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CIE AS Physics Your notes
9.1 Electric Current

Contents
Electric Current
Calculating Electric Current & Charge
Page 1 of 8
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Electric Current
Your notes
Defining Electric Current
Electric current is the flow of charge carriers and is measured in units of amperes (A) or amps
Charge can be either positive or negative
When two oppositely charged conductors are connected together (by a length of wire), charge will
flow between the two conductors, causing a current
Charge Flowing Between Conductors
Charge can flow between two conductors. The direction of conventional current in a metal is from
positive to negative
In electrical wires, the current is a flow of electrons
Electrons are negatively charged; they flow away from the negative terminal of a cell towards the
positive terminal
Conventional current is defined as the flow of positive charge from the positive terminal of a cell to
the negative terminal
This is the opposite to the direction of electron flow, as conventional current was described before
electric current was really understood
Conventional Current
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Your notes
By definition, conventional current always goes from positive to negative (even though electrons go the
other way)
There are several examples of electric currents, including in household wiring and electrical appliances
Current is measured using an ammeter
Ammeters should always be connected in series with the part of the circuit you wish to measure the
current through
An Ammeter in a Circuit
An ammeter can be used to measure the current around a circuit and always connected in series
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Quantisation of Charge
The charge on charge carriers is quantised Your notes
Charge comes in definite bits - e.g. a single proton has a single positive charge, whereas a single
electron has a single negative charge
In this way, the quantity of charge can be quantised dependent on how many protons or electrons are
present - positive and negative charge has a definite minimum magnitude and always comes in
multiples of that magnitude
This means that if we say something has a given charge, the charge is always a multiple of the charge of
an electron by convention
The charge of an electron is -1.60 × 10-19 C
The charge of a proton by comparison is 1.60 × 10-19 C (this is known as the elementary charge,
denoted by e and measured in coulombs (C) )
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Calculating Electric Current & Charge

Your notes
Calculating Electric Charge
Current can also be defined as the charge passing through a circuit per unit time
Electric charge is measured in units of coulombs (C)
Charge, current and time are related by the following equation:
Q = It
Q = charge (C)
I = current (A)
t = time (s)
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Worked example
Your notes
When will 8 mA of current pass through an electrical circuit?
A. When 1 J of energy is used by 1 C of charge

B. When a charge of 4 C passes in 500 s
C. When a charge of 8 C passes in 100 s
D. When a charge of 1 C passes in 8 s
Answer: B
Step 1: Write out the equation relating current, charge and time
Q = It
Step 2: Rule out any obviously incorrect options
Option A does not contain charge or time, so can be ruled out
Step 3: Try the rest of the options to determine the correct answer
Consider option B:
I = 4 ÷ 500 = 8 × 10–3 = 8 mA
Consider option C:
I = 8 ÷ 100 = 80 × 10–3 = 80 mA
Consider option D:
I = 1 ÷ 8 = 125 × 10–3 = 125 mA
Therefore, the correct answer is B
Exam Tip
Although electric charge can be positive or negative, since the conventional direction of current is the
flow of positive charge the current should always be a positive value for your exam answers.
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Calculating Current in a Current Carrying Conductor

In a conductor, current is due to the movement of charge carriers Your notes
These charge carriers can be negative or positive, however the current is always taken to be in the same
direction
In conductors, the charge carrier is usually free electrons
In the image below, the current in each conductor is from right to left but the charge carriers move in
opposite directions shown by the direction of the drift speed v
In diagram A (positive charge carriers), the drift speed is in the same direction as the current
In diagram B (negative charge carriers), the drift speed is in the opposite direction to the current
Current in a Current Carrying Conductor
The charge carriers move in opposite directions shown by the direction of the drift speed v.
The drift speed is the average speed the charge carriers are travelling through the conductor. You will
find this value is quite slow. However, since the number density of charge carriers is so large, we still see
current flow happen instantaneously
The current can be expressed in terms of the number density (number of charge carriers per unit
volume) n, the cross-sectional area A, the drift speed v and the charge of the charge carriers q
I = Anvq
I = current (A)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
n = number density of charge carriers (m-3)
v = average drift speed of charge carriers (ms-1)
Page 7 of 8
q = charge of each charge carrier (C)

The same equation is used whether the charge carriers are positive or negative
Your notes
Worked example
A copper wire has 9.2 × 1028 free electrons m-3. The wire has a current of 3.5 A and a cross-sectional
area of 1.5 mm2.Calculate the average drift speed of the electrons.
Step 1: Current in a conductor equation
I = Anvq
Step 2: Rearrange for drift speed v
I
v =
Anq
Step 3: Substitute in values
I = 3.5 A
A = 1.5 x 10-6 m2
n = 9.2 x 1028 m-3
q = 1.60 x 10-19 C charge of an electron (on data sheet)
3.5
v = = 0 . 16 × 10 − 3 ms − 1
1 . 5 × 10 − 6 × 9 . 2 × 10 28 × 1 . 60 × 10 − 19
0.16 mms-1 (2 s.f.)
Page 8 of 8

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CIE AS Physics Your notes

9.1 Electric Current

Calculating Electric Current & Charge

A. When 1 J of energy is used by 1 C of charge

Calculating Current in a Current Carrying Conductor

q = charge of each charge carrier (C)

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