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Chapter 1 - Changing Trends and Careers in Physical

Education | Class 11 - Notes
Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education

Concept, Aims & Objectives of Physical Education

Concept

Physical Education (PE) is a branch of education that aims to

promote physical fitness and overall health through various
physical activities, exercises, and sports. It involves the
development and improvement of physical skills, coordination,
strength, endurance, flexibility, and agility. Physical Education
aims to provide individuals with the necessary knowledge and
skills to maintain an active lifestyle and make informed
decisions about their physical well-being.

Aims

The primary aim of Physical Education is to promote the

physical, mental, social, and emotional development of students.
It aims to help students develop a positive attitude towards
physical activity, leading to a lifelong participation in physical
activities and sports. Additionally, Physical Education aims to:

1. Develop physical fitness and motor skills: Physical Education

aims to develop the physical fitness and motor skills of students,
such as coordination, balance, agility, and strength.
2. Promote health and well-being: Physical Education aims to
promote overall health and well-being, including mental health,
through regular physical activity.
3. Encourage teamwork and social skills: Physical Education
aims to develop teamwork and social skills among students
through group activities and team sports.
4. Provide knowledge and understanding: Physical Education
aims to provide students with the knowledge and understanding
of the importance of physical activity and its benefits.

Objectives

The objectives of Physical Education are closely related to its

aims. They include:

1. Physical Development: To improve physical fitness, motor

skills, and health through physical activities, sports, and
exercise.
2. Mental Development: To promote mental health, cognitive
functioning, and learning through movement and exercise.
3. Social Development: To develop social skills, teamwork, and
fair play through group activities and sports.
4. Neuro-Muscular Development: To improve coordination,
balance, agility, and posture, and prevent injuries.
5. Emotional Development: To foster emotional well-being, self-
awareness, and resilience through physical activities and sports.
6. Development of Health: To promote healthy lifestyle choices
and prevent chronic diseases through physical activity and
education.

Development of Physical Education in India – Post

Independence
The development of Physical Education in India post-
independence has been a significant and ongoing process. Here
are some key points about the development of Physical
Education in India post-independence:

1. Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and

Recreation: The Central Advisory Board of Physical Education
and Recreation (CABPER) was established in 1955 to advise the
government on matters related to Physical Education and sports.
The board consists of experts in the field of Physical Education,
sports, and recreation.
2. All India Council of Sports: The All India Council of Sports
was established in 1951 to promote sports and Physical
Education in India. It advises the government on sports policies,
promotes sports at the grassroots level, and manages the
National Sports Federations.
3. Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports: The Netaji
Subhash National Institute of Sports was established in 1978 in
Patiala, Punjab, to provide specialized training to coaches and
athletes. The institute offers courses in sports coaching, sports
medicine, sports psychology, and sports management.
4. Inclusion of Physical Education in School Curriculum: The
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) made Physical
 Education a compulsory subject in schools in 1988. This step
helped promote the importance of Physical Education and its
role in overall development among school students.
5. Establishment of Sports Authority of India (SAI): The Sports
Authority of India was established in 1984 to promote sports and
physical activity in India. It also manages various national sports
teams and provides training and support to athletes.
6. National Physical Fitness Programme: The government of
India launched the National Physical Fitness Programme in 1984
to promote physical fitness and healthy living among citizens.
The program aims to improve the physical fitness levels of the
entire population.
7. Promotion of Traditional Indian Sports: In recent years, there
has been a renewed interest in promoting traditional Indian
sports such as kabaddi, kho-kho, and gilli-danda. This has
helped promote the cultural heritage of India and encourage
physical activity among youth.
8. Introduction of Sports Science: Sports science has gained
importance in recent years with the establishment of sports
science centres across the country. The focus is on using
scientific methods to improve athletic performance and prevent
injuries.

Changing Trends in Sports

Playing Surface

Over the years, there have been changing trends in sports with
regard to the playing surface. Here are some key trends in the
playing surface of different sports:
1. Football: The traditional grass playing surface for football has
been replaced by artificial turf in many stadiums. Artificial turf
offers several advantages over grass, including reduced
maintenance costs and the ability to withstand heavy use and
harsh weather conditions. However, some players still prefer the
natural feel of grass.
2. Tennis: The traditional clay and grass courts have been joined
by hard courts made of acrylic, asphalt, or concrete. Hard courts
are more durable and require less maintenance than grass or clay
courts. Additionally, they allow for a more consistent bounce
and faster play. However, clay and grass courts remain popular
in some tournaments.
3. Basketball: Indoor basketball courts were traditionally made of
hardwood, but now there are synthetic surfaces made of rubber
and other materials that provide better shock absorption,
increased durability, and more consistent performance.
4. Volleyball: Indoor volleyball courts were traditionally made of
wood, but now there are synthetic surfaces made of rubber or
polyurethane that provide more consistent play and require less
maintenance.
5. Cricket: The traditional red clay pitch has been replaced by
more durable and consistent synthetic surfaces made of artificial
grass or turf. These surfaces allow for better play and reduced
injuries.
6. Hockey: The traditional grass playing surface has been replaced
by artificial turf that provides more consistent play, faster
gameplay, and better ball control.
Overall, the trend in sports is towards more durable, consistent,
and low-maintenance surfaces. Synthetic surfaces offer several
advantages over natural surfaces, including reduced
maintenance costs and increased durability. However, some
 players still prefer the natural feel of grass or clay. The choice of
playing surface ultimately depends on the sport, the venue, and
the players' preferences.

Wearable gear

Another trend that has emerged in sports in recent years is the

use of wearable gear. Wearable gear includes any device or
equipment that can be worn by athletes to measure, track, or
improve their performance. Here are some examples of wearable
gear that are commonly used in sports:

1. Fitness trackers: Fitness trackers are wearable devices that can

track an athlete's physical activity, heart rate, and other
biometric data. They can be used to monitor training progress
and optimize workouts.
2. Smartwatches: Smartwatches can also be used to track physical
activity, but they can also provide other features like GPS
tracking, weather updates, and music playback.
3. Smart clothing: Smart clothing is made of fabrics with
integrated sensors that can track an athlete's movement, posture,
and other biometric data. This information can be used to
improve technique and reduce the risk of injury.
4. Head-mounted displays: Head-mounted displays are wearable
devices that can provide athletes with real-time information
about their performance, such as speed, distance, and heart rate.
They can also be used to provide augmented reality experiences
for training and simulation.
5. Smart helmets: Smart helmets are equipped with sensors that
can track an athlete's head impact and provide real-time
 feedback to reduce the risk of concussion and other head
injuries.
Wearable gear has the potential to revolutionize the way athletes
train and compete. By providing real-time feedback and tracking
performance metrics, athletes can optimize their training and
reduce the risk of injury. Wearable gear is also becoming more
affordable and accessible, which means that even amateur
athletes can benefit from this technology.

Sports equipment

Another important trend in sports is the advancement of sports

equipment. Advancements in materials science, manufacturing
techniques, and design have led to the development of sports
equipment that is lighter, stronger, and more efficient than ever
before. Here are some examples of changing trends in sports
equipment:
1. Carbon fibre: Carbon fibre is a lightweight and strong material
that is used in sports equipment such as bicycles, tennis rackets,
and golf clubs. Its strength-to-weight ratio is much higher than
traditional materials like steel or aluminium, making it an ideal
choice for high-performance sports equipment.
2. 3D printing: 3D printing is a manufacturing technique that
allows for the creation of complex shapes and structures. It is
being used to create custom-made sports equipment that is
tailored to the individual athlete's needs. For example, 3D
printing is being used to create customized prosthetic limbs for
Paralympic athletes.
3. Smart equipment: Smart equipment is equipment that has
sensors or electronics embedded in it. For example, basketballs
 with sensors can track the number of shots taken and the
accuracy of each shot, and golf clubs with sensors can provide
feedback on the golfer's swing. Smart equipment can help
athletes track their progress and improve their technique.
4. Biomechanics: Advancements in biomechanics have led to the
development of sports equipment that is designed to optimize an
athlete's performance. For example, running shoes are designed
to provide the right amount of support and cushioning to reduce
the risk of injury and improve running efficiency.
5. Virtual reality: Virtual reality is being used to create
simulations of sports equipment and environments. For example,
virtual reality is being used to create simulations of golf courses
to help golfers practice their swings.
Advancements in sports equipment are helping athletes perform
better and achieve new heights in their sports. The trend is
towards equipment that is lighter, stronger, and more efficient,
as well as equipment that can provide feedback and improve
technique.

Technological advancements

Technological advancements are rapidly changing the world of

sports. Here are some of the major trends in sports technology:
1. Data analysis: The use of data analysis and predictive
modelling is becoming increasingly important in sports. Teams
are using data to optimize their training regimes, improve their
strategies, and make better decisions about player selection and
recruitment.
2. Video analysis: Video analysis is a key tool for coaches and
players to review game footage and analyze their performance.
 Advancements in video technology are making it easier to
capture and analyze game footage in real time.
3. Virtual and augmented reality: Virtual and augmented reality
technologies are being used to create immersive training
environments for athletes. Virtual reality can simulate game
situations and allow athletes to practice their skills in a safe,
controlled environment.
4. Smart stadiums: Smart stadiums use technology to enhance the
fan experience and provide real-time information about the
game. For example, fans can use their smartphones to order food
and drinks and access information about the game.
5. Esports: Esports, or competitive video gaming, is becoming
increasingly popular. Esports tournaments are being held around
the world, with professional gamers competing for large cash
prizes.
Technological advancements are changing the way sports are
played, watched, and analyzed. Teams and athletes are using
data and technology to gain a competitive edge, and fans are
enjoying new and immersive experiences both in the stadium
and at home.

Career Options in Physical Education

There are several career options in the field of Physical
Education, which can be broadly classified into three categories:
Teaching, Coaching, and Allied Fields.

1. Teaching: Physical Education teachers are responsible for

designing and implementing physical education programs for
students of all ages. They teach various aspects of physical
education, including exercise, sports, and fitness. Physical
 Education teachers can work in schools, colleges, universities,
and other educational institutions.
2. Coaching: Coaches work with athletes to help them improve
their performance and achieve their goals. They provide
training, guidance, and support to athletes, and help them
develop their physical and mental skills. Coaches can work in a
variety of settings, including schools, colleges, sports clubs, and
private coaching centres.
3. Allied Fields: Physical Education professionals can also work in
allied fields such as sports management, sports medicine, sports
journalism, and sports psychology. Some of the career options in
these fields include:
 Sports Management: Sports managers oversee the business and

operational aspects of sports teams and organizations. They

manage finances, marketing, and event planning, and work to
ensure the success of the team or organization.
 Sports Medicine: Sports medicine professionals provide

medical care to athletes, including injury prevention, treatment,

and rehabilitation. They may work in hospitals, clinics, sports
teams, or private practice.
 Sports Journalism: Sports journalists cover sports events and

news for various media outlets, including newspapers,

magazines, and television. They write articles, conduct
interviews, and provide analysis and commentary on sports
events and trends.
 Sports Psychology: Sports psychologists work with athletes to

help them develop mental skills such as concentration,

motivation, and goal setting. They may also work with sports
teams and organizations to improve team dynamics and
performance.
 In conclusion, there are several career options in the field of
Physical Education, ranging from teaching and coaching to
allied fields such as sports management, sports medicine, sports
journalism, and sports psychology. Each career option requires
specific skills, qualifications, and training, and offers unique
opportunities for growth and advancement.

Khelo-India Program and Fit – India Program

Khelo India Program

Khelo India is a national program launched by the Government

of India in 2018 with the aim of developing sports at the
grassroots level and nurturing young talent across the country.
The program seeks to create a sporting ecosystem that will
enable India to achieve sporting excellence in the years to come.

The Khelo India program has several components, including:

1. Khelo India School Games: The Khelo India School Games is
a national-level competition for school students between the
ages of 10-18 years. The competition is held in various
disciplines, including athletics, swimming, boxing, judo, and
football. The competition aims to identify and nurture young
talent in various sports.
2. Khelo India University Games: The Khelo India University
Games is a national-level competition for university students
across the country. The competition is held in various sports,
including athletics, swimming, basketball, football, and
volleyball. The competition aims to provide a platform for
university students to showcase their sporting talent and develop
their skills.
3. Talent Search and Development: The Khelo India program
also includes a talent search and development initiative that aims
to identify and nurture young talent in various sports. The
initiative provides financial assistance to selected athletes for
training, coaching, and equipment.
4. Community Coaching Development: The Khelo India
program also focuses on the development of community coaches
who can provide quality coaching to young athletes at the
grassroots level. The program provides training and certification
to community coaches to enhance their skills and knowledge.
5. Sports Infrastructure Development: The Khelo India program
also includes the development of sports infrastructure across the
country. The program aims to create world-class facilities for
training and competition in various sports.
In conclusion, the Khelo India program is a comprehensive
initiative aimed at developing sports at the grassroots level in
India. The program seeks to identify and nurture young talent,
develop world-class sports infrastructure, and promote a
sporting culture in the country. The program has the potential to
transform the sports landscape in India and make it a sporting
powerhouse in the years to come.

Fit – India Program

The Fit India program is a national initiative launched by the

Government of India in 2019 with the aim of promoting fitness
and a healthy lifestyle among the citizens of the country. The
program seeks to create awareness about the importance of
physical activity, promote healthy habits, and inspire people to
lead an active lifestyle.
 The Fit India program has several components, including:
1. Fit India Movement: The Fit India Movement is a nationwide
campaign aimed at promoting fitness and a healthy lifestyle. The
campaign encourages people to adopt physical activity as a part
of their daily routine and make it a habit.
2. Fit India Active Day: The Fit India Active Day is an annual
event celebrated on 29th August. The event aims to promote
physical activity and inspire people to lead an active lifestyle.
The event includes various activities, including sports, yoga, and
fitness sessions.
3. Fit India School Rating: The Fit India School Rating is a rating
system for schools based on their fitness and physical activity
levels. The rating system is designed to encourage schools to
promote physical activity and healthy habits among their
students.
4. Fit India Cyclothon: The Fit India Cyclothon is a cycling event
organized across the country to promote fitness and a healthy
lifestyle. The event encourages people to take up cycling as a
form of physical activity and promotes eco-friendly
transportation.
5. Fit India App: The Fit India app is a mobile application that
provides information and guidance on physical activity and a
healthy lifestyle. The app includes features such as tracking
physical activity, fitness challenges, and tips on healthy eating.
In conclusion, the Fit India program is a comprehensive
initiative aimed at promoting fitness and a healthy lifestyle
among the citizens of India. The program seeks to create
awareness about the importance of physical activity, promote
healthy habits, and inspire people to lead an active lifestyle. The
program has the potential to transform the health and fitness
landscape in India and make it a healthier and fitter nation.
 Unit 2 Olympic Value
Education
Olympism- Concept
And Olympic Values
( Excellence, Friendship & Respect)
Concept
The goal of the Olympic Movement or
Olympism is to contribute to building a
peaceful and better world by educating youth
through sport practiced without
discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic
spirit, which requires mutual understanding
with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair
play.
Olympism in action includes six global
activities, i.e. Sport for All, Peace through
Sport, Development through Sport, Women
and Sport, Education through Sport as well
as Sport and Environment.

Olympic Values (Excellence,

Friendship & Respect)
(i) Excellence:
(ii) Respect:
(iii) Friendship:

Olympic Values:
Education, Joy of Effort,
Fair Play, Respect for
Others, Pursuit of
Excellence, and Balance
Among Body, Will & Mind
The Olympic Games embody not only
athletic excellence but also a set of essential
values that inspire athletes and spectators
alike. Let’s take a closer look at these
Olympic values and what they mean.
Education:
The Olympics promote the value of
education, encouraging athletes to develop
their intellectual and moral qualities
alongside their athletic abilities.
Athletes are seen as ambassadors of
education, inspiring others through their
dedication and hard work.
Joy of Effort:
The joy of effort represents the satisfaction
that comes from giving your best, regardless
of the outcome.
Athletes demonstrate true sportsmanship by
embracing the challenges and pushing their
limits, finding fulfillment in the process.
Fair Play:
Fair play is the foundation of the Olympic
spirit, emphasizing honesty, integrity, and
respect for rules and opponents.
Athletes are encouraged to compete
ethically, with a strong sense of
sportsmanship, putting the spirit of the game
above personal gain.
Respect for Others:
The Olympics celebrate diversity and
promote mutual respect among athletes,
regardless of their background or nationality.
Respect for others extends to coaches,
officials, and fans, creating a harmonious
and inclusive sports environment.
Pursuit of Excellence:
Striving for excellence is a core Olympic
value, inspiring athletes to continuously
improve and reach their highest potential.
The pursuit of excellence goes beyond
winning; it encourages athletes to set
personal goals and surpass their own
expectations.
Balance Among Body, Will & Mind:
The Olympics recognize the importance of a
holistic approach to sports and life.
Athletes are encouraged to maintain a
healthy balance among physical training,
mental preparation, and emotional well-
being.

Ancient Olympic Games

The ancient Olympic games originated in
ancient Greece in the year 776 BC through
394 AD.
The games were held with the religious
customs in the honor of their God ‘Zeus’.
The ceremony of the Olympic games begins
from the new moon day in July after every
four years. The events continued for five
days.
First-day opening ceremony held, second-
day animal games, third-day foot race,
chariot race, equestrian, throwing and
jumping, fourth-day boxing, wrestling, sword
fighting and other contact games, fifth and
final day closing ceremony with prize
distribution.

Modern Olympic Games

The revival work of the Modern Olympic
Games was undertaken by Baron Pierre De
Coubertin (nearly 1500 years after the last
Ancient Olympic Games) in the year 1896 at
Athens.
In the Conference of Physical Education on
25th November 1892, Baron Coubertin (bom
in an Italian family and settled in France)
planned the Restoration of Olympic Games
in 1900 at Paris; with the motive to
strengthen amateur sports to develop
everlasting qualities for modern education.
In June, 1894, the International Conference
of Amateur Sports at Paris, passed the
resolution to create the International Olympic
Committee (IOC), to observe the conduct of
Modern Olympic Games.
But the zeal of the delegates was so much
that they insisted on the first games to be
held in 1896 at Athens. Since then these
games were held after every four years.
Thus, the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) was formed in 1894 in Paris.
The honor of holding the Modern Olympic
Games is entrusted to the city and not to a
country or region.
The first games were started in 1896 in
Athens, the capital of Greece. In the first
Olympic 280 participants from 13 nations
participated in 43 events including track-and-
field.

Olympic
Olympic Symbol, Flag, Motto,
Oath, Flame, Anthem
Olympic Symbol
The official symbol of the modern Olympic
Games is five coloured interlaced rings.
These rings represent the continents of
North and South America, Africa, Asia,
Australia, and Europe.
They also symbolize the uniting of athletes
from all over the world to compete at the
Olympic Games. The Olympic flag, first used
at the Antwerp Games in 1920, has the
Olympic symbol in the center of a white field
the Olympic rings remain a global
representation of the Olympic
Olympic Flag:
Olympic Flag was designed in 1913. This
was first flown in 1920 at Antwerp Olympic
games. This flag consists of five ring circles
interlinked with each other on a white
background.
The colours of rings are green represents
Europe, black represents Africa, blue
represents Australia and Oceania, yellow
represents Asia and red represent America.
Olympic Motto
Olympic Moto consisting of Latin words
Citius, Altus, Fortius meaning faster higher
stronger was introduced in 1924 the Moto
was designed to encourage the athletes to
impress the Olympics spirit and perform to
the best of their abilities.
The Olympic motto was amended to “Faster,
Higher, Stronger— Together” during the
International Olympic Committee’s session
in Tokyo in 2021. The motto now reads
‘Citius, Altius, Fortius — Communis’ in Latin.
Olympic Oath
At the opening ceremony, an athlete from
the host country takes the following oath on
behalf of all the athletes:
"In the name of all the competitors I promise that
we shall take part in these Olympic Games,
respecting and abiding by the rules which govern
them, committing ourselves to a sport without
doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of
sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the
honor of our teams."
The oath-taking practice started from the
1920 Games.
Olympic Flame
The Olympic flame symbolizes the continuity
between the ancient modern Games.
Modern Games are opened officially by
runners carrying a burning torch brought
from the Temple of Zeus at Olympia.
Except where travel by ship or plane is
necessary, the torch is carried overland
Greece by a relay of athletes.
At the site of the Games, the torch is used to
light the flame of a giant torch, or cauldron,
which burns for the entire duration of the
Games. The flame was first lighted at the
1928 Games.
Olympic Anthem
Created by Greek composer Spýros
Samáaras to words written by his fellow
countryman, poet Kostís Palamás, the
Olympic Anthem is in fact the oldest property
of the modern Games.
The Olympic anthem lyrics penned by
Palamas to accompany the music by
Samaras create a bridge between the
ancient and modern Games:
Olympic Anthem
“O Ancient immortal Spirit, pure father
Of beauty, of greatness and of truth,
Descend, reveal yourself and flash like
lightning here,
within the glory of your own earth and sky.
At running and at wrestling and at throwing,
Shine in the momentum of noble contests,
And crown with the unfading branch
And make the body worthy and ironlike.
Plains, mountains and seas glow with you
Like a white-and-purple great temple,
And hurries at the temple here, your pilgrim,
O Ancient immortal Spirit, every nation.”
Ideals of Olympic games
Olympic Movement happens to build a
peaceful and better world by educating youth
through sport practised without any
 discrimination and mutual understanding
with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair
play.
Objectives of Olympic Games
 To draw the attention of the world that sports
not only help in developing good health of
young people but to create better citizens
and promote the development of their
character and personality
 To create a sense of loyalty, team spirit.
 To inculcate the concept that sports are a
pastime and not an instrument for the
material.
 To create a spirit of international Amity and
Goodwill and to contribute to better
understanding among people and nations.
The Olympic
Movement
The Olympic Movement is composed of
three main constituents: the International
Olympic Committee (IOC), the International
Sports Federations (IFs) and the National
Olympic Committees (NOCs).
The goal of the Olympic Movement is to
contribute to building a peaceful and better
world by educating youth through sport
practiced in accordance with Olympism and
its values.
Belonging to the Olympic Movement
requires compliance with the Olympic
Charter and recognition by the IOC.
In addition to its three main constituents, the
Olympic Movement also encompasses the
Organizing Committees of the Olympic
Games (“OCOGs”), the national
associations, clubs and persons belonging to
the IFs and NOCs, particularly the athletes,
whose interests constitute a fundamental
element of the Olympic Movement’s action.
As well as the judges, referees, coaches and
the other sports officials and technicians. It
also includes other organizations and
institutions as recognised by the IOC.

International Olympic
Committee (IOC)
International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the
supreme authority of the Olympic movement
formed in June 1894. The headquarters of
IOC is at Lausanne, Switzerland. It is the
authority which organises the modern
Summer and Winter Olympic Games.
The IOC is the main governing body of the
National Olympic Committees (NOC), the
international sports federation, the athletes,
the sponsors, the broadcast partners and
united nation agencies.
The Role Of IOC
 To encourage and support the promotion
of ethics in sports as well as education of
youth through sports.
  To dedicate its effort to ensure that in
sports the spirit of fare play prevails
 To encourage and support the

organisation, development and

coordination of sports and sports
competitions
 To ensure the regular celebration of

Olympic games
 To cooperate with the competent public

or private organisation and authorities.

 To take action in order to strengthen the

unity and to protect the independence of

Olympic movement
 To act against any form of discrimination

affecting the Olympic movement

 To encourage and support the promotion

of women in sports at all levels

Indian Olympic Association (IOA)
IOA was formed in 1927 by Sir Dorabji Tata
as it’s first president, D.G. Noehrem as it’s
secretary and G.D. Sodhi as assistant
secretary. It is affiliated with IOC. The head
office of IOA is in New Delhi.
The Functions Of IOA
 To develop and promote Olympic
movement and amateur sports
 To promote and encourage physical
moral and cultural values among youth
for development of good health and good
citizen
 To enforce all rules and regulation of
games and sports at National level
competitions
 To provide training and preparation of
players for participation at international
level competitions
 To provide technical help for conducting
National Level Competition
 To observe and check the smooth
working of national sports association
 To provide official sponsorship to players
for participation at International Level
Competition
 To supervise the sports development in
the country
  To arrange funds for Sports program for
training of players, infrastructural
development and sponsorship of players,
etc.
 To promote Olympic games at every
level in India.
National Olympic
Committees (NOC)
The mission of the National Olympic
movement is to promote, protect and
develop the Olympic movement in their
respective countries, in accordance with
Olympic charter.
NOC encourage the development of sports
as well as sports for all while also providing
training of sports administrator based on the
fundamentals of olympism
There are currently 204 NOCs are present
(53 in Africa, 41 in America, 44 in Asia, 49 in
Europe, 17 in Oceana). The IOC is the sole
authority to recognise a NOC. Together with
the International Sport Federations, the
NOCs are a constituent of the Olympic
Movement under the leadership of the IOC.
The mission of the NOCs is to develop,
promote and protect the Olympic Movement
in their respective countries, in accordance
with the Olympic Charter.

The International Sports

Federations
The International Sports Federations are
international non-governmental
organizations which are recognised by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) as
administering one or more sports at world
level.
International Sports Federations seeking
IOC recognition must ensure that their
 statutes, practice and activities conform with
the Olympic Charter.
Responsibilities of IFs
 The international Sports federations are
responsible for establishing and enforcing
the rules concerning the practice of the
respective sports and to insure their
application.
 To oversee the development of their sports
worldwide acting in accordance with the
Olympic Charter, including the adaption and
implementation of world anti doping code.
 To manage and to monitor the everyday
running of the world’s various sports
disciplines, including for those on the
programme, the practical organization of
events during the Games. To supervise the
development of athletes practicing these
sports at every level.
 IFs governs its sport at world level and
ensures its promotion and development.
They monitor the everyday administration of
 their sports and guarantee the regular
organization of competitions as well as
respect for the rules of fair play.
Association of Federations
In order to discuss common problems and
decide on their events calendars, the
summer federations, the winter federations
and the recognised federations have formed
associations:
 The Association of Summer Olympic
International Federations (ASOIF)
 The Association of International Olympic

Winter Sports Federations (AIOWF)

 The Association of IOC Recognised

International Sports Federations

(ARISF).
Other Federations
 Badminton World Federation (BWF)
 Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA)
 International Basketball Federation (FIBA)
 International Biathlon Union (IBU)
 International Bobsleigh and Skeleton
Federation (IBSF)
 International Boxing Association (IBA)
 International Canoe Federation (ICF)
 International Equestrian Federation (FEI)
 International Fencing Federation (FIE)
 International Golf Federation (IGF)
 International Gymnastics Federation (FIG)
 International Handball Federation (IHF)
 International Hockey Federation (FIH)
 International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
 International Judo Federation (IJF)
 International Luge Federation (FIL)
 International Modern Pentathlon Union
(UIPM)
 International Shooting Sport Federation
(ISSF)
 International Skating Union (ISU)
 International Ski Federation (FIS)
 International Ski Mountaineering Federation
 International Surfing Association
 International Swimming Federation (FINA)
 International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
 International Tennis Federation (ITF)
 International Volleyball Federation (FIVB)
 International Weightlifting Federation (IWF);
 The International Federation of Sport
Climbing
 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)
 United World Wrestling (UWW)
 World Archery Federation (WA)
 World Athletics (WA)
 World Curling Federation
 World DanceSport Federation (WDSF)
 World Rowing (FISA)
 World Rugby (WR)
 World Sailing (WS)
 World Skate
 World Taekwondo (WT)
 World Triathlon (TRI)
Other Members
1. The organizing committee for the
Olympic Games (OCOGs)
They are responsible for the practical
organization of the games. This committee
has had enormous work since the very
movement when the city was selected to
host the games only seven years are left to
carry out all the necessary arrangements.
According to the plans proposed in its
candidature file the organizing committee
must create or update the competition
venues stadiums training halls and the
Olympic village as well as provide all the
organizational infrastructure necessary for
the smooth running of the games
2. The Olympic Solidarity Commission
And The Human And Sports Commission
Both work towards achieving greater equality
in the world of sports. Olympics solitality
make sure that all athletes have the same
chance of participating in the games.
The women and sports committee
Commission was created in 1995 which
works for gender equality become fully
engaged in 2004 its goal is to make access
to sport in general and Olympic games
easier to female athletes.
3. International Olympic Truce
Foundation (IOTF)
The International Olympic Truce foundation
was created by IOC in 2000 to contribute to
the search for diplomatic and non-violent
solutions to conflicts and spread the idea
that sport and peace are a win-win solution.
To achieve its objectives the IOTF has set
up the international Olympic Truce Center
(IOTC) in Athens which is responsible for the
implementation of projects related to the
promotion of culture of peace and through
sport and the Olympic ideal throughout the
world.
4. Sports and environmental commission
The main role of IOC sport and
environmental commission is to advise the
Olympic movement on policy in the areas of
environmental protection and sustainable
development. It also ensures that the
Olympic Games are held in conditions which
respect the environment.
5. Medical And Scientific Commission
The Olympic movement take it responsibility
to protect the rights, health and well being of
athletes very seriously. The Medical and
Scientific Commission was originally created
to deal with its main priority.
The IOC’s educational Mission also includes
a preventive effort to inform both elite and
amateur athletes of the health
consequences of doping.
The commissions other main goal is to
support sports medicine, biomechanics,
Sport physiology and nutrition research
design to protect the health of the athlete
 Unit 3 Yoga


Meaning And Importance

of Yoga
Meaning
The term Yoga comes from the Sanskrit
word ‘Yuj’, meaning ‘union’ or ‘to join’. It is
the union of Atma (soul) and Paramatma
(super controller).
Yoga brings physical harmony and mental
balance. It is the combination of physical
asanas, meditation, and breathing
techniques to strengthen the muscles and
relieve from stress.
The main purpose of Yoga is to provide a
sound body and a sound mind. The aim of
Yoga is ‘self-identification’ and ‘self-
perfection’ which comes through ‘self-
purification and self-realization’.
Importance
 Yoga improves the efficiency of the
cardiovascular system
 Organs get strengthened
 It prevents premature ageing
 It helps to maintain good posture
 Yoga Improves brain function
 It lowers stress levels
 Yoga increases flexibility
Introduction To Ashtanga
Yoga
Elements of Yoga
In Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, the eightfold path
is called ashtanga, which literally means
“eight limbs (ashta = eight, anga = limb).
These eight steps are a guideline on how to
live a good life.
 Eight Elements of Yoga
Eight elements to attain highest purification
of body and mind are as follow:
Yama (abstinence)
There are many morality guidelines for good
behaviour in society, which must be followed
by everyone. These elements the basic
principles for the benefits of society.
These principles are:
 Ahimsa (Non-Harming)
 Satya (Truthfulness )

 Asteya ( Non-Stealing )

 Brahmacharya (Moderating the Senses )

 Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness )

Niyam (observances)
Niyam are personal observances or self-
purification by discipline. It makes the
individual healthy.
 Saucha (Cleanliness)
  Santosh (Contentment)
 Tapa (Austerity)

 Swadhyaya (Study of good literature)

 Ishwar Paridhana (Surrender to God)

Asanas (yoga postures)

Asanas are slow stretching activities
performed to improve the whole body
fitness. It can be done in all three positions
viz. Standing, sitting and lying.
Pranayama (breathing control)
Pranayama is a systematic and rhythmic
control of breathing, performed to improve
the internal functioning of the whole body.
Pranayam is based upon Purak (Inhale)
Rechak (Exhale) and Kumbhak (holding
breath)
Pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses)
Pratyahara is conscious withdrawal of
energy from the senses. It is performed to
improve intellectual capability. It develops
inner mental strength by controlling sense
organs
Dharana (concentration)
Dharana is fixing the attention on a single
object for a long time to improve
concentration. This mental fixation should be
uninterrupted and without any kind of mental
activities.
Dhayana (meditation)
Dhayana is the process of controlling the
mind through meditation. It develops a high
level of concentration.
Samadhi (absorption)
Samadhi is the state of super-consciousness
where dhayana reaches its final stage. It is
also the state of union with God, merging
consciousness and salvation
Yogic Kriyas (Shat Karma)
Yogic Kriyas are cleansing techniques that
cleanse various internal organs of the body.
They are also called shat kriyas or
shatkarmas because they are six in number.
Shuddhi Kriya (Shatkanna): Shatkarmas
cleanse and activate all vital organs of the
body especially the digestive, respiratory,
circulatory and nervous systems.
They are preventive as well as curative in
nature. One’s capacity to digest, taste, work,
think and feel gets enhanced. These kriyas
are done to prepare the body for Yoga
practice such as asanas, pranayama and
meditation by eliminating physical
distractions, discomfort and fatigue.

There are six major cleaning processes in

Yoga:
1. Kapalbhati
2. Neti (upper nasal track)
3. Trataka (eye exercises)
4. Nauli (abdominal muscle and viscera)
5. Dhouti (cleansing the intestine)
6. Vasti (cleaning of the rectum)
Kapalbhati
It is designed to stimulate the brain cells and
purify the brain. ‘Kapalbhati’ comes from the
word ‘Kapal’ (forehead) and ‘Bhati’ which
means ‘to shiné’.
Procedure:
 Sit in any meditative posture.
 Close the eyes and relax the whole body.
 Inhale deeply through both nostrils,
expand the chest.
 Exhale breath with forceful contractions
of the abdominal muscles and relax.
 Continue active/forceful exhalation and
passive inhalation.
Benefits:
 Kapalbhati generates heat in the body,
dissolving toxins and other waste matter.
 It improves the functioning of the kidneys
and liver.
 It removes stress from the eyes and
erases dark circles.
 It enhances blood circulation and
digestion.
 It increases metabolic rate, thus aiding
weight loss.
 It stimulates abdominal organs and is
thus helpful for diabetic patients.
Neti Kriyas
Neti Kriya is a type of Yogic nasal-cleansing
exercise. Neti Kriya is designed to purify the
nasal passages and bathe the sinuses.
They are said to remove toxins and anything
blocking the flow of prana or energy in the
body. Neti is a Sanskrit term derived from
the roots na and ti, which together translate
as “not so”.
Types of Neti
Jala neti, which is practiced using a neti pot
filled with saline solution to cleanse the nasal
passages. In this technique, the head is
tilted to the side and then salt water is
poured into a nostril and exits through the
other nostril.
Sutra neti, a thread is passed through the
nostrils and out of the mouth. The yogi then
holds both ends of the string, pulling it back
and forth to cleanse the nose. The thread
should be rolled cotton and is often dipped in
beeswax for easier threading.
A soft rubber catheter may also be used.
Sutra neti is said to be a more effective
cleansing technique than jala neti.
Dugdha neti is similar to jala neti in which a
neti pot is used to cleanse the nasal
passageways with warm saline solution,
except that warm milk is used instead.
Ghrita neti is similar to jala neti in which a
neti pot is filled with warm ghee instead. It is
done using a neti pot, or a few drops of
warm ghee can simply be sniffed into each
nostril at a time to coat and line the nasal
passageways.
Trataka
Trataka, a technique used in a meditation
practice, is one of the six purification
techniques, called shatkarmas, of Hatha
Yoga.
Trataka is a Sanskrit word, which means ‘to
look’ or ‘to gaze,’ As such’ this meditation
technique involves staring at a single point of
focus.
This is typically the flame of a candle, but
other objects that may be used include a dot
on the wall, an object of worship, a deity,
flower, mountain, the rising sun or moon.
However, a flame is believed to work better.
Meditating in this way is believed to energize
the (third eye) chakra, which is associated
with intuition and wisdom, as well as psychic
abilities.
Procedure
 Light a candle and sit at least one metre
away from it with the flame at eye level.
 Focus the gaze on the flame and keep it
there without blinking for as long as
possible.
 As thoughts arise, acknowledge them,
then ret-um to focus on the flame.
 When the eyes start to water and tears
flow, close the eyes and focus on the
after-glow of the flame, bnnging
awareness to the third eye point.
  Meditate here until ready to come out of
the practice.
Trataka is said to be most effective when
practiced consistently at sunrise or midday.
Its effects can be enhanced.
Benefits of trataka include:
• Strengthens eye muscles
• Purifies the eyes
• Treats eye disorders
• Relieves insomnia
• Aids in treating depression oves
concentration
• Calms the mind
• Promotes emotional stability
• Boosts willpower
• Develops intuition and clairvoyance
 Nauli
Nauli is one of the Shatkarmas in Yogic
Kriyas, which is an integral part of Hatha
Yoga. This kriya uses the abdominal
muscles to massage the organs in the
abdomen and stomach region.
It has Immense health benefits, but is not
easy to do, especially at the beginning. This
is an exercise that Involves a rolling
movement of the abdominal muscles.
Nauli kriya is typically practiced on an empty
stomach and from a standing position. Nauli
kriya begins with a complete breath out,
then the abdomen is brought in, contracting
the central muscles
Nauli kriya is thought to relieve constipation
and digestive issues. Those who suffer from
heart disease, high blood pressure, hernia,
ulcers or gastrointestinal problems should
not practise this
The best time to practise is early morning
after bowel movement.
Procedure
1. First stand with your legs apart and then
bend the knees. While bending the knees,
use the
2. Exhale forcefully making a hissing sound,
just like in Kapalbhati.
3. Try to contract the belly inward and then
upward. This is the base position for
performing Nauli
4. Stop the breath and isolate the abdominal
muscles (Left rectus muscles for vama Nauli,
right ones for Dakshina Nauli and middle
ones for Madhya Nauli).
5. Then fry and hold the position for a few
seconds.
6. Breathe in and release the kriya pose.
Come back to a comfortable standing
position.
Benefits
 Massage of internal organs keeps them
healthy.
 Strengthens stomach muscles and helps
improve digestion capability.
 Strengthens functioning of vital organs.
Dhouti
This is for purification of the esophagus and
stomach. This technique is also known as
Gaj Karn. Gaj means elephant. When an
elephant experiences nausea’ it reaches its
trunk deep into its gullet
Dhouti is a method of washing up of the
entire tract starting from the mouth to the
digestive path at the beginning of the small
intestines, that is the mouth’ stomach. etc.
One can wash one’s mouth, but in the daily
routine one cannot wash the Esophagus or
the stomach. The impurities residing there
are carried along with the food particles and
are mixed in some proportion with the
blood.
There are two kinds:
i. Jala Dhauti or Kunjala Kriya
Procedure:
Mix two liters of warm water (40°) with 1
teaspoon of salt. Stand upright and drink the
water rapidly glass by glass. Bend forward
slightly, press the left hand into the lower
abdomen and extend the index and middle
fingers of the right hand partially down the
throat.
Simultaneously, press the tongue down so
that nausea is induced. The entire quantity
of the water comes out again in half a
minute.
This can be repeated once or twice each
week and is best performed in the morning
on an empty stomach.
Benefits:
Has a beneficial influence on high acidity,
allergies and asthma. Eliminates halitosis
(bad breath).
Caution:
Do not practice this exercise with high blood
pressure or glaucoma.
ii. Vastra Dhauti
Procedure:
This stomach purification technique requires
the use of a strip of cotton, 3 meters in
length and 10 centimeters wide. First-time
practice of this technique must be performed
only with the guidance of a “Yoga in Daily
Life” teacher.
Benefits:
Like Dhauti this technique purifies the
stomach and helps relieve high acidity. It
purifies the upper respiratory tract, and
thereby eases asthma, and dust and pollen
allergies.
Vasti
Medicated oil or ghee and herbal decoction
is given as enema to clean the colon and
increase the muscle tone. After this, the
previously-lubricated nozzle is pushed into
the rectum for about 4 to 6 inches so as to
make the oil or decoction enter and move
through the colon.
The general idea is to clean from inside.
Ayurveda has favored this method of
treatment for various disorders.

Pranayama And Its Types

It is the fourth stage of Yoga. Pranayam is
systematic breathing activities in which
inhalation (purak), exhalation (rechak)
holding of breath (kumbhak) are controlled.
This systematic rhythmic control of breathing
provides deep effects over an individual
health. It develops inner strength and cure’s
many health ailments.
Anulom-Vilom Pranayam
It is an alternate breathing technique. In this
process close your right nostril with the
thumb, breathe in from left nostril, than close
left nostril and breathe out from right nostril.
Repeat from another side.
Kapalbhati Pranayam
In Kapalbhati pranayam forceful exhalation
is performed where inhalation happens
automatically. Exhalation is done from the
nose with pressure while the stomach is
vibrated in and out.
 Bhramari Pranayama
In this pranayama, exhalation is done with
humming sound from the throat with closed
ears with thumbs.
Sitli Pranayam
It is a forceful exhalation from the mouth with
the tongue rolled. It provides a cold feeling to
the body.
 Cultural Asana: For overall body fitness
 Meditative and Relaxative Asana: For
improving mental activities
 Therapeutic Asana: For curing a various
health problem
Active Lifestyle and Stress
Management through Yoga
Living an active lifestyle and effectively
managing stress are essential aspects of
maintaining overall well-being. Yoga, an
ancient practice that originated in India,
offers a holistic approach to achieving both
physical and mental balance. In this note,
we’ll explore the benefits of incorporating
yoga into your daily routine for an active and
stress-free life.
Active Lifestyle:
An active lifestyle involves engaging in
regular physical activities that keep your
body in motion. Whether it’s walking,
jogging, cycling, or participating in sports,
staying active promotes cardiovascular
health, strengthens muscles, and improves
flexibility.
By including yoga in your routine, you can
enhance your overall physical fitness as it
combines various postures, stretches, and
breathing exercises that target different
muscle groups.
Stress Management:
In today’s fast-paced world, stress has
become a common factor that affects our
mental and emotional well-being. Managing
stress is crucial for maintaining a healthy
life.
Yoga provides an effective means of stress
relief through its focus on mindfulness and
relaxation techniques. By practicing yoga
regularly, you can learn to be present in the
moment, let go of worries, and reduce
anxiety.
Mind-Body Connection:
Yoga emphasizes the mind-body
connection, acknowledging that our mental
state significantly influences our physical
health and vice versa.
By practicing yoga, you can cultivate self-
awareness, develop a positive outlook, and
learn to listen to your body’s needs. This
awareness can guide you to make healthier
lifestyle choices, leading to improved overall
wellness.
Breathing Techniques:
One of the fundamental aspects of yoga is
its emphasis on breath control. Deep
breathing exercises, also known as
pranayama, help calm the mind and reduce
stress.
By incorporating these techniques into your
daily routine, you can enhance your ability to
cope with stressful situations and improve
your emotional resilience.
Flexibility and Strength:
Yoga postures, or asanas, involve a
combination of stretching and strengthening
exercises. Regular practice can increase
your flexibility, making your body more agile
and less prone to injuries.
Moreover, some yoga poses require
significant muscle engagement, leading to
improved strength and endurance over time.
Better Sleep:
Sleep is essential for the body’s recovery
and rejuvenation. However, stress and a
sedentary lifestyle can negatively impact
sleep quality.
Practicing yoga before bedtime can help you
relax, release tension, and promote better
sleep patterns, allowing you to wake up
feeling refreshed and energized.
Asanas
Asanas are performed in standing, sitting
and lying (supine and prone) position. The
warming up in Yoga is performed with Surya
Namaskar.
Asanas are the third step of yoga in which
slow stretching activities are performed, by
holding body postures which brings stability
of body and poised mind.
Meditation
Meditation is a process which controls the
mind and its activitie. It is a very powerful
process as it stabilises the mind in a proper
direction.
In meditation, we focus our mind on a
particular object, thought, or activity and pay
attention to the breath.
Yoga For Concentration

Sukhasana
It is a simple sitting posture with crossed
legs, hands over the knee and back straight
Benefits:
 Improves concentration
 Improves leg Strength
 Cures Arthritis, and Knock Knee
Tadasana
It is a standing posture on toes, arms
straight up and joined palms.
Benefits:
 Develop leg muscles
 Increase height in children

 Relieve ankle and leg pain

 Improves concentration

Padmasana
It is a sitting posture with crossed legs, feets
touching opposite hips, hands on the knees
and back straight.
Benefits
 Improve concentration
 Improve leg strength

 Cures Arthritis, Sciatica and Knock Knee

Shashank Asana
Sit in the kneeling position while keeping the
hips on the heels, toes pointing outside and
big toes should touch each other at the back.
Bend body at the front while hands and head
touches the floor at the front.
Benefits
 Improves concentration
 Improves leg strength and flexibility.

 Cures Arthritis, Knock Knee

Naukasan
Lie down flat, lift your chest and feet off the
ground upto 10 inches, stretch your arms
towards feet. Feel the tension in your
stomach area, the weight of your body on
the buttocks.
Benefits
 It strengthens the arms, thighs and
shoulders, neck muscles.
 It improves the function of organs

 It helps in regulating blood flow

Vriksh asana
Stand straight, feets together, bend your
right knee, place your right sole on your left
thigh, gently raise your arms over your head
and bring them together. Look straight
Benefits
 It strengthens the spine
 It improves neuromuscular coordination.

 It tones the leg muscles

 It strengthens the knees

Garud Asana
Stand straight, bend your right knee and left
foot cross over the right knee. Cross the
right arm over the left arm and bend your
elbows, palms facing each other
Benefits
 It stretches the thighs, shoulders and
upper back.
 It improves balance.
 Strengthens the calves.
 Makes the hip flexible
Relaxation Techniques for improving
concentration
Yog Nidra
Yog Nidra is a relaxation techniques for
relaxing body and improving concentration.
Procedure
 Lie down straight on your back
 Close your eyes.
 Take a few relaxed and slow deep
breaths
 Take your attention to your right foot for a
few seconds, while relaxing your foot.
 Next move your attention to the right
knee, right thigh and hip.
 Repeat this same process for the left leg.
 Take your attention to all parts of the
upper body: stomach, navel region,
chest.
 Now take attention to the right shoulder,
right arm, palms, and fingers.
  Repeat this same process on the left
shoulder, left arm
 Finally throat, face, and top of the head.

 Now take a deep breath and observe the

sensations in your body.

 Relax in this state for a few minutes.

 Slowly sit up and open your eyes.

Benefits
 It improves concentration
 It cools down the body after yoga
postures
 It activates the nervous system to absorb
the effects of yoga asanas

Unit 4 Children With

Special Needs-
Divyang (CWSN)
 Concept of Disability
and Disorders
Disability
Disability is an impairment that may be
cognitive, developmental, intellectual,
mental, physical, sensory or some
combination of these.
It is a functional limitation or restriction of an
individual’s ability to perform an activity. It
means disability creates obstruction in the
normal function or movement of an
individual. It limits and restricts the activity of
a person.

Disorder
The disorder is a problem that disrupts
normal physical or mental functions. It is a
state of confusion that interrupts normal
function. It is an abnormality of physical and
mental states like psychiatric disorders,
anxiety disorders, and personality
disorders. The disorder may be resulting
from a genetic failure in development or from
external factors such as poison, trauma, or
disease.
Types of Disorders
 ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder)
 SPD ( Sensory Processing Disorder)

 ASD ( Autism Spectrum Disorder)

 ODD ( Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

 OCD ( Obsessive Compulsive Disorder)

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Disorder)
It is a brain disorder that is characterized by
problems paying attention, excessive
activity, or difficulty controlling behavior.
Individuals may have some problems
focusing on activities. They may be
 hyperactive or may be unable to control their
impulses. It has three types
 Inattention: Children lack concentration in
any work, have difficulty sustaining focus,
and are unorganized.
 Hyperactivity: Children are unusually or
abnormally active. They have impulsive
actions, a shorter attention span, and are
easily distracted.
 Impulsive: Impulsivity is the tendency to act
without thinking about the consequences.
Causes
 Genetic factors are one of the main cause
 Children with low birth weight
 When a baby’s brain is damaged before or
after birth
 Lack of discipline in the family
 Addiction to a certain diet
 Exposure to toxic substances at an early
age.
SPD ( Sensory Processing Disorder )
 It is a condition in which the brain has
difficulty in receiving and responding to
information that comes in through the
senses. It is some sort of neurological jam
that prevents certain parts of the brain from
receiving the information required to interpret
sensory information accurately.
Sensory processing disorder may affect our
senses such as touch, sight, taste, or
movement. In this disorder, the person may
scream when touched, or dive under the
table after hearing the sound. In some
cases, they remain unresponsive to anything
around them. Even he may fail to give a
response to Extreme heat or cold for pain.
Causes
 Genetic factors are one of the main causes
 Low birth weight is another cause
 Excessive restrictions in early life
 Have differences in brain structure
ASD ( Autism Spectrum Disorder )
It includes a wide range and levels of
disability. Individual ability to function in
society, at school, at work, or in other areas
of life gets hurt.
Some people are mildly impaired, while
others are severely disabled. Early treatment
and proper care can reduce difficulties while
helping them to learn new skills and make
the most of their strength.
People with an ASD often have these
characteristics:
Ongoing social problems include difficulty in
communicating and interacting with others
and obsessive interests.
Repetitive behavior as well as Limited
interest in activities.
Difficulties in language, social skills, and
behavior
Causes
 Biological or genetic factors: Something
happens during fetal development. Children
may inherit problematic genes from parents.
 Environmental Factors: High levels of
pollution and pesticides in food may also be
one of the reasons.
 Brain Development: The connection
between the brain cells are not proper, which
may be another cause.
ODD ( Oppositional Defiant Disorder )
It is a condition in which a child displays an
ongoing pattern of angry or irritable mood,
and argumentative, hostile behavior directed
towards authority.
Individuals behave like rebels, argue with
adults, and refuse to obey any rules. They
exhibit angry outbursts and have a hard time
controlling their anger or aggression. They
have difficulty making friends and have low
esteem. They have negativity in their
behavior.
 Causes
 Biological or genetic causes: Children
may develop ODD if their parents have a
history of ADHD or ODD.
 Physical Factors: when an imbalance
exists and messages are not communicated
properly with other parts of the brain, the
symptoms may occur.
 Psychological Factors: Children may
develop this if they have bad relationships
with parents or neglectful parents.
 Social Factors: It may happen due to
poverty, chaotic environment in the family,
and exposure to violence
OCD ( Obsessive Compulsive Disorder )
It is a mental disorder where people feel the
need to check things repeatedly or have
certain thoughts repeatedly. They have fear
of contamination by germs, getting dirty,
making mistakes, being embarrassed,
etc. They do some common activities which
include repeated hand washing, repeated
 counting, checking things over and over
again, repeating certain words, and so on.
Causes
 Serotonin which sends messages in the
brain sends improper messages from one
part of the Brain to others, which may cause
OCD
Types of Disability, It’s
Causes And Nature
Physical Disability & Intellectual
Disability
Some individuals are disabled right at birth,
others get disabled due to some incidence
during the course of their lives. Some
disabilities are as follows:
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability is a condition of mental
retardation which occurs due to the damage
in brain cells for various known and unknown
reasons. Mental and physical development
becomes relatively lesser due to this
condition. All mentally retarded children are
not alike. Levels and severity of the
problems are different for everyone.
Characteristics of Mental Retardation
 A mentally-retarded child does not easily
learn any activity like other children.
 Such children feel difficulty in sitting, in
changing their position, and using their
hands, etc.
 They respond very late to the
surrounding incidents and to the speech
of others.
 The child does not express his feelings in
such a way that other people can
understand him easily.
 The child can only remember any event
or activity for a very short span of time.
 Abnormality is seen in their walking and
performing activity on their own.
  These children have difficulty in taking
control over their emotions.
 Sometimes the deformities are seen in

their face, e.g., jaws, teeth, head,

salivation, etc.
 Such a child cannot concentrate on any

individual or a task for a long time.

 It is difficult for them to understand others

point of view except for daily orders.

 They have problems in synthesizing

news and information.

Down Syndrome:
It is a disorder causing developmental and
intellectual delay. It is a genetic disorder
which occurs when abnormal cell division
causes extra third copy of chromosome 21.
Hence, it is also known as trisomy 21.
Person with down syndrome may have flat
facial features, small head and ears, short
neck, bulging tongue and poor muscle tone.
Physical Disability
Physical impairment disrupts the child’s
activities. He may find difficulty in walking,
running, getting up, sitting, standing or not
able to perform his own work, etc. This
disability can be related to sensory organs
as well as external organs of the child’s
body.
Given below are some examples of physical
disabilities:
1. Cerebral palsy: It is known as paralysis
of the brain, due to which the condition and
the speed of the body is affected and
consequently locomotor disability is caused
2. Spina bifida: It is also known as final
biceps this abnormality is by birth in which
there is a deformity in the backbone
3. Congenital anomalies: Some children
have congenital deformities sometimes.
When both feet or one foot of a child is
folded inwards at the time of birth.
4. Muscular Dystrophy: It is a kind of
locomotor deformity in which the child is
born normal and after 3 years of birth the
deformity starts in child’s muscles
5. Poliomyelitis: This disability is due to
polio virus infection. Polio virus damages the
anterior horn cell of the backbone as a result
of which disability occurs.
6. Leprosy cured person: The sensitivity of
the organs affected by Leprosy is eliminated.
Due to lack of sensibility the person works
negligently.
7. Undeveloped Organ: In this other organs
grow while the growth of leg or hand stops

Types of Disability
♿ Physical Disability
It is a limitation of individuals’ physical
functioning which may be related to the
upper or lower body. These are generally
related to musculoskeletal, circulatory,
respiratory, and nervous systems.
Disability in mobility can be either inborn or
acquired with age.

Sensory Disability
Sensory impairment is when one of the
senses; sight, hearing, smell, touch, and
taste is no longer normal.

♿ Spinal cord disability: It can lead to lifelong

disability. It generally occurs due to severe
accidents.

♿ Brain Disability: This type of disability

occurs due to brain injury from external
forces.

♿ Vision Disability: This is related to vision

problems that may be in-born or happen
afterward. Vision disability may be mild,
moderate, severe, or blindness.

♿ Hearing Disability: It includes people that

are completely or partially deaf. People who
are partially deaf can use hearing aids. It can
be evident at birth or occur later in life.

Cognitive or Learning Disability:

It is a neurological disorder. It can affect an
individual’s ability to read, speak and write.

♿ Memory Disorder: Individual who has

auditory problems or difficulty in
remembering something.

♿ Dyslexia: Individuals have difficulties in

writing, reading, and speaking.

Intellectual Disability:
This disability is related to the limitations of
intellectual functioning (such as reasoning,
and learning) and Adaptive behavior ( such
as social and practical skills).
 Disability Etiquettes
1.Be respectful and treat everyone with
kindness: People with disabilities deserve
the same respect and consideration as
anyone else. Use polite language and avoid
making assumptions or stereotypes about
their abilities.
2. Use person-first language: Instead of
labeling someone by their disability, put the
person first. For example, say “a person with
a disability” instead of “a disabled person.”
3. Ask before offering help: If you
encounter someone with a disability who
appears to need assistance, always ask
before jumping in to help. Respect their
independence and allow them to decide if
they need assistance.
4. Be mindful of physical space: Some
disabilities may require more space to
maneuver, so try not to block wheelchair
ramps or designated accessible areas.
5. Avoid using wrong language: Be
cautious with phrases that may
unintentionally offend people with
disabilities. Refrain from using terms like
“crippled” or “handicapped.”
6. Communicate directly: When speaking
to someone with a disability, address them
directly rather than talking to their
companion or caregiver. Treat them like you
would anyone else.
7. Ask if you’re unsure: If you’re unsure
about how to interact with someone with a
disability or what accommodations they
might need, feel free to politely ask. Most
people will appreciate your genuine interest
in understanding their needs.
8. Respect personal boundaries: Just like
with anyone else, respect personal space
and avoid touching or leaning on mobility
aids without permission.
9. Be patient and listen: Some individuals
with disabilities might communicate
differently or require more time to express
themselves. Be patient and give them the
opportunity to fully participate in
conversations.
10. Recognize invisible disabilities: Not all
disabilities are visible. Keep in mind that
someone may have a disability that is not
immediately apparent, so avoid making
assumptions based on appearances alone.
11. Advocate for accessibility: Encourage
and support initiatives that promote
accessibility in public spaces, transportation,
and workplaces, making it easier for people
with disabilities to participate fully in society.
 Aim And Objective of
Adaptive Physical
Education
Adaptive Physical Education is an
individualized program of instruction created
for students with disabilities that enable
success in Physical Education.
Adaptive Physical Education provides a
safe, personally satisfying, and successful
experience for students of varying abilities.
It is a diversified program and includes
developmental and remedial activities.
Aim: aims to ensure that the child is
provided with physical education services
that meet his/her needs, and that aim to
achieve physical, mental, emotional, and
social growth.
Objectives:
 To develop students’ motor skills
 To develop self-esteem and promote

sportsmanship
 To develop social qualities for adjustment

in the society
 To develop organic and neuromuscular

systems
 To develop knowledge and an

appreciation of his physical and mental

limitations.
Organizations promoting Adaptive Sports
Special Olympic Bharat
It is the organization approved by the
National Sports Federation and Special
Olympic International for the development of
persons with intellectual disabilities.
It is a movement that uses sports to reform
the lives of disabled people. It gives training
and coaching to build interest in sports, skill
perfection, social interaction, communication
skills, talent, and leadership abilities in
intellectually disabled persons.
Paralympic
Paralympic Games involve Athletes with a
range of disabilities including impaired
muscle power, impaired passive range of
movement, limb deficiency, leg length
difference, short stature, hypertonia, vision
impairment, and intellectual impairment.
Deaflympics
The Deaflympics are an international event
sanctioned by the IOC at which deaf athletes
compete at an elite sports level. It provides
opportunities for deaf persons to participate
in elite sports.
The Deaflympic participants cannot be
guided by sounds like the starter’s guns or
referee whistles.
 Role Of Various
Professionals For
Children With Special
Need
Role of Various Professionals
Role of counselor

A school counselor helps children in all

ways, be it academic, social, behavioral,al or
emotional.
They work in collaboration with the parents,
teachers, and special educators to create a
healthy learning environment that makes
them feel comfortable.

Role of Occupational Therapist

The Occupational Therapist will provide

education and resources to teachers and
parents about how children typically develop
motor skills and how to promote this
development in the classroom and at home.
They help teachers learn to recognize and
help children who may have motor skill
problems which are making some daily
activities a challenge to learn.

Role of Physiotherapist

Physiotherapy is an allied health care

profession that promotes the health and
well-being of all.
It aims to help maximize movement and
functions when someone is affected by
injury, illness, developmental delay or other
disability.

Role of Physical Education Teacher

Physical Education Teachers are

responsible for the education of primary and
secondary school students in physical
activity and psychomotor learning.
He is responsible for the overall wellness
and development of students.

unit 5
 Meaning And
Importance of
Wellness, Health
And Physical
Fitness
Meaning of Physical
Fitness
An individual can do his regular work
effectively with joy and pleasure, after the
work is over he still has sufficient capacity to
do more work without any exertion.
Moreover, his recovery is faster and
quicker.
The person who remains energetic,
enthusiastic and cheerful in doing his work is
said to be physically fit. The level of physical
fitness varies from person to person. It
depends upon the nature of work, size,
shape and structure.
Every game requires different levels of
physical fitness depending upon the type of
activity.
A fit person can do daily routine work without
any fatigue, also able to participate in playful
activities and still reserve capacity to meet
any emergency

Meaning of Wellness
Wellness is related to good health, the
balance of mind and body and spirit of the
overall feeling of well-being. It gives us the
motive to live most, serve the best. Thus
gives a healthy and happy life.
James Randi, ” Wellness is a health-related
practice to optimise individual ability with the
balance of physical, psychological,
intellectual, social, emotional and spiritual
aspects of life.”
It is the maximum capacity of an individual to
lead a well-balanced life related to good
health, active physical life, positive mental
ability, well adjusted social life without
stress. Wellness makes a person as an
active member of society and a good citizen.

Meaning of Health
According to WHO, “Health is a complete
state of physical, mental, social well-being of
an individual and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.”
According to Wikipedia, “A healthy lifestyle is
one which helps to keep and improve
people’s health and well-being.”
Healthy lifestyle reflects our attitude, habits,
behavior and traditions towards health. It
also reflects the person’s self image and self
concept towards healthy living activities.
Good health is the base of an individual’s
personality.
The lifestyle changes can improve the health
of an individual, like to do regular physical
activity, eat nutritious food, avoid fried and
junk food, drink sufficient water, maintain
personal hygiene, and a good posture, take
proper rest and sleep, manage stress and
tension, recreate oneself, stay happy, no to
intoxicants, avoid pollution, medical care,
etc.
Human life is based upon the body one
keeps. All the activities of life are done with
the help of a healthy and fit body. Nature has
created humans to perform various types of
activities efficiently.
Today, modernisation has made human life
very easy, as most of the work is performed
by machines. The sedentary lifestyle has
reduced human efficiency.
The lazy lifestyle of humans has also led to
many health problems like, cardiac-
disorders, diabetes, cancer, asthma, obesity
and many more chronic problems.
Today, our environment is polluted, human
life becomes stressful, people are on a poor
diet and have unhygienic habits. This has
increased the health problems in humans.
In the present time, we desperately need
physical fitness, wellness and healthy
lifestyle programmes to improve our fitness
and reduce health problems. It leads the
man towards progress and prosperity.
 Importance of Physical
Fitness and Wellness
 Total work Efficiency improves
 Better quality of work
 Optimum growth and development
 Better utilisation of time
 Healthy environment
 Prevent health hazards and health
problems
 Improve physiological functioning
 Good posture
 Improvement in physical ability
 Development of social quality
 Prevent premature ageing
 Preparedness of emergency
 Decrease Stress
Importance of Health
Health is the body’s functional and metabolic
efficiency, and its ability to adapt to the
physical, mental and social changes that it is
exposed to.
A person’s physical health means that the
body does not have any diseases, and the
safety of all the parts of the body. The
importance of good health in a person’s life
is undoubtedly great.
 A healthy person is a person who is able
to serve himself, his nation and his
community. An unhealthy person who
suffers from illness sees himself weak
and meager, unable to properly carry out
the duties and responsibilities incumbent
on him.
 Good health for a person saves him the
costs of treatment and the hassle of
going to hospitals. A healthy person who
is far from the disease sees himself
saving money that he would have spent
on the disease if he neglected his health.
 Psychologically healthy people feel
comfortable and happy in their lives and
 enjoy life well. A person who suffers from
mental illnesses always sees himself as
gloomy and pessimistic and does not feel
happy in his life and in his relationships
with people.
Components/Dimensi
on of Wellness, Health
and Physical Fitness
Components of Physical
Fitness
Strength
Strength is the ability to overcome resistance
or act against resistance. It is the total
amount of force a muscle can exert to do
any work.
Different sports require different levels and
types of strength, which can be improved
through specific training. Strength can be
measured in pounds or Dynes.
Types of strength
Strength is divided into the following types
 Static Strength
 Dynamic Strength

Static Strength: It is the ability to act

against resistance from one position without
any movement, it is also called Isometric
Strength e.g. arm wrestling, powerlifting, wall
pushing.
Dynamic Strength: It is the ability to act
against resistance with movement, it is also
called Isotonic Strength. Movements are
visible when someone is doing dynamic
strength training. It is divided into three
parts.
1. Maximum Strength: It is the ability to
act against maximum resistant. It is
 required in weightlifting, throwing,
wrestling, etc.
2. Explosive Strength: It is the ability to
overcome resistance with high speed. It
is the ability to do the forceful movement
at a quickest possible time.
It is generally required in jumping activities.
This Strength can be measured by a
Dynamometer.
3. Strength Endurance: It is the ability to
overcome resistance for a longer period
under conditions of fatigue.
It is required for all kinds of races,
swimming, cycling and mountaineering.
Endurance
Endurance is the ability to sustain or
continue the activity. In other words, it is the
ability to resist fatigue for a longer period.
Endurance is required for almost all the
major sports. It is one of the important
components for middle and long-distance
races, football, hockey, basketball, handball,
etc.
Types of Endurance
It is required for all kinds of races,
swimming, cycling and mountaineering.
Speed Endurance:
This is the type of endurance in which the
activity is done with high speed and
intensity. This endurance is for a shorter
duration ( from 30 to 60 sec) with 80℅ to
90℅ of top speed ability.
This type of Endurance required in medium
distance races, swimming, basketball,
tennis, badminton etc.
Strength Endurance:
In this type of endurance, activity is done
powerfully and forcefully for a longer
duration. This duration is from 2 to 3
minutes. Strength endurance is generally
performed in absence of oxygen. It is
required in wrestling, boxing, Judo, etc.
Long term Endurance:
This type of Endurance is required when the
activity is done for a longer duration and the
speed is slow. It delays fatigue. This
endurance is required for long-distance
running, cycling, cross country, marathon,
football, etc
Speed
Speed is the ability to do the movement at a
faster rate or minimum possible time. Speed
depends on heredity but can be developed
through proper training.
Types of speed
Reaction Time: It is the time taken by the
body to respond immediately after getting
stimulus. It is the first reaction to bring our
body into action.
Acceleration Ability: It is the time taken by
the body to reach its maximum speed.
Speed of Movement: It is the total time
taken by the body to perform complete
action.
Locomotor ability: It is the ability to
maintain maximum speed for a longer
period.
Speed endurance: It is the ability to perform
any movements with high speed under
conditions of fatigue.
Flexibility
Flexibility is the ability to do the movement
with a greater range of joint.
It is affected by muscle length, ligaments
and tendons. Good Flexibility helps in
preventing injuries, Improving Posture, make
the joint healthy, Improving balance.
Types of flexibility
Passive Flexibility: Joints can move to its
maximum range with external help, e.g.
stretching with a partner.
Active Flexibility: This flexibility exercises
are performed without external help
Active flexibility further divided into two parts:
 Static Flexibility: It is the flexibility
performed from a static or stationary
position. e.g. Chakrasana, toe touching
 Dynamic Flexibility: It is the flexibility
performed when a person is in motion.
This flexibility is required for gymnastics,
diving, etc.
Coordinative Ability
It is the ability to perform the movement with
perfection and efficiency. It is the ability to do
a sequence of movements smoothly and
accurately.
Coordination is the proper combination of
strength, speed, endurance and flexibility
during movement

Components of Wellness
Physical Activities: It makes the person fit
and healthy, which improves growth and
development.
Balanced emotional life: Well balanced
and controlled emotional life is required for
wellness
Intellectual attitude: Wellness required
positive intellectual attitude. It improves our
behaviour, intelligence, alertness, etc.
Active social life: Active social life improves
our social qualities and helps us to adjust
well in society.
Managing stress: Wellness needs proper
management of stress. It keeps us calm and
controls our anxiety.
Spiritual well-being: It makes the person
ethically and morally right.
Occupational wellness: It helps a person to
do hard work and earn a livelihood with
honesty.
Environmental wellness: Wellness
promotes a good environment which is safe,
clean and healthy.

Components/Dimensions
of Health
(i) Sufficient Physical Fitness: One should
have sufficient level of physical fitness ability
i.e., strength, endurance, speed, flexibility
and coordinate ability.
(ii) Consider Personal Hygiene and
Healthy Habits: Health related fitness
should consider personal hygiene and
healthy habits. By this health problems can
be prevented.
(iii) Medical Check-up and Medical Care:
We should go for medical check-ups and
proper medical care should be taken.
(iv) Good Posture: Good posture is the
base of good health, thus, it should be
maintained during working. resting, sleeping,
studying etc.
(v) Fun and Recreation: We should have
fun and recreation in our life. It makes our
life happy and cheerful.
(vi) Sufficient Rest and Sleep: Sufficient
rest and sleep improve our health and help
to regain energy. It gives us freshness and
re-energies us.
(vii) Balanced Diet: Health related fitness
considers a balanced diet. It should be
according to the age, seasonal food, work
conditions and climatic conditions.
(viii) Stress Free Life: Healthy lifestyle
considers that one’s life should be free from
stress, tension and depression. We can
manage stress and anxiety by doing yoga
and meditation.
(ix) Healthy and Clean Environment: We
should try to develop a healthy, clean and
safe environment. It should be pollution free.
(x) Away from Drug Addiction: We should
keep ourselves away from addiction like
alcohol, tobacco, drugs etc.
(xi) Active Lifestyle : An active lifestyle
keeps us healthy, thus it should be adopted
whereas a sedentary lifestyle should be
avoided.
(xii) Health Education: Health education
helps us to improve and develop good
health. It also informs us how to make
yourself healthy and fit. Thus, it should be
gained.

Components of Health-
Related Fitness
Components of Health-Related Fitness
Cardiovascular Endurance:
It is the ability to do work for a longer period.
It requires a strong heart, healthy lungs, and
clear blood vessels to supply oxygenated
blood to the whole body.

Muscular strength:
It is the ability to overcome resistance with
muscular force. It is measured by how much
weight a person can lift.

Muscular Endurance:
It is the ability of a muscle or to perform
repetitive muscular contractions against a
force for a longer period. The more your
muscular endurance is, higher numbers of
repetitions you could complete.

Flexibility:
It is the ability to use joints in its full range of
movement. It depends upon long muscles
and flexible joints.

Body Composition:
It is the percentage of body fat compared to
other body Tissue. People who have a high
percentage of fat are more likely to fall sick.

Traditional Sports &

Regional Games for
promoting wellness in
India
Traditional sports and regional games have
been an integral part of India’s cultural
heritage for centuries. Apart from being
sources of entertainment and recreation,
these activities play a significant role in
promoting wellness among individuals of all
ages. Let’s explore some of the most
popular traditional sports and regional
games that contribute to the overall well-
being of the Indian populace.
Kabaddi:
Kabaddi is a captivating team sport that
requires agility, strength, and strategy. This
fast-paced game involves two teams, and
the raider has to touch opponents and return
to their half without getting caught while
holding their breath. Playing Kabaddi helps
enhance physical fitness, improves
endurance, and fosters teamwork and
coordination.
Kho-Kho:
Kho-Kho is a tag sport played by two teams,
with players trying to tag their opponents
while avoiding being tagged themselves.
This game demands quick reflexes, sprinting
abilities, and sharp mental focus. Regular
participation in Kho-Kho helps in
cardiovascular fitness, boosts stamina, and
promotes mental agility.
Mallakhamb:
Mallakhamb is a unique traditional Indian
sport that combines elements of gymnastics
and yoga. It involves performing various
acrobatic poses and postures on a vertical
wooden pole or hanging rope. Practicing
Mallakhamb not only improves flexibility,
balance, and strength but also enhances
mental concentration and inner harmony.
Gilli-Danda:
Gilli-Danda is a popular rural game played
with a small wooden stick (gilli) and a larger
one (danda). Players use the danda to hit
the gilli into the air and then try to strike it as
far as possible. This game helps in refining
hand-eye coordination, physical fitness, and
fosters a spirit of friendly competition.
Indigenous Wrestling:
India has a rich history of indigenous
wrestling styles, such as Kushti in
Maharashtra and Pehlwani in Northern
regions. These traditional wrestling forms
build robust physical strength, muscular
endurance, and instill discipline. Additionally,
they promote mental toughness and self-
confidence.
Lagori (Pitthu):
Lagori, also known as Pitthu, is a traditional
game involving two teams. One team tries to
knock down a pile of flat stones using a soft
ball while the other team defends the stack
and attempts to retrieve the ball. This game
encourages outdoor activity, improves
reflexes, and fosters teamwork and
communication skills.

Leadership Through
Physical Activity and
Sports
Leadership through physical activity and
sports is an inspiring concept that highlights
the valuable life skills and qualities that can
be cultivated through active participation in
sports and fitness activities.
This unique approach to leadership
development encourages individuals to
embrace challenges, work collaboratively,
and push their boundaries to become better
leaders both on and off the field.
Building Character:
Engaging in physical activities and sports
fosters character development. Athletes
learn about resilience, discipline, and the
importance of hard work. These traits not
only enhance their athletic performance but
also play a vital role in shaping their
leadership qualities.
Teamwork and Collaboration:
Sports provide a platform where teamwork
and collaboration are paramount to success.
Effective leaders in the sporting world
understand the significance of unity and how
to bring out the best in each team member.
These skills translate seamlessly into
various leadership roles in other domains.
Communication Skills:
Leadership in sports demands clear and
effective communication. Athletes learn to
express themselves on the field, motivating
their teammates and aligning strategies for
success. Such communication skills are
invaluable in any leadership position,
enabling individuals to connect and inspire
others.
Decision-making Under Pressure:
In the competitive world of sports, quick and
effective decision-making is crucial. Athletes
constantly face high-pressure situations
where they must think on their feet and
execute plans. These experiences build the
ability to make sound decisions even in
challenging circumstances, a quality that
makes for exceptional leaders.
Goal Setting and Vision:
Athletes are familiar with setting goals and
striving to achieve them. Leadership through
physical activity teaches individuals the
importance of envisioning success, creating
a path to achieve it, and adapting when
faced with obstacles. These goal-setting
skills directly translate to leadership roles
where guiding a team towards a shared
vision is essential.
Emotional Intelligence:
In sports, athletes must manage emotions
such as frustration, stress, and excitement
effectively. Developing emotional intelligence
helps leaders connect with their team
members, empathize with their struggles,
and provide support when needed.

Introduction to First Aid

First Aid is the immediate assistance
provided to someone who has been injured
or suddenly taken ill. It is essential to offer
prompt and appropriate care to minimize the
severity of injuries and potentially save lives
before professional medical help arrives.
PRICE Acronym for Injury Treatment:
PRICE is a simple and effective method
used for treating certain types of injuries,
such as sprains and strains. PRICE stands
for Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression,
and Elevation.
Protection:
The first step is to protect the injured area
from further harm. You can use a bandage
or sling to stabilize the injured limb and
prevent unnecessary movements.
Rest:
It’s crucial to give the injured body part
ample rest. Avoid putting weight on it or
using it extensively to allow the healing
process to begin.
Ice:
Applying ice to the injured area can help
reduce swelling and relieve pain. Wrap the
ice pack in a cloth and apply it for about 15-
20 minutes at a time, allowing breaks in
between to prevent frostbite.
Compression:
Use an elastic bandage to apply gentle
pressure to the injured area. Compression
can help control swelling and provide
support to the injured tissue.
Elevation:
Elevate the injured limb above the level of
the heart whenever possible. This helps
reduce swelling by promoting better blood
circulation and drainage.
Remember, while the PRICE method can be
beneficial for certain injuries, it is essential to
seek professional medical attention for more
severe or life-threatening conditions. First
Aid is meant to be a temporary measure until
professional help is available.