3.

2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

1. General
The purpose of the theory of the strength of materials is first to state which stresses Sd result from ac­
tions F in a component and second to determine the resistances Rd in a component. It must be verified,
howevei, that the stieS5eS do not exceed the iesistances:

2. Basic terms of the strength of materials

2.1 Stresses
The term "stresses" can be explained as follows:
If external forces act upon a body, these forces being in a state of equilibrium, and you imagine this body
to be split by a section. you must ieplaC6 the action of tr'ie fOiC6s by additional fOiC6S acting upon tr'ie
section area, These forc.es are nec.essary to keep the cut body in a state of equilibrium,

4. F=400 N

F'= 100 N
share of force per
sectional area zone

crosS-section area A

t F
•
Figure 1: Member stressed by tension

These "internal" forces are equally distributed across the cut surface. The stress can be determined by
quotient:

ForGe =i.
Area A

The stress can be represented as a vector just like the acting force. Vectors are directed quantities and
can be distributed into axial and tangential components in relation to the sub-area under consideration.

Construction and Design Page 1

3.2 Page 1 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

Figure 2: Stresses related to a sectional area element

Stresses acting vertically to the cut surface are designated as "8Jdal stresses" The difference between
tensile stress and compressive stress must be taken into consideration.
The symbol for the axial stresses is the Greek letter CY.

Tangential components of the stresses are designated as "shear stresses" and the symbol for these
components is the Greek letter 'to

Regarding a cubical volume element belonging to the sectional area element above, you realise that the
element is in a state of equilibrium only if axial stresses act upon it. The state of equilibrium cannot be
reached if shear stresses act upon it.

x x+dx
r-_~dA

C>xx
z+dz
direction of stress
L direction of the normal of the sectional area n

Figure 3: Stresses related to an element of volume

Only if also shear.stresses in horizontal direction appear the volume element !s in a state of equilibrium.

Theorem of the equality of shear stresses

Shear stresses always occur in pairs. At mutually perpendicular cut surfaces the shear stresses are
either directed towards the edge or away from it. There is no uniaxial state of shear stresses.

2.2 Deformations
Every body or every component shows deformations under the influence of external forces. If the edge
length of a body changes under the influence of external forces you call this strain. The symbol for
strains is the Greek letter E. .

Construction
3.2 and Deshm Page 2Pag-e
0f 142
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

Strains and axial stresses occur simultaneously

1.Ex·dx
:2
t4'- dx -+t V
.;tI-t. EY'dY

Figure 4: Strains related to a volume element

Besides the elongation or shortening of the edges, a body or component can undergo a change of the
angles that were originally rectangular. This deformation is called slippage. The symbol for slippages is
the Greek letter y .
.--',

..

•I I
',".­
1
-'":)

Slippages and shear stresses occur simultaneously

i
..
z
Figure 5: Slippage related to a quadratic element

3. Material parameters
. .
Material parameters are needed to make a statement about the behaviour of the material and also about
the behaviour of a structure under loading.

The correlation between the stresses resulting from actions (internal forces) and the deformations is pro­
vided by the laws of materials (for isotropic, linear-elastic materials). The most simple one of these laws
is Hooke's law.

Hooke's I~w is based on a linear correlation between the stresses and the deformations. It is the basis
for the theory of elasticity. According to this theory there are no remaining deformations.

If, however, a remaining plastiC deformation of a body or stmcture is projected, the ca!culation is carried
out according to the theory of plasticity.

truction and Deshro

3.2 Page 3 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

You will get a stress-strain diagram if you enter the stresses and the strains resulting from a certain ac­
tion (e. g. tensile test) into a co-ordinate system. This diagram characterises the deformation behaviour.

......,,/ to tearing
Resistance
Start of waisting
...
Rm ___-'-r--c.::;-~-
/
I Fracture /
ReH I /
I
I
I /
I N /
I I ci /
I I a. /
I 0;:
I /
I /
I
I I /
I I /
I I /
, +---~/------------~
~: 0.2"10:""'11
.... Elongation before ....
reduction of area.
a) b)
.. Elongation
at fracture

Figure 6: Stress-strain diagram of different materials

The so called characteristic values of material can be determined through the statistical evaluation of
tensile tests.

h fix)

0,2
s = 17,79 N/mm2

0.1

o~----~------~----~~----~~~
100 200 :; ~300 ~Oo Hlmm2
<"0 I'-
N

Figure 7: Frequency distribution of the yield strength of the structural steel 5235

• Strength-property parameters
(yield strength (ReH), tensile strength (Rm))
=> are~used for the dimensioning of components.

• Deformation parameters

(modulus of elasticity (E =~(J), modulus of transverse ~Iasticity (G =~'t))

& ~'Y
=> are used for the evaluation of the deformation behaviour.

Construction and Design Page 4

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 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

0 ! p
I
II) I II)
II)
0
~
...... I
-
~
0
(ij
I
I AOel ... i tJ.'tel
II)

(\::J
Ol
~ I .r::
U') I
IAc e, tJ.Yel

Strain e '" Slippage Y

Figure 8: Deformation parameters: modulus of elasticity and modulus of transverse elasticity

The deSignations for the yield strength and the tensile strength is handled differently in the material stan­
dards and the deSign standards:

Yield strength Tensile strength

DIN EN 10025: 1994-03 ReH
DIN 18800-1: 1990-11 fy,k fu,k

Construction and Design PageS

3.2 Page 5 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials
1. Internal forces and moments and accompanying stresses
Depending on the internal forces and moments occurring in a component, characteristic stress distribu­
tions arise in the cross section.

:.
1.1 Stresses resulting from axial forces

3[
--.-
:=~=j.......... ....
-_ .... -
-,.- ...
.....- ..
~-..
-

-.-~.~ ,
"" --.--~ .. -.--.--~
r~~~=::I(±)
...... -. .... . -.
......
"

....--.....
~

..•..._............................
-~, "'."'-­ ...
---
-~

Figure 1: Stresses resulting from axial forces

From axial forces evenly distributed axial stresses occur in the cross section. The sign of these stresses
is "pius" for tension and "minus" for compression.

~ 1.2 Stresses resulting from bending moments

3[..~·r\·nuu n. u... 'I'~~'. .1: (j7

au
Figure 2: Stresses resulting from bending moments

From bending moments axial stresses with "pius" and "minus" sign occur simultaneously. The maximum
axial stresses appear at the edges of the examined component.

Mnemonic sentence:
Each moment can be represented as a force-coupie.

!N~U -~t\ . u ••••• ----nnl·j~=E.N.!:

z z (j)
a
Figure 3: Analogy for the stressing by a bending moment

1.3 Axiai stresses due io slmuiianeous occurrence ofaxiai forces and bending moments

;~
j N

Figure 4: Axial stresses due to simultaneous occurrence of axial forces and bending moments

Construction and Design Page 6

3.2 Page 6 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

Bending momenis and axiai forces cause simiiar stresses (axiai stresses 0) in a component. The resuii­
ing axial stresses are determined by addition.

1.4 Stresses resulting from shear forces

While the occurring stresses from axial forces and bending moments can be understood easily, the un­
derstanding of the stresses arising from shear stressing is difficult.

Shear stressing results in:

a) shear stresses ts if two equal forces of opposite direction acting in nearly flat formation stress a
section evenly.

-+--F
F

Figure 5: Shear stressing of a pin connection

Portrayed in simplified form an even distribution of stresses in the sedion can be a~sumed

b) shear stresses 'to

during simultaneous bending. The distribution of shear stresses across the sec­
tion can be clarified by a model. If you cut a beam stressed by bending in a horizontal plane, the
equilibrium of the beam element can be represented as follows:

~F

t
I
I

: x

1·
•
I
I
I
t
I
I
I

:2...
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
My
®

Figure 6: Shear stressing due to simultaneous appearance of shear force and bending moment

Construction and Design Page 7

3.2 Page 7 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

Accoiding to the theOiem of "the equality of sheai stiesses in paiiS" this is at the same time the sheai
stress in the vertical beam section.
In a rectangular section the distribution of shear stresses occurs corresponding to the following repre­
sentation.

Figure 7: Shear stress distribution in a rectangular cross section

!n an I section the distribution of shear stresses occurs as fcUovvs.

Figure 8: Shear stress distribution in an I-section

2. Calculation of stresses
The quantity of the stresses occurring in a component depends on two influence factors:
a) the quantity of action parameters and the quantity of stresses resulting from this and
b) the proportions of the examined component ,,.,,l1ich are described by the section properties .

2.1 Stresses resulting from axial forces

0= N [N/mm2}
A

A (area) is the symbolic notation for the cross section of the examined component.

Example:

~II-~~~ 1-- 000

- 00 00 00.00. - _. n_} N· '~~I--

. a
Figure 9: Bar stressed by tension

A=

0=----=

Construction and Design Page 8

3.2 Page 8 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

2.2 Stiesses iesuHing fiOm bending moments

[Nlmm 2 ]

Iy (inertia) is the symbolic notation for the second order moment of area (formerly: moment of inertia) of
the examined component, related to the major axis y. The second order moment of area is a character­
istic value for the bending stiffness of a component.

Mnemonic sentence:
Components with equal cross section area can have complete(v different second order moments ofarea.

a) b} c)
z z z o
N

y-iii-O~
I. 100 .1 ~

100
z z
A1 ; y1
, A2:A1 =1:1 A3:A1 =1:1
Iy,2: I y,1:!! 3: 1 I y,3: I y, 1 = 9: 1
Figure 10: Variants of compound sections

For the calculation of stresses you must know the second order moments of area in relation to the major
axis y and z. The second order moments of area are composed of two elements, i. e. the internal second
~-~ order moment of area and the "Steiner's share".

• 'intemai second'order rnOfnent of area

I
Yo
= t.J.

12
j'f =
3
10 . 100
12
=833'333 mm 4

o ~ 83,3 cm4
Yo -.---- I .-. Yo
1._.-._.
It)

"
..C:

Zo
';:·11..
Figure 11: Detennination of the internal second order moment of area

Construction and Desil!1l Pae:e 9

3.2 Page 9 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

• Steiner's share

o
N
A
y ..........
o
n_ ••• W//#~
,
...7/..... .. Yo
I 1= A. z 2
Y 1
~i
NI

I I = A. 2
Z

Figure 12: Determination of Steiner's share

The comp!ete moment of area resu!ts in:

In the case of a compound section with a shear stiff connection of the individual parts, the second order
moment of area is calculated as the sum of the individual moments of area.

n
Iy=!:IYi
. i=1' ,­

Example:

z
1 j300X20

400:20

y -.--------11----..------ Y -'---~

--aooX15

i
i
Z

Figure 13: Beam combined of sheet plates

Construction and Desien Page 10

3.2 Page 10 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

-}
My= 1000 kNm

___L __
\
- - -.-- --.-- -- -- -- --. - -.-_. {~~
-- -- - - - -
Iz =20,0 ern

Figure 14: Stress distribution duling bending

0=---- =

max 0 = - - - - =

For the calculation of the maximum edge stress you can also use the elastic section modulus W:

and

2.3 Stresses resulting from shear forces

• Shear stresses resulting from exclusive shear

• Shear stresses resulting from simultaneous bending and shear

v r.
't = z -S y lN/mm2 J
I y -t

Sy stands for the first order moment of area (formerly: statical moment) of the sheared section in relation
to the major axis y. For the calculation of the shear stresses, the first order moments of area related to
the major axis y and z must be known.

Construction and Design Page 11

3.2 Page 11 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

• Statical moment
z

NO
; A
'i ···-····· .. ·wzm~ . //······---
r Yo
o :
S
Y
= A· 7.,

S = A· M"!

Y
Z

Figure 15: Determination of the statical moment

In case of compound sections with shear stiff connection of the individual components the first order
moment of area is calculated as the sum of the individual moments of area of the sheared section.

Exampie:
z
I j300X20

400 ;20

y _....._- -_..._- :...__...._..-..... y ---L--L..

;r--...
; BOO X 15

z
Figure 16: Beam combined of sheet plates

Construction and Desilm Page 12

M1.3.2 Page 12 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

Vz v z = 500 kN I----\\VID . \

--J-- --J----------- ~

Figure 17: Stress distribution during shear

. . .:. :.::.:. :. .: .: .: . . . . . .,
~~~==~======:3: :.::~~ : .:.:.:.: ~: : :': .: :.:-:.~~-.~-~-~:-: .: :.'.:.'.'

1:1=-----=

m8J( 1: ='To = - - - - - - =

For I - sections.(but only for I-sections or similar sections) the shear stresses can be determined with the
help of a simplified calculation formula.

I I
.'

..r::;
t
Aweb = t . h'

I I

Figure 18: Web area for the simplified calculation of shear stresses

Example:

Vz=500 kN
I
.--1- _. -_. -_. -_. -_.
t

Figure 19: Simplified stress distribution during shear

'tm = - - - - - =

Construction and Design Page 13

3.2 Page 13 0f 14
 3.2 Fundamentals of The Strength of Materials

3.. Tabulated section propet"iies

Excerpt from: Structural steelwork sections, 20. edition

Breite I·Trager
Reihe HE-B = IPB
Reihe HL mit besonders breften Flanschen und graBen H6hen
Normallllngen
y ---'--1· Y bei ProfilhohEm unter 300 mm 8 bis 16 m
300 mm und mehr 8 bis 18 m
MantelflAche U $iehe Saite 26
Rechenwerte WpI,¥ Mpl,y Np/ Opl,,, WpI.2' 5 y IT C iz .g siahe Sene 36 unci 37

,
....
r - -" - _.- - - - - - .,
FriiMTl1 Bszelchnungen

Ma6einmm Fur die Siegeacnsen ~r

fOr
Astag A G Sy """"OIN997
H z-z Ausg. Old. 1970

.,
KLlfZ­
h
I ts-l~J~ r~ -~ ~ ~ dt.Wj~IWJ

r-r--r-T--r----r-r-I '-- :,. r--CT---'

_______--
zei- b l:tll Wz Iz
cm'4 .'1
• cm3 em em

r-l -T--r-
cm2 kgIm cm4 mill mm lmm
chen

T _ ______ ~ __ . __ ~__
L___ LS•. • '.L ~'!" .!_J!L~Y~c- _~" ~

., ...,... '1/
-
HI!-II .,.,.. I-Triger mtt~1eIen ~hen.
IPS Aelhe HE-EI .. I PB nacft 1025 Tell 2, At.. Min: 1994

2.s_ :: i
100 100 6 10 5& 5.40 20,4 33 2.53 8,63 11 56 !-
:~I
121
120 11D 6,5 1f 12 ::I
74 7.08
a.o
26.7 318 52,9
,5 3,oo 10.5 11
140 12
~ i:
1610

..
140 140 7 12. 92 8.96 33,7 218 550. 78,5 3,58 12,3 It
lID 889;
::: II· 86

T"
180 160 8 11.8 42.8 ·811 111 4,05 14.1 -
"
•
180 flD 180 1 8,5 14 15 122 14.1 51,2 13601151 4,57 15.9 211 100 -
78.t

-
2DII 2DII 200 9 18 16 134 16.6 61,3 . 57110 U4 2000 200 5,07 17.7 110 I-

••
220
240 240 220
240
I 9.5
10 11
11 lB 152
21 . 164
19.4
22.3
11.0
101
71.5
82.3
ICIIO ?311 8.G 2840 258
11280 tall 10.3 3920132:7
5,59
6,08
19,6
21,.
25 120 I
96/35
2tIO 260 10 17,5 24 . 177 24,2 111 93.0 14_ 11110 11,2 5130· 395 6.58 23,3 loo 40
280 2tlO 10,5 18 24 196 27,5 111 "103 18m 18110 7.00 25.1 25 110 45
;~
-I
6590\471
3110 300 11 27 208 30.9 1. 117 .,70 1IllIG 7,58 26.9 28 120 : 45

i
300 8560 571
320
3otO
_81!0 300
300 I n.5 20.&
12
21,5
27 1 225
27 243
34,4
3B,2
181
171
127
134
!108I!O 1830
3IIItID 2 . Ui
9240 616
9690 646
7,57
7.53
28.7
30.4
211
21 120
120
45
45

-
380 310 300 12.5 22.5 27 ' 261 42.2 181 142 «1180 2400 16,1 10140~ 676 7.49 32,2 28 120 45
400 400.300' 13.5 1M , 27 298 50,8 1. 155 til_ 2_ 11,1 10820 721 7,40 35,7
450
500
«ill 1300 114
SOO 300 14.5
lIfO;
28 I
21
27 1 344
27 390
59.4
68,4
218
2l1li
171
187
79880 3560 t8,1 117201 781
101200 4111C1 21,2 12620 842
7.33
7,27
40,1
44.5 :,::
28 1= 120 45
5SO
600
550 eso
300 15
eoo 300 15,5
_300 . 16 : 31
28
III I 27 438
27 486
27 534
78,1
88,3
99,0
254
270
199
212
225
13111700 4870 23,2 13080 872
1710lI0 5700 25.2 135301 902
210flOO 8 . 27,t 13980 932 6,99
7,17
7,09
48,9
53,2
57.5
28
•
21
120
120
120
45
'i 45
·45
1
700 700: [17 32 I 27 S82 f14 308 241 25811CX1 7340 a.o 144401 963 6.87 61,7 28 126 145
BOO fIOO: 300
300 17,5 33 ! 30 674 134 3M 252 . ' 0 0 8980 3t.B 14900 994 6.68 70,2 28 130 140
800 I 300 18.5 sa .,GO 10_ 38,5 15~j 1050 as
900
1000 1000 I 300 19 38 I ~I~ 160
193
371
400
291
314 844700 128110 40.1 16280 1090
6,53
6,38
18,5
86,8 21
130 140
130 • 40

HL-Proftle mH besondars breiteIl FIaRlichen untJ groBen Hollen (nic:h1 genonnt) 11'1 Anlchnung

.
HL'l (MincIesIbesIeIlmenge arlorderlic:hl an DIN 997
l000AA II7D 400 16.5121 i 30 . 868 157 32lI 258 504400 10400 311,2 450 1123 8.26 84,9 31 t 136 • 85
A 9110 400 16,5 31 30 ' 868 158 408 321 1116400 14070 41,S 33120 1656 9.00 118,2 136 85
1121GO 18140 41,5 122
31
38.480 11924 9,03 118,7
I
19 1: 311 472
"'.7
B 1000 400 183 371

1108- ~1::I:leo
I
30 t 868
M 1008 402! 21 '.to j 30 888 203 81M 412 18050 43410 2160 9,10 89.0
404j25,5145
32_ :::
l 30 ' 868 248 477 1047000 41,5 49610' 2456 9,03 B9,O 31 144

~5
471 1018 -
5S4 1032 i 40B 29,5 62 II 30 86B 289 ?lIB 554 12:32000 41.8 59100 2697 9,1S 89.6 31 146 eo
642 1«14& I 412 34 10 I 30 ' 868 336 118 642 14511100 7028013412 9.27 90,4 31 1 152 80
I 866
:. i:: I:
748 10lIl i 417 39 7tI 30 389 953 746 1732COO 851") 4082 9.45 91,4
1100 A 11180' 400 118 31 20 ' 988 191 43& 343 181400 15920 ~~ 33120,1656 6,11 96,1

i~ ;.
B 1100 400. 20 36 20 9118 213 G7 390 1005000 38.480 1924 8.80 96,7 31 ;122 90
M 1108'
R 111.:
402: 22
405 26
!45
40
I 20 sea
20 1 988
235
279
551
835
433 1126000 43410 2180 B,B7
499 1294000 150 45,1 49980! 2468 8,81
97:1-
97,3
31
31
124
128
90
90

.) Die Zahlenwer1e geben (lie Nennhohe in mm und aas Gewk:lll in kglm 1111

Figure 20: Tabulated section properties of rolled sections

Construction and Deshm Page 14

3.2 Page 14 0f 14