BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

STOICHIOMETRY
LABORATORY REPORT No. 5

Prepared By:
GROUP 9
GUDOY, BENEDICT L.
BUGAOISAN, NEMALYN
DE GUZMAN, LOVLY VALERIE D.
LIPSOT, DAN LENARD C.

ENGR. RALPH LAWRENCE R. QUEDDENG

INSTRUCTOR

NOVEMBER 29, 2023

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

I. INTRODUCTION

Stoichiometry is the science of measuring or establishing relationships based

on the laws of chemical combination and focuses on the quantities involved in

chemical reactions occurring in solutions (Ramos, 2022). Understanding

chemistry is impossible without a solid grasp of stoichiometry, as it allows you to

predict the quantity of a reactant involved in a chemical reaction, the amount of

product you'll receive, and the amount of reactant that may remain (Helmenstine,

2019). It is significant since it helps in determining how much reactant is involved

in a chemical reaction, which is crucial in both theoretical and practical aspects of

chemistry, as it allows for precise calculations and predictions. It also allows us to

calculate how much of the reactant might be left over after a reaction which is

useful in optimizing reactions to ensure that resources are not wasted (Gudzuadze,

2023). Stoichiometry is also used for balancing chemical equations which is an

important aspect of chemistry. Balanced chemical equations reflect the law of

conservation of mass, indicating that the amount of each element does not change

over the course of a reaction (Stoichiometry, n.d.). In addition, it is also used to

determine the ratio of products to reactants in a chemical reaction, allowing

chemists to accurately predict an expected mass of the product with given

quantities (Why Is Stoichiometry Important To Chemistry, 2022). The process of

solving stoichiometry is as follows: (1) balancing the equation, (2) converting

given units of a substance to moles, (3) using the mole ratio to calculate yield, (4)
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

converting moles of wanted substance to desired unit (Stoichiometric

Calculations, n.d.). Stoichiometry is often seen as the backbone of chemistry,

having a multitude of practical applications. The formulation of everyday

chemical products such as shampoos, cleaning agents, perfumes, soaps, and

fertilizers is achieved through stoichiometric computations. The existence of the

chemical industry is unimaginable without stoichiometry (Amjad, 2022).

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To observe the reaction between potassium chromate and lead nitrate.

2. To determine the limiting and excess reagents from the given reactants.

III. EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

- 250-mL Beakers (4) - Iron stand

- 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks (4) - Iron ring

- Gas burner - Graduated cylinder

- Filter paper (4) - Match

- Funnel - Wash bottle

- Test tubes (2) - Weighing balance

- Stirring rod - Wire gauze

IV. PROCEDURES

1. Weigh a clean, dry 250-ml. beaker and a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask.

2. Weigh an amount exactly equivalent to 0.001 mole of K 2CrO4 into the pre-

weighed 250-mL beaker. How many grams of K2CrO4 will you weigh?
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING
g
- The calculated molecular weight of K 2CrO4 is 194 and using the
mol

stoichiometric formula ( 0.001 mol K 2 Cr O 4 ) ( 194

1 mol )
g
=0.194 g, the

researcher weighted 0.194 g of K2CrO4.

3. Weigh also an amount exactly equivalent to 0.003 mole of Pb(NO 3)2 into the pre-

weighed 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask.

4. Dissolve each of the solids in about 25 mL of distilled H 2O. Warm the solutions

to increase the rate of dissolution.

5. Add a few drops of Pb(NO3)2 solution to the K2CrO4 solution in the beaker and

stir. What is formed in the beaker?

- After adding a few drops of Pb(NO3)2 solution to the K2CrO4 solution

a chemical reaction occurred. A yellow precipitate was formed in the

beaker after the reaction.

6. Add the remaining solution of Pb(NO3)2, a few mL at a time, to the K 2CrO4 in the

beaker, stirring constantly. Rinse out traces of Pb(NO 3)2 with distilled water from

the wash bottle, and add the rinsings into the beaker.

NOTE: The use of small amounts of water for rinsing several times is more

effective than a single one of large volume.

7. Heat the mixture gently with stirring for five minutes but do not let it boil. Allow

the precipitate to settle. Describe the precipitate formed.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

- The researchers were able to observe that the precipitate formed has

a yellow color, and a powder – like texture.

What is the chemical composition of the precipitate?

- With the application of predicting products using stoichiometry,

K 2 Cr O4 (aq) + Pb(N O3)2 (aq ) → PbCr O4 (s) + KN O3 (aq). The researchers

were able to determine that the chemical composition of the

precipitate is PbCr O4 .

8. Weigh a filter paper and place it in the funnel for filtration. Decant the

supernatant liquid and filter. Retain as much precipitate in the beaker. Use the

flask to collect the supernatant liquid.

9. Wash the precipitate in the beaker by adding about 20 mL distilled H 2O and warm

the mixture. Let the precipitate settle and decant the liquid into the funnel, leaving

as much precipitate in the beaker.

10. Wash the precipitate with another 15 mL distilled H 2O and decant the supernatant

liquid into the funnel. Wash also the sides of the beaker with 10 mL distilled

water and decant the liquid.

NOTE: It is not necessary to transfer all the precipitates on the filter paper

since the filter paper and its content will be later placed into the

beaker prior to drying.

What is being removed when washing the precipitate?

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

- When washing the precipitate, the filtrate is being removed which is

the KN O3 .

11. After filtration, remove the filter paper from the funnel. Unfold it to expose the

precipitate to the atmosphere and place it into the beaker.

12. Measure approximately 2 mL of the filtrate into two separate test tubes. Add to

the first test tube a few drops of Pb(NO3)2 solution. Note what happens. To the

other test tube, also add a few drops of K 2CrO4. Note also what happens. Record

your observations.

13. Dry the precipitate in the oven. When the precipitate in the beaker is thoroughly

dry, cool and weigh the beaker and its contents. Determine the mass of the

precipitate. What is the purpose of drying?

- The purpose of drying was to eliminate the leftover filtrate of KN O3

and isolate the PbCr O4 from it.

14. Do the same procedure using equivalents amount of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.004 moles

of K2CrO4 keeping the mole of Pb(NO3)2 constant.

15. Tabulate your data.

16. Plot the number of moles of precipitate against the number of moles of K 2CrO4

used.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

V. DATA GATHERING

Table 5.1. Obtained data of the mass and moles of K2CrO4, Pb(NO3)2, filter
paper, beaker, and precipitate.
Mass Pb(NO3)2 0.9936 g
Mass K2CrO4 0.194 g
Mole Pb(NO3)2 0.003 mol
Mole K2CrO4 0.001 mol
Mass Beaker 96.6 g
Mass Filter Paper 1.0 g
Mass Beaker + Mass Filter Paper + Dried Precipitate 98.9 g
Mass Precipitate 1.3 g
Mole Precipitate 0.004 mol
% Recovery 109.24 %

Table 5.2. Observed data from adding Pb(NO3)2 and K2CrO4 to the filtrate.
Trial Filtrate + Pb(NO3)2 Filtrate + K2CrO4
1 No reaction A reaction takes place
2 No reaction Small precipitate is formed
3 No reaction More precipitate is formed
4 No reaction Most precipitate is formed

VI. CONCLUSION

Considering the findings, the researchers were able to observe that the

reaction between potassium chromate and lead nitrate produces a participate

which is Lead chromate, a solid. The reaction were also able to produce a filtrate

which Potassium nitrate, an aqueous. The whole balanced equation is

K 2 Cr O4 (aq) + Pb(N O3)2 (aq ) → PbCr O4 (s) +2 KN O3 (aq ). In addition, the researchers
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

were also able to determine the limiting and excess reagents from the given

reactants. For instance, 0.001 moles or 0.002 moles of Potassium chromate is the

limiting reagent when it reacts to 0.003 moles of Lead nitrate. Also, the

researchers were able to determine the mole ratio whereby Lead nitrate and

Potassium chromate react completely to form lead chromate is 1:1. In conclusion,

the researcher were able to observe the reaction between Potassium chromate and

Lead nitrate, determine the limiting and excess reagent from the given reactants,

determine the mole ratio, and balance the chemical equation through the

utilization of stoichiometry.

VII. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. How many grams of K2CrO4 will you weigh? (Experimental Procedure No. 2)

g
- The calculated molecular weight of K 2CrO4 is 194 and using the
mol

stoichiometric formula ( 0.001 mol K 2 Cr O 4 ) ( 194

1 mol )
g
=0.194 g, the

researcher weighted 0.194 g of K2CrO4.

2. What is formed in the beaker? (Experimental Procedure No. 5)

- After adding a few drops of Pb(NO3)2 solution to the K2CrO4 solution

a chemical reaction occurred. A yellow precipitate was formed in the

beaker after the reaction.

3. Describe the precipitate formed. (Experimental Procedure No. 7)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

- The researchers were able to observe that the precipitate formed has

a yellow color, and a powder – like texture.

4. What is the chemical composition of the precipitate? (Experimental Procedure

No. 7)

- With the application of predicting products using stoichiometry,

K 2 Cr O4 (aq) + Pb(N O3)2 (aq ) → PbCr O4 (s) + KN O3 (aq). The researchers

were able to determine that the chemical composition of the

precipitate is PbCr O4 .

5. What is being removed when washing the precipitate? (Experimental

Procedure No. 10)

- When washing the precipitate, the filtrate is being removed which is

the KN O3 .

6. What is the purpose of drying? (Experimental Procedure No. 13)

- The purpose of drying was to eliminate the leftover filtrate of KN O3

and isolate the PbCr O4 from it.

7. Based on the curve obtained, how does the number of moles of precipitate

vary with the number of moles of K2CrO4?

- With the moles of precipitate placed on the x – axis, and the moles of

K2CrO4 placed on the y – axis, the graph that was created is

rise 0.003
diagonal. Also, the slope of the curve is = =1. This means
run 0.003

that the ratio of the moles of precipitate and K2CrO4 is 1:1. In other
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

words, the number of moles of precipitate is equal to the number of

the moles of K2CrO4.

8. How does the number of moles of precipitate vary with the number of moles

of Pb(NO3)2?

- Based on the graph that has the moles of precipitate on the x – axis

and the moles of Pb(NO3)2 on the y – axis, the line progresses to the

right but does ascend. This means that the number of moles of

precipitate still changes, while the number of moles of Pb(NO 3)2

does not.

9. In which cases (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004) were the amounts of K2CrO4 added

to 0.003 mole Pb(NO3)2?

a. Insufficient

- The 0.001 moles, and 0.002 moles of K2CrO4 are

insufficient when added to 0.003 mole Pb(NO3)2.

b. Just sufficient

- 0.003 moles of K2CrO4 are sufficient when added to 0.003

mole Pb(NO3)2.

c. In excess

- The 0.004 moles of K2CrO4 are in excess when added to

0.003 mole Pb(NO3)2.

10. What is meant by "limiting reagent"?

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

- The limiting reagent is the first reactant that is used up in a chemical

reaction. When the limiting reactant is all used up, then no more

products will be formed, and the chemical reaction stops. For

example, consider the following reaction for the formation of

ammonia: 3H2 + N2 —> 2 NH3. In this reaction, 3 moles of hydrogen

gas is required for the reaction with 1 mole of nitrogen gas for the

formation of 2 moles of ammonia. But what if, during the time of the

reaction, there are only 2 moles of hydrogen gas available with 1

mole of nitrogen? In this case, the entire quantity of nitrogen cannot

be used since the entirety of nitrogen requires 3 moles of hydrogen

gas to react. Therefore, the hydrogen gas is limiting the reaction and

is hence called the limiting reagent for this reaction.

11. In each case, which is the limiting reagent? Justify your answer? (Refer to the

quantity of the reactants used)

- When 0.001 moles or 0.002 moles of K2CrO4 reacts with 0.003 mole

Pb(NO3)2, the K2CrO4 is the limiting reagent because according to

the calculations, 0.001 moles of Pb(NO 3)2 is required to completely

react with 0.001 moles of K2CrO4, and 0.002 moles of Pb(NO3)2 is

required to completely react with 0.002 moles of K 2CrO4. Both

scenarios have excess moles of Pb(NO 3)2, which means that it is the

excess reagent, while K2CrO4 is the limiting reactant. When 0.003

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

moles of K2CrO4 reacts with 0.003 mole Pb(NO3)2, K2CrO4

completely reacts with Pb(NO3)2, having no limiting and excess

reagent. When 0.004 moles of K2CrO4 reacts with 0.003 mole

Pb(NO3)2, the Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent because according to

the calculations, 0.004 moles of Pb(NO 3)2 is required to completely

react with 0.004 moles of K2CrO4. So with 0.003 moles of Pb(NO3)2,

it is the limiting reagent and K2CrO4 is the excess reagent.

12. What is the mole ratio whereby Pb(NO 3)2and K2CrO4 react completely to form

lead chromate, PbCrO4?

- Based on the previous answers and collected data, if it requires 0.003

moles of Pb(NO3)2 is required to completely react with 0.003 moles

of K2CrO4. This means that the mole ratio of Pb(NO 3)2and K2CrO4 is

1:1.

13. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

K 2 Cr O4 (aq) + Pb(N O3)2 (aq ) → PbCr O4 (s) +2 KN O3 (aq )

VIII. CALCULATIONS

MW K Cr O : K2 = (39)(2) g/mol
2 4

+ Cr = 52 g/mol
O4 = (16)(4) g/mol
194 g/mol

g K 2 Cr O4= ( 0.001mol ) ( 194

1 mol )
g
=0.194 g K Cr O
2 4
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MW Pb (N O ) : Pb = 207.2 g/mol
3 2

N2 = (14)(2) g/mol
+ O6 = (16)(6) g/mol
331.2 g/mol

g Pb(N O3)2=( 0.003 mol ) ( 331.2

1 mol )
g
=0.9936 g Pb(N O ) 3 2

M ppt =( M filter paper + M beaker + M ppt )−( M beaker + M filter paper ) =( 98.9 g )−( 96.6 g+ 1.0 g )=1.3 g

MW PbCr O :4
Pb = 207.2 g/mol
Cr = 52 g/mol
+ O4 = (16)(4) g/mol
323.2 g/mol

Mole of PbCr O4 =( 1.3 g ) ( 323.2

1 mol
g)
=0.004 mol PbCr O 4

rise 0.003
Slope= = =1
run 0.003

Theoretical Mass of different moles of Potassium chromate

Moles Solution
0.001 mol mass K 2 Cr O 4 =( 0.001 mol )
194 g
1 mol ( )
=0.194 g K 2 Cr O4

0.002 mol mass K 2 Cr O4 =( 0.002 mol )

194 g
1 mol ( )
=0.388 g K 2 Cr O4

0.003 mol mass K 2 Cr O 4 =( 0.003 mol )

194 g
1 mol ( )
=0.582 g K 2 Cr O4

0.004 mol mass K 2 Cr O4 =( 0.004 mol )

194 g
1 mol ( )
=0.776 g K 2 Cr O 4

Theoretical Mass of moles of Lead chromate

Moles Solution
K 2 Cr O4 + Pb(N O3 )2 → PbCr O4 + KN O3
0.001 mol
mass PbCr O4 =( 0.194 g )+ ( 0.9936 g )=1.19 g PbCr O4
K 2 Cr O4 + Pb(N O3 )2 → PbCr O4 + KN O3
0.002 mol
mass PbCr O4 =( 0.388 g ) + ( 0.9936 g ) =1.3316 g PbCr O 4
K 2 Cr O4 + Pb(N O3 )2 → PbCr O4 + KN O3
0.003 mol
mass PbCr O4 =( 0.582 g ) + ( 0.9936 g )=1.5756 g PbCr O4
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

K 2 Cr O4 + Pb(N O3 )2 → PbCr O4 + KN O3
0.004 mol
mass PbCr O4 =( 0.776 g ) + ( 0.9936 g )=1.7696 g PbCr O 4

% recovery=
( M ppt
M theoretical ppt ) ( 1.19
× 100 %=
1.3 g
g)
×100 %=109.24 %

Theoretical moles of Lead chromate

Moles Solution
0.001 mol moles PbCr O 4=( 1.19 g )
1 mol
323.2 g ( )
=0.003 mol PbCr O 4

0.002 mol moles PbCr O 4=( 1.3316 g )

1 mol
323.2 g ( )
=0.004 mol PbCr O4

0.003 mol moles PbCr O 4=( 1.5756 g )

1 mol
323.2 g ( )
=0.005 mol PbCr O 4

0.004 mol moles PbCr O 4=( 1.7696 g )

1 mol
323.2 g ( )
=0.006 mol PbCr O4

IX. DOCUMENTATION

Figure 9.1. The researchers pre-weighted the

beaker, Erlenmeyer flask, and filter paper.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Figure 9.3. The researchers transferred distilled water to the Potassium

chromate and Lead nitrate and heated it for faster dissolution.

Figure 9.5. The researchers heated the mixture and let the solution
settle.

Figure 9.6. The researchers put a filter paper on the funnel and poured the supernatant
fluid from the solution to separate it from the precipitate.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Figure 9.7. The researchers transferred a 10 mL of filtrate in

to the two test tube.

Figure 9.8. The researchers add a few drops of Potassium chromate

solution into a test tube, and a few drops of lead nitrate into the other one.

Figure 9.9. The researchers put the precipitate with the

beaker and filter paper inside the drying oven to dry it, and
weighted it.
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

X. REFERENCES

Amjad, H. (2022, November 2). 5 Ways to Get Students Energized About

Stoichiometry. Labster. https://www.labster.com/blog/get-students-energized

-stoichiometry

Gudzuadze, M. (2023, July 22). 10 Reasons Why Stoichiometry Is Important.

Chemistry Guide. https://chemistry-guide.com/reasons-why-stoichiometry-is

-important/

Helmenstine, A. M. (2019, January 9). Introduction To Stoichiometry. ThoughtCo.

https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-stoichiometry-609201

Ramos, P. (2022). Applying Stoichiometry in Solutions [PowerPoint Slides]. Ilocos

Norte National High School

Stoichiometric Calculations. (n.d.). SparkNotes.

https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometriccalculations/

section2

Stoichiometry. (n.d.). Khan Academy. https://rb.gy/s65z26

Why Is Stoichiometry Important To Chemistry. (2022, November 25). ScienceAtlas.

https://science-atlas.com/faq/why-is-stoichiometry-important-to-chemistry/
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PEER EVALUATION RATING

GROUP 9
EXPERIMENT NO. 5

NAME GROUP ATTENDANCE SPEED CREDIBILITY OVERALL TOTAL

DESIGNATION AND AND AND PARTICIPATION
COOPERATION ACCURACY HONESTY
20% 25% 25% 30% 100%

Gudoy, 20% 25% 25% 30% 100%

Leader
Benedict L.
Bugaoisan, 20% 25% 25% 30% 100%
Co – Leader
Nemalyn
De Guzman, 20% 25% 25% 30% 100%
Lovely Valerie Member
D.
Lipsot, Dan 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Member
Lenard C.
Instructions: After every experiment, all the members of the group will have to
evaluate their fellow members, the leaders will evaluate the assistant leader and
members, the assistant leader will evaluate the leader and members, and the
members will also evaluate their respective leader and assistant leader.
When evaluating, each member of the group must have a copy of
the table shown above, the one who is evaluating (evaluator) will not write and
evaluate his/her name on the table already. After the individual evaluation, the
leader and assistant leader will get the average score of every team member, and
tabulate them in the table above.