UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF

BUILDING & MAINTAINING A REUSABLE

SET FOR DIGITAL MEDIA

ARPAN RAJU JAIN

[Enroll. No.:- A70980321013]

[Batch: 2021-25]

BACHELOR OF INTERIOR DESIGN

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING,

AMITY UNIVERSITY MAHARASHTRA.

MUMBAI - PUNE EXPRESSWAY, BHATAN, PANVEL. MAHARASHTRA - 410206

MAY 1ST, 2024

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 UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF
BUILDING & MAINTAINING A REUSABLE
SET FOR DIGITAL MEDIA

A DESIGN DISSERTATION
Submitted

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of,
BACHELOR OF INTERIOR DESIGN
By
ARPAN RAJU JAIN
[Enroll. No. :-A70980321013]
[Batch: 2021-25]

Under the Guidance of

Prof./Arch. ANURADHA KAPADIA

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING,

AMITY UNIVERSITY MAHARASHTRA.

MUMBAI - PUNE EXPRESSWAY, BHATAN, PANVEL. MAHARASHTRA – 410206

MAY 1ST, 2024

2
I - DECLARATION

I ARPAN RAJU JAIN, Enroll. No. A70980321013, Batch 2021-2025, hereby declare thatthe
Dissertation entitled UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESS OF BUILDING & MAINTAINING
A REUSABLE SET FOR DIGITAL MEDIA

Submitted by me in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Interior Design, in Amity
School of Architecture and Planning, Amity University Maharashtra, India, is a record of original
and Bonafede work carried out by me. The matter embodied in this Dissertation has not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma. The
plagiarism report is attached in annexure as a testimony to the originality of the Dissertation.

May 1ST, 2024 ARPAN RAJU JAIN

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 AMITY UNIVERSITY, MAHARASHTRA
Amity School of Architecture & Planning

II- CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the declaration of ARPAN RAJU JAIN is true to the best of my knowledge
andthat the student has worked for one semester in preparing this Dissertation, which has been
submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Interior Design at Amity School of
Architecture and Planning, Amity University Maharashtra.

RECOMMENDED

Prof./Arch. ANURADHA KAPADIA

<Professor>

ACCEPTED

Director

Amity School of Architecture and Planning

Amity University Maharashtra

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III - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following individuals and institutions for their
contributions to this work: My advisor – Arch. Anuradha Kapadia Ma’am & Interior Designer. Isha
Desai Ma’am for their guidance and support throughout the research process.
I would also like to thank my family and friends for their encouragement and support throughout
my studies.

Finally, I would like to acknowledge the countless researchers who have contributed to the
field of Effects of Maintenance Problems on Exterior Building Construction in Residential
Areas. Their work has laid the foundation for my own research, and I am grateful for their
dedication to advancing our understanding of the world.

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IV - ABSTRACT

This dissertation investigates the multifaceted process of creating and maintaining reusable sets for
television production, focusing on the historical context, technical complexities, and human-
centered considerations inherent in set construction. The study delves into the evolution of set
construction techniques, from early theater-inspired designs to technological innovations. Joinery
details, material selection, anthropometry, and ergonomics are all important considerations when
designing television sets for functionality, durability, and aesthetic appeal.

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to provide a thorough understanding of the factors that
influence set construction and maintenance, and second, to provide insights into best practices for
optimizing efficiency, sustainability, and user experience in television production. By combining
existing literature, industry standards, and case studies, the study hopes to shed light on the
creative, economic, and environmental implications of set design, as well as its broader impact on
the television industry as a whole.

This study takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining historical analysis, technical exploration,
and human-centered design principles, to address the challenges and opportunities inherent in the
creation and preservation of reusable sets. By investigating the interplay between artistic
expression, technological innovation, and ergonomic considerations, the study hopes to contribute
to the advancement of knowledge and best practices in television set construction, ultimately
improving the quality, efficiency, and sustainability of television production processes.

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Contents
I - DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................. 3
II - CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
III - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 5
IV - ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION- .............................................................................................................................. 8
Preamble: ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Aim: ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Objective:......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Limitations: .................................................................................................................................................... 10
Scope: ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
Methodology: ................................................................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE-................................................................................................................................... 12
History: .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
Ancient Theatre (5th century BCE - 5th century CE): ................................................................................ 13
Medieval Theatre (5th century - 15th century): ........................................................................................ 14
Renaissance Theatre (14th century - 17th century): ................................................................................. 15
Baroque Theatre (17th century - 18th century): ....................................................................................... 16
19th Century Theatre: ............................................................................................................................... 17
20th Century Theatre: ............................................................................................................................... 18
Film and Television (20th century - present): ............................................................................................ 19
Contemporary Set Design (20th century - present): ................................................................................. 19

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION-

Sets are the foundation of storytelling in media production, creating immersive environments where
characters come to life and narratives unfold. However, the process of constructing and maintaining these
sets is far from simple. It requires a delicate balance of creativity, technical expertise, and practical
considerations. From historical recreations to futuristic landscapes, set design influences the viewer's
perception and immersion in the story, which requires collaboration among designers, artisans, and
technicians to bring ideas to life. However, in addition to aesthetic concerns, there are practical challenges
such as durability, functionality, and reusability. Sets must withstand the demands of production schedules
and daily use, especially in long-running series, emphasizing the importance of understanding the
complexities of designing and maintaining reusable sets.

This dissertation investigates the various aspects of set construction and maintenance in digital media
production. It aims to uncover the complexities involved in ensuring the longevity and functionality of sets
while also addressing practical issues such as material selection, environmental impact, and transportation
logistics. This study aims to provide valuable insights for professionals and enthusiasts alike by investigating
industry practices, challenges, and strategies, thereby enriching the discourse surrounding set design and
production in the dynamic landscape of television.

Preamble:
Sets serve as a canvas for narratives, providing a backdrop against which characters interact and stories
unfold. Behind the scenes, however, is a complicated process of conception, construction, and maintenance,
with each detail meticulously crafted to enhance the viewer's immersion. The challenges of creating and
maintaining reusable sets go beyond aesthetics to include practical considerations like durability, adaptability,
and sustainability. From the bustling streets of New York City to the fantastical realms of science fiction, Sets
are the silent yet powerful stagehands that bring the stories we love to life.

The inspiration for this project stems from a desire to explain the seemingly magical transformation of
conceptualized spaces into tangible, functional sets. The allure of well-crafted television sets stems from not
only their aesthetic appeal, but also their seamless integration of design, functionality, and longevity. From
the early stages of conceptualization, script analysis, and collaborative brainstorming sessions to the practical
challenges of construction, maintenance, and the delicate dance of assembling and disassembling, every
aspect contributes to the dynamic tapestry of television production. This includes set construction problems,
strategic considerations for long-term durability, and material selection. Furthermore, the issue of reusability
raises economic and environmental concerns, which adds to the research's significance.

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Aim:

The primary aim is to explain the complexities of creating and maintaining a reusable set, delving into the
core processes, functional considerations, and challenges encountered by the creative minds behind the
scenes. Specific objectives include:

Objective:

1. To understand the Design and Construction Processes: Investigate the collaborative design process,
which includes script analysis, conceptualization, and collaborative brainstorming.
Examine the construction processes that bring conceptualized spaces to life, focusing on the roles of
production designers, art directors, and set builders.

2. Challenges in Set Construction and Maintenance: Identify and analyse the challenges encountered
during set construction, addressing everything from budget constraints to unexpected logistical
obstacles.
Investigate the dynamics of set maintenance during long-term television production, considering
wear and tear, safety regulations, and ongoing adaptations.

3. Longevity and Durability these Artificial Interior Spaces: Examine the strategies used to improve the
longevity and durability of TV show sets.
Analyse the material selection, construction techniques, and maintenance practices that contribute
to artificial environments' long-term visual appeal.

4. Material Selection for Set Construction: Investigate the role of material selection in the construction
of television sets.
Investigate how the materials used affect the aesthetics, functionality, and durability of artificial
interior spaces.

5. Set Reusability: Investigate the concept of set reusability, considering economic and environmental
implications.
Investigate examples of successful set reusability in the television industry and evaluate the factors
that influence such decisions.

6. Impact of Climate and Geography: Determine how climate and geographical location influence the
design and maintenance of artificial interior spaces.
Investigate adaptive strategies used to address environmental challenges in various filming locations.

7. Logistics of Assembly, Disassembly, and Transportation: Investigate the logistical issues involved in
the assembly and disassembly of television show sets.
Emphasize efficiency and safety protocols for transporting sets between filming locations.

8. Creating Realism in Temporary Structures: Understand the techniques used to make temporary
structures look like permanent fixtures on screen.

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 Investigate the interplay of set design, lighting, and cinematography to create the illusion of
permanence in artificial interior spaces.

Limitations:
This dissertation is expected to focus on the process of creating and maintaining reusable sets for Digital
Entertainment Industry. This includes investigating the construction techniques, materials, challenges, and
strategies involved in designing sets that can be reused, as well as methods for ensuring durability, longevity,
and adaptability. The scope of this research will most likely include various aspects of set design and
production in the Digital media industry, with a focus on practical factors such as cost efficiency,
environmental sustainability, and industry standards.

Scope:

Exploring the process of creating and maintaining reusable sets for media production has significant
consequences for the industry. Creatively, it allows for greater artistic expression by providing insights into
creating immersive environments that improve storytelling. Economically, it promotes cost-effectiveness by
optimizing resource allocation and reducing waste. Environmentally, it helps to promote sustainability by
identifying practices that reduce the industry's environmental impact. It also encourages innovation and
dialogue within the industry, which drives the evolution of production practices. Finally, it has educational
value for aspiring filmmakers and industry professionals, providing them with necessary knowledge and
skills. Overall, this research improves the creative, economic, environmental, and educational aspects of
television production, thereby ensuring the industry's long-term viability and advancement.

Methodology:
Methodology for investigating the process of building and maintaining reusable sets for television production
involves a multi-faceted approach that encompasses both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Here's a breakdown of the methodology:

1. Literature Review: Examine existing research, industry reports, and case studies to gain insight into
established construction and maintenance practices.

2. Interviews and surveys: Identify trends and challenges by gathering firsthand insights from industry
professionals.

• Analysis of Standards: Examine industry standards and regulations to determine their

applicability and areas for improvement.

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 Methodology

Literature Review

Interview Case Stuides Literature Study Experimental Research

Industry Standards & History

Guidelines: Live Observational Studies
Material Study

Collaborative Workshops
& Focus Groups Net Joinery Details

Anthropometry
& Ergonomic

Conclusion

Hypothesis

Design Programme

• Workshops and focus groups: Encourage collaborative discussions among industry

professionals to discover new approaches and emerging trends.

3. Case Studies: Examine successful television productions with innovative set design to learn about
construction techniques and long-term strategies.

4. Experimental Research:

• Observational studies: Observational studies involve watching construction processes on

television sets to document materials, techniques, and workflow.

5. History of set construction:

• Follow the historical development of set construction techniques in television production.
• Examine the productions and technological advancements that influenced modern set
design.

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 6. Joinery Details:
• Learn about traditional and modern joinery techniques used in set construction.
• Examine the advantages and disadvantages of various joinery methods in terms of durability
and reuse.

7. Materials for Set Construction:

• Examine common materials such as wood, metal, plastics, and fabrics used in set
construction.
• Determine material properties in terms of strength, cost, and environmental impact.

8. Anthropometry and ergonomics:

• Investigate how anthropometric data influences set design to ensure maximum comfort and
functionality.
• Examine ergonomic considerations in set design, lighting, and furniture placement for crew
and actor safety.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE-

The process of creating and maintaining reusable of Digital media is multifaceted, drawing on a variety of
disciplines and historical precedents. In this literature review, we look at four key components that are
important for understanding the complexities of set design in the television industry: history, joinery details,
materials used, and anthropometry and ergonomics.

History:

Set design, also known as scenography, has thousands of years of history, evolving alongside theatre, film,
television, and other performance arts. Here's a detailed summary of its evolution.

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Ancient Theatre (5th century BCE - 5th century CE):

Set design dates to ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome. In Greek theatre, performances were held in
open-air amphitheatres, with minimal sets consisting of only a few architectural elements such as columns
and platforms. Due to the limitation of the time, sets were usually symmetrical and focused more on
practicality. The design prioritized good acoustics, ensuring that the actors' voices would be heard clearly by
every audience member, no matter their seating position. Decorative backdrops were painted on wooden
sheets known as "pinakes" and placed behind the actors. These frequently featured stylized landscapes,
cityscapes, and even symbolic elements such as temples or altars. However, elaborate painted backdrops
known as skenai were occasionally used to create specific scenes.

Figure 1 Amphitheatre in ancient city of Hierapolis (1st century A.D.)

• Sets were often minimal, consisting of simple architectural elements like columns and
platforms.
• Elaborate painted backdrops called skenai were sometimes used to depict specific settings.
• Sets were designed to be easily assembled and disassembled, as performances often took
place in temporary outdoor theatres.

The primary goal was to establish an environment for the play and provide context for the story. Its simplicity
allowed the emphasis to be on the acting and the words being spoken.

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Medieval Theatre (5th century - 15th century):

From the Greek skenai to the Roman scaenae frons, the complexity and ornamentation of the backdrop
evolved over time, influenced by advances in architecture and stagecraft. Set design became more elaborate
during the Middle Ages, particularly in religious plays performed in churches and public squares. These sets
frequently featured simple painted backdrops, props, and basic stage machinery to create special effects.
Primarily used wooden structures called "mansions" or "scaffolds," which represented various locations such
as heaven, hell, or specific settings in the play. They could be arranged, rearranged, or even mounted on
wagons for added flexibility. Props, costumes, and painted backdrops served as symbolic elements. A throne
could represent a palace, flames represented hell, and angels carried painted wings. And the stage space was
frequently used to represent multiple locations at the same time, rather than just one. Each mansion served
as a unique setting, allowing for seamless transitions between scenes. The set design intended to engage the
audience while also conveying moral and religious lessons, which are common in medieval theatre.

Figure 2 Open theatre in Medieval Period (12th Century)

• Sets were simple and utilitarian, usually consisting of platforms, curtains, and painted backdrops.
• Sets became more elaborate, particularly in religious plays performed in churches and town squares.
• Sets often included simple painted backdrops, props, and rudimentary stage machinery for special
effects.
• Designs were influenced by religious iconography and symbolism.

The primary goal was to clearly illustrate the changing locations and context throughout the play to improve
audience comprehension.

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Renaissance Theatre (14th century - 17th century):

As medieval theatre progressed, sets became more elaborate and integrated into the performance space,
incorporating elements such as trapdoors and flying machinery to enable magical and supernatural effects.
Set design saw a resurgence during the Renaissance, when there was a renewed interest in classical theatre.
During the Italian Renaissance, artists such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello began applying perspective
principles to stage design, resulting in more realistic and illusionistic sets. The use of perspective painting
transformed set designing it created the illusion of depth and realism on flat surfaces. This enabled the
depiction of large architectural structures, landscapes, and even interior spaces. Renaissance set design
emphasized symmetry and balance, expressing the dominant artistic principles of the time. Architectural
elements such as columns, arches, and pediments were frequently used, taking inspiration from classical
Roman and Greek architecture.

Figure 3 Renaissance time Theatre.

• Set design experienced a resurgence with the revival of interest in classical theatre.
• Artists began applying principles of perspective to stage design, creating more realistic and
illusionistic sets.
• Sets often featured architectural elements and painted backdrops inspired by classical antiquity.

The goal wasn't just to set the scene, but also to transport the audience to another world. The realistic and
visually stunning sets were intended to increase the emotional impact of the performance.

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Baroque Theatre (17th century - 18th century):

As medieval theatre progressed, sets became more elaborate and integrated into the performance space,
incorporating elements such as trapdoors and flying machinery to enable magical and supernatural effects.
These eras celebrated opulence and grandeur. The sets became more elaborate, with intricate painted
details, three-dimensional elements, and even special effects. The use of theatrical machinery enabled
elaborate scene changes, such as flying contraptions, moving landscapes, and unexpected character
appearances or disappearances. The symmetry provided a means of dynamic and asymmetrical compositions
that highlighted movement, emotion, and drama. Lighting was crucial, with powerful contrasts in shadows
and light used to evoke awe and wonder. During the Baroque period, set design advanced even further,
particularly with the use of elaborate stage machinery and special effects. Complex sets with multiple levels,
trapdoors, and moving scenery became common at theatres such as the Teatro Farnese in Parma, Italy, and
the Palais-Royal in Paris.

• Set design became more elaborate, with the use of complex stage machinery and special effects.
• Theatres featured multiple levels, trapdoors, and moving scenery to create spectacular visual effects.
• Designs were often grand and ornate, reflecting the opulence of the Baroque period.

The overarching goal was to draw in the audience with spectacle while instilling a sense of awe and wonder.
The elaborate and dynamic sets were intended to heighten the emotional impact of the show and involve
the audience in the world of the play.

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19th Century Theatre:

Baroque theatres drove the limits of stagecraft with the creative application of machinery and automation,
resulting in immersive environments that captivated audiences and paved the way for future advances in set
design. This period witnessed a shift towards historical accuracy. Set designers researched extensively,
consulting historical texts, paintings, and architectural drawings to create historically accurate sets for period
pieces. This resulted in the rise of "archaeological" productions, which strive for meticulous historical detail.
Theatre in the nineteenth century saw the rise of realistic set design, influenced by movements such as
Romanticism and realism. Designers such as Adolphe Appia and Richard Wagner emphasized the integration
of sets, lighting, and staging to create immersive theatrical experiences. The composition of sets varied
according to the specific production and desired atmosphere. Some productions continued to use elaborate
structures and intricate details, while others took a more minimalist approach, focusing on capturing the
essence of the historical era.

• Realistic set design became more prevalent, influenced by movements such as Romanticism and
Realism.
• Designers focused on creating immersive environments that enhanced the emotional impact of the
performance.
• Sets often featured detailed interiors and naturalistic landscapes.

The primary goal was to transport the audience to a specific time and place, allowing them to become more
involved with the story and characters. Historical accuracy was intended to heighten the emotional impact
and create a sense of authenticity.

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20th Century Theatre:

Designers such as Richard Wagner and Adolphe Appia transformed set design through highlighting the
combination of sets, lighting, and staging to produce fully immersive theatrical experiences. Realistic settings
became the norm, with designers aiming for authenticity and emotional depth in their creations. The
twentieth and twenty-first centuries saw a rise of creativity and diversity in set design. The possibilities are
endless, ranging from Samuel Beckett's minimalism to Robert Wilson's symbolism to the immersive and
multimedia experiences of contemporary theatre. The composition is entirely dependent on the artistic
vision of the director, designer, and production. Sets can range from simple, abstract shapes to complex,
multi-layered environments that use projections, lighting, and sound to create a fully immersive experience.
Set design evolved throughout the twentieth century, especially with the introduction of new technologies
and artistic movements. Designers such as Edward Gordon Craig and Robert Edmond Jones experimented
with new approaches to stage design, while practitioners such as Sergei Eisenstein and Bertolt Brecht
explored the use of film and projection in theatre.

• Set design continued to evolve, with

designers exploring innovative approaches to
stagecraft.
• Artists like Edward Gordon Craig and Robert
Edmond Jones emphasized the integration of
sets, lighting, and staging.
• Experimentation with new technologies and
artistic movements led to diverse styles and
techniques.

The goal is to support the production's artistic

vision while also providing the actors with a
dynamic and engaging environment. Finally,
the set design should transport the audience
to the world of the play, increasing their
understanding and appreciation for the story.

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Film and Television (20th century - present):

Set design played an important role in the evolution of film and television. Sets for early silent films were
frequently built on sound stages to create realistic indoor and outdoor environments. With the introduction
of colour film and widescreen formats, set designers had to change their methods to create more visually
appealing and immersive sets.

• Set design played a crucial role in the development of film and television.
• Sets were constructed on sound stages and outdoor locations to create realistic environments.
• Advances in technology, such as computer-aided design (CAD) and digital projection, revolutionized
set design in the digital age.

Contemporary Set Design (20th century - present):

Set design now encompasses a wide range of styles and approaches, from traditional proscenium stages to
immersive and interactive installations. Advances in technology, such as computer-aided design (CAD)
software and digital projection, have expanded set designers' options, allowing them to create more complex
and dynamic environments.

Overall, the history of set design is one of innovation and creativity, with designers constantly pushing the
limits of what is possible in the fields of theatre, film, and television. Throughout history, set design has been
influenced by cultural, artistic, and technological developments, with designers constantly adapting their
techniques to meet the demands of changing theatrical and cinematic environments.

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 RESEARCH PAPER WHICH I’M GOING
THROUGH FOR LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Television Set: By - Gerald Millerson, Jim Owens
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780240522586/television-production-jim-
owens-gerald-millerson

2. Juran on quality by design: the new steps for planning quality into goods and services:
By - J. M. Juran
https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Juran_on_Quality_by_Design/KPUXbZ2Hw1EC?hl=en&gbpv
=0

3. Analysis of occupational risk management tools for the film and television industry:
By - RB Santos, UR de Oliveira
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169814118304463

4. Design and Implementation of Reusable Components:

By - Zhenjun Tang , Xianquan Zhang, Liyan Huang
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349849149_Design_and_fabrication_of_a_reusable_kit_
of_parts_for_diverse_structures

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