Decode Ethics 4.

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UPSC CSE MAINS 2023 ETHICS / GS-4 SOLUTIONS

Q1 (a): What do you understand by ‘moral integrity’ and ‘professional efficiency’ in the context of corporate
governance in India? Illustrate with suitable examples. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Corporate governance, ethically, includes principles, policies, and practices ensuring transparency,
accountability, fairness, responsibility, and integrity throughout the organization's actions and decisions. (//
Introduction – Definition of Keyword i.e. corporate governance)

Moral integrity in corporate governance denotes adherence to ethical principles and values, fostering trust and
responsible conduct, ensuring alignment with societal expectations and regulatory standards for sustainable
business practices. (//Definition of moral integrity in context of corporate governance)

A recent example of moral integrity in the context of corporate governance in India is when Wipro Limited
voluntarily disclosed information regarding its environmental impact and sustainability efforts in its annual
sustainability report. (//Example of moral integrity in Indian context)

Professional efficiency in corporate governance refers to the competency and effectiveness of individuals, processes
and organization in achieving organizational objectives with diligence and proficiency. (//Definition of professional
efficiency in context of corporate governance)

For example, recently, HDFC Bank took proactive measures to address concerns raised by regulatory authorities
regarding lapses in its digital operations, emphasizing a commitment to compliance and ethical conduct, thus
ensuring professional efficiency in context of corporate governance. (//Example of professional efficiency in Indian
context)

// Diagram

Hence, moral integrity and professional efficiency represent EQ and IQ respectively and both are needed to ensure
sound corporate governance. (// Conclusion)

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Q1 (b): International aid is an accepted form of helping resource-challenged nations. Comment on ethics in
contemporary international aid. Support your answer with suitable examples. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: As per Sikhism, Dana or charity is one of the cardinal virtues. Aid or international aid rests in virtues of
principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and is accepted form of helping resource-challenged nations such as IMF aid to
Africa and Pakistan. There are following pros and cons with respect to ethical considerations involved in
contemporary international aid: (// Introduction – Nothing to define as such, hence try to bring in keywords from
theory)

Pros: (// Separate Headings for each part of question)

1) It promotes utilitarian principles, prioritizing maximum overall benefit. For example, aid towards mass
vaccinations in developing countries. (// Using ethical keywords is of utmost importance to provide ethical bend to
answer)

2) It emphasizes communitarian values, fostering community self-reliance and collaboration to address local
challenges and promote sustainable development.

Cons: (// Equal emphasis on Pros & Cons + Numbered points rather than bullets or stars)

1) It can raise cultural sensitivity concerns. For example, distributing western-style clothing in conservative
societies may offend cultural norms, hindering acceptance of aid efforts and creating tensions within communities.
(// Total 4 examples provided in answer)

2) It can raise dilemmas between meeting national needs and complying with donor requirements. For
example, a country may prioritize its healthcare infrastructure, conflicting with donor-funded initiatives targeting a
different sector.

// Diagram

Hence, just like any other aspect of life, even international aid has two sides and international aid that keeps ethical
principles in mind goes onto create a just world. (// Conclusion)

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Q2 (a): “Corruption is the manifestation of the failure of core values in the society.” In your opinion, what
measures can be adopted to uplift the core values in the society? (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Core values in society are fundamental principles guiding behaviours and decisions, shaping culture and
norms, fostering cohesion, and reflecting what's deemed important. (// Introduction – Definition of keyword)

Failure of core values leads to manifestation of seven sins postulated by Gandhiji i.e. wealth without work, pleasure
without consciousness, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity,
religion without sacrifice and politics without principles and leads to corruption at various levels such as misuse of
funds, poor service delivery etc. (// Deal with statement given in question before coming to main question)

Measures to uplift core values: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Upholding ethics and morals right from young age with role of family, parents and teachers at forefront.

2) Emphasizing on learning from lives of personalities such as Buddh, Mahavir, Gandhi, Kalam etc. and
implementing their teachings in public and private life.

3) Encouraging leaders to persuade and socially influence masses towards value laden attitude. For example,
eminent personalities take part in government campaigns in support of whistle blow.

4) Making foundational values such as interdependence, unity and feeling of brotherhood a part of
government initiatives, for example Aarambh, so that task of uplifting core values is not restricted to ethical plain
but expands to legal and policy level. (// These 4 points are generated from 1st 4 chapters of syllabus! Go through
them again and brainstorm points from remaining 4 chapters)

// Diagram

Thus, lack of core values manifests as corruption and there is need of not only ethical measures but also legal and
policy measures to strengthen core values in society. (// Conclusion)

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Q2 (b): In the context of work environment, differentiate between ‘coercion and undue influence’ with suitable
examples. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Coercion in the workplace refers to using force or pressure to compel employees to act against their will or
interests. Undue influence in the workplace refers to manipulating someone's decisions through authority or power
dynamics or relationships. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

The differences are: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Coercion involves using threats or force to compel actions, while undue influence manipulates someone's
decision-making through authority, persuasion, or trust.

2) Coercion imposes actions against one's will, while undue influence subtly manipulates decisions.

3) Coercion disregards consent, while undue influence exploits vulnerabilities in decision-making.

For example, in private sector, coercion might involve a supervisor threatening termination if an employee refuses to
comply with an order, whereas undue influence could occur if a manager subtly pressures an employee to alter
official records. (// Example 1)

For example, in a government department, coercion might involve a supervisor forcing an employee to sign off on
falsified documents under the threat of demotion. Undue influence could be a senior persuading a staff member to
prioritize their personal projects over official duties. (// Example 2)

// Diagram

Hence, both involve influencing someone's behaviour or decisions. While, coercion disregards the target's consent
entirely, undue influence may still involve some level of voluntary compliance. (// Conclusion)

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Q3 (a): What does this quotation convey to you in the present context? “The simplest acts of kindness are by far
more powerful than a thousand heads bowing in prayer.”- Mahatma Gandhi (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: The given quote emphasizes on Gandhi’s teachings regarding service of mankind. As per Gandhiji, the
immediate service of all human beings is the only way to find God. Thus, even a simplest act of kindness is more
powerful than prayers and the true essence of religion lies in serving others. (// Introduction – Your understanding of
essence of quote)

Further, kindness is powerful because: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Acts of kindness preach compassion that impacts communities, addressing their needs and alleviating
suffering.

2) It contributes to positive change and fosters empathy, whereas prayers, while offering spiritual comfort, may
not result in tangible improvements.

3) It embodies the values espoused in religious teachings more effectively than mere prayers alone.

“The fruit of silent is prayer, the fruit of prayer is faith, the fruit of faith is love, the fruit of love is service, the fruit of
service is peace” – Mother Teresa

For example, building shelters for the homeless offers tangible support, while praying for their well-being may not
address their immediate needs. (// Example 1)

For example, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam's work in education directly improved lives, unlike solely relying on prayers for
better education outcomes. (// Example 2)

For example, Mother Teresa's care for the sick and destitute provided immediate relief, surpassing mere prayers for
their well-being. (// Example 3)

// Diagram

In conclusion, while prayers hold significance in many belief systems, tangible acts of kindness directly address
societal needs. (// Conclusion)

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Q3 (b): What does this quotation convey to you in the present context? “To awaken the people, it is the women
who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves, the nation moves”-
Jawaharlal Nehru (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: The quote implies that to initiate societal change, women must first awaken. The given quote is true in its
entirety as an awakened woman awakens the family, which in turn awakens the community such as a village and
entire nation is slowly on the move. (// Introduction – Essence of quote)

This can also be understood chronologically as under: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) A personal realization or empowerment among women will make them aware of their potential and agency.

2) As women become empowered, they are likely to influence their children and families, inspiring change in
attitudes, behaviours, and decision-making within the household.

3) As more families are affected by the awakened women, there's a ripple effect, leading to broader societal
changes within the local community.

4) The cumulative impact of empowered women and transformed families and communities contributes to
larger-scale changes at the national level.

For example, SEWA empowers rural women through education and economic opportunities, leading to individual
empowerment, transformed families, community development, and national progress. (// Example 1)

For example, efforts of women like Aruna Roy in India's grassroots movements have empowered communities,
influenced policies, and catalysed social change, illustrating the transformative impact of awakened women on
society. (// Example 2)

// Diagram

Hence, awakening of women is foundational to driving societal progress, with its impact cascading from individual
empowerment to broader societal transformation. (// Conclusion)

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Q3 (c): What does this quotation convey to you in the present context? “Do not hate anybody, because that
hatred that comes out from you must, in the long run, come back to you. If you love, that love will come back to
you, completing the circle - Swami Vivekananda (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Hatred, ethically, is hostility towards individuals or groups, often driven by deep-seated prejudice. Whereas,
love, ethically, is sense of care, compassion, and respect towards others, fostering empathy, kindness, and moral
responsibility. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

One should not hate anybody, because that hatred comes back in multiples. Spreading negativity and animosity
breeds resentment and discord, creating a cycle of conflict and isolation, eventually resulting in the return of
hostility and bitterness to the originator. (// How hate comes back)

For example, Pakistan spreads hate and finds itself isolated in forums such as UN and G20 and faces backlash as their
negative actions such as cross border terror generates animosity. (// Example of how hate comes back)

On other hand, acts of love, kindness and compassion spread positivity, nurturing relationships and fostering
goodwill, ultimately leading to reciprocated love. (// How love comes back)

For example, India’s acts of love and kindness towards others during COVID crises led to reciprocal affection and
support, fostering strong, meaningful relationships and community bonds. (// Example of how love comes back)

// Diagram

In the journey of life, the seeds we sow—whether of hate or love—inevitably return to us. As Ralph Waldo Emerson
aptly said, "What you are comes to you." (// Conclusion)

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Q4 (a): “What really matters for success, character, happiness, and lifelong achievements is a definite set of
emotional skills -your EQ- not just purely cognitive abilities that are measured by conventional IQ tests.” Do you
agree with the view? Give reasons in support of your answer. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Yes, I agree with the view that EQ is more important than IQ for success, character, happiness, and lifelong
achievements because success, character, happiness, and achievements built on just IQ are short term gains but for
sustained good, EQ is required. (// Introduction – Clear stance)

“As much as 80% of adult “success” comes from EQ” — Daniel Goleman.

History is full of brilliant, successful men and women who failed miserably or underachieved in the classroom but
later on went on to achieve miraculous success. For example, Albert Einstein, Steve Jobs, Thomas Edison etc.

Emotional skills or EQ is more important than cognitive abilities or IQ as: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Without EQ human beings cannot respond to situations very flexibly. For example, a public servant handling
disaster management exercise cannot handle it effectively solely with IQ and needs EQ for public management.

2) Without the guidance of emotions, we cannot be intelligent and rational.

3) Emotional skills are pre-requisite for building bridges of mutual understanding and trust. For example, in the
same disaster management situation, EQ will help public servant in gaining trust of masses.

4) It helps in development of optimism, resiliency and leadership qualities

5) Emotional Intelligence helps professionals cope with stresses and focus on the mission and getting work
done in a calmer, more consistent and reliable environment.

// Diagram

Thus, while IQ is important for basic success, long terms achievements require blend of IQ and EQ. (//Conclusion)

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Q4 (b): Differentiate ‘moral intuition” from ‘moral reasoning’ with suitable examples. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Moral intuition is like a gut feeling about what's right or wrong without needing reasons. It's an instinctive
sense of morality. Moral reasoning is using logic and thinking to figure out what's right or wrong in a situation,
considering consequences and principles to make ethical decisions. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

The differences: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Moral intuition is like a gut feeling, quick and instinctive, while moral reasoning involves deliberate thought
and analysis.

2) Intuition doesn't require conscious effort, but reasoning does.

3) Intuition often lacks explicit justification, while reasoning seeks to justify moral judgments through logic and
evidence.

For example, in private sector, a business owner instinctively feels it's wrong to exploit employees for profit
(intuition). Also, the owner analyses labour laws and ethical principles to determine fair wages and working
conditions (reasoning). (// Example 1)

For example, in public sphere, a police officer senses danger in a situation and acts to protect without consciously
analyzing legal protocols (Intuition). The officer considers laws, departmental policies, and potential consequences
before making an arrest or using force (Reasoning). (// Example 2)

Moral Intuition Moral Reasoning

Gut feel Cognitive
No conscious effort Conscious
No justification Logical
// Diagram

In conclusion, while moral intuition and moral reasoning differ in their processes and outcomes, both aim to guide
ethical behaviour. Intuition offers immediate responses, while reasoning provides deliberate justification, yet both
serve the overarching goal of navigating moral dilemmas. (// Conclusion)

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Q5 (a): Is conscience a more reliable guide when compared to laws, rules, and regulations in the context of ethical
decision-making. Discuss. (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Ethical decision making involves assessing options based on moral principles to determine the most morally
acceptable course of action. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

Conscience is an intuition or judgement that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. It can be related with moral
intuition. While, laws rules and regulations are legal measures to ensure ethical judgement and can be related with
moral reasoning. (// Use terms mentioned in PYQPs or current paper in your answers)

Is conscience more reliable: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Some argue that conscience is a powerful internal guide that reflects an individual’s values and beliefs, while
others suggest that conscience is fallible and subject to bias and social conditioning. For example, Locke argued that
conscience was proof for the concept of innate principles but deliberated whether these principles are objective or
subjective.

2) Jean-Paul believed that conscience is not a reliable guide to ethical decision-making, as it is subject to social
conditioning and self-deception.

3) Individuals often justify their actions and beliefs based on external influences, such as cultural norms and
social expectations, rather than on internal moral principles.

4) Immanuel Kant viewed conscience as the most reliable guide to ethical decision-making, arguing that
individuals must follow the moral law within themselves.

// Diagram

While conscience can be a valuable guide to ethical decision-making, its reliability and accuracy may vary based on
individual factors such as moral development, social conditioning, and biases. Therefore, it is essential to engage in
laws, rules and regulations as well. (// Conclusion)

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Q5 (b): Probity is essential for an effective system of governance and socio-economic development. Discuss. (150
words | 10 marks)

Answer: Probity in governance refers to the adherence to ethical principles and integrity in the conduct of public
affairs. It involves ensuring transparency, accountability, honesty, and fairness in all actions and decisions made by
those in positions of authority. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

Probity is essential for governance and development as: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) It ensures accountability and integrity in governance.

2) It ensures compliance with processes.

3) It preserves public confidence in Government processes.

4) It avoids potential for misconduct, fraud and corruption.

5) It provides for explanations for government decisions and makes the decision-making process transparent
and accessible to the public.

For example, publishing meeting agendas and minutes on government websites or holding public consultations on
key policy decisions ensures probity, good governance and development. (// Example 1)

For example, in administration, a person with probity is one who puts service to people before anything else because
of his firm adherence to the values of compassion, sympathy, honesty etc. this is bound to ensure good governance
and development. (// Example 2)

// Diagram

In addition to probity, transparency, accountability, and integrity are indispensable for fostering an effective system
of governance and driving socio-economic development, ensuring trust and ethical conduct across all levels. (//
Conclusion)

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Q6 (a): What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world. (150
words | 10 marks)

Answer: Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism and led a simple life, preaching a straightforward way to find God in
one’s own heart through inner purity and social responsibility. (// Introduction – Essence of teachings)

As per him, guiding principles of life and their relevance are: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Share your earnings with others who are less fortunate. Amid growing inequality, sharing earnings promotes
social equity. For example, philanthropists like Tata donates wealth to support marginalized communities. (//
Example 1)

2) Live an honest Life and earn living with honest labour. For example, individuals like Narayana Murthy,
exemplify earning a living through honest labour and ethical business practices. (// Example 2)

3) According to him, ego, falsehood and hypocrisy among the humans need to be tackled through spiritual
pursuit. In contemporary society, the prevalence of ego, falsehood, and hypocrisy underscores the importance of
spiritual pursuits. Practices like meditation and self-reflection offer tools to navigate and transcend these negative
traits for personal growth. (// Example 3)

4) Nanak criticized caste discrimination and gender inequalities and these are relevant more than ever.

5) Guru Nanak's main teaching is the belief in one God and equality of all humans, fostering religious tolerance
and unity amidst diversity today.

// Diagram

Guru Nanak's teachings of equality, service, and devotion remain relevant today, promoting unity, compassion, and
spiritual harmony in diverse societies. (// Conclusion)

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Q6 (b): Explain the term social capital. How does it enhance good governance? (150 words | 10 marks)

Answer: Social capital is a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to
effectively achieve a common purpose. In ethics, it refers to the value of trust, reciprocity, and cooperation within a
community, fostering ethical behaviour and societal cohesion. (// Introduction – Definition of keywords)

Good governance relates to the political and institutional processes and outcomes that are necessary to achieve the
goals of development. Social capital lead to good governance as: (// Separate heading + Numbered points)

1) Trust: Social capital cultivates trust between citizens and government, enhancing transparency and
accountability in governance.

2) Reciprocity: It encourages mutual cooperation between different stakeholders, facilitating consensus-

building and collective decision-making processes.

3) Civic Engagement: High social capital encourages active citizen participation in governance, leading to
informed policies and responsive leadership.

4) Reduced Corruption: With strong social ties, there's less tolerance for corrupt practices, promoting integrity
and ethical conduct among public officials.

5) Effective Service Delivery: Social capital enables efficient collaboration between government agencies and
communities, ensuring effective delivery of public services and equitable development.

For example, in Denmark, robust social capital facilitates citizen engagement, resulting in transparent governance
and effective public service delivery. (// Example 1)

For example, Japan's strong social cohesion fosters trust in government, promoting ethical behaviour and efficient
decision-making for societal well-being. (// Example 2)

// Diagram

Thus, social capital is vital for good governance, fostering trust, cooperation, and civic engagement, and is essential
for effective and ethical governance practices worldwide. (// Conclusion)

*******

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