TEAM PROJECT

Design of a Horizontal Cylindrical Pressure Vessel for

Storing Carbon Monoxide

PREPARED BY: Team #5

No. Name Student ID Signature

Hoang Linh Khoi 2053149

1

Tran Quoc Lan 2052146

2

Le Quynh Mai 2052160

3

Nguyen Nhu Quynh Mai 2010403

4

Nguyen Tien Manh 2052162

5

SUPERVISOR: Prof. Tamiru Alemu Lemma

Assoc. Prof Nguyen Huu Hieu

Mechanical Engineering Department

Ho Chi Minh University of Technology (HCMUT)

1
January 2023

2
Executive Summary

3
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS 3

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 Project Overview..................................................................................5

1.2 Problem Statement..............................................................................5

1.3 Objectives..............................................................................................5

1.4 Scope of study......................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Overview.................................................................................................7

2.2 Review of Past Designs......................................................................7

2.2.1 Design #1: Authors [ ].................................................................7

2.2.2 Design #2: Asuthors [ ]...............................................................7

2.2.3 Design #3: Authors [ ]..................................................................7

2.2.4 Design #4: Authors [ ]..................................................................8

2.2.5 Design #5: Authors [ ]..................................................................8

2.3 Safety and Environmental Issues....................................................8

2.4 Relevant Design Codes and Standards.........................................8

2.5 Design Selection and Appraisal Criteria........................................8

2.6 Summary................................................................................................8

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 10

3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................10

3.1.1 Literature Review........................................................................10

3.2 System Decomposition (Physical and Functional)...................10

3.3 Concept Synthesis and Evaluation...............................................10

3.4 Embodiment Design..........................................................................10

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 3.5 Detail Design.......................................................................................10

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 12

4.1 Appraisal of Final Concept..............................................................12

4.2 Sizing of Basic Components...........................................................12

4.3 Material selection...............................................................................12

4.4 Fabrication Plan..................................................................................12

4.5 Detail Design (Working drawing and BOM)................................12

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 13

5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................13

5.2 Recommendation...............................................................................13

REFERENCES 14

APPENDIX 15

5
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
A container with a pressure difference between the inside and exterior is referred to
as a pressure vessel. With a few exceptions, the pressure within is often higher than
the pressure outside.
Reservoirs or containers were referred to as pressure vessels. A pressure vessel is
a container made for gases or liquids that must withstand external or internal
pressure that is significantly higher than the atmospheric pressure.
Fluids are kept under pressure in pressure vessels (also known as cylinders or
tanks). As with steam boilers, the fluid being held may change states inside the
pressure vessel, or it may interact with other reagents as in a chemical plant.
Pressure vessels are carefully engineered since a rupture signifies an explosion that
could result in the loss of life and property. Pressure vessel materials can be brittle
like cast iron or ductile like mild steel. They are employed in a variety of industries,
including the oil, nuclear, chemical, and space sectors. The most common internal
pressure vessels in the aerospace sector include high pressure gas bottles,
propellant tanks, small auxiliary tanks, storage tanks, solid propellant motor cases,
and pressurized cabins.
Figure 1.1: Cylindrical pressure vessel

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 Figure 1.2: Spherical pressure vessel tank

1.1.1. Background
There were numerous destructive and frequently fatal explosions associated with
these boilers and pressure vessels, with a death occurring almost every day in the
United States. These explosions were caused by poor material quality and
manufacturing techniques, as well as by inadequate knowledge of design, operation,
and maintenance. Following some particularly devastating vessel failures that killed
dozens of people at once, local jurisdictions and states in the US started enacting
building regulations for these vessels. This made it difficult for manufacturers to
comply with the various building regulations from one location to the next, and the
first pressure vessel code was developed starting in 1911 and published in 1914,
launching the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. (BPVC) A 6-inch (150 mm)
diameter tank was created in 1919 as part of an early attempt to create a tank that
could withstand pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa). This tank was spirally wound
with two layers of high-tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the
end caps were longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. Due to the
need for high-pressure and temperature vessels for chemical and petroleum
refineries, welding was used to join the vessels rather than rivets, which were
insufficient for the pressures and temperatures needed. In the 1920s and 1930s, the
BPVC included welding as an acceptable method of construction, and it is still the
primary method of joining metal vessels today. The first edition of an unfired
pressure vessel code designed exclusively for the petroleum sector was released in
1934 by a joint API-ASME Committee. The ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, was created in 1952 as a result of the merger of these two distinct

7
standards. The original code became Section VIII Division 1: "Pressure Vessels"
when the ASME Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 2: "„Alternative Rules
for Pressure Vessels," was published in 1968.
1.1.2. Clasification of pressure vessel
a. According to end construction
Open end construction pressure vessels: A simple cylinder with a piston, such as
cylinder of a press is an example of an open-end vessel. In case of vessels having
open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure.
Closed end construction pressure vessels: A tank is an example of a closed end
vessel. In case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential
stresses are induced.
b. According to the dimension
This can be classified into four groups:

● Normal temperature vessel: -20< T 200 ℃.

● Medium temperature vessel: between normal & high-temperature vessels.

● Low-temperature vessel: Temperature less than -20 ℃

● High-temperature vessel: where the wall temperature is above the creep

temperature.
c. Acccording to the temperature

● Normal temperature vessel: -20< T 200 ℃.

● Medium temperature vessel: between normal & high-temperature vessels.

● Low-temperature vessel: Temperature less than -20 ℃

● High-temperature vessel: where the wall temperature is above the creep

temperature.
d. According to pressure and its type

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 ● Internal Pressure Vessel: vessels where the media pressure inside the vessel

are larger than that outside.

● External Pressure Vessel: vessels where the media pressure inside the

vessel are lower than that outside.

e. According to geometrical shapes
i. Cylindrical geometrical shapes
ii. Conical
iii. Spherical vessel with one or two cones.
f. According to the material

● Brittle material pressures vessels

● Ductile material pressure vessels

1.1.3. Component of pressure vessel

There are four main components of pressure vessels this are: head, shell, nozzle,
support
a. Head
There are different types of heads such as

Type of head Real image

9
 b. Shell
The pressure is primarily contained by the shell. Pressure vessel shells are joined by
welding to create a structure with a single axis of rotation. The shape of the majority
of pressure vessel shells is cylindrical, spherical, or conical. The cylindrical shells of
horizontal drums come in a variety of diameters and lengths.

Figure 1.3 .
Pressure vessel wall

c. Nozzel
A nozzle is a cylindrical part that pierces a pressure vessel's shell or heads. To
facilitate the required connections and to provide easy disassembly for maintenance
or access, the nozzle ends are typically flanged.
Figure 1.4. Pressure vessel nozzle

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 d. Support
The size and orientation of the pressure vessel have a major impact on the sort of
support that is used. The pressure vessel support must always be sufficient for the
applied loads of weight, wind, and earthquakes.
Figure 1.5. Pressure vessel support

1.2 Problem Statement

Pressure vessel failure can be attributed to poor material selection, material flaws,
erroneous design data, design methodology, and poor or insufficient manufacturing
processes, including welding. The choice of code is crucial for pressure vessel safety
and pressure vessel design. The primary factor in vessel design is the corrosion
allowance.

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Corrosion occurring over the life of the vessel. During service, pressure vessel may
be subjected to cyclic or repeated stresses. Fatigue in pressure vessel occurs due
to:
i. Fluctuation of pressure
ii. Temperature transients
iii. Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal temperature variations
iv. Forced vibrations.
v. Variation in external load
Therefore, in our design project, we will make an effort to take these situations into
account and create a horizontal pressure vessel that is strong, long-lasting, and light
in weight for containing Carbon monoxide with high pressure (10MPa).
1.3 Objectives
The project objectives are:
i. To design a PV using ASME Code Sec. VIII for containing carbon monoxide
at 10MPa
ii. To produce working drawings following international standards and design
codes.
iii. To investigate the effect of two or more material choices on the design
outcome.
1.4 Scope of study
The project is to be carried out with the following restrictions:

● Limitation of time given.

● Limitation of financial support.

● Limitation of available information on a certain period of time.

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 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
A pressure vessel is a closed container which is designed to store gases or liquids at
a pressure significantly higher or lower than the ambient pressure. This type of
device is used in numerous fields including oil and gas industry, chemical,
petrochemical, food processing industries. Pressure vessels can be classified
according to its uses and shapes. For the uses, they are divided into storage
containers and process vessels. For the shape classification, pressure vessels can
be of cylindrical or spherical in shape, with different head configurations. The
cylindrical vessels can be horizontal or vertical, and in some cases can have coils to
increase or lower the temperature of the fluid. They can deliver pressure either
directly through valves and release gauges, or indirectly through heat transfer.
Potential pressure levels range from 15 psi up to around 150,000 psi, whereas
temperatures are often above 400°C (750°F).
Pressure vessels are usually made from carbon steels or stainless steels and
assembled by welding. Around 1920s, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) formed a committee for the purpose of establishing minimum safety
standards for the construction for boilers. The design criteria in the Codes consist of
basic rules specifying the design methods, design loads, allowable stresses,
acceptable materials, and fabrication-inspection certification requirements for the
manufacture of the pressure vessels. The Code guidelines cover several aspects of
the designing of the pressure vessel, which include the material, allowable stress,
welding, corrosion allowance, and sizing of the equipment.
Figure 2.1: Illustration of PVs

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 Figure 2.2: Horizontal pressure vessel

2.2 Review of Past Designs

2.2.1 Design #1: Horizontal steam drum
Figure 2.3.1 : Horizontal steam drum

● Steam Drum Manufacturer: Ulp

Ulp is a globally recognized manufacturer of Steam Drum based in South Korea.

Ulp’s steam drum receives generated steam from boiler, separate into vapour and
allow only the steam to be sent to power generation turbines. These steam drums
are most commonly used in cogeneration power plants globally.

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 ● Horizontal Steam Drum Features

Smaller steam drum volume – Smaller installation space, lower manufacturing cost
and installation cost
High efficiency
Close to zero defect rate
Promote reduction in deposit downstream

● Manufacturing Capability

⮚ Material

Carbon Steel
HIC Material
Clad Steel
Stainless (Duplex, 904L stainless Steel)
Cr-Mo Steel
Cu-Ni Steel
Cu Alloy
Ni Alloy Steel (Hastelloy)

⮚ Titanium

● Size and Weight

Max Diameter: 8,000 mm

Max. Thickness: 180mm

● Annual capacity

Equipment: 14,400 Ton/year

Harp & Module: 9,600 Ton/year
Certificates:
ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, ISO 3834 – 2 (EN Certification), LLOYD
CLASS 1, China ML Certificate for Boiler Drum, Certificate of Manufacture

15
Registration of Cylinder (Refrigerator & Specific Equipment), ASME – U, ASME –
U2, ASME – S, ASME – PP.

● Steam Heavy Wall Drum Project Overview: Duke Citrus Project

Figure 2.3.1 : Steam Heavy Wall Drum of Duke Citrus Project

Location: USA
Client: Volgot Power
Project Time : 2015 June
Size: 148t x ID 1,981 x 14,021L
Unit Weight: HP 132.5 Ton
Quantity: 4 unit (4HP, 4IP, 4LP)
Material: SA299-B
2.2.2 Design #2: Hongtu horizontal vessel 50 m3
a. Company information
Name: JINGMEN HONGTU SPECIAL AIRCRAFT MANUFACTURING Co., Ltd
Business Type: Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products: LPG/LNG storage tank , LPG/LNG semi-trailer , LPG/LNG tank
container , LPG/LNG bobtail tank ...
Registered Capital: 14.78 Million USD
Plant Area: 86062 square meters
Management System Certification: ISO9001:2015, ISO14001:2015,
OHSAS18001:2007

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b. Production description
- Model NO. HT001
- Capacity: 50 m3
- Working pressure: Less Than 1.61MPa-1.724 MPa
- Hydraulic Test Pressure: 2.25Mpa
- Working Temperature: 20-50 Degrees Celsius
- Payload: 25470kg
- Tank Weight: 15420kg
- Diameter x Height x Length: φ2470×3320×10911mm
- Thickness: Shell 16.56mm/Head 16.47mm
- Origin: China
- Life Expectancy: 20 years
- Corrosion Allowance: 1mm
- Design Standard: ASME BPVC VIII-1 2017 ; NB/T47042-2014 GB/T150-2011 TSG
21-2016
- Main Material:SA-516
- Other material: SA-612, Q370R, Q345R
Figure 2.4: 50m^3 Hongtu pressure vessel

2.2.3 Design #3: Industrial Pressure Vessel ASME Composite Customized high
Pressure carbon fiber Autoclave
Customized high Pressure carbon fiber Autoclave
a. Company information

17
Factory name: Taian Shili Machinery Equipments Co., LtD.
Region: Shandong, China.
Certification: ISO14001, ISO9001:2015, ISO 45001.
Business Type: Multispecialty supplier.
Main Products: Industrial Autoclave, Composite Autoclave, High Pressure Vessel,
Dished Head
Major clients: confidential.
Main market: Domestic: 50.00%, Southeast Asia 15.00%, Eastern Europe 6.00%.
Product certification: ASME, PED.
b. Product information

Brand Name: SL Design ASME

Standard:

Marketing Type: Ordinary Product Working 100 - 500 ℃

Temperature(℃):

Warranty of core 1 Year Warranty: 1 Year

components:

Core Components: PLC, Motor, Pump Applicable Building Material

Industries: Shops,
Manufacturing
Plant, Construction
works , Energy &
Mining

Dimension(L*W*H): 1700*3500*2400mm Safety Chain Manual,automatic

Lock: double linkage

Capacity: 20cbm Auxiliary system: Vacuum system,

cooling system,
heating system

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Weight: 5 tons Door seal type: inflatable silicone
seal type

Inner Material: carbon steel Medium: compressored air

Design 1.4 Cooling way: water

Pressure(MPa):

Max Working 1.2 Type of heating: Electric,oil

Pressure(MPa):

Style: Horzontal Thermal Stainless steel,

insulation Ceramic wool
material:

Thermal retardation Internal, external Price ($): 50000

form: insulation

Figure 2.5.1 : The side view of industrial pressure vessel ASME composite
customized high pressure carbon fiber autoclave.

Figure 2.5.2 : The front and side view of industrial pressure vessel ASME
composite customized high pressure carbon fiber autoclave.

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2.2.4 Design #4: 100 Litre Horizontal Pressure Vessel
1. Company information:
Factory Country/Region No. 591 Wenfeng Road, Wenfeng District, Anyang City,
Henan Province, China
Country / Region: Henan, China
Standard: GB150/ASME
Business type: Multispecialty supplier
Main Products LPG Storage Tank, Lox LN2 LAr Tank, CO2 Tank, LPG Skid Station,
LNG Tank, Liquid Oxygen, Nitrogen, Argon Storage Tank, LPG Gas Storage Tank,
Liquid Carbon Dioxide Storage Tank, Liquid Natural Gas Tank, Assembly LPG Skid
Station.
Major Clients : Confidential.
Main Markets: Domestic Market 70.00%, North America 10.00%, Eastern Asia
10.00%
2. Product information:

Brand name: SHD Design Pressure (MPa): 1.77

Marketing: Original product Max Working 1.6 MPa

Pressure(MPa):

Warranty of core 1 year Working Temperature -20 - 40 ℃

components: (℃):

Warranty: 2 years Capacity: 15tons

Dimension(L*W*H): 4663*1200*160 Key Selling Points: Easy to

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 0 Operate

Weight: 9770 Color: White

Inner Material: q345r Size: customized

Material: Alloy steel Volume: 70m3

Standard: GB150/ASME Core component: Pressure

vessel,
Pump

Figure 2.6: Industrial High Pressure Stainless Steel Reactor Pressure Vessel

2.2.5 Design #5: Cylindrical pressure vessel for final storage and conditioning
of carbonated soft drinks before bottling
Company information: Czech brewery system
Country / Region: Czech Republic
Standard: ASME
Product: Cylindrical pressure vessel for final storage and conditioning of carbonated
soft drinks before bottling BBTHN 1200 / 1400 liters
Weight: 278kg
Size: 2112 x1104x 1400mm
Maximum pressure: 0.5 bar, 1.5 bar, 3 bar
Standard equipment – description:

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● High Pressure Regulating Valve Without Fermentation - Simple
mechanism for precise pressure setting designed for this type of beverage
production keg with a glycerin meter (standard range from0 barto3 bar) -
necessary to keep the beer under pressure during operation with the tank - in
this type of tank this function is provided by a simple regulating pressure valve
without a fermenter lock.

● Stainless Steel Outerwear - Type of surface finish (standard = milled) to be

selected by the customer.

● Guaranteed surface roughness : Ra < 0.8 μm or less (ground surface) / Ra

< 0.5 μm or less (polished surface)

● Service door (manhole) - Door placed on the front arch (SQ = open inward /
HQ = open to the outside)

● Bottom Fill/Dump Cap - Inlet/Outlet hose with butterfly valve for tank filling,
yeast flushing and tank emptying

● Ball cleaning - CIP ball cleaning sand (SQ = static / HQ = rotating) - One or
more pieces according to the length of the tank

● Sanitary Hose - A multi-function pipe with ball valve to connect the shower
head to the cleaning-disinfection CIP station, pressure regulating valve with
manometer, CO2 inlet

● Sample valve - washable and sterilizable sampler insects for collection

product sampling

● Safety valve Working dual pressure valve (standard = 3.2 bar) and under
pressure safety valve (0.2 bar) - inserted only in the pressurized version of the
tank

● Vent Valve - Dedicated vent valve for safe draining of the tank and to
accurately measure the current pressure in the tank using a manometer
(ensures the correct function of the manometer when the shower hose is
blocked with foam)

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● Manometer - It is included in the set of adjustable valves. Made of stainless
steel, contains glycerin.

● Stackable Tables - They allow stacking of bins into space-saving

components in more horizontal layers.

● Fill Level Indicator - Sterilizable glass or plastic tube to the visual height of
beverage product in tank (SQ = fixed / HQ = removable)

● Type label - steel label with all required parameters from the European Union
for pressure vessels

● PED 2014/68/EU- certificate - European certificate for overload vessel or

historical archive of pressure vessel

23
Figure 2.7: Technical equipment of cylindrical pressure tank for finished
beverage BBTHN 1200 / 1400 liters

2.3 Safety and Environmental Issues

2.3.1. Safety
2.3.1.1. The MSDS for CO gas
The carbon monoxide (CO) gas is hazardous and may poison people and cause
death, the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is highly recommended to follow in
order to have knowledge about the material we are doing with. In this project, the
MSDS for CO gas is extracted from the Air Liquide company safety data sheet.
a. Classification of the substance or mixture

Classification according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP]

Physical hazards Flammable gases, Category 1 H220

Gases under pressure : Compressed gas H280

Health hazards Acute toxicity (inhalation:gas) Category 3 H331

Reproductive toxicity, Category 1A H360D

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 Specific target organ toxicity — Repeated H372
exposure, Category 1

b. Label elements
Labelling according to Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 [CLP]
Hazard pictograms (CLP) :

The abreviations included in this MSDS for CO gas are listed below:

⮚ Signal word (CLP): Danger

⮚ Hazard statements (CLP) :

● H220 - Extremely flammable gas.

● H280 - Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.

● H331 - Toxic if inhaled.

● H360D - May damage the unborn child.

● H372 - Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.

⮚ Precautionary statements (CLP)

Prevention:

● P202 - Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and

understood.

● P260 - Do not breathe gas, vapours.

● P210 - Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other

ignition sources. No smoking.

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Response:

● P308+P313 - IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice.

● P304+P340+P315 - IF INHALED : Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest

in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical advice /

attention.

● P377 - Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.

● P381 - In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.

Storage:

● P405 - Store locked up.

● P403 - Store in a well-ventilated place.

⮚ Supplemental information: Restricted to professional users.

c. Description of first aid measures

⮚ Precautionary statements (CLP)

⮚ Inhalation: Remove victim to uncontaminated area wearing self contained

breathing apparatus. Keep victim warm and rested. Call a doctor. Perform
cardiopulmonary resuscitation if breathing stopped.

⮚ Provide oxygen.

● Skin contact: Adverse effects not expected from this product.

● Eye contact: Adverse effects not expected from this product.

● Ingestion: Ingestion is not considered a potential route of exposure.

d. Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media: Water spray or fog. Dry powder.
Unsuitable extinguishing media: Carbon dioxide.

26
Do not use water jet to extinguish.
e. Environmental and personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency
procedures
Try to stop release.
Evacuate area.
Monitor concentration of released product.
Consider the risk of potentially explosive atmospheres.
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus when entering area unless atmosphere is
proved to be safe.
Eliminate ignition sources.
Ensure adequate air ventilation.
Act in accordance with local emergency plan.
Stay upwind.
f. Precautions for safe handling

● Safe use of the product:

● Do not breathe gas.

● Avoid release of product into atmosphere.

● The product must be handled in accordance with good industrial hygiene and

safety procedures

● Only experienced and properly instructed persons should handle gases under

pressure.

● Consider pressure relief device(s) in gas installations.

● Ensure the complete gas system was (or is regularly) checked for leaks

before use.

● Do not smoke while handling product.

● Avoid exposure, obtain special instructions before use.

27
 ● Use only properly specified equipment which is suitable for this product, its

supply pressure and temperature. Contact your gas supplier if in doubt.

● Installation of a cross purge assembly between the cylinder and the regulator

is recommended. Avoid suck back of water, acid and alkalis.

● Assess the risk of potentially explosive atmospheres and the need for

explosion-proof equipment.

● Purge air from system before introducing gas.

● Take precautionary measures against static discharge.

● Keep away from ignition sources (including static discharges).

● Consider the use of only non-sparking tools.

● Ensure equipment is adequately earthed.

g. Appropriate engineering controls

Product to be handled in a closed system and under strictly controlled conditions.
Provide adequate general and local exhaust ventilation.
Preferably use permanent leak-tight installations (e.g. welded pipes).
Systems under pressure should be regularly checked for leakages.
Ensure exposure is below occupational exposure limits (where available).
Gas detectors should be used when toxic gases may be released.
Consider the use of a work permit system e.g. for maintenance activities
h. Code for vessel
Since the vessel we are dealing with must withstand the high pressure, we must
comply with the safety standard. ASME is the abbreviation for “The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers”, is a not-for-profit membership organisation which
is located in New York City, United States of America. ASME codes and standards,
publications, conferences, continuing education, and professional development
programs provide a foundation for advancing technical knowledge and a safer world.
In this case, ASME Code Sec. VIII standard is followed to ensure the safety concern

28
of the pressure vessels, it highlights construction code for design, manufacturing,
inspection, and testing of pressure vessels and covers. It also outlines mandatory
requirements, special prohibitions, and non-mandatory guidance for materials,
certification, and pressure relief. The ASME section VIII has a total up to 3 divisions:
division 1, division 2 and division 3. In division 1, This section provides mandatory
and non-mandatory appendices detailing criteria for design, non-destructive
techniques for examination, and acceptance standards for inspecting pressure
vessels. It also details rules for use of single ASME certification marks with U, UV,
and UM designators. For division 2, This section allows for higher stress intensity
values but with a more rigorous set of standards than Division One. Division Two
contains rules for design, materials, and nondestructive examination techniques for
pressure vessels. These rules can be applied for human occupancy pressure
vessels, primarily for the diving industry. Division Two also details rules for use of
single ASME certification marks with UV and U2 designators. And the division 3
provides a set of rules for internal or external operating pressures exceeding 10,000
psi. There are no minimum or maximum pressure limits set in Division Three, and it
details rules for use of single ASME certification marks with UV3 and U3
designators.
2.3.2. Environmental issues
CO is a colourless, odourless gas that can be harmful when inhaled in large
amounts. CO is released when something is burned. The greatest sources of CO to
outdoor air are cars, trucks and other vehicles or machinery that burn fossil fuels. A
variety of items in your home such as unvented kerosene and gas space heaters,
leaking chimneys and furnaces, and gas stoves also release CO and can affect air
quality indoors.
On a global scale, carbon monoxide does not have a significant environmental
effect. However, near the site of emission, carbon monoxide can react with other air
pollutants. When this reaction occurs, there is the potential for harmful ground level
ozone to be formed.
One of the more significant effects carbon monoxides has is its effect on living
organisms. Because of the way carbon monoxide reduces the body's ability to
transport oxygen, exposure to it is harmful. There have been recent attempts made
to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide that is released into the atmosphere by

29
improving industrial furnace operation and encouraging reduction through
restrictions. These measures have resulted in carbon monoxide emissions
decreasing over recent years.
2.4 Relevant Design Codes and Standards
For the design of pressure vessels, there are several relevant design codes and
standards. The kind of pressure vessel, its intended function, and the country in
which it will be used will determine the exact code or standard that applies. Some of
the most popular codes and standards are listed below:

● ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: This is a widely used code for the

design, construction, and inspection of pressure vessels. It covers a wide

range of vessels, including boilers, tanks, and heat exchangers. EN 13445:
This is a European standard that covers the design, manufacture, and testing
of pressure vessels. It applies to vessels that are intended for use in Europe.

● PD 5500: This is a British standard that covers the design, manufacture, and

testing of pressure vessels. It is commonly used in the UK and other countries

that follow British standards.

● API 620: This is a standard that covers the design and construction of large,

welded, low-pressure storage tanks. It is commonly used in the oil and gas
industry.

● API 650: This is a standard that covers the design and construction of large,

welded, low-pressure storage tanks. It is commonly used in the oil and gas
industry.

● JIS B 8243: This is a Japanese standard that covers the design, manufacture,

and testing of pressure vessels. It is commonly used in Japan.

It is crucial to remember that these regulations and standards are frequently
modified, thus it is crucial to utilize the most recent version. Furthermore, it is crucial
to confirm that the pressure vessel design complies with all applicable regulatory
standards in the country where it will be utilized.

2.5 Design Selection and Appraisal Criteria

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When selecting and appraising the design of a horizontal pressure vessel for storing
carbon monoxide, the following criteria should be considered:
Safety: the design solution should prioritize safety as well as exist as a able to
withstand the pressure as well as temperature requirements that belongs to storing
carbon monoxide without any risk that belongs to leakage or explosion.
Compliance: the design solution should comply with relevant standards as well as
regulations that is going to belong to pressure vessel design as well as construction.
Material selection: the materials used inside of the design should exist as a
compatible with carbon monoxide as well as exist as able to withstand the pressure
as well as temperature requirements without any risk that belongs to corrosion or
other forms that belongs to degradation.
Efficiency: the design solution should exist as efficient as well as minimize the loss
that belongs to carbon monoxide through evaporation or other means.
Capacity: the design solution should have sufficient capacity to store the required
amount that belongs to carbon monoxide.
Maintenance: the design solution should exist as a easy to maintain as well as
repair, with minimal downtime as well as maintenance costs.
Environmental impact: the design solution should have minimal impact on top of the
environment as well as meet any applicable environmental regulations.
Cost-effectiveness: the design solution should be cost-effective and within the
project’s budget.
Durability: Durability refers to the ability of a product or material to withstand wear,
damage, or other types of degradation over time. A durable product is one that is
designed to last for a long time, despite exposure to various environmental stresses
and other factors that can cause wear and tear. The design solution should exist as
a durable as well as able to withstand long-term use without any significant
degradation.
Accessibility: the design solution should exist as accessible that is going to belong to
easy loading as well as unloading that belongs to carbon monoxide as well as that is
going to belong to any necessary maintenance or repairs.
Overall, selecting and appraising the design of a horizontal pressure vessel for
storing carbon monoxide requires a thorough understanding of the intended

31
application and the relevant regulations and standards, as well as careful
consideration of the various factors that can impact the vessel's performance and
safety.
2.6 Summary
In the chapter 2 for literature review, certain information relating to pressure vessels,
especially the horizontal pressure vessels, and the working fluid for this assignment
is presented. To be more specific, five past designs of horizontal pressure vessels
including detailed information, safety and environmental issues, relevant design
codes and standards, design selection and appraisal criteria are examined and
referenced. About the past designs, the data of manufacturer, material, dimension,
capacity and standard are searched and displayed for each device in each particular
project. In the safety and environmental issues part, there is information about the
toxicity, label elements, precautionary statements, first aid measures, environmental
problems and appropriate controls applied for carbon monoxide. Some of the most
popular design codes and standards that are relevant to the horizontal pressure
vessels are also presented. This part include ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, PD 5500, API 620, API 650, JIS B 8243. For design selection, a variety of
criteria such as material, efficiency, capacity, durability, cost-effectiveness, ... are
listed and explained in order to consider, evaluate effects of these factors and
appraise devices in the design process.

32
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the information on pressure vessel selection as well as the
use of the chosen pressure vessel. The choice of codes is crucial when designing
pressure vessels since they serve as a reference manual for secure pressure
vessels. These are descriptions of the ASME Code Section VIII div 1 choices. In this
chapter, the design process technique is detailed. The steps below are used to build
a pressure vessel with a flat end connection that can withstand a design pressure of
10 MPa and have a total volume of 1 m3.
A. Literature survey phase
B. Specify the components of pressure vessel.
C. Problem identification
D. Material selection
E. Design procedure.
A. Literature survey phase
A review of pertinent literature on various pressure vessel types and the
mechanisms involved in constructing a horizontal pressure vessel that can function
adequately at the specified design pressure and temperature. The literature is
gathered from books, essays, websites, journals, and newspapers and among other
sources.
B. Specify the components of the pressure vessel.
The components of the pressure vessel must be identified in order to achieve the
complete layout of the pressure vessel. Since the pressure vessels are assembled
from those parts, those are the major factors that need to be taken into account.
C. Problem identification
For any project, this is the most important step. Therefore, we must take into
consideration the factors that may have an impact on our project in order to complete
it with the fewest possible problems (or without any problems at all).
D. Material selection
This step has made a significant contribution to our project, which involved choosing
the right material for each component based on the necessary properties and
general selection criteria.

33
One of the most challenging issues for the designer is choosing the right material for
technical requirements. The material that is most effective is one that achieves the
required result under the specified circumstances while costing the least amount of
money. The following criteria will be used to choose the materials:
0. Performance (characteristics) properties
a. Processing (manufacturing) properties
b. Environmental profile
c. Availability of the material
d. Economical consideration
The most crucial factors to take into account when choosing a construction material
are listed below in further detail. As follows:
a. Mechanical properties

● Strength: Tensile strength is required.

● Stiffness: The material should have high Elastic modulus (Young’s modulus).

● Toughness: Fracture resistance needed.

● Toughness: Fracture resistance needed.

● Hardness: high wear resistance required.

b. The effect of high and low temperature on the mechanical properties

c. Corrosion resistance.
d. Any special properties required such as thermal conductivity.
e. Case of fabrication: forming, welding, casting, etc.
f. Availability in standard sizes.
g. Cost of the material.
E. Design procedure.
The tasks to do in this step are:
0. Identify the specifications.
a. Geometry analysis.
b. Force analysis.

34
c. Stress analysis.

Figure 3.1: Overall Project Block Diagram for the Design Methodology
3.1.1 Literature Review
A review of pertinent literature on various pressure vessel types and the
mechanisms involved in constructing a vertical pressure vessel that can function
adequately at the specified design pressure and temperature. The literature is
gathered from books, essays, websites, journals, and newspapers, among other
sources.
Since the importance and practicality of pressure vessels design is recognized,
certain research and improvement relating to this topic have been executing for
many years. While there are numerous applications of optimization techniques to
design structure in general, the design optimization of homogeneous and composite
pressure vessels has few references that are pertinent to.

● J. Dureli (1973) studied the stress concentration in a ribbed cylindrical shell

with a reinforced circular hole subjected to internal pressure by several

experimental methods. The results achieved were compared to the one of a
non-reinforced hole in a ribbed and un-ribbed shell. The results were also in
comparison with a reinforced hole in an un-ribbed shell. The maximum value
of hoop stress, and longitudinal stress, in shells were found to always occur at
the points θ = 0° and θ = 90°, respectively, along the edge of the hole with the
angle measured clockwise from the longitudinal axis of the hole called θ.

35
● V.N. Skopinsky and A.B. Smetankin (2006). In this study, the structural model

and stress analysis of nozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads affected by

external loadings are depicted. Timoshenko shell theory and the finite element
method were used by the authors. In addition, the features of the structural
model of ellipsoid-cylinder shell intersections, numerical procedure were also
argued. Moreover, the maximum effective stresses in the ellipsoid-cylinder
intersections under loading affected by geometric parameters were analyzed
in a parametric study. As a result, the outcomes of parametric study of the
nozzle connections and the stress analysis were shown in this study. The
conclusion states that the stresses caused by the external loadings are
considered to be the secondary stresses compared with primary ones created
by the internal pressure. Therefore, a complete stress analysis for nozzle
connections of a pressure vessel should include and examine these
mentioned stresses.

● T. P. Pastor & D. A. Osage (2007). In 2007, the revision of ASME codes was

done and design steps were modified with the standard for easy use by the
authors. At the same time, they also finished the changes in the wall thickness
for pressure vessel shell and head; changes in welding, PWHT and the NDE
costs, which was considered as overall cost change.

● Di Carluccio et al (2008). In 2008, ASME norms were studied and stated to be

one of the factors which was worth being considered in the design process.
The authors also mentioned about the seismic load and believed them to be
another factor that should be considered in pressure vessels design. The
other load called wind load with the seismic load mentioned above creates a
moment at lug. In order to avoid accidents, the moment needs to be
considered as much as possible while designing.

● K Tamil Mannan et al. (2009). In their research, they stated certain definitions

about pressure vessels. According to their study, a pressure vessel is a

closed cylindrical vessel which is used to store liquid, gaseous or solid
products. The stored substance is kept at a particular temperature and
pressure. Due to dished heads, the cylindrical vessel is closed at one or both

36
 ends, which may be hemispherical and ellipsoidal respectively. The pressure
vessels can be in a horizontal form or vertical one. The role of the supporting
system of a vertical vessel is relatively crucial since choosing an appropriate
supporting system is able to increase efficiency. The bottom support of that
system is also pivotal as it will lead to a failure coming from internal pressure
with temperature if it is designed without dedication.

● Drazan ,Pejo, Franjo and Darko (2010). In 2010, the authors examined the

influence of stresses which were the results of weld misalignment in

cylindrical shell circumferential weld joints on the shell integrity. They
estimated the stresses analytically by API and also recommended practice
procedures. Moreover, the authors used the finite element method to
calculate the stresses numerically.

● Levend Parnas and Nuran Katırcı developed an analytical procedure in order

to design and predict the behavior of fiber-reinforced composite pressure

vessels under combined mechanical and hydrothermal loading. They also
used two approaches called thin and thick wall solutions to examine the
cylindrical pressure vessel. From the study, it was observed that two
approaches mentioned would release the same results of the optimum
winding angle, the burst pressure if the ratio of outer to inner radius of
composite pressure vessels was increased up to 1.1.

● Apurva R. Pendbhaje, Mahesh Gaikwade, Nitin Deshmukh & Rajkumar Patil

used ASME codes & standards in order to analyze pressure vessels, present
design and legalize the design. In addition, developing the pressure rise in the
pressure vessel was also done by the authors. The design in this study was
conducted with the purpose of avoiding accidents and strengthening the
safety of pressure vessels. There were certain factors used to analyze the
safety parameter for permissible working pressure, which are computed from
Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition.

● Mayank Nirbhay, OrashantTripathi & Vivek Kumar Gupta used the ASME

Codes to present their design. For their design of various components of the
pressure vessel, they calculated the essential factors for design such as

37
 thickness of the shell, head, stress analysis,…Modeling the pressure vessel
and analyzing in ABAQUS were used to validate the design. The finite
element method is a proposed method for implementing the analysis. The
further study of the variation of effective parameters in design of pressure
vessels was also finished. Different graphs were plotted to examine the
variation of the internal pressure and diameter of the shell. Moreover,
evaluating the applicability of various types of heads were also executed.
According to the information accumulated from the above paper, it can be assumed
that the loads applied on the vessels should be considered carefully and the revised
ASME code should be used while designing a pressure vessel. Moreover, selecting
the right material and reducing the overall weight by reducing the material are
necessary in the design process. The support system of pressure vessels needs to
be paid attention while designing and the overall design should be examined by
using the Analytical or Finite Element Methods. In the stress analysis of horizontal
connections in pressure vessels affected by different external loadings, the
analytical, experimental and numerical investigation are used significantly.
3.2 System Decomposition (Physical and Functional)
3.2.1 Nozzel:
The main function of a nozzle in a pressure vessel is to provide an opening for the
passage of fluid or gas. The main components of a nozzle in a pressure vessel can
vary depending on its specific design and application. However, in general, a nozzle
typically consists of the following components:

● Nozzle body: The nozzle body is the portion of the nozzle that extends into

the pressure vessel and provides the opening for the passage of fluid or gas.
The shape and size of the nozzle body depend on the specific application of
the vessel.

● Flange: The flange is the portion of the nozzle that is located outside of the

pressure vessel and is used to connect the nozzle to other components of the
vessel, such as the shell or head. The flange is typically bolted to the vessel
using a specific bolt pattern and torque specifications to ensure a secure and
leak-tight connection.

38
 ● Gasket: The gasket is a sealing material that is placed between the flange

and the vessel to provide a leak-tight seal. The material of the gasket
depends on the specific application of the vessel and the temperature and
pressure of the contents.

● Bolts: The bolts are used to secure the flange to the vessel and provide the

necessary clamping force to compress the gasket and create a leak-tight seal.
The size, material, and torque specifications of the bolts depend on the
specific application of the vessel and the design of the nozzle.

● Reinforcing Pad: The reinforcing pad is a plate or ring that is welded to the

vessel around the opening for the nozzle to provide additional reinforcement
and support for the nozzle and its connections.
3.2.2 Head:
The main function of the head in a pressure vessel is to provide a seal that prevents
the contents of the vessel from escaping. The head is designed to withstand the
pressure and temperature of the vessel contents and must be securely attached to
the vessel to prevent leaks. The nozzle openings in the head allow for the entry and
exit of fluid or gas from the vessel, and may be used to attach valves, pumps, or
other equipment to the vessel. The main components and function of a head in a
pressure vessel will depend on its type, but some common components and
functions include:

● Head Plate: The head plate is the main structural component of the head and

is typically made of the same material as the shell of the vessel. The shape of
the head plate depends on the specific type of head used in the vessel, such
as flat, hemispherical, ellipsoidal, or torispherical.

● Head Flange: The head flange is the portion of the head that is used to

connect the head to the shell or nozzle of the vessel. The flange is typically
bolted to the shell or nozzle using a specific bolt pattern and torque
specifications to ensure a secure and leak-tight connection.

● Gasket: The gasket is a sealing material that is placed between the head

flange and the shell or nozzle to provide a leak-tight seal. The material of the

39
 gasket depends on the specific application of the vessel and the temperature
and pressure of the contents.

● Reinforcing Pad: The reinforcing pad is a plate or ring that is welded to the

head around the opening for the nozzle to provide additional reinforcement
and support for the nozzle and its connections.
3.2.3 Shell:
The main function of the shell in a pressure vessel is to contain the contents of the
vessel under pressure. The shell may also be insulated to prevent temperature
fluctuations and maintain the integrity of the vessel contents. The main components
and functions of the shell in a pressure vessel include:

● Shell Plate: The shell plate is the main structural component of the shell and

is typically made of a high-strength steel or alloy. The thickness of the shell

plate depends on the specific design requirements of the vessel and the
pressure and temperature of the contents.

● Seam: The seam is the area where two or more shell plates are joined

together to form the shell. The seam can be welded or bolted, and the quality
of the seam is critical to the strength and integrity of the shell.

● Corrosion Allowance: The corrosion allowance is an additional thickness of

material that is added to the shell plate to account for the expected corrosion
of the material over the life of the vessel.

● External Reinforcement: External reinforcement, such as stiffening rings or

gussets, may be added to the shell to provide additional strength and support
to the vessel.
3.2.4 Support:
The main function of the supports in a pressure vessel is to provide stability and
prevent deformation of the vessel under pressure. The supports are designed to
withstand the weight of the vessel and its contents, as well as any external forces
that may be applied to the vessel. The components of the supports can vary
depending on the specific design and application of the vessel, but in general, a
pressure vessel support system typically consists of the following components:

40
 ● Skirt: The skirt is a cylindrical or conical extension of the shell that provides

additional support to the vessel. The skirt is typically welded or bolted to the
shell and may be supported by a foundation or other structure.

● Legs: The legs are vertical columns that support the weight of the vessel and

its contents. The legs may be fixed or adjustable to allow for leveling of the
vessel.

● Base Ring: The base ring is a horizontal ring that supports the weight of the

vessel and its contents and distributes the load to the legs. The base ring may
be welded or bolted to the legs.

● Bracing: Bracing is used to provide additional support and stability to the

vessel and its supports. The bracing may be in the form of diagonal or
horizontal members that connect the legs or skirt to the base ring.

3.3 Concept Synthesis and Evaluation

i. Define the operating conditions: Determine the pressure, temperature, and
other environmental conditions that the vessel will be exposed to.
ii. Determine the vessel specifications: Determine the vessel dimensions, wall
thickness, and other mechanical properties necessary to withstand the
operating conditions.
iii. Select the material: Select a suitable material that meets the mechanical and
corrosion resistance requirements for the vessel.
iv. Conduct stress analysis: Conduct a stress analysis to ensure that the vessel
will not fail under the operating conditions.
v. Perform fatigue analysis: Perform a fatigue analysis to determine the
expected lifespan of the vessel under cyclic loading conditions.
vi. Design vessel supports: Determine the necessary supports for the vessel,
such as saddles or support legs.
vii. Fabricate the vessel: Fabricate the vessel according to the design
specifications.
3.4 Embodiment Design

Total fluid contained-volume of the pressure vessel is

41
3.4.1. Shell

Parameters Values

Quantity 1

Material SA-240-304

Inner diameter of shell 28.57 (in)

Length of shell 85.70 (in)

Total pressure of vessel 1450.67 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

3.4.2. Head

Parameters Values

Quantity 2

Total pressure of vessel 1450.67 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

Inner height 7.14 (in)

Crown radius 25.84 (in)

Knuckle radius 4.93 (in)

3.4.3. Nozzle
3.4.3.1 Flange
Type: Well neck flange

42
3.4.3.2 Nozzle

Parameters Values

Quantity 2

Total pressure of vessel 1450.63 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

Outer diameter of nozzle 6.63 (in)

3.4.4. Saddle support

43
3.5 Detail Design
3.5.1. Volume equation
According to the table E1 in the Pressure vessel manual book:

For 2:1 S.E. head:

44
For cylindrical shell:

3.5.2. Pressure calculation

The total pressure within the vessel must first be calculated, which is the result of
adding the design pressure and static head pressure. These equations can be used
to represent this:

3.5.3. Shell design equation

The thickness and length of the pressure vessel shell are both taken into
consideration during design. The design pressure and the corrosion allowance are
the two primary factors that affect the thickness of the shell. The ASME rules
mandate a 0.125 (in) corrosion allowance. The obtained total pressure inside the

vessel was calculated by the previous step, . Assume that, there’s

no external pressure on the vessel.

45
The minimum shell thickness is determined by two sections:
For the longitudinal section:

For the circumferential section:

The maximum allowable pressure achieved by this thickness is calculated to ensure

that the pressure vessel can contain the contained fluid at the design pressure.
The maximum allowable pressure is determined by two sections:
For the longitudinal section:

For the circumferential section:

3.5.4. Head design

In our project, we choose the 2:1 S.E. head to make the pressure vessel .
For the design of the pressure vessel’s head, the same material and allowable stress
will be used.

46
The inner height of 1 head:

The crown radius of 1 head:

The knuckle radius of 1 head:

Head thickness:

Maximum allowable pressure for head:

47
 3.5.5. Nozzle design

The minimum required nozzle thickness is: in which

The reinforcement area require:

The reinforcement area available in head:

The reinforcement area available in nozzle:

Figure 3.2: Project Flow Chart
Result & Conclusion and Completion of
Literature review Methodology
Discussion recommendation the final report

Table -1: Project Gantt Chart and Milestone

W
ACTIVITIES W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W7 W8
6

Literature review (Milestone #1):

- Establishing background
1 - Design search & review
- PDS preparation
- Datum selection

2 Methodology (Milestone #2):

- Identifying the PS, goals,
and overall steps
- Write brief on the tools/

48
 formulae/ code etc.
- Finalize the flowchart and
Gantt chart

Result & Discussion (Milestone

#3):
- Conceptual design of the PV
& final concept appraisal
- Sizing of main components
(shell, cover, support,
3
flanges, manhole etc.)
- Material selection (PI,
Decision Matrix etc.)
- Fabrication plan
- Detail design of components
(working drawing, BOM)

4 Conclusion and recommendation

Completion of the final report

5
(Milestone #4):

49
 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 . Appraisal of Final Concept
We are going to design 2:1 S.E. head horizontal pressure vessel that can contained

volume of fluid at 10MPa.

In our design we need to design of flat heads component such as shell, head, flange,
nozzle, reinforcement pad, saddle supports.
For this design we are going to mainly consider on the given temperature and
pressure.
Figure 3.1: Overall Project Block Diagram

design
design 2:1 S.E. chose saddles
design shell chose flange design nozzle reinforcemnet
head supports
pad

4.2 . Sizing of Basic Components

Shell The fluid-contained volume of the vessel is .

We design a horizontal cylinder pressure vessel with the two 2:1 S.E. Head.
So the fluid-contained volume of the vessel equal to the sum of fluid-contained
volume of shell and 2 heads. This can be expressed by the following equation:

For 2:1 S.E. head:

For cylindrical shell:

We chose the ratio of L/D is equal to 3

50
So that:

4.3 . Material selection

Carbon monoxide is a toxic and flammable gas that can cause explosions or fire in
certain conditions. Therefore, the material chosen for the pressure vessel must be
able to withstand high pressure and temperature, be resistant to corrosion, and have
high toughness to prevent brittle fracture.Some materials that can be used to make a
pressure vessel for carbon monoxide at these conditions are:
Carbon Steel: Carbon steel is a popular choice for pressure vessel construction due
to its low cost, high strength, and good toughness. It can resist high-pressure and
high-temperature environments and is commonly used in many industrial
applications.
Low Alloy Steel: Low alloy steel can offer greater strength, toughness, and
resistance to corrosion than carbon steel. These steels contain small amounts of
alloying elements, such as chromium, molybdenum, and nickel, which provide better
corrosion resistance.
Stainless Steel: Stainless steel is a popular choice for pressure vessels due to its
high corrosion resistance, ductility, and toughness. Austenitic stainless steel is
particularly well-suited for CO applications because it is resistant to corrosion and
can handle high-pressure environments.

51
Nickel Alloys: Nickel alloys, such as Inconel and Hastelloy, are excellent choices for
pressure vessels that will handle corrosive gases or liquids. They offer high
resistance to corrosion and have excellent high-temperature strength.
=> Stainless steel is a popular material choice for pressure vessel
construction due to its high strength, corrosion resistance, and durability.
Common types of stainless steel used for pressure vessels include:

● Austenitic stainless steel such as SA-240-304, SAE 316, ….- This type of

stainless steel is known for its excellent corrosion resistance and ductility. It is
commonly used for pressure vessels that handle corrosive liquids or gases,
such as acids or chlorine. These grades are relatively low cost.

● Duplex stainless steel such as SAE 2205, SAE 2507,… - This type of

stainless steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for pressure
vessels that need to be both strong and lightweight. It is commonly used for
pressure vessels in the oil and gas industry.

● Martensitic stainless steel such as SAE 410, SAE 420,…- This type of

stainless steel has high strength and hardness, but lower corrosion resistance
compared to austenitic and duplex stainless steel. It is commonly used for
pressure vessels that handle high-temperature gases or liquids.

● Ferritic stainless steel such as SAE 409, SAE 446,…- This type of stainless

steel has good corrosion resistance and is commonly used for pressure
vessels that handle non-corrosive liquids or gases, such as water or nitrogen.

● Precipitation-hardening stainless steel grades such as SAE 17-4PH SAE

15-5PH,…. These grades have high strength and good corrosion resistance,
making them suitable for high-pressure and high-temperature applications.
About the price

Type of stainless steel Cost ($/ton)

austenitic stainless steel 950$/ton

duplex stainless steel 1100$/ton

martensitic stainless steel 1180$/ton

52
 ferritic stainless steel 1220$/ton

precipitation-hardening stainless steel 2100$/ton

In terms of popularity: The most commonly used is SA-240-304 refers to stainless

steel that contains approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel, with small amounts
of other elements such as carbon and manganese.

⇨ Based on the properties of the materials, design requirment and cost,

our team chose SA-240-304 as the most suitable material used for
fabricating the pressure vessel containing CO (carbon monoxide).
4.4 . Fabrication Plan
4.4.1. Fluid properties

At 25 degrees Celsius and 10 MPa, carbon monoxide (CO) is in a supercritical state.

Supercritical fluids exist at temperatures and pressures above their critical point,
where the liquid and gas phases no longer exist and there is a gradual transition
from a dense fluid to a less dense gas-like phase.
The critical temperature and pressure of CO are 132.9 degrees Celsius and 34.98
MPa, respectively. At the given temperature and pressure of 25 degrees Celsius and

53
10 MPa, CO is well above its critical point and therefore exists in a supercritical
state.

4.4.2. Pressure
In our project, the design pressure is 10Mpa (1450,38 psi).
Assume that the fluid is full inside the vessel, so the fluid height is equal to the inner

diameter

54
4.4.3. Material physical properties
The material: SA-240-304 (Stainless steel)
Maximum allowable stress: 20000 (psi)

Density: 0.29 ( )
4.4.4. Shell design
4.4.4.1. Shell’s thickness
The minimum shell thickness is determined by two sections:
For the longitudinal section:

For the circumferential section:

After adding the corrosion allowances:

For the longitudinal section:

For the circumferential section:

Base on the minimum thickness of shell requirement we chose the shell’s thickness
is equal to 1.46 (in)
4.4.4.2. Maximum allowable pressure for shell

55
We need to compare the maximum allowable pressure of the shell in oder to check if
it is acceptable or not

This result is acceptable since the is larger than the total pressure of the
vessel.
This shows that the chosen shell thickness is safe and will be adopted in this study.
Weight of the shell:

Shell design parameter

Parameters Values

Inner diameter of shell 28.57 (in)

Length of shell 85.70 (in)

Total pressure of vessel 1450.67 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

Shell thickness 1.46 (in)

Weight of shell 3420.87 (lbs)

Maximum allowable pressure 1926.63 (psi)

4.4.5. Head design

The inner height of 1 head:

The crown radius of 1 head:

56
The knuckle radius of 1 head:

4.4.5.1 Head thickness

After adding the corrosion allowances:

In order to manufacture easily, we chose the thickness of the head to 1.46 ( which is
equal to the thickness of the shell)

The thickness of head is 1.37 (in)

4.4.5.2. Maximum allowable pressure for head

This result is acceptable since the is larger than the total pressure of the vessel.
This shows that the chosen head thickness is safe and will be adopted in this study.

Total weight of two heads:

Head design parameters

Parameters Values

Total pressure of vessel 1450.67 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

57
 Inner height 7.14 (in)

Crown radius 25.84 (in)

Knuckle radius 4.93 (in)

Head thickness 1.46 (in)

Total weight of two heads 746.32 (lbs)

Maximum allowable pressure 2023.42 (psi)

4.4.6. Nozzle design

In our project we will design 2 nozzle for the pressure vessel.
Firstly, we must chose the flange in order to get the neccesary parameter values for
nozzle design.
4.4.6.1. Flange design
Base on the ANSI/ASME B16.5 Class 1500 Forged Flanges catergory,

58
We will chose the ASME B16.5 Class 1500 weld neck flange that has the nominal
size is equal to 6 ( HT=6.63)
The detailed flange design parameter is in the table below.
The well neck flange made from SA 240-304.
To calculate the weight of the flange, we can use the following formula:
Weight = (pi / 4) x (OD^2 - ID^2) x Thickness x Density
where:
OD is the outer diameter of the flange
ID is the inner diameter of the flange (which is equal to the pipe size in this case)
Thickness is the thickness of the flange
Density is the density of the material
Using the dimensions specified in the ASME B16.5 standard for a Class 1500 6-inch
weld neck flange, we get:
OD = 11.75 inches
ID = 6.72 inches (based on the nominal size of 6 inches)
Thickness = 1.46 inches
Density = 0.289 lb/in^3
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

59
 = (pi / 4) x (11.75^2 - 6.72^2) x 1.46 x 0.289

= 38.74 lbs
Therefore, the weight of the ASME B16.5 Class 1500 weld neck flange with nominal
size 6, thickness 1.46 inches, and material sa 240 304 is approximately 38.74 lb.
Total weight of 2 flange is 77.48 lb.
4.4.6.2. Nozzle design

From the schematic below, we will design the 6.63 inches nozzle because the outer
diameter must be equal to the hub top diameter of the flange in oder to tightly
welding. We chose the length of the nozzle is equal to 4 in.
The nozzle is cetrally located in two heads and abutting the vessel wall.
The minimum required thickness of 2:1 ellipsoidal head without an opening is:

We use the nominal thickness of 1.46 in

60
The allowable tensile stress for nozzle and head is equal due to the material of both
details are the same, the nozzle is abutting with the vessel wall.

Therefore:

The minimum required nozzle thickness is:

In order to manufacture easily, we rounding the thickness of the nozzle to 1.46 (in).

For this head, the opening and reinforcement are within

The limit parallel to the head surface is X=d or

The limit perpendicular to the head surface is Y=

Because the limit of 2X is less than 22.86 inches. Hence, the provision to use the
spherical head rule is valid.
The reinforcement area require:

The reinforcement area available in head:

The reinforcement area available in nozzle:

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Since we don’t need to calculate the reinforcement area available in
nozzle welds, and we conclude that the opening is adequately reinforced.
We will design similarly to the second nozzle that centrally located in the remaining
head.
The weight of 1 nozzle:

The total weight of 2 nozzle is: 80.77 (lbs)

Nozzle design parameters

Parameters Values

Quantity 2

Total pressure of vessel 1450.67 (psi)

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 20000 (psi)

Corrosion allowance 0.125 (in)

Outer diameter of nozzle 6.63 (in)

Nozzle thickness 1.46 (in)

Weight of two nozzle 80.77 (lbs)

4.4.7. Saddle supports

Before designing the saddle support for pressure vessel, we must calculate the total
mass of the shell, head, nozzle, flange and the fluid inside.
Total mass of the shell, head, flange, nozzle, reiforcement pad and the fluid inside:

Substituing the values, we get:

With the outer diameter of the vessel equal to 31.49 (in) which approximately 0.8m
and the total weight is 21.6561 (kN), we can chose the saddle support dimention

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From the center of the saddle to the end of the head is 0.2L
We chose to make 2 saddle support for the pressure vessel, so that the distances
between two center of saddle support is (1-0.4)L=0.6L=0.6x85.70=51.42 (in)
4.5 . Detail Design
4.5.1. Shell

4.5.2. Head

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4.5.3. Nozzle

4.5.4. Saddle support

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 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

● Appraisal of final concept and PDS

The outcome leads us to the conclusion that the design process was successful and
the final product is secure.Sizing of main components

● Sizing of main components

According to this pressure vessel design, the pressure with a nominal capacity of 1
m3 that is used to store carbon monoxide at design pressure and temperature of 25
o
C is intended to meet all criteria in order to function under the specified conditions.
When designing, a corrosion allowance of 0.125 is used to guard against failure
brought on by corrosion and fatigue conditions.

● Material selection

Stainless steel (SA-240-304) is the material used to construct the pressure vessel.
The design is suitable or secure since there is no component failure as a result of
various loads. Additionally, we were able to determine the vessel's length and
diameter from the results.

● Fabrication plan

● Detail design (working drawing and BOM)

4.5.5. Overall schematics

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5.2 Recommendation
This design is implemented to avoid issues caused by faulty design, improper
material selection, and failure that results in economic and energy loss. Therefore, in
order to avoid these issues and boost customer satisfaction, the designer must keep
in mind that a proper design process begins with effective time management. We
can see from the project that some of the parameters are assumed as givens.
Calculations made in this approach could result in pressure vessel design failure. We
have also encountered equations that differed between references. Finding the right
equation to solve or compute the necessary parameters is an aspect that every
designer pays attention to. The samples that the designers utilized as a guide have
to actually work, rather than just be conceptually considered safe or acceptable
design.

66
 REFERENCES

[1] ALSg eCatalogue 2020 . (2023). Retrieved 5 May 2023, from https://airliquide-
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https://www.asme.org/about-asme
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Autoclave For Sale - Buy Composite Autoclave For Sale,Carbon Fiber
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Composite-Customized_1600755416286.html?
spm=a2700.7724857.0.0.5e971c06sesC
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china.com/product/WZJtnYOFhmhk/China-50m3-Horizontal-Liquefied-
Petroleum-Gas-LPG-Storage-Tank.html
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manual

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