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Handbook of Obstetrics
and Gynecology
Notice
Handbook of Obstetrics
and Gynecology
Linda M. Szymanski, MD, PhD
The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Baltimore, Maryland
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ISBN: 978-0-07-180595-7
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1. Obstetrics ............................................................................................ 1
2. Gynecology .......................................................................................... 79
3. Gynecologic Oncology ......................................................................... 145
4. Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility ......................................... 189
5. Urogynecology .................................................................................... 213
Index .
............................... ......................................................................... 225
V
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Contributors
vii
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Preface
The origin of the Johns Hopkins Handbook of Obs tetrics and Gynecology goes
back nearly 20 years ago to a group of dedicated senior residents. These residents
wanted to both educate their junior residents using the best available evidence
and standardize, as much as possible, the way we cared for our patients. W hat
started as a few dozen spiral bound pages has grown into the book you now
have in your hands. Over the years our handbook has been used by hundreds of
medical students, residents, fellows, faculty members, midwives, physician assis
tants, nurse practitioners, and nurses at Johns Hopkins. Every new member of
our team quickly finds their copy of the Handbook to be indispensable. Our
goal in offering our book for use by care providers outside of Johns Hopkins is
that we want to make it as easy as possible for all patients to benefit from the
best obstetric and gynecologic care available. The johns Hopkins Handbook of
Obs tetrics and Gynecology is a compact and user-friendly resource for how to
care for your patients. it is not meant to be used as a stand-alone textbook teach
ing you everything you need to know about a disease. Rather, it is a guidebook
for how to care for the patient in front of you now. We are grateful to our numer
ous past and current residents and faculty who have contributed to making the
johns Hopkins Handbook of Obs tetrics and Gynecology a remarkably concise
and useful resource.
]es s ica L. Biens tock, MD, MPH
Linda M. Szymans ki, MD, PhD
ix
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SECTION 1
Obstetrics
P R E G N A N CY DAT I N G
[3-hCG (miU/mL)
• Produced by cytorrophoblasts and syncytiorrophoblasts (primarily)
• Ninety-two amino acid alpha subunit (identical to leutinizing hormone, follicle stimulating
hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ) ; 145 amino acid f3-subunit (unique to hCG)
• Serum/urine pregnancy rests are sensitive to levels of 1 -20 mlU/mL (varies by rest)
• Within 24 hours of implantation (about 3 weeks after last menstrual period ( LMP) ) , 13-hCG is
detectable in maternal serum. A sensitive pregnancy test can be ( + ) 1-2 days after implantation
• Peak maternal levels reach about 100 000 miU/mL (60-80 days after LMP) ; then decline; nadir
a hour 16 weeks, and stay at this level for remainder of pregnancy (figure 1 - 1 )
• After pregnancy (delivery o r loss) , i t takes approximately 6-70 days for 13 -hCG t o return to
undetectable levels
• Elevated levels also in molar pregnancy, renal failure with impaired hCG clearance, physiological
pituitary hCG, and hCG-producing tumors ( Gl, ovary, bladder, lung)
/""-
100000
50000
;:;v'�
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E 10000
:;
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u
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Weeks' gestation
Figure l-1 Mean concentration (95% Cl) of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in serum of women throughout
normal pregnancy. (Used with permission from Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Chapter 9. Prenatal care. In:
Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, er al., eds. Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013.)
Ultrasound
See Table 1-1, Guidelines for Transvaginal Ultrasonographic Diagnosis of Pregnancy Failure in a
Woman with an Intrauterine Pregnancy of Uncertain Viability
Data from ACOG: Method for esti mating due date. Committee Opinion no. 6 1 1; Obstet Gynecol. 2 0 1 4; 1 24:863-866
Figure 1-2 Crown rump length. (Used with permission from Usatine RP, et al. Chapter 4. Pregnancy and birth. In:
Usatine RP, et al., eds. The Calor Atlas of Family Medicine, 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2 0 1 3 . )
Figure 1-3 Fetal biometry. A. Biparietal diameter, and head circumference. B. Femur length. C. Abdominal circumfer
ence. Used with permission from Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al. Chapter 1 0 . Fetal imaging. In:
Cunningham F, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, et al., eds. Williams Obstetrics, 24th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2 0 1 3 .
LAB OR A N D D E L I V E RY
Labor
Definitions
• Three Stages of Labor
• First stage: Onset of contractions until complete cervical dilation
• Second stage: Complete cervical dilatation to expulsion of the fetus
• Third stage: Expulsion of the fetus to expulsion of rhe placenta
10
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Time (hours)
Figure 1-4 Contemporary labor curve. Average labor curves by parity in singleton term pregnancies with spontane
ous onset of labor, vaginal delivery, and normal neonatal outcomes. PO, nulliparous women; Pl, \Vomen of parity 1 ;
P2+, women of parity 2 o r higher. (Used with permission from Zhang J, Landy H , Branch DW, e t a l . Contenporary
patterns of spontaneous labor with normal neonatel outcomes. Obstet Gynecol. 2 0 1 0 ; 1 1 6 ( 6): 1 2 8 1 . Copyright ©
2 0 1 0 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)
Obstetrics 5
Prolonged latent phase (>20 hours i n n u l l i paras; > 1 4 hours i n m u ltiparas) is not a n in d ication for CD
Manual rotation of fetal occiput (if malposition) is reasonable prior to performing operative vaginal
del ivery/CD. Assess fetal position
(Continued)
6 The J o h n s H o p k i n s H a n d book of O b stetrics a n d Gyneco logy
If <41 -0/7 weeks, IOL generally performed for materna l/fetal ind ications
If �4 1 -0/7 weeks, IOL generally performed to red uce risk of CD/perinatal morbid ity and mortal ity
Other
Assess fetal presentation beg i n n i n g at 36-0/7 weeks to al low for external cephalic version
Limit offering CD for suspected fetal macrosomia u n less estimated fetal weight is:
• �5000 g i n dia betics
• �4500 g i n nondiabetics
Counsel patients on I n stitute of Medicine weight guidelines to avoid excessive weight gain
I n twin gestation, if presentation is either cephal ic/cephalic or cephal ic/noncephal ic, women should
be counseled to attempt vaginal delivery. Outcomes are not improved with CD
Used with permission from ACOG/SMFM Obstetric Care Consensus No. 1: Safe Prevention ofthe Primary Cesarean Delivery. Obstet
Gynecof. 2014;123:693-711. Copyright© 2014 Lippincott Wi l l i a m s & Wilkins.
Timing of Delivery
Terminology
Preterm 20-0/7-36-6/7
Late preterm 34-0/7-36-6/7
Early term 37-0/7-38-6/7
Full term 39-0/7-40-6/7
Late term 4 1 -0/7-41 -6/7
Post term <:42-0/7
Background/Recommendations
• Medically Indicated Late Preterm and Early Term Delivery (Table 1 - 5 )
• Early Term Delivery
• Non-medically indicated delivery before full term (39 weeks) is nor appropriate
• Differences in morbidity and mortality between neonates delivered at 37 (and 3 8 ) weeks
compared with 3 9 weeks are consistent across multiple studies
• Adverse neonatal outcomes in Early Term deliveries:
• Although greatest risks of Early Term delivery are respiratory, nonrespiratory morbidity is also
increased. Documenting fetal lung maturity does NOT justify early nonindicated delivery
• A reduction of nonindicated deliveries before 39 weeks should not he accompanied by an increase
in expectant management of those with maternal or fetal indications for delivery before 39 weeks
• Late Term and Post Term
• Risk factors for Post Term (about 5% of pregnancies ) : Nulliparity, prior post term pregnancy,
male fetus, maternal obesity, possible genetic predisposition, fetal disorders (anencephaly,
placental sulfarase deficiency)
Obstetrics 7
Oligohydramnios 36-0/7-37-6/7
Maternal Hypertension
· Chronic, controlled on no medications 38-0/7-39-6/7
• Chronic, controlled on medications 37-0/7-39-6/7
· Chronic, difficult to control 36-0/7-37-6/7
· Gestational 37-0/7-38-6/7
Maternal Diabetes
• Pregestational, wel l controlled and no other compl ications 39-0/7-40-0/7
o Pregestational with vascular complications 37-0/7-39-6/7
o Pregestational, poorly controlled I n d ividual ized
Twins:
oDi-Di twins 38-0/7-38-6/7
o Mono-Di twins 34-0/7-37-6/7
Data from ACOG Committee Opinion No. 560. Medically i n dicated late-preterm and early-term deliveries. April 2013. Obstet
Gyneco/. 2013;121:908-1 0.
• Management
• Feral testing: Start at 41-0/7 weeks. Insufficient data to define optimal type/frequency. Twice
weekly modified biophysical profiles (BPPs) [Nonstress test (NST) + amniotic fluid index (AFI)]
or BPPs are reasonable
• Membrane sweeping reduces risk of late term and post term
• Induce labor after 42-0/7 weeks
Cervical Ripening
• No single definition to differentiate favorable from unfavorable
• BishofJ Scoring System has been used (Table 1 - 6 ) . Originally developed to predict likelihood of
multiparous women at term ro enter spontaneous labor. Generally
• Favorable: Bishop's score >8 has same likelihood of vaginal delivery with IOL as spontaneous labor
• Unfavorable: Bishop's score :s:::: 6
3 S-6 80 + 1 ,+2 - -