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Microsoft Project 2019
Step by Step

Cindy Lewis
Carl Chatfield
Timothy Johnson
Microsoft Project 2019 Step by Step
Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by:
Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and

permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise.
For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate
contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions
Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. No patent
liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained
herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this
book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use
of the information contained herein.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5093-0742-5
ISBN-10: 1-5093-0742-7

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019930824

01 19

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Microsoft and the trademarks listed at http://www.microsoft.com on the
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Contents at a Glance

Part 1: Get started with Microsoft Project

1: Project, project management, and you

2: Take a guided tour

Part 2: Simple scheduling basics

3: Start a new plan

4: Build a task list
5: Set up resources
6: Assign resources to tasks
7: Format and share your plan
8: Track progress: Basic techniques

Part 3: Advanced scheduling techniques

9: Fine-tune task scheduling

10: Fine-tune task details
11: Fine-tune resource and assignment details
12: Fine-tune the Project plan
13: Organize plan details
14: Track progress: Detailed techniques
15: View and report project status

Part 4: In-depth and special subjects

16: Format and print views: In-depth techniques

17: Format reports: In-depth techniques
18: Customize Project
 19: Share information with other programs
20: Consolidate projects and resources
21: Use Agile project management with Project

Part 5: Appendixes

A: A short course in project management

B: Develop your project management skills
C: Collaborate: Project, SharePoint, and PWA
D: Use this book in a classroom

Glossary
Index
About the authors
Contents

Author Acknowledgments

Introduction
Who this book is for
The Step by Step approach
Download the practice files
E-book edition
Adapt procedure steps
How to get support & provide feedback
Errata & book support
Stay in touch

Part 1: Get started with Microsoft Project

1 Project, project management, and you

Practice files
Meet the Project program
Meet the Project family
See the new features in Project 2019
Review features in earlier versions
New in Project 2016
New in Project 2013
New in Project 2010
Take a project manager’s perspective
 Let’s get started!

2 Take a guided tour

Practice files
Explore the Project user interface
Manage files and set options in the Backstage view
Work with schedule details in views
Use reports to check a plan’s status
Skills review
Practice tasks
Explore the Project user interface
Manage files and set options in the Backstage view
Work with schedule details in views
Use reports to check a plan’s status

Part 2: Simple scheduling basics

3 Start a new plan

Practice files
Create a new plan and set its start date
Set nonworking days in the project calendar
Enter the plan title and other properties
Skills review
Practice tasks
Create a new plan and set its start date
Set nonworking days in the project calendar
Enter the plan title and other properties

4 Build a task list

Practice files
 Create tasks
Switch task scheduling from manual to automatic
Enter task durations and estimates
Enter milestone tasks
Create summary tasks to outline the plan
Link tasks to create dependencies
Check a plan’s duration and finish date
Document task information
Skills review
Practice tasks
Create tasks
Switch task scheduling from manual to automatic
Enter task durations and estimates
Enter milestone tasks
Create summary tasks to outline the plan
Link tasks to create dependencies
Check a plan’s duration and finish date
Document task information

5 Set up resources
Practice files
Set up work resources
Enter the maximum capacity for work resources
Enter work resource pay rates
Adjust working time in a resource calendar
Set up cost resources
Document resources by using notes
Skills review
 Practice tasks
Set up work resources
Enter the maximum capacity for work resources
Enter work resource pay rates
Adjust working time in a resource calendar
Set up cost resources
Document resources by using notes

6 Assign resources to tasks

Practice files
Assign work resources to tasks
Control work when adding or removing resource assignments
Assign cost resources to tasks
Check the plan after assigning resources
Skills review
Practice tasks
Assign work resources to tasks
Control work when adding or removing resource assignments
Assign cost resources to tasks
Check the plan after assigning resources

7 Format and share your plan

Practice files
Customize a Gantt chart view
Add tasks to a Timeline view
Customize reports
Copy views and reports
Print views and reports
Skills review
 Practice tasks
Customize a Gantt chart view
Add tasks to a Timeline view
Customize reports
Copy views and reports
Print views and reports

8 Track progress: Basic techniques

Practice files
Understand progress tracking
Save a baseline of your plan
Track a plan as scheduled
Enter a task’s completion percentage
Enter actual values for tasks
Skills review
Practice tasks
Save a baseline of your plan
Track a plan as scheduled
Enter a task’s completion percentage
Enter actual values for tasks

Part 3: Advanced scheduling techniques

9 Fine-tune task scheduling

Practice files
See task relationships by using Task Path
Adjust task link relationships
Control task scheduling by using constraints
Interrupt work on a task
 Adjust working time for individual tasks
Control task scheduling by using task types
See task schedule details by using the Task Inspector
Skills review
Practice tasks
See task relationships by using Task Path
Adjust task link relationships
Control task scheduling by using constraints
Interrupt work on a task
Adjust working time for individual tasks
Control task scheduling by using task types
See task schedule details by using the Task Inspector

10 Fine-tune task details

Practice files
Enter deadline dates
Enter fixed costs
Create a recurring task
View the plan’s critical path
Schedule summary tasks manually
Skills review
Practice tasks
Enter deadline dates
Enter fixed costs
Create a recurring task
View the plan’s critical path
Schedule summary tasks manually

11 Fine-tune resource and assignment details

 Practice files
Change resource availability over multiple date ranges
Work with multiple resource pay rates
Change resource pay rates over different date ranges
Delay the start of assignments
Apply contours to assignments
Create and assign material resources
View resource capacity
Adjust assignments in the Team Planner view (Project Professional
only)
Skills review
Practice tasks
Change resource availability over multiple date ranges
Work with multiple resource pay rates
Change resource pay rates over different date ranges
Delay the start of assignments
Apply contours to assignments
Create and assign material resources
View resource capacity
Adjust assignments in the Team Planner view (Project
Professional only)

12 Fine-tune the Project plan

Practice files
Examine resource allocations over time
Resolve resource overallocations manually
Level overallocated resources
Check the plan’s cost and finish date
Inactivate tasks (Project Professional only)
 Skills review
Practice tasks
Examine resource allocations over time
Resolve resource overallocations manually
Level overallocated resources
Check the plan’s cost and finish date
Inactivate tasks (Project Professional only)

13 Organize plan details

Practice files
Sort plan details
Group plan details
Filter plan details
Create new tables
Create new views
Skills review
Practice tasks
Sort plan details
Group plan details
Filter plan details
Create new tables
Create new views

14 Track progress: Detailed techniques

Practice files
Update a baseline
Track actual and remaining work for tasks and assignments
Track timephased actual work for tasks and assignments
Reschedule incomplete work
 Skills review
Practice tasks
Update a baseline
Track actual and remaining work for tasks and assignments
Track timephased actual work for tasks and assignments
Reschedule incomplete work

15 View and report project status

Practice files
Examine a plan’s variance
Identify tasks that have slipped
Examine task costs
Examine resource costs
Skills review
Practice tasks
Examine a plan’s variance
Identify tasks that have slipped
Examine task costs
Examine resource costs

Part 4: In-depth and special subjects

16 Format and print views: In-depth techniques

Practice files
Format a Gantt chart view
Format a Timeline view
Format a Network Diagram view
Format a Calendar view
Print and export views
 Skills review
Practice tasks
Format a Gantt chart view
Format a Timeline view
Format a Network Diagram view
Format a Calendar view
Print and export views

17 Format reports: In-depth techniques

Practice files
Create a custom report
Customize charts in a report
Customize tables in a report
Skills review
Practice tasks
Create a custom report
Customize charts in a report
Customize tables in a report

18 Customize Project
Practice files
Share custom elements between plans
Record and run macros
Edit macros
Customize the ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar
Skills review
Practice tasks
Share custom elements between plans
Record and run macros
 Edit macros
Customize the ribbon and Quick Access Toolbar

19 Share information with other programs

Practice files
Copy Project data to and from other programs
Open files in other formats in Project
Save to other file formats from Project
Generate reports with Excel and Visio
Skills review
Practice tasks
Copy Project data to and from other programs
Open files in other formats in Project
Save to other file formats from Project
Generate reports with Excel and Visio

20 Consolidate projects and resources

Practice files
Share a resource pool across multiple plans
Consolidate plans
Create dependencies between plans
Skills review
Practice tasks
Share a resource pool across multiple plans
Consolidate plans
Create dependencies between plans

21 Use Agile project management with Project

Practice files
 Navigate the Agile project management template
Reset the Agile project management template
Create the product backlog
Create the Agile team
Plan a sprint
Record progress from daily scrum meetings
Generate reports for sprint reviews
Sources for more information
Skills review
Practice tasks
Navigate the Agile project management template
Reset the Agile project management template
Create the product backlog
Create the Agile team
Plan a sprint
Record progress from daily scrum meetings
Generate reports for sprint reviews

Part 5: Appendixes

A A short course in project management

Understand what defines a project
The project triangle: View projects in terms of time, cost, and
scope
Time
Cost
Scope
Time, cost, and scope: Manage project constraints
You have less time
 You have fewer resources
You have more work
Manage your projects with Project

B Develop your project management skills

Join a Project learning community
Join a project-management learning community

C Collaborate: Project, SharePoint, and PWA

Set the Project desktop client to Computer mode
Sources for more information
Share your plan by using SharePoint
Sources for more information
Team collaboration with Project Web App
Sources for more information
Project portfolio management
Sources for more information

D Use this book in a classroom

Match content to instructional needs
Teach project management with Project

Glossary
Index
About the authors
Author Acknowledgments

Thank you to the many people who supported me while writing this book. I
thank my technical editor, Christine Flora, for her insightful thoughts and
technical expertise. I thank James Mills, Jr., for his expertise as a co-author
of Chapter 21 and his great collaboration. A special thank you to my
husband, my family, and my friends who supported me during this process.
Thank you also out to the amazing editorial team who ensured the book’s
quality.
—Cindy Lewis
Introduction
Welcome! This Step by Step book has been designed so that you can read it
from the beginning to learn about Microsoft Project 2019 and then build
your skills as you learn to perform increasingly specialized procedures.
Alternatively, if you prefer, you can jump in wherever you need ready
guidance for performing tasks. The how-to steps are delivered crisply and
concisely—just the facts. You’ll also find informative, full-color graphics
that support the instructional content.

Who this book is for

Microsoft Project 2019 Step by Step is designed for use as a learning and
reference resource by home and business users of Microsoft programs who
want to use Project to create and manage projects more efficiently. The
content of the book is designed to be useful both for people who have
previously used earlier versions of Project and for people who are
discovering Project for the first time.

The Step by Step approach

The book’s coverage is divided into chapters representing general Project
skill sets. Each part is divided into chapters representing skill set areas, and
each chapter is divided into topics that group related skills. Each topic
includes expository information followed by generic procedures. At the end
of each chapter is a series of practice tasks you can complete on your own
by using the skills taught in the chapter. You can use the practice files that
are available from this book’s website to work through the practice tasks, or
you can use your own files.

Download the practice files

Before you can complete the practice tasks in this book, you need to
download the book’s practice files to your computer from
https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/store/microsoft-project-2019-step-by-
step-9781509307425. Follow the instructions on the Downloads tab.

Important
Project 2019 is not available from the book’s website. Be sure to
install that program before you work through the procedures and
practice tasks in this book.

You can open the files that are supplied for the practice tasks and save the
finished versions of each file. If you later want to repeat practice tasks, you
can download the original practice files again.
The following table lists the practice files for this book.

Chapter Folder Files

Part 1: Get started with

Microsoft Project

1: Project, project management,

Ch01 None
and you

2: Take a guided tour Ch02 TakeGuidedTour.mpp

Part 2: Simple scheduling

basics
Chapter Folder Files

3: Start a new plan Ch03 None

4: Build a task list Ch04 SimpleBuildTaskList.mpp

5: Set up resources Ch05 SimpleSetUpResources.mpp

6: Assign resources to tasks Ch06 SimpleAssignCheckPlan.mpp

SimpleAssignControlWork.mpp

SimpleAssignCostResource.mpp

SimpleAssignWorkResource.mpp

7: Format and share your plan Ch07 SimpleFormat.mpp

8: Track progress: Basic

Ch08 SimpleTrackActuals.mpp
techniques

SimpleTrackBaseline.mpp

Part 3: Advanced scheduling

techniques
Chapter Folder Files

9: Fine-tune task scheduling Ch09 ScheduleTasksAdvanced.mpp

ViewTaskPath.mpp

10: Fine-tune task details Ch10 FineTuneTasks.mpp

11: Fine-tune resource and

Ch11 FineTuneAssignments.mpp
assignment details

FineTuneResources.mpp

12: Fine-tune the Project plan Ch12 FineTunePlan.mpp

13: Organize plan details Ch13 OrganizeDetails.mpp

14: Track progress: Detailed

Ch14 RescheduleIncompleteWork.mpp
techniques

TrackTimephasedWork.mpp

TrackWork.mpp
UpdateBaseline.mpp
Chapter Folder Files

15: View and report project

Ch15 ReportStatus.mpp
status

Part 4: In-depth and special

subjects

16: Format and print views: In-

Ch16 FormatInDepth.mpp
depth techniques

17: Format reports: In-depth

Ch17 FormatReportsInDepth.mpp
techniques

18: Customize Project Ch18 CustomizeProjectA.mpp

CustomizeProjectB.mpp

19: Share information with other

Ch19 SampleTaskList.xlsx
programs

ShareInformation.mpp

20: Consolidate projects and

Ch20 ConsolidatePlansA.mpp
resources
Chapter Folder Files

ConsolidatePlansB.mpp

ShareResourcesA.mpp

ShareResourcesB.mpp

21: Use Agile Project

Ch21 AgileTeam.mpp
Management with Project

GenerateReports.mpp

ProductBacklog.mpp

RecordProgress.mpp

TemplateReset.mpp

WorkingSprint.mpp

Ebook edition
If you’re reading the ebook edition of this book, you can do the following:

Search the full text

Print
 Copy and paste

You can purchase and download the ebook edition from the Microsoft Press
Store at https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/store/microsoft-project-2019-
step-by-step-9781509307425.

Adapt procedure steps

This book contains many images of the Project user interface elements
(such as the ribbon and the program window) that you’ll work with while
performing tasks in Project on a Windows computer. Depending on your
screen resolution or window width, the Project ribbon on your screen might
look different from the one shown in this book. (If you turn on Touch mode,
the ribbon might display some commands in a different layout.) As a result,
procedural instructions that involve the ribbon might require a little
adaptation.
Simple procedural instructions use this format:

1. On the Task tab, in the View group, click the Gantt Chart button.

If the command is in a list, our instructions use this format:

1. On the View tab, in the Data group, click the Filter arrow and then,
in the Filter list, click Summary Tasks.

If differences between your display settings and ours cause a button to

appear differently on your screen than it does in this book, you can easily
adapt the steps to locate the command. First click the specified tab and then
locate the specified group. If a group has been collapsed into a group list or
under a group button, click the list or button to display the group’s
commands. If you can’t immediately identify the button you want, point to
likely candidates to display their names in ScreenTips.
Multistep procedural instructions use this format:

1. On the View tab, in the Resource Views group, click the Resource
Sheet button to display the Resource Sheet view.
 2. On the View tab, in the Data group, click the Tables button and then
click Cost.

The instructions in this book assume that you’re interacting with onscreen
elements on your computer by clicking (with a mouse, touchpad, or other
hardware device). If you’re using a different method—for example, if your
computer has a touchscreen interface and you’re tapping the screen (with
your finger or a stylus)—substitute the applicable tapping action when you
interact with a user interface element.
Instructions in this book refer to Project user interface elements that you
click or tap on the screen as buttons and refer to physical buttons that you
press on a keyboard as keys, to conform to the standard terminology used in
documentation for these products.
When the instructions tell you to enter information, you can do so by typing
on a connected external keyboard, tapping an onscreen keyboard, or even
speaking aloud, depending on your computer setup and your personal
preferences.

How to get support & provide feedback

The following sections provide information on errata, book support,
feedback, and contact information.

Errata & book support

We’ve made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this book and its
companion content. You can access updates to this book—in the form of a
list of submitted errata and their related corrections—at
https://www.microsoftpressstore.com/store/microsoft-project-2019-step-by-
step-9781509307425.
If you discover an error that is not already listed, please submit it to us at
the same page.
If you need additional support, email Microsoft Press Book Support at
microsoftpresscs@pearson.com.
Please note that product support for Microsoft software and hardware is not
offered through the previous addresses. For help with Microsoft software or
hardware, go to http://support.microsoft.com.

Stay in touch
Let’s keep the conversation going! We’re on Twitter:
http://twitter.com/MicrosoftPress.
Part 1: Get started with Microsoft
Project

CHAPTER 1 Project, project management, and you

CHAPTER 2 Take a guided tour

1. Project, project management, and
you

In this chapter
Meet the Project program
Meet the Project family
See the new features in Project 2019
Review features in earlier versions
Take a project manager’s perspective
Let’s get started!

Practice files
This chapter has no practice tasks.
Thank you for adding this book to your Microsoft Project 2019 skills
development plan. This book is designed to be a learning and reference
resource. Most of the chapters that follow include hands-on activities in
Project.
This chapter does not involve hands-on work in Project. Instead, read it to
better understand how Project and project management fit with your
personal skills development goals. This chapter introduces you to Project
and the field of project management.

Meet the Project program

Project can be the go-to tool in your project-management toolbox. This
book explains how to use Project to build schedules (which are generally
called plans), complete with tasks and resources.
Project is a powerful program that you can use to plan and manage a wide
range of projects. From meeting crucial deadlines and budgets to selecting
the right resources, you can be more productive and realize better results by
using the set of features Project offers. You can use Project to do the
following:

Create plans at the level of detail that’s right for your project. You
can work with summary data initially and then shift to a more
detailed approach when needed.
Control what tasks Project can schedule automatically and which
ones you want to schedule manually.
Manage tasks, resources, work, and costs at whatever level of detail
is appropriate for your project’s needs.
Work with your plan’s data in a variety of views and reports.
Track and manage your plan throughout the life of the project.
Collaborate and share data with others in your organization.
Use resource pools, consolidated projects, and cross-project links to
extend your project-management focus across multiple projects.

Project 2019 builds on previous versions to provide powerful project-

management tools. See the sections, “See the new features in Project 2019,”
and “Review features in earlier versions,” later in this chapter, for a list of
the major new features from the last several releases of Project and for
cross-references to the related topics in this book.

Meet the Project family

The Project desktop program is available in several different editions:
 Project Standard This edition is the entry-level desktop program
for creating, modifying, and tracking plans.
Project Professional This edition includes all the functionality of
Project Standard plus a few additional features, such as the Team
Planner view. Project Professional can also work with Project Online
and Project Server.
Project Online Professional or Project Online Premium Obtained
through a Microsoft 365 subscription, these editions are cloud based.
They can be either used as a desktop program or connected to
Project Web App (PWA). Subscription versions enable you to
receive new features faster and use extra features provided to
subscribers only.

In addition to installing the Project desktop program on your computer, you

have other options for accessing Project and related services:

Project Online Delivered through Microsoft 365, Project Online is

the Microsoft Project and Portfolio Management (PPM) solution.
(Note that Project Online is not a web-based version of the Project
program.)
Project Server This is the Microsoft on-premises PPM solution.
Project Web App (PWA) This is the browser-based interface for the
PPM solution.

Tip
For more information on using Project with the Microsoft SharePoint
and PPM solutions, see Appendix C, “Collaborate: Project,
SharePoint, and PWA.” To learn more about Project Online and
Microsoft 365 subscription offerings, go to
https://products.office.com/project.
This book focuses on the features in the Project Standard and Project
Professional desktop programs. When a feature that is unique to Project
Professional appears, we give instructions for users of both Project Standard
and Project Professional. If you are a subscriber, follow the book as written
and refer to the Project Professional instructions when unique features are
pointed out.

See the new features in Project 2019

The 2019 version of Project includes some new and improved features,
including the following:

Improved task linking A multilevel task list is available from

predecessor or successor fields displayed in views and dialog boxes.
This list offers linking via check boxes. For more information, see
“Link tasks to create dependencies” in Chapter 4, “Build a task list.”
Timeline view updates Each timeline bar can have a unique label,
and task progress is now displayed in the timeline. For more
information, see “Format a timeline view” in Chapter 16, “Format
and print views: In-depth techniques.”
Task Summary Name field added You can add a task’s immediate
summary task name to tables (such as the Usage table in Resource
Usage view) to further clarify where the task is in the plan’s outline.
For more information on creating new tables or adding a column to a
table, see “Create new tables” in Chapter 13, “Organize plan
details.”
Accessibility improvements Project is now more compatible with
screen reader programs, and enhancements have been made to
contrast and keyboard support. For more information, go to
https://support.office.com and search for accessibility in project. In
the book, we have included notes to help colorblind readers navigate
Project and, where appropriate, we have offered suggestions to
format your plan differently to address the visual needs of the team.
 Tip
If you are a Project subscriber, you might have new or modified
features beyond the ones in the previous list. Your organization
determines the features available to you.

If you’re upgrading to Project 2019 from a previous version, you’re

probably most interested in the differences between the old and new
versions and how they affect you. The following sections list new features
that Project 2016, Project 2013, and Project 2010 introduced. Depending on
the version of Project you are upgrading from, some of these previously
new features might be new to you as well.

Review features in earlier versions

Even though Project regularly releases enhanced versions of its software,
you might not have upgraded with every new release due to organizational
standards, version compatibility, or other reasons. We have included the
features that were delivered with each release for your reference. If you
have been keeping up with Project versions, this section could be a
reminder of some of the exciting features and when they were introduced.

New in Project 2016

The 2016 version of Project included some new and improved features,
including the following:

Timeline view updates You can display multiple timeline bars with
custom date ranges. For more information, see “Format a timeline
view” in Chapter 16.
Tell Me This is a help and feature search text box on the ribbon. Use
it to quickly find a Project feature (or to find help content about that
feature). For more information, see Chapter 2, “Take a guided tour.”
 New themes To change the visual style of Project, you can apply one
of the new Office themes. You do so on the General page of the
Project Options dialog box (available from the File tab).

New in Project 2013

The 2013 version included the following new features:

Reports Project 2013 replaced the previous tabular reports feature

with an entirely new way of visualizing your Project data. The
reports feature includes a dynamic mix of tables, charts, and textual
content, and it is also highly customizable. For more information,
see, “Customize reports” in Chapter 7, “Format and share your
plan,” and see Chapter 17, “Format reports: In-depth techniques.”
Task Path Use this feature to quickly identify the Gantt bars of the
selected task’s predecessors and successors. For more information,
see “See task relationships by using Task Path” in Chapter 9, “Fine-
tune task scheduling.”
Redesigned Backstage and OneDrive integration As with other
Office programs, quick access to Microsoft OneDrive storage is
integrated into the Project Backstage view. For more information,
see “Manage files and set options in the Backstage view” in Chapter
2.
A much later project finish date The latest possible date Project
can work with moved from December 31, 2049, to December 31,
2149.
Support for touch input As in other Office programs, you can
optimize the Project interface (primarily the commands on the
ribbon) for either touch or mouse input.
Skype integration (Project Professional only) In Project, you can
start a Skype for Business chat or create an email message to a
resource directly from Project. To do so, point to the resource name
and start an instant messaging session or video chat.
 Support for apps for Office Project supports third-party add-ins
and apps available from the Office Store, located at store.office.com.

New in Project 2010

The 2010 version included the following new features:

The ribbon interface The ribbon interface organized all the

commands that most people use in a new way, making them quickly
accessible from tabs at the top of the program window. For more
information, see “Explore the Project user interface” in Chapter 2.
The Backstage view All the tools you need to work with your files
are accessible from one location. For more information, see
“Manage files and set options in the Backstage view” in Chapter 2.
Manually scheduled tasks You can begin creating tasks with
whatever information you might have, and you don’t have to worry
about automatically scheduling tasks until you’re ready. Manually
scheduled tasks are not affected by changes in duration, start or
finish dates, dependencies, or other items that otherwise would cause
Project to reschedule a task. You can also switch individual tasks or
an entire plan from manual to automatic scheduling. For more
information, see “Create tasks” and “Switch task scheduling from
manual to automatic” in Chapter 4.
Timeline view Create a “project at a glance” view that includes just
the summary tasks, tasks, and milestones that you choose. You also
can easily copy the Timeline view as a graphic image to paste into
other programs. For more information, see “Add tasks to a Timeline
view” and “Copy views and reports” in Chapter 7.
Improved pasting to Excel and Word When you paste Project data
into Microsoft Excel or Word, you can preserve the column headings
and outline structure of your Project data. For more information, see
“Copy Project data to and from other programs” in Chapter 19,
“Share information with other programs.”
 Customizable ribbon Create your own tabs and groups to suit the
way you work. For more information, see “Customize the ribbon and
Quick Access Toolbar” in Chapter 18, “Customize Project.”
Custom fields When you start typing a numeric value, date value, or
text string into the rightmost column in a table, Project identifies the
right data type. For more information, see “Create new tables” in
Chapter 13.
AutoFilter improvements You can use Excel-like column filtering,
in addition to sorting and grouping, directly from AutoFilter arrows
on column headings. For more information, see “Filter plan details”
in Chapter 13.
Save as PDF or XPS You create PDF or XPS-format documents
directly within Project. For more information, see “Print and export
views” in Chapter 16.
Team Planner view (Project Professional only) You can perform
actions such as reassigning a task from one resource to another with
simple drag-and-drop actions in the Team Planner view. For more
information, see “Adjust assignments in the Team Planner view” in
Chapter 11, “Fine-tune resource and assignment details.”
Inactivate tasks (Project Professional only) You can disable (but
not delete) tasks from a plan so that they have no effect on the
overall schedule; then you can reactivate them later, if you need
them. For more information, see “Inactivate tasks” in Chapter 12,
“Fine-tune the Project plan.”
SharePoint Task List integration (Project Professional only) You
can publish and synchronize tasks between Project and a SharePoint
list. For more information, see Appendix C.

Take a project manager’s perspective

Project management is a broadly practiced art and science. If you’re
reading this book, chances are good that you’re either seriously involved in
project management or you want to be.
Project is unique among the Microsoft programs, in that Project is a
specialized tool designed for the specific domain of project management.
You might be invested in your professional identity as a project manager, or
you might not identify yourself with project management at all. Either way,
your success as a user of Project is largely related to your success as a
project manager. Let’s take a moment to explore this subject.
At its heart, project management is a combination of skills and tools that
help you predict and control the outcomes of endeavors that your
organization undertakes. Your organization might be involved in other
work, apart from projects. Projects (such as developing a new product) are
distinct from ongoing operations (such as running payroll services).
Projects are defined as temporary endeavors undertaken to create some
unique deliverable or result. With a good project-management system in
place, you should be able to answer such questions as the following:

What tasks must be performed, and in what order, to produce the

deliverable of the project?
When should each task be performed, and what is the final deadline?
Who will complete these tasks?
How much will it cost?
What if some tasks are not completed as scheduled?
What’s the best way to communicate project details to those who
have an interest or stake in the project?

Good project management does not guarantee the success of every project,
but poor project management often leads to failure.
A core principle of this book’s instructional strategy is that success with
Project is built on success with basic project - management practice.
Although Project is a feature-rich program, mastery of its features alone is
no guarantee of success in project - management. For this reason, this book
includes material about project management best practices. See, for
example, the following:
 The many “Project management focus” sidebars throughout the
chapters
Appendix A, “A short course in project management”
Appendix B, “Develop your project-management skills”

Let’s get started!

In the Practice tasks hands-on activities in this book, you play the role of a
project manager at a fictitious children’s book publishing company, Lucerne
Publishing. Each new book (even this one) constitutes its own project; in
fact, some are complex projects that involve costly resources and aggressive
deadlines. We think you’ll be able to recognize many of the scheduling
needs that the project managers at Lucerne Publishing encounter and then
transfer their strategies and solutions to your own scheduling needs.
We’ve been working with Project since it debuted for Windows, and each
version has offered something that made project planning and management
a little easier. Project 2019 continues that tradition for desktop project
management, and we look forward to showing you around.
2. Take a guided tour

In this chapter
Explore the Project user interface
Manage files and set options in the Backstage view
Work with schedule details in views
Use reports to check a plan’s status

Practice files
For this chapter, use the TakeGuidedTour practice file from the
Project2019SBS\Ch02 folder. For practice file download instructions, see the
introduction of this book.
This chapter leads you on a quick tour of Project 2019 and highlights the
essential features that make it such a powerful program. You get an
introductory look at many of the Project features and conventions that you’ll
work with throughout this book.
This chapter guides you through procedures related to managing files and
setting options in the Backstage view, working with schedule details in
views, and using reports to check a plan’s status.

Explore the Project user interface

When you start Project, its Start screen appears as shown in Figure 2-1. Here
you can quickly open a plan that you recently opened, open another plan, or
create a new plan. The new plan can be an empty plan or can be based on
either a template or another plan.
 FIGURE 2-1 The Project Start screen includes options for creating a
new plan or opening a plan.

Tip
If the Start screen does not appear when you start Project, do the
following: On the File tab, click Options. In the Project Options dialog
box, click General; then under Start Up Options, click Show the Start
Screen When This Application Starts.

As Figure 2-2 shows, you create a new plan by clicking the Blank Project
option on the Start screen. Doing so creates the new plan in the main Project
interface.
 FIGURE 2-2 You can see the major parts of the Project interface here;
note the label of the active view along the left edge.

Tip
Some items you see on your screen, such as commands on the ribbon in
the Project window, might differ from what this book shows. This might
depend on your screen resolution and any previous customizations made
to Project on your computer.

The Project interface consists of these major parts:

The Quick Access Toolbar is a customizable area of the interface
where you can add your favorite commands or the commands you
frequently use. For more information, see Chapter 18, “Customize
Project.”
Use the Tell Me box to quickly find a Project command or to get help
with that command or feature.
Use the Feedback smiley button to share suggestions about the
software.
The ribbon contains the commands you use to perform actions in
Project. Tabs on the ribbon organize the major features and commands
in Project into logical groups. The tabs on the Project ribbon are
discussed next.
Groups are collections of related commands. Each tab is divided into
multiple groups.
Commands are the specific features you use to perform actions in
Project. Each tab contains several commands. Some commands, such
as Cut on the Task tab, perform an immediate action. Other
commands, such as Change Working Time on the Project tab, open a
dialog box or prompt you to take further action in some other way.
Some commands are available only when you’re in a particular type
of view or report.
ScreenTips are short explanatory descriptions of commands, column
headings, and many other items in Project. You can see an item’s
ScreenTip by pointing to the item, as illustrated in Figure 2-3.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
both upper and lower radial nervules uniting with the posterior branch of
the subcostal. It has been treated as a moth by several entomologists.
Aurivillius considers that it is certainly a butterfly; but as the
metamorphoses are unknown, we cannot yet form a final opinion as to
this curious form. The extraordinary Peruvian Insect, Styx infernalis, is
also placed in this family by Staudinger; it is a small, pale Insect, almost
white, and with imperfect scales; a little recalling a Satyrid. It appears to
be synthetic to Pieridae and Erycinidae.

Fig. 180—Pupation of the Orange-tip butterfly, Euchloe cardamines. A,

The completed pupa; B, the larva, with its girdle, prepared for the
change.

The caterpillars of Pieridae are perhaps the least remarkable or

attractive of all butterfly-caterpillars; their skins are as a rule bare, or
covered only with fine, short down or hair; their prevalent colour is
green, more or less speckled with black and yellow, and they are
destitute of any prominent peculiarities of external structure. Pupation is
accomplished by the larva fixing itself to some solid body by the
posterior extremity, with the head upwards (or the position may be
horizontal), and then placing a girdle round the middle of the body. The
pupa never hangs down freely as it does in Nymphalidae. It has been
ascertained by experiment that if the girdle round the larva be cut, the
pupation can nevertheless be accomplished by a considerable
proportion of larvae. Some of the pupae are of very peculiar form, as is
the case in the Orange-tip (Fig. 180, A) and Brimstone butterflies. The
Orange-tip butterfly passes nine or ten months of each year as a pupa,
which is variable in colour; perhaps to some extent in conformity with its
surroundings. The North American E. genutia has a similar life-history,
but the larva leaves its Cruciferous food-plant, wanders to an oak tree,
and there turns to a pupa, resembling in colour the bark of the tree.
 Fig. 181—Newly-hatched larva of Euchloe cardamines. A, The larva in
profile; B, one segment more magnified, showing the liquid-bearing
setae; C, one of the setae still more magnified, and without liquid.

It is not unusual for caterpillars to change their habits and appearance

in a definite manner in the course of the larval life. The caterpillar of
Euchloe cardamines exhibits a larval metamorphosis of a well-marked
character. The young larva (Fig. 181) is armed with peculiar setae,
furcate at the tip, each of which bears a tiny ball of fluid. In this stage
the caterpillar makes scarcely any movement. In the middle of the
caterpillar's life a new vestiture appears after an ecdysis; numerous fine
hairs are present, and the fluid-bearing spines nearly disappear, being
reduced to a single series of spines of a comparatively small size on
each side of the upper middle region of the body (Fig. 182). The colour
is also a good deal changed, and concomitantly there is a much greater
voracity and restlessness.

Fig. 182—Larva of Euchloe cardamines in middle life. A, the larva in

profile; B, one segment more magnified.

Fam. 5. Papilionidae.—All the legs well developed. Claws large,

simple, without empodium. Front tibiae with a pad. The metanotum
free, conspicuously exposed between mesonotum and abdomen. This
series of butterflies includes some of the most magnificent of the
members of the Insect world. It is considered by some authorities to be
the highest family of butterflies; and in one very important feature—
sexual differentiation—it certainly is entitled to the rank. There are
about 700 recorded species, the larger portion of which are included in
the genus Papilio. The great variety of form has led to this genus being
divided; the attempts have, however, been partial, with the exception of
an arrangement made by Felder, who adopted 75 sections, and a
recent consideration of the subject by Haase, who arranges Felder's
sections into three sub-genera. Many of the sections have received
names, and are treated by some authors as genera, so that an
unfortunate diversity exists as to the names used for these much-
admired Insects. The genus is distributed all over the world, but is
perhaps nowhere more numerous in species than in South America.

Fig. 183—Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) paradisea, male. New Guinea. ×

1. (Colours, velvet-black, golden-yellow and green.)

Wallace informs us that the great majority of the species of the Amazon
valley frequent the shady groves of the virgin forest. In many cases the
sexes are extremely different in appearance and habits, and are but
rarely found together in one spot. The genus Ornithoptera is closely
allied to Papilio, and contains some of the most remarkable of
butterflies, the homes of the species being the islands of the Malay
Archipelago, and outlying groups of islands, there being a smaller
number of species in the neighbouring continents. The females are of
great size, and are so excessively different from their consorts of the
other sex, as to arouse in the student a feeling of surprise, and a strong
desire to fathom the mysteries involved.
Fig. 184—Ornithoptera (Schoenbergia) paradisea, female. × 1. (The wings, on the
right side, detached, showing the under surface. Colours, black, white, and gray.)

It would be difficult to surpass the effective coloration of the males in

many of the species of Ornithoptera; they are, too, very diverse in this
respect; O. brookiana is of an intense black colour, with a band of
angular green marks extending the whole length of its wings, while
behind the head there is a broad collar of crimson colour. Perhaps the
most remarkable of all is the O. paradisea, recently discovered in New
Guinea; in this species the sexual disparity reaches its maximum. The
female (Fig. 184) is a large, sombre creature of black, white and grey
colours, but the male (Fig. 183) is brilliant with gold and green, and is
made additionally remarkable by a long tail of unusual form on each
hind wing.

We may anticipate that these extraordinary cases of sexual total

dissimilarity in appearance are accompanied by equally remarkable
habits and physiological phenomena. In the case of O. brookiana the
female is extremely rare, so that the collector, Künstler, could only
obtain fifteen females to a thousand males. According to Mr. Skertchly,
instead of the crowd of males being eager to compete for the females,
the reverse is the case; the female diligently woos the male, who
exhibits a reluctance to coupling. This observer apparently considered
that the "emerald feathers" of the male are a guide or incitement to the
female.[229]

In Africa Ornithoptera is to a certain extent represented by two

extremely remarkable forms, Papilio zalmoxis and P. (Drurya)
antimachus. There are about a dozen other genera of Papilionidae;
most of them contain but few species. Parnassius, however, is rich in
species inhabiting the mountains and elevated plateaus of the northern
hemisphere in both the Old and New Worlds; it is remarkable for the
small amount of scales on the wings, and for the numerous variations
of the species. The female possesses a peculiar pouch at the end of
the body; although only formed during the process of coupling, it has a
special and characteristic form in most of the species. The curious
Indian genus Leptocircus has parts of the front wings transparent, while
the hind pair form long tails. This genus is of interest in that it is said to
connect Papilionidae to some extent with Hesperiidae. The larvae of
this family are remarkable on account of a curious process on the
thoracic segment called an "osmeterium." It is usually retracted, but at
the will of the caterpillar can be everted in the form of a long furcate or
Y-shaped process; there is a gland in the osmeterium, and as a result a
strong odour is emitted when the exstulpation occurs.

The pupation of Papilionidae is similar to that of Pieridae, the pupa

being placed with the head upwards, fixed by the tail, and girt round the
middle. A very curious diversity of pupation occurs in the genus Thais,
in which the pupa is attached by the tail as usual, and—which is quite
exceptional—also by a thread placed at the top of the head. Scudder
thinks there is also a girdle round the middle, but Dr. Chapman inclines
to the view that the thread attaching the head is really the median girdle
slipped upwards. The pupation of Parnassius is exceptional, inasmuch
as, like Satyrides, it is terrestrial, in a slight construction of silk.

Fam. 6. Hesperiidae (Skippers).—Six perfect legs: metanotum not

free, largely covered by the mesonotum. A pad on the front tibia. Claws
short and thick; empodium present. Although this family has been
comparatively neglected by entomologists, upwards of 2000 species
and more than 200 genera are known, and it is not improbable that it
may prove to be as extensive as Nymphalidae. We have already said
that Hesperiidae is generally admitted to be the most distinct of the
butterfly groups. It has been thought by some taxonomists to be allied
to Papilionidae, but this is a mistake. It is undoubtedly more nearly
allied to Heterocera, and when the classification of Lepidoptera is more
advanced, so that the various natural groups placed in that sub-Order
are satisfactorily distinguished, it is probable that Hesperiidae will be
altogether separated from Rhopalocera. We have already mentioned
that E. Reuter considers the Hesperiidae to be phylogenetically
unconnected with Rhopalocera proper; but though quite ready to admit
that he will probably prove correct in this, we think Lepidopterists will
not be willing to recognise the family as a sub-Order equivalent in value
to all Heterocera.

The body is shorter and thicker than it is in most butterflies, and is

pointed at the tip rather than knobbed or bent downwards; the wings
are less ample; the antennae are not truly knobbed, but are thicker
before the actual tip, which is itself pointed and more or less bent
backwards, so that the antennae are somewhat hook-shaped.

In habits as well as structure the family is markedly distinct from

butterflies; the pupation is peculiar, and the name Skipper has been
applied to the perfect Insects, because so many of them indulge in a
brief, jerky flight, instead of the prolonged aerial courses characteristic
of the higher butterflies.

There is great difference among the members of the family, and some
of them possess a very high development of the powers of locomotion,
with a correspondingly perfect structure of the thoracic region, so that,
after inspection of these parts, we can quite believe Wallace's
statement that the larger and strong-bodied kinds are remarkable for
the excessive rapidity of their flight, which, indeed, he was inclined to
consider surpassed that of any other Insects. "The eye cannot follow
them as they dart past; and the air, forcibly divided, gives out a deep
sound louder than that produced by the humming-bird itself. If power of
wing and rapidity of flight could place them in that rank, they should be
considered the most highly organised of butterflies." It was probably to
the genera Pyrrhopyge, Erycides, etc., that Mr. Wallace alluded in the
above remarks. Although the Hesperiidae are not as a rule beautifully
coloured, yet many of these higher forms are most tastefully
ornamented; parts of the wings, wing-fringes, and even the bodies
being set with bright but agreeable colours. We mention these facts
because it is a fashion to attribute a lowly organisation to the family, and
to place it as ancestral to other butterflies. Some of them have
crepuscular habits, but this is also the case with a variety of other
Rhopalocera in the tropics.

In their early stages the Skippers—so far as at present known—depart

considerably from the majority of butterflies, inasmuch as they possess
in both the larval and pupal instars habits of concealment and
retirement. The caterpillars have the body nearly bare, thicker in the
middle, the head free, and more or less notched above. They make
much greater use of silk than other butterfly-larvae do, and draw
together leaves to form caves for concealment, and even make webs
and galleries. Thus the habits are almost those of the Tortricid moths.

Fig. 185—Pupation of Badamia exclamationis. (After Dudgeon. J. Bombay

Soc. x. 1895, p. 144). A, One side of the leaf-cradle, the other
(nearest to the observer) being broken away; B, transverse section
of entire cradle, a, The pupa; b, fastenings of perpendicular threads
round pupa; c, cross thread retaining the leaf in cradle form; d,
margins of the leaf; e, midrib of leaf.

Pupation takes place under similar conditions; and it is interesting to

find that Chapman considers that the pupa in several points of structure
resembles that of the small moths. Not only does the larva draw
together leaves or stalks to make a shelter for the pupa, but it
frequently also forms a rudimentary cocoon. These arrangements are,
however, very variable, and the accounts that have been given indicate
that even the same species may exhibit some amount of variation in its
pupation. Scudder considers that, in the North American Skippers, the
cremaster is attached to a single Y-like thread. In other cases there is a
silk pad on the leaf for the cremaster to hook on. An interesting account
given by Mr. Dudgeon of the pupation of a common Indian Skipper,
Badamia exclamationis, shows that this Insect exercises considerable
ingenuity in the structure of the puparium, and also that the
arrangements it adopts facilitate one of the acts of pupation most
difficult for such pupae as suspend themselves, viz. the hooking the
cremasters on to the pad above them. Badamia uses a rolled-up leaf
(Fig. 185); the edges of the leaf are fastened together by silk at d; from
this spot there descends a thread which, when it reaches the pupa, a,
forks so as to form an inverted Y, and is fastened to the leaf on either
side; the two sides of the leaf are kept together by a cross thread, cc.
Mr. Dudgeon was fortunate enough to observe the act of pupation, and
saw that "although the anal prolegs of the larva were attached to a tuft
or pad of silk in the usual way, and remained so until nearly the whole
skin had been shuffled off, yet when the last segment had to be taken
out, the pupa drew it entirely away from the skin and lifted it over the
empty skin, and by a series of contortions similar to those made by an
Insect in depositing an egg, it soon re-attached its anal segment or
cremaster to the web, throwing away the cast-off skin by wriggling its
body about."

Series II. Heterocera. Moths.

Although Rhopalocera—if exclusion be made of the Hesperiidae—is

probably a natural group, yet this is not the case with Heterocera. The
only definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that
all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera. Numerous
divisions of the Heterocera have been long current, but their limits have
become more and more uncertain, so that at the present time no
divisions of greater value than the family command a recognition at all
general. This is not really a matter of reproach, for it arises from the
desire to recognise only groups that are capable of satisfactory
definition.

Several attempts have recently been made to form a rough forecast of

the future classification of moths. Professor Comstock, struck by some
peculiarities presented by the Hepialidae, Micropterygidae (and
Eriocephalidae), recently proposed to separate them from all other
Lepidoptera as a sub-order Jugatae. Comstock's discrimination in
making this separation met with general approval. The character on
which the group Jugatae is based is, however, comparatively trivial, and
its possession is not sufficient, as pointed out by Packard,[230] to justify
the close association of Hepialidae and Micropterygidae, which, in
certain important respects, are the most dissimilar of moths. The
characters possessed by the two families in common may be
summarised by saying that the wings and wing-bearing segments
remain in a low stage of development. In nearly all other characters the
two families are widely different. Packard has therefore, while accepting
Comstock's separation of the families in question, proposed a different
combination. He considers that Eriocephalidae should be separated
from all others as "Protolepidoptera" or "Lepidoptera Laciniata," while
the whole of the other Lepidoptera, comprised under the term
"Lepidoptera Haustellata," are divided into Palaeolepidoptera
(consisting only of Micropterygidae) and Neolepidoptera, comprising all
Lepidoptera (inclusive of Hepialidae) except the Eriocephalidae and
Micropterygidae. The question is rendered more difficult by the very
close relations that exist between Micropterygidae and a sub-Order,
Trichoptera, of Neuroptera. Dr. Chapman, by a sketch of the
classification of pupae,[231] and Dyar, by one on larval stages,[232] have
made contributions to the subject; but the knowledge of early stages
and metamorphosis is so very imperfect that the last two memoirs can
be considered only as preliminary sketches; as indeed seem to have
been the wishes of the authors themselves.

Simultaneously with the works above alluded to, Mr. Meyrick has
given[233] a new classification of the Order. We allude, in other pages,
to various points in Mr. Meyrick's classification, which is made to appear
more revolutionary than it really is, in consequence of the radical
changes in nomenclature combined with it.

As regards the various aggregates of families that are widely known in

literature by the names Bombyces, Sphinges, Noctuae, Geometres,
Pyrales, we need only remark that they are still regarded as to some
extent natural. Their various limits being the subject of discussion and
at present undecided, the groups are made to appear more uncertain
than is really the case. The group that has to suffer the greatest
changes is the old Bombyces. This series comprises the great majority
of those moths that have diurnal habits. In it there were also included
several groups of moths the larvae of which feed in trunks of trees or in
the stems of plants, such as Cossidae, that will doubtless prove to have
but little connection with the forms with which they were formerly
associated. These groups with aberrant habits are those that give rise
to the greatest difficulties of the taxonomist.

The following key to the families of Heterocera is taken from Sir G. F.

Hampson's recent work, Fauna of British India—Moths.[234] It includes
nearly all the families at present recognised among the larger
Lepidoptera; certain families[235] not mentioned in this key are alluded
to in our subsequent remarks on the families:—

Key to the Families of Moths[236]

N.B.—This table is not simply dichotomic; three contrasted categories are used
in the case of the primary divisions, A, B, C, and the secondary divisions, I,
II, III.

A. Fore wing with nervule 5 coming from the middle of the discocellulars, or
nearer 6 than 4 (Categories I, II, III = 1-18).
I. Frenulum rudimentary. .......... Fam. 38. Epicopeiidae, see p. 418.
II. Frenulum absent (Categories 1-8).
1. Proboscis present, legs with spurs (Cat. 2-5).
2. Hind wing with nervule 8 remote from 7 (Cat. 3 and 4).
 3. Fore wing with nervule 6 and 7 stalked .......... Fam. 39. Uraniidae,
see p. 419.
4. Fore wing with nervules 6 and 7 not stalked .......... Fam. 5.
Ceratocampidae, see p. 375.
5. Hind wing with nervule 8 nearly touching 7 beyond end of cell ..........
Fam. 4. Brahmaeidae, see p. 374.
6. Proboscis absent, legs without spurs (Cat. 7 and 8).
7. Hind wing with one internal nervure .......... Fam. 3. Saturniidae, see
p. 372.
8. Hind wing with two or three internal nervures .......... Fam. 6.
Bombycidae, see p. 375.
III. Frenulum present (Cat. 9-18).
9. Antennae fusiform [spindle-shaped] .......... Fam. 9. Sphingidae, see
p. 380.
10. Antennae not fusiform (Cat. 11-18).
11. Proboscis absent .......... Fam. 7. Eupterotidae, see p. 376.
12. Proboscis present (Cat. 13-18).
13. Hind wing with nervule 8 curved and almost touching 7 after end of
cell; nervure 1a reaching anal angle .......... Fam. 12.
Cymatophoridae, see p. 386.
14. Hind wing with nervule 8 remote from 7 after end of cell (Cat. 15-
18).
15. Tarsi as short as tibia, hairy; stoutly built moths .......... Fam. 11.
Notodontidae,[237] see p. 383.
16. Tarsi long and naked; slightly built moths (Cat. 17 and 18)
17. Fore wing with nervule 7 remote from 8, and generally stalked
with 6 .......... Fam. 40. Epiplemidae, see p. 420.
18. Fore wing with nervule 7 given off from 8; hind wing with
nervure 1a short or absent .......... Fam. 36. Geometridae, see
p. 411.
B. Fore wing with nervule 5 coming from lower angle of cell or nearer 4 than 6
[see figures 161 and 162, pp. 318, 319] (Categories 19-58).
19. Hind wing with more than 8 nervules (Cat. 20, 21).
20. Proboscis absent, no mandibles nor ligula; size not very small ..........
Fam. 23. Hepialidae, see p. 396.
 21. Mandibles, long palpi and ligula present; size very small .......... Fam.
47. Micropterygidae, see p. 435.
22. Hind wing with not more than 8 nervules (Cat. 23-58).
23. Hind wing with nervule 8 remote from 7 after origin of nervules 6 and 7
(Cat. 24-51).
24. Frenulum absent (Cat. 25-29).
25. Hind wing with one internal nervure; nervule 8 with a precostal spur
.......... Fam. 31. Pterothysanidae, see p. 406.
26. Hind wing with two internal nervures (Cat. 27 and 28).
27. Hind wing with a bar between nervules 7 and 8 near the base;
nervure 1a directed to middle of inner margin .......... Fam. 30.
Endromidae, see p. 406.
28. Hind wing with no bar between nervules 7 and 8; nervure 1a
directed to anal angle .......... Fam. 29. Lasiocampidae, see
p. 405.
29. Hind wing with three internal nervures .......... Fam. 21. Arbelidae,
see p. 396.
30. Frenulum present (Cat. 31-51).
31. Hind wing with nervule 8 aborted .......... Fam. 15. Syntomidae,
see p. 388.
32. Hind wing with nervule 8 present (Cat. 33-51).
33. Antennae knobbed .......... Fam. 1. Castniidae, see p. 371.
34. Antennae filiform, or (rarely) dilated a little towards the tip (Cat.
35-51).
35. Fore wing with nervure 1c present (Cat. 36-43).
36. Hind wing with nervule 8 free from the base or connected
with 7 by a bar (Cat. 37-42).
37. Proboscis present .......... Fam. 16. Zygaenidae, see
p. 390.
38. Proboscis absent (Cat. 39-42).
39. Palpi rarely absent; ♀ winged; larvae wood-borers ..........
Fam. 20. Cossidae, see p. 395.
40. Palpi absent; ♀ apterous (Cat. 41, 42).
41. ♀ rarely with legs; ♀ and larvae case-dwellers ..........
Fam. 19. Psychidae, see p. 392.
 42. ♀ and larvae free[238] .......... Fam. 18. Heterogynidae,
see p. 392.
43. Hind wing with nervule 8 anastomosing shortly with 7 ..........
Fam. 26. Limacodidae, see. p. 401.
44. Fore wing with nervure 1c absent (Cat. 45-51).
45. Hind wing with nervule 8 rising out of 7 .......... Fam. 34.
Arctiidae, see p. 408.
46. Hind wing with nervule 8 connected with 7 by a bar, or
touching it near middle of cell (Cat. 47, 48).
47. Palpi with the third joint naked and reaching far above
vertex of head; proboscis present .......... Fam. 33.
Hypsidae, see p. 408.
48. Palpi not reaching above vertex of head; proboscis absent
or very minute .......... Fam. 32. Lymantriidae, see p. 406.
49. Hind wing with nervule 8 anastomosing shortly with 7 near
the base; proboscis well developed (Cat. 50, 51).
50. Antennae more or less thick towards tip .......... Fam. 35.
Agaristidae, see p. 410.
51. Antennae filiform .......... Fam. 37. Noctuidae, see p. 414.
52. Hind wing with nervule 8 curved and nearly or quite touching nervure 7,
or anastomosing with it after origin of nervules 6 and 7 (Cat. 53-58).
53. Hind wing with nervure 1c absent (Cat. 54-57).
54. Hind wing with nervule 8 with a precostal spur .......... Fam. 24.
Callidulidae, see p. 400.
55. Hind wing with nervule 8 with no precostal spur (Cat. 56, 57).
56. Hind wing with nervure 1a absent or very short .......... Fam. 25.
Drepanidae, see p. 400.
57. Hind wing with nervure 1a almost or quite reaching anal angle
.......... Fam. 28. Thyrididae, see p. 404.
58. Hind wing with nervure 1c present .......... Fam. 41. Pyralidae, see
p. 420.
C. Fore wing with 4 nervules arising from the cell at almost even distances
apart (Cat. 59-66).
59. Wings not divided into plumes (Cat. 60-63).
60. Hind wing with nervule 8 coincident with 7 .......... Fam. 13. Sesiidae,
see p. 386.
 61. Hind wing with nervule 8 free (Cat. 62, 63).
62. Fore wing with nervure 1b simple or with a very minute fork at base
.......... Fam. 14. Tinaegeriidae, see p. 387.
63. Fore wing with nervure 1a forming a large fork with 1b at base ..........
Fam. 45. Tineidae, see p. 428.
64. Wings divided into plumes (Cat. 65, 66).
65. Fore wing divided into at most two, hind wing into three plumes ..........
Fam. 42. Pterophoridae, see p. 426.
66. Fore wing and hind wing each divided into three plumes .......... Fam.
43. Alucitidae (= Orneodidae), see p. 426.

Fam. 1. Castniidae.—The Insects of this family combine to a large

extent the characters of butterflies and moths. The antennae are
knobbed or hooked at the tip, there is a large precostal area to the hind
wing. The nervules of the front wing are complex and anastomose so
as to form one or more accessory cells (Fig. 162). This important, but
not extensive, family consists chiefly of forms found in tropical America
and Australia. The diversity of size, form and appearance is very great,
and it is probable that the members of the family will be separated;
indeed, taxonomists are by no means in agreement as to the limits of
the family. The Castniidae are diurnal Insects, and the North American
genus Megathymus is by many considered to belong to the
Rhopalocera. Euschemon rafflesiae (Fig. 186) is extremely like a large
Skipper with long antennae, but has a well-marked frenulum. The
members of the Australian genus Synemon are much smaller, but they
also look like Skippers. Their habits are very like those of the
Hesperiidae; they flit about in the hot sunshine, and when settling after
their brief flights, the fore wings are spread out at right angles to the
body, so as to display the more gaily coloured hind wings; at night, or in
cloudy weather, the Insect rests on blades of grass with the wings
erect, meeting vertically over the back, like a butterfly. Hecatesia,
another Australian genus, is now usually assigned to Agaristidae; its
members look like moths. The male of H. fenestrata is provided with a
sound-producing organ similar to that of the Agaristid genus Aegocera.
 Fig. 186—Euschemon rafflesiae. Australia. (After Doubleday.)

The Castnia of South America are many of them like Nymphalid

butterflies, but exhibit great diversity, and resemble butterflies of several
different divisions of the family.[239]

The species are apparently great, lovers of heat and can tolerate a very
dry atmosphere.[240] The transformations of very few have been
observed; so far as is known the larvae feed in stems; and somewhat
resemble those of Goat-moths or Leopard-moths (Cossidae); the
caterpillar of C. therapon lives in the stems of Brazilian orchids, and as
a consequence has been brought to Europe, and the moth there
disclosed. The pupae are in general structure of the incomplete
character, and have transverse rows of spines, as is the case with other
moths of different families, but having larvae with similar habits.[241]
Castnia eudesmia forms a large cocoon of fragments of vegetable
matter knitted together with silk. These Insects are rare in collections;
they do not ever appear in numbers, and are generally very difficult to
capture.

Fam. 2. Neocastniidae.—The Oriental genus Tascina, formerly placed

in Castniidae has recently been separated by Sir G. Hampson and
associated with Neocastnia nicevillei, from East India, to form this
family. These Insects have the appearance of Nymphalid butterflies.
They differ from Castniidae by the want of a proboscis.

Fam. 3. Saturniidae.—This is a large and varied assemblage of moths;

the larvae construct cocoons; the products of several species being
used as silk. These moths have no frenulum and no proboscis. The
hind wings have a very large shoulder, so that the anterior margin or
costa stretches far forward beneath the front wing, as it does in
butterflies. The antennae of the males are strongly bipectinated and
frequently attain a magnificent development. The family includes some
of the largest and most remarkable forms of the Insect-world,
Coscinocera hercules, inhabiting North Australia, is a huge moth which,
with its expanded wings and the long tails thereof, covers a space of
about 70 square inches. One of the striking features of the family is the
occurrence in numerous forms of remarkable transparent spaces on the
wings; these window-like areas usually occur in the middle of the wing
and form a most remarkable contrast to the rest of the surface, which is
very densely scaled. In Attacus these attain a large size. In other
species, such as the South African Ludia delegorguei, there is a small
letter-like, or symboliform, transparent mark towards the tip of each
front wing. We have at present no clue to the nature or importance of
these remarkable markings. In the genus Automeris, and in other
forms, instead of transparent spaces there are large and staring
ocellate marks or eyes, which are concealed when the Insect is
reposing. In Arceina, Copiopteryx, Eudaemonia and others, the hind
wings are prolonged into very long tails, perhaps exceeding in length
those of any other moths.

Fig. 187—Larva of Attacus atlas, India. A, at end of 1st instar, profile; B,

4th instar, dorsal view; C, full-grown larva, in repose. (After Poujade.)

The cocoons are exceedingly various, ranging from a slight open

network to a dense elaborate structure arranged as in our Emperor
moth; in this latter case an opening is left by the larva for its exit after it
has become a moth, but by an ingenious, chevaux-de-frise work, this
opening is closed against external enemies, though the structure offers
no resistance at all to the escape of the moth. Fabre has recorded
some observations and experiments which seem to show that the
instinct predominating over the formation of the cocoon is not
cognoscent. The Insect, if interfered with, displays a profound stupidity.
Its method is blind perseverance in the customary.[242] The cocoon of
Saturniidae is more often continuous, i.e. entirely closed. Packard says
that Actias luna effects its escape by cutting through the strong cocoon
with an instrument situate at the base of the front wing. Other species
were examined and were found to possess the instrument; but Packard
is convinced that the majority of the species possessing the instrument
do not use it, but escape by emitting a fluid that softens the cocoon and
enables the moth to push itself through.[243] The cocoons of the
species of Ceranchia have a beautiful appearance, like masses of
filagree-work in silver. The pupa in Ceranchia is very peculiar, being
terminated by a long, spine-like process. In Loepa newara the cocoon
is of a green colour and suspended by a stalk; looking like the pod, or
pitcher, of a plant. The silk of the Saturniidae is usually coarse, and is
known as Tusser or Tussore[244] silk.

The larvae of this family are as remarkable as the imagos, being

furnished with spine-bearing tubercles or warts, or long fleshy
processes; the colours are frequently beautiful. The caterpillar of
Attacus atlas (Fig. 187) is pale olive-green and lavender, and has a
peculiar, conspicuous, red mark on each flank close to the clasper.

About seventy genera and several hundred species are already known
of this interesting family. They are widely distributed on the globe,
though there are but few in Australia. Our only British species, the
Emperor moth, Saturnia pavonia, is by no means rare, and its larva is a
beautiful object; bright green with conspicuous tubercles of a rosy, or
yellow, colour. It affects an unusual variety of food-plants, sloe and
heather being favourites; the writer has found it at Wicken flourishing on
the leaves of the yellow water-lily. Although the Emperor moth is one of
the largest of our native Lepidopterous Insects, it is one of the smallest
of the Saturniidae.

The family Hemileucidae of Packard is included at present in

Saturniidae.

Fam. 4. Brahmaeidae.—The species forming the genus Brahmaea

have been placed in various families, and are now treated by Hampson
as a family apart, distinguished from Saturniidae by the presence of a
proboscis. They are magnificent, large moths, of sombre colours, but
with complex patterns on the wings, looking as if intended as designs
for upholstery. About fifteen species are recognised; the geographical
distribution is remarkable; consisting of a comparatively narrow belt
extending across the Old World from Japan to West Africa, including
Asia Minor and the shores of the Caspian Sea. Little has been recorded
as to the life-histories of these Insects. The larva is said to have the
second and third segments swollen and armed with a pair of lateral
spines projecting forwards. A cocoon is not formed.

Fam. 5. Ceratocampidae.—This is a small family. They are fine moths

peculiar to the New World, and known principally by scattered notices in
the works of North American entomologists. Seven genera and about
sixty species are known. The chief genus is Citheronia. Some of the
larvae are remarkable, being armed with large and complex spines. A
cocoon is not formed.

Fam. 6. Bombycidae.—In entomological literature this name has a

very uncertain meaning, as it has been applied to diverse groups; even
at present the name is frequently used for the Lasiocampidae. We
apply it to the inconsiderable family of true silkworm moths. They are
comparatively small and uninteresting Insects in both the larval and
imaginal instars; but the cocoons formed by the well-known silkworm
are of great value, and some other species form similar structures that
are of more or less value for commercial purposes. The silkworm has
been domesticated for an enormous period, and is consequently now
very widely spread over the earth's surface; opinions differ as to its real
home, some thinking it came originally from Northern China, while
others believe Bengal to have been its native habitat. The silkworm is
properly called Bombyx mori, but perhaps it is as often styled Sericaria
mori. Besides being of so great a value in commerce, this Insect has
become an important object of investigation as to anatomy, physiology
and development. Its domestication has probably been accompanied
by a certain amount of change in habits and instincts, the creature
having apparently lost its appreciation of freedom and its power of
flight; it is also said to be helpless in certain respects when placed on
trees in the larval state; but the importance of these points has been
perhaps somewhat exaggerated.[245]

Although the family Bombycidae is very widely distributed in the warmer

regions of the world, it includes only 15 or 20 genera, and none of them
have many species. The Mustiliidae of some entomologists are
included here. Like the Saturniidae, the Bombycidae are destitute of
proboscis and of frenulum to the wings, but they possess two or three
internal nervures on the hind wing instead of the single one existing in
Saturniidae.

Fam. 7. Eupterotidae (Striphnopterygidae of Aurivillius).—This family

has only recently been separated from Lasiocampidae; its members,
however, possess a frenulum; while none is present in the larger family
mentioned. Its limits are still uncertain, but it includes several extremely
interesting forms. The larvae of the European processionary moth,
Cnethocampa processionea, are social in habits; they sometimes occur
in very large numbers, and march in columns of peculiar form, each
band being headed by a leader in front, and the column gradually
becoming broader. It is thought that the leader spins a thread as he
goes on, and that the lateral leaders of the succeeding files fasten the
threads they spin to that of the first individual, and in this way all are
brought into unison. The hairs of these caterpillars are abundant, and
produce great irritation to the skin and mucous membrane of any one
unlucky enough to come into too close contact with the creatures. This
property is, however, not confined to the hairs of the processionary
moths, but is shared to a greater or less extent by the hairs of various
other caterpillars of this division of Lepidoptera. In some cases the
irritation is believed to be due to the form of the hair or spine, which
may be barbed or otherwise peculiar in form. It is also thought that in
some cases a poisonous liquid is contained in the spine.

The larvae of other forms have the habit of forming dense webs, more
or less baglike, for common habitation by a great number of caterpillars,
and they afterwards spin their cocoons inside these receptacles. This
has been ascertained to occur in the case of several species of the
genus Anaphe, as has been described and illustrated by Dr. Fischer,
[246] Lord Walsingham,[247] and Dr. Holland.[248] The structures are
said to be conspicuous objects on trees in some parts of Africa. The
common dwelling of this kind formed by the caterpillars of Hypsoides
radama in Madagascar is said to be several feet in length; but the
structures of most of the other species are of much smaller size.

The larvae of the South American genus Palustra, though hairy like
other Eupterotid caterpillars, are aquatic in their habits, and swim by
coiling themselves and making movements of extension; the hair on the
back is in the form of dense brushes, but at the sides of the body it is
longer and more remote; when the creatures come to the surface—
which is but rarely—the dorsal brushes are quite dry, while the lateral
hairs are wet. The stigmata are extremely small, and the mode of
respiration is not fully known. It was noticed that when taken out of the
water, and walking in the open air, these caterpillars have but little
power of maintaining their equilibrium. They pupate beneath the water
in a singular manner: a first one having formed its cocoon, others come
successively and add theirs to it so as to form a mass.[249] Another
species of Palustra, P. burmeisteri, Berg,[250] is also believed to breathe
by means of air entangled in its long clothing; it comes to the surface
occasionally, to renew the supply; the hairs of the shorter brushes are
each swollen at the extremity, but whether this may be in connexion
with respiration is not known. This species pupates out of the water,
between the leaves of plants.

Dirphia tarquinia is remarkable on account of the great difference of

colour and appearance in the two sexes. In the Australian genus
Marane the abdomen is densely tufted at the extremity with hair of a
different colour.

Fam. 8. Perophoridae.—The moths of the genus Perophora have for

long been an enigma to systematists, and have been placed as
abnormal members of Psychidae or of Drepanidae, but Packard now
treats them as a distinct family. The larvae display no signs of any
social instincts, but, on the contrary, each one forms a little dwelling for
itself. Some twenty species of Perophora are now known; they inhabit a
large part of the New World, extending from Minnesota to Buenos