Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ADVANCED PEDOT
THERMOELECTRIC
MATERIALS
Edited by
FENGXING JIANG
CONGCONG LIU
JINGKUN XU
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-12-821550-0
Chunmei Gao
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Laboratory of
Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province,
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR
China
Yanhua Jia
Department of Physics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi, PR China
Fengxing Jiang
Department of Physics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi, PR China; Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and
Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
Qinglin Jiang
Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of
Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou,
Guangdong, PR China
Congcong Liu
Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal
University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
Peipei Liu
Department of Physics, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang,
Jiangxi, PR China
Shouli Ming
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng,
Shandong, PR China
Hui Shi
Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources
Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, PR China; National-Local Joint
Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource
Utilization, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, PR China
Haijun Song
College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
Province, PR China
ix
x Contributors
Xiaodong Wang
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Genome & Big Data,
Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, PR China
Lei Wang
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Laboratory of
Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province,
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR
China
Jingkun Xu
Flexible Electronics Innovation Institute, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal
University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Physics, Jiangxi Science and
Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
Ge Zhang
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology
Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
Shijie Zhen
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-Chemical Functional
Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology,
Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
Zhengyou Zhu
Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China; Key Laboratory of
Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province,
College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR
China
Foreword
xv
xvi Foreword
xvii
xviii Preface
It is hoped that this book will become a chosen reference and guidance
for those engaged in or who want to become engaged in PEDOT ther-
moelectric performance research. Because the study of organic thermo-
electric materials covers a broad range of knowledge, this book may not
provide a comprehensive overview of every aspect of current PEDOT/
PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric-related research. At the same time, due to our
relatively limited levels of knowledge and experience, mistakes and
improprieties will inevitably appear in the book. We sincerely ask readers to
provide criticism and corrections to jointly promote the development of
PEDOT thermoelectric materials.
Jingkun Xu
2021-06-10
Abbreviations
AF Ammonium formate
AFM Atomic force microscopy
AS Cross-sectional area
B Magnetic induction intensity
BBL Benzimidazo-benzophenanthroline
BDT Benzodithiophene
BN Boron nitride
BP Black phosphorus
BTFMSI Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
2Cz-D 1,12-Bis(carbazolyl)dodecane
CB Conduction band
CNFs Carbon nanofibers
CNTs Carbon nanotubes
CPs Conjugated (or conducting) polymers
CSA Camphor sulfonic acid
CTAB Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
Cz Carbazole
D-A-D Donor-acceptor-donor
DBSA Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid
DC Direct current
DEG Diethylene glycol
DES Deep eutectic solvents
DFT Density functional theory
DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide
DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide
DN Double network structure
DOS Density of states
DWCNT Double-wall carbon nanotube
e Electronic charge
Ea Activation energy
ECAs Electrically conductive adhesives
EDOT 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene
EF Fermi level
Eg Energy bandgap
EG Ethylene glycol
EMIM-BF4 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate
ESR Electron spin resonance
Et Energy at transport edge
F Force
F4TCNQ Tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane
FIT Fluctuation-induced tunneling
FTS Tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-trichlorosilane
GE Graphene
xxiii
xxiv Abbreviations
GF Gauge factor
GIWAXS Grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering
GNPs Graphene nanoplates
GQDs Graphene quantum dots
h Planck constant
HI Hydroiodic acid
HOMO Highest occupied molecular orbital
HRTEM High resolution transmission electron microscope
HZ Hydrazine
I Current flow
ICPs Intrinsic conducting polymers
IDT Indacenodithiophene
ILs Ionic liquids
IPA Isopropyl alcohol
IPN Interpenetrating network
ITO Indium tin oxide
K Absolute temperature
k, kB Boltzmann constant
l Length of samples
L Lorenz number
LbL Layer-by-layer assembly
LCA Life-cycle assessment
Lnc Average distance between adjacent nanocrystals
LUMO Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
MGI Materials Genome Initiative
MW Molecular weight
MWCNTs Multiwall carbon nanotubes
n Charge carrier concentration
NMP N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone
NP Nanoparticle
NSs Nanosheets
NWs Nanowires
oCVD Oxidative chemical vapor deposition
OECTs Organic electrochemical transistors
OFETs Organic field-effect transistors
OLEDs Organic light emitting diodes
OMIEC Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor
OPV Organic photovoltaics
OSC Organic solar cells
OTE Organic thermoelectric
P Power
P2Cz-D Poly(1,12-bis(carbazolyl)dodecane)
P3HT Poly(3-hexylthiophene)
PAc Polyacetylene
PANi Polyaniline
PBTTT Poly(2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophene-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene)
PCB Printed circuit board
Abbreviations xxv
PCz Polycarbazole
PDADMAC Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
PEDOS Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxyselenophene)
PEDOT Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
PEDOT:PSS Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)
PEG Polyethylene glycol
PEI Polyethylenemine
PEIE Polyethylenimine ethoxylated
PEO Poly(ethylene oxide)
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
PF Thermoelectric power factor
ph Phonons
PI Polyimide
PIDT Polyindacenodithiophene
PMMA Polymethylmethacrylate
PPP Polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol
PProDOT Poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene)
PPV Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)
PPy Polypyrrole
ProDOT 3,4-Propylenedioxythiophene
PS Polystyrene
PSe Polyselenophene
PSS Polystyrenesulfonate
PTE Photo-thermo-electric
PTh Polythiophene
PU Polyurethane
PVA Polyvinyl alcohol
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
q, Q Charge quantity
R Resistance
R2R Roll-to-roll
rGO Graphene oxide
RH Hall coefficient
Rs Square resistance
RT Room temperature
s Transport parameter
S Seebeck coefficient or thermopower
SCP Solution casting polymerization
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SPS Spark plasma sintering
SWCNTs Single-walled carbon nanotubes
T Temperature
Tc Temperatures at cold side
TCR Temperature coefficient of resistivity
TDAE Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene
TDTR Time-domain thermal reflectance
xxvi Abbreviations
TE Thermoelectric
TEG Thermoelectric generator
TEM Transmission electron microscope
Th Temperatures at hot side
THF Tetrahydrofurane
Tos p-toluenesulfonate
UPS Ultraviolet photoelectron spectra
UV-Vis-NIR Ultraviolet near infrared spectra
V Voltage
VA Vapor annealing
VB Valence band
VPP Vapor phase polymerization
VRH Variable-range hopping
W Activation energy or width of samples
WFL Wiedemann-Franz law
WPU Waterborne polyurethane
wt.% Mass percent
Xc Degree of crystallinity
XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
ZT Figure-of-merit
Symbol
a Thermopower or Seebeck coefficient
s Electrical conductivity
k Thermal conductivity
m Carrier mobility
h Thermoelectric conversion efficiency
F Work functions
r Resistivity
u Current frequency
ε Resistance coefficient
hc Carnot efficiency
ke Electron thermal conductivity
kl Lattice or phonon thermal conductivity
sS2 Thermoelectric power factor
DT Temperature difference
DV Thermopower voltage
kǁ In-plane thermal conductivity
kt Out-of-plane thermal conductivity
Acknowledgments
The contents of this book are mainly based on the thermoelectric research
on PEDOTs published in recent decades. In the run-up to the completion
of the manuscript, we felt deeply honored to receive much support and
help from many teachers and friends. We hope that readers will think of the
fruit of our editing journey as a compelling read. The smooth compilation
of this book is also inseparable from the hard work of the staff at Elsevier
and their encouragement and assistance. Finally, our deepest gratitude goes
to the contributors who dedicated their precious time to write and revise
the corresponding chapters.
Fengxing Jiang
Congcong Liu
Jingkun Xu
xxi
Biographies
Chunmei Gao is an Associate Professor at the College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shenzhen University. Gao received her PhD degree
in Polymer Chemistry and Physics from Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, in 2007. Gao’s recent research interests are
focused on the design and preparation of organic/carbon nanotube-based
composites and new conducting polymers as thermoelectric materials.
Jia Yanhua received her MSc degree from Jiangxi Science and
Technology Normal University (2019). Since 2020, she has been working
at the State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices at South
China University of Technology for a PhD degree. Her current research
interests include organic thermoelectric materials and devices.
Fengxing Jiang received his PhD degree in Physical Chemistry in
2013 from Soochow University. He is a Professor in the Department of
Physics at Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University. Dr. Jiang’s
research interests are centered on the design and synthesis of new PEDOT-
based conducting polymers and their applications in thermoelectric con-
version, supercapacitors, biochemical sensors, and fuel cells. His primary
goal is to develop new high-quality, freestanding conducting polymer films
and their composites for flexible organic electronic devices.
Qinglin Jiang is a Postdoctoral Scholar at the State Key Laboratory of
Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology,
China. He obtained his MSc degree from Jiangxi Science and Technology
Normal University (2015). In 2017, he carried out collaborative research at
Linköping University, Sweden. He obtained his PhD from South China
University of Technology in 2019. His research interests are focused on
organic thermoelectric materials and wearable thermoelectric devices.
Congcong Liu received his PhD degree from the School of Materials
Science and Engineering from the Tongji University in 2019. His main
contribution is a report on freestanding PEDOT:PSS film as a promising
thermoelectric polymer with a stable thermoelectric figure-of-merit
(ZTw10 2) at room temperature (Synth. Met. 2010, 160, 2481e2485).
This is the highest value to date. His current research interests center on the
design and synthesis of conducting polymers/2-D inorganic composites and
their applications in energy conversion and energy storage.
xi
xii Biographies
Peipei Liu received her PhD degree in Green Energy Chemistry and
Technology in 2018 from the South China University of Technology. She
is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Physics at Jiangxi Science and
Technology Normal University. Dr. Liu’s research interests center on the
preparation and design of metal oxides and conducting polymers-based
materials, and their applications in thermoelectric conversion and super-
capacitor use. Her current research work aims to prepare and design metal
oxides and conducting polymers-based materials with high performance for
thermoelectric conversion and supercapacitors.
Shouli Ming received his PhD degree in Polymer Chemistry and
Physics in 2019 from Beijing Normal University. He is a Lecturer at the
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University.
Dr. Ming’s research interests are centered on the design and synthesis of
new conducting polymers and their applications in electrochromism,
supercapacitor, and photoelectric/thermoelectric conversion. His primary
goal is to develop new high-performance conducting polymers for organic
electronic devices.
Hui Shi received her PhD degree in Materials Physics and Chemistry in
2018 from South China University of Technology. She is currently a
Lecturer at the School of Enviromental and Chemical Engineering,
Nanchang Hangkong University. Her research interests are conjugated
polymers for thermoelectric properties, photovoltaic devices, and waste-
water treatment.
Haijun Song received his PhD degree in Materials Science and
Engineering in 2017 from Tongji University under the supervision of Prof.
Kefeng Cai. He is currently a Lecturer at the College of Mechanical and
Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing University. His research is focused on
improving the thermoelectric properties of PEDOT-based materials and
their applications in flexible thermoelectric generators.
Lei Wang is a Professor at the Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer
Science and Technology and College of Materials Science and Engineering
in Shenzhen University. Wang received his PhD degree in Polymer
Chemistry and Physics from Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, in 2006. Dr. Wang’s research interests are focused on
the design, preparation, and properties of new conducting polymers as
thermoelectric materials and the proton exchange membrane in fuel cells.
His primary goal is to determine the relationship between polymer struc-
ture and properties.
Biographies xiii
1.1 Introduction
The discovery of conjugated (conducting) polymers has completely
changed people’s understanding of plastics that are not conductive. At the
same time, they have quickly attracted the attention of researchers due to
their unique physical and chemical properties as well as easy processing.
Since the discovery of conjugated polymers, in the nearly half a century of
development, it has benefited from the great efforts of countless scientific
researchers in this field, whether it is in the synthesis and modification of
conjugated polymers, or the principles and applications. On the one hand,
only then has the important position of today’s conjugated polymers been
developed in the development of science and technology. In the future
development, conjugated polymers will lead human life, especially in the
field of flexible microelectronics, and will leave an indelible mark on the
development of humankind.
Conjugated polymers are typical semiconductor materials and have
shown potential applications in the fields of semiconductor light, electricity,
heat, and magnetism. The thermoelectric effect is one of the important
properties of semiconductor materials and plays an important role in energy
conversion. Research on the thermoelectric properties of conjugated
polymers has become an important part of this field. Compared with
inorganic thermoelectric materials, the research history of conjugated
polymers as thermoelectric materials is relatively short. At the earliest stages
of research on conjugated polymers at the end of the 20th century, ther-
mopower (also called Seebeck coefficient), the most important parameter in
thermoelectric materials, was mainly used to study the problem of charge
transport in organic semiconductors. Because of its stability and other issues,
it has not been studied as a thermoelectric material. Of course, this does not
— »Niin, mutta lapseni», sanoi hän, »et saa alati miettiä tuota yhtä
ja samaa.»
*****
Kun Samuel Stern ei enää jatkanut, kysyi Thora: — Eikö ollut vielä
muutakin?
*****
— »Äiti, olen niin iloinen, kun saan kuulla äänesi on niin tyhjää,
kun et enää ole täällä — on niin tyhjää, kun en tiedä palaatko sinä
pian jälleen!» Sitten oli kuin olisin käynyt hänen haudallansa, ja hän
saattoi minua kotiin. »Älä sure», sanoi hän. »Etkö tunne, että minä
olen luonasi?» — — —
*****
— Äiti sanoi aina: »Ei saa väsyä!» Hän ei väsynyt koskaan. Sillä
hän vei meidät harhaan, meidät ajattelemattomat ja heikot olennot —
siinä määrin, että me luulimme hänen olevan jotain hyvää, joka ei
koskaan loppuisi. Niin, hän petti minut siinä määrin, että minä
sydämeni sanomattomassa yksinkertaisuudessa luulin, että hän oli
kuolematon… Kuuluu uskomattomalta, mutta kun muut vanhat
ihmiset kuolivat, niin minusta se oli paikallaan — mutta äitiin ei
kuoleman ollut kajoominen, se ei saanut lähestyä häntä.— — —
*****
*****
20.
Hänen täytyi melkein nauraa. Vasta nyt hän näet eräänä päivänä
huomasi, ettei Sjurilla ollut juuri mitään vaatteita.
Nyt ei hänellä enää ollut aikaa pitkiin kävelyretkiin. Hän alkoi kutoa
sukkia ja neuloa paitoja. Hän huomasi että sekin oli hyödyksi hänelle
itsellensä.
Eräänä päivänä, kun Thora istui ulkona töineen, tuli Samuel Stern
hänen luoksensa.
Ensi kerralla tuntui Thorasta tosin hiukan oudolta että joku muu oli
mukana. Mutta pian hän tottui siihen. Heistä molemmista alkoi se jo
tuntua aivan luonnolliselta.
Nyt oli kai Samuel Stern täydelleen antanut hänelle anteeksi. Hän
turvautui lohdullisena tuohon ajatukseen. Lady Hammondkin muiden
muassa oli huomannut että lordi Stern, kuten hän häntä nimitti, oli
käynyt suopeammaksi muille eikä ollut enää niin ärtyisä kuin ennen.
Mutta sitä ei Marit Hennerud voinut huomata. Hän piti hänestä niin
hellää huolta, kuin olisi ollut hänen äitinsä, ja juhlallisemmin ei liesi
ollut loimunnut vielä koskaan.
Sitten hän lisäsi hiljaa: Luulen että opin hiukan joka päivä —
teidän äidistänne!
*****
Hän meni nummelle sille paikalle missä Samuel Stern oli istunut
äitinsä kanssa.
Mieluummin hän kuunteli joen ääntä! Sillä oli luja tahtonsa, mutta
se ei ollut enää niin kiihkeä. Mitä se keväällä oli sanonut
hillittömyydessään, sen oli se jo unohtanut — — —
21.
Sitten hän jatkoi: — Halusin sanoa teille jotain. Nyt luulen voivani
tehdä sen. Mehän olemme ystävät — eikö niin?
— Oli aika, jolloin olisin tahtonut vihata sinua. Nyt olen ehtinyt
edemmäksi — olen onnellinen siitä, että rakkauteni on niin suuri. En
sano: »Jää luokseni, sillä päivä ehtii ehtooseen, jää luokseni,
valokseni, kun suuri pimeys tulee.» Ei, minä sanon: »Mene! Mene
luotani! Tahdon rukoilla että jotain hyvää tulee osaksesi!»
Hänen äänensä sointi oli käynyt lempeäksi. Thorasta oli, kuin olisi
vuolas virta hellyyttä tulvehtinut häntä vastaan.
Thora oli istunut pää alas painuneena. Nyt loi hän katseensa ylös,
ja se kuvasti tuskaa, hänen puhuessaan värähtelevin äänin: