the weight fall freely to the length of the line that needs to be released,
measure the length of the line to be released at both ends, calculate the
number of turns and record the data. Number of turns n = measured line
length/circumference
5. Calculate the speed ratio
v=ωr=2πnr=2πr/t,
ω=v/r=2πnr/rt
Worm ω1/turbine ω2=n worm/n turbine=30

(3) Index circle calculation

1. The number of worm heads is 1 and the worm and worm are four modes
2. Worm lead = modulus * number of worm heads * 3.14 = 4 * 1 * 3.14 =
12.56
3. Turbine index circle = number of turbine teeth Z2*modulus m=30*4=120

3. Experimental conclusion

(1) According to the force felt by manually rotating the worm and wheel, it can be
known that the worm can only be driven by the worm, and the worm cannot be
driven by the worm, which has self‐locking characteristics. According to the
right‐hand rule, when the right hand makes a fist, the direction shown by the
four fingers indicates the direction of rotation of the worm, and the direction in
which the thumb extends is the direction of the axial force on the worm.
2) According to the experiment, it is calculated that the worm and wheel ratio is a
fixed value of 30, and the worm and wheel ratio mainly depends on the number
of teeth and the number of worm heads. The more the number of worm heads,
the greater the transmission ratio.
(3) The lead of the worm has nothing to do with the size of the worm, only the
modulus of the worm and the number of heads. The larger the modulus or the
number of heads, the larger the lead of the worm, and vice versa. The index
circle of the turbine is related to the number of teeth and the modulus. The
larger the modulus or the more the number of teeth, the larger the index circle.

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5. Questions and thoughts

(1) How to perform self‐locking worm and wheel?

(2) What are the structure of worm and wheels?

6. Matters needing attention

(1) Weights are heavy objects, so be sure to smash your feet carefully.

(2) Check whether the worm and wheel is damaged or rusted to avoid inaccurate
or affecting the experiment. Check whether the worm and wheel is lubricated.
If not, even if the lubricating oil is not applied, check whether the product
support is stable. Do not operate the test on an unstable ground. So as to avoid
danger.

(3) Check whether all the screws are installed in place, and check whether the
objects installed on the bearing are installed tightly.

(4) After the test, all equipment should be returned to a fixed position. The worm
and wheel should not be damaged. After use, lubricating oil should be applied
in time to avoid rust and oxidation and affect the next test.

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