H I S T O RY O F

DENTISTRY
A P RACTI CA L TR EA T I S E F O R T H E U S E O F
D E N TA L S T U D E N T S A N D P RAC T I T I O N ER S

J . R, D D S .

PR O F F S S O R O F DENTAL J U I S P R R EN C E
UD , C C C
ETH I S E ON OM I S A N D H I S T O R Y;
R R ETOW N R
,

D ENTAL D E P A TM EN T G E O , G U N I V E S I TY W A S H I N G T ON D C
. . . .

fi l l u s t t a t e b w i t h 42 E n g t av i n g s

L EA FEB I GER
PH I L A D E L PH I A A N D N E W YO R K

1 9 22
 CO PYR I G HT
F E B I G ER

1 9 22

P I NT E
R D IN U . S . A .
 DR . WI LL I A M H T R U E M A N
.

W H O SE A
RE S E R C H E S INTO D EN T AL I
H S T O RY

H A V E V A S T LY EN R CI H ED O U R L TER I A T U RE IN THA T F I ELD

T HI S V OL UM E
IS R E S P EC FT U L LY I A TED
DE D C
 PREFACE .

TH E a uthor ma kes no clai m to originality in rega rd to

the text ma tter O f this work other than the manner of i ts
-

p resen ta tion The s ub s tance o f the text is largely derived

.

from the writing s of Guerini Koch and Thorpe s upple , ,

m e n t e d by a rticles in c u rrent dental magazine s M u ch .

valuable info rma tion h a s also been fu rnished by the d ean s

o f several d ental colleges and t h e s ecreta rie s o f dental a s so

c i a t i on s
, s ocietie s and fraternities .

Acknowledgment i s made to C0 1 Robert T Oliver Dental . .

,

Corp s U S Army ; Dr Otto U King D r Edwa rd C Ki rk

, . . .
, . .

and Dr Frank J Stockman for valuable aid Pa rticula r

. . .

credi t is d ue my good friend Dr William H Trueman of . .

,

Philadelphi a for hi s val u able help in revising the manus c rip t

,
.

While a r ésumé o f ancien t denti s try i s included in th e

fi rst pa rt o f thi s work i t h a s b een p repa red with special
,

reference to the a dvent and development of dentis try in the

United States I n thi s manner the text h a s been so con
.

d e n se d a s to place in the h and s o f th e student and p r a c t i

t i on e r o f dentistry only such facts a s s ho u ld fo rm a neces s a ry

p a rt o f thei r educa tion Such hi s tori c al works a s h ave .

been p u b lish e d in the past h ave ei ther been so voluminous

a s to b e unsui ted to the need s o f the busy and overtaxed
student an d p ra c titioner o r they h ave been con fined to ,

s pecial s ubj ects o r pe riod s o r t o small p amph lets used for ,

a dverti s ing p u rp oses .

This much neglected subj ect h a s become a pa rt of the

curriculum o f o u r dental s c hools and thu s there i s created ,

a new interest in the s truggles of o u r p rofessional forefa thers .

A fuller unders tanding of thei r di ffi cul ties and achievements

sh ould inspi re u s wi th renewed energy and zeal a s we vi ew o u r
p resent di s couragemen t s in th e ligh t of future po s sibilities .

J A T A YL O R . . .

1 317F STRE E T , N . W .
,

WA S HINGTON , D C
. .
 CONTENTS .

I NTRODUCTION

CHA P TER I .

ANCI E N T DE NTI STRY

C HA PTER I I .

D ENTI S TRY D URING TH E M IDDLE A GE S

C HA P TER I I I .

D ENTI S TRY IN TH E SI X TE E NTH AND SE V ENTE ENTH C E NTURIE S

C HA P TER I V .

D ENTI S TRY IN TH E EIGHTE E NTH C E NTURY

CHA PTER V .

EARLY DE NTI S TRY I N TH E AM ERICAN C OLONIE S

CHA PTER V I .

PIONE ER AM ERICAN D E NTI S T S

C HA P TER V I I .

O F AM ERICAN
A RCHITECT S D ENTI S TRY A s A SE ARATE P PRO F E S S ION
EARLY PART O F TH E N INETE ENTH C ENTURY

C HA P TER V I I I .

BIOG RA P HIE S O F OTH E R N OTED AM ERICAN DE NTI S T S O F TH E N INE

T E E NT H C E NTURY

CHA PTER I X .

N OTED TEACHE R S , O RGANI Z ER S AND I N V E NTOR S O F R EC E NT TIM E S 98

v ii i CON TE N TS

CHA P TER X .

TH E HI S TORY O F A N E S TH E S IA (L ONG WELL S M ORTON JAC K S ON )

, , , 1 1 3

CHA P TER X I .

HI S TORY OF O P ERATI E
V D E NTI STRY

C HAPTER X I I .

PRO S TH ETIC DE NTI S TRY , C RO W N AND BRIDGE —

W OR K , O RTHO D ONTIA ,

O RAL SURGERY

CHA P TER X I I I .

D ENTAL C OLLEGE S AND ED UCATION

CHA P TER X I V .

D ENTAL JOURNALI S M

CHA P TER X V .

D ENTAL AS S OCIATION S AND SOCI ETIE S

CHA P TER XV I .

TW O G REAT B E N E FA CTI O N s—FOR YTH S DENTAL IN F IRMARY

EA STMAN D E NTAL DI S P EN ARY
S

C HA P TER X V I I .

D ENTI S TRY IN TH E U NITED STATE S A RMY AND NA V Y—WORLD WA R 2 08

C HA P TER X V I I I .

D E NTAL FRAT E RNITIE S

 H I ST O R Y O F D EN T I ST R Y .

INTRODUCTION .

T HAT denti stry in some form h as been p ra c tised from the

mos t ancien t times there seems to be bu t li ttle doub t since
, ,

considerable fragmenta ry evi den c e s till exi s ts a s to the

general meth od s u sed by th e ancien ts I f we s top to inqui re
.

who fi rst extracted teeth m ade p la tes o r filled ca riou s

,

cavitie s we sh all find th a t all such info rma tion i s S h rouded

in the mi st s o f antiq ui ty along with the history of the pyra
mid s an d othe r relic s o f ea rly civili z ation .

I t shoul d be u nderstood th a t much th at is a ttributed to

ancien t w ri ters i s more o r less uncertain ea c h wri ter c o m,

piling th a t which h a d b een written b efore him and ad ding

thereto hi s own views For this reason much c onfusion
.

exists in rega rd to th e exact sou rce of certain historica l d a ta .

The Ara bians collected considerab le m edical litera ture in th e

ea rly d ays and most O f th e ea rly medical wri tings w ere
,

b ased o n thei r work In thi s way ea rly medi c al history h a s

.
,
“ ”
become a c c ep ted history ra th er than reli ab le o r aut h entic
history.

Dentistry a s a p art of the medical a rt w as fi rs t practised

, ,

by the p ries ts a s a sort o f religious ri te but later ma teri al

,

remedies were a d ded to ai d in e ff ecting cu res and h el p m ain

tain the p restige o f the p ries th ood La ter the laity be c a m e
.

interes ted and su rgery including den tistry w a s for a long

, , ,

period p ra cti sed by b a rbers an d travelling c h a rla tans who ,

resorted to music and va rious other form s o f entertain m en t

to a ttra c t the people Finally a few of the more fa r seeing
.
,
-

m edica l and dental p ractitioners be c a m e c onvin c ed o f t h e

necessity for better educa ted m e n to practise thi s i m portant
18 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
specialty and thus dentistry grad ually rose from a bout the
,

beginning of the sixteenth c en tury from a desultory trad e o r

calling t o the digni ty o f a learned p rofe s sion However n o t .
,

u ntil th e latter h alf of th e nineteenth cen tu ry an d th e fi rs t

p a rt O f the p resen t centu ry di d i t really ma ke ra pi d p rogress .

I t i s a notab le fact th a t many worthy den tists o f modern

times began thei r ca reer in th e lab oratory o r o ffi ce of O ld er
p ractitioners La ter however they a dded to thi s t raining
.
, ,

s uch sc 1 e n t 1 fic knowled ge a s wa s ob tainab le a t t h e time and

reached an honorab le position a mong p rofessiona l men .

N o t until 1 8 40 wa s a d enta l college organized to teach sys

t e m a t i c a lly th e theory an d p ractice o f dental s u rgery This .
,

the B altimore College o f Dental Surgery wa s cha rtered ,

Feb r u a ry I 1 840 O pened in th a t yea r an d i s still in exis tence

, , , .

Perh ap s i t i s within the la s t twen ty yea rs th a t the greates t

p rogress h as b een ma de by this young p rofe ss ion during ,

whi c h ti me D r B lac k introd uced scien tific cavi ty p rep a ra

.
~

tion an d a b alanced alloy D r s Callah an Rhein Bes t and

, .
, ,

others gave us scien tifi c root canal work an d Dr Tagga rt-

, .

perfected and introduced the gol d inlay while si licate fillings ,

h ave come to occupy an i mportant p lace in O p era tive work ,

and the roentgen ray h a s become an in dispensab le ai d in

diagno s ing p athological condi tions In 1 9 1 0 D r Willia m . .

Hunter O f London c on tri b ut ed his celeb ra ted p aper o n th e

, ,
“ ”
Rela tion b etween Oral Infection an d Systemi c Disea s e and ,

woke th e d e ntal p rofes s ion t o i ts respon s ibili ties Oral p ro .

p hylaxi s h a s p rogressed to a point where un c lean mouth s a re

no longer tolera ted an d the p r o s t h e si s t h as come to ou r ai d
,

wi th removab le b ri d ge work an d more s c ien tific method s o f

-

dentur e making
-
.

In the text whi c h follows an a ttemp t will b e ma d e to

,

cover b riefly th e most in teres ting and important steps in

dental progress wi th whi c h i t i s believed every p ra c titioner
s ho u ld be familia r .
 C HA PT E R I .

ANCI ENT D ENTI STRY .

IN order to study intelligently the hi s tory of any grea t

movement i t is necessa ry t o go b ack to the beginning of
th at movemen t an d study the cau s es o f i t s being and the
ph a s es o f i ts evol u tion The child when born fi rs t b reathe s
.
, ,

an d cries then laughs talks c rawls walks and finally grows

, , , ,

in to the full s trength o f manhood All o f this req u i res m u ch

.

p atien t nurtu re an d training and not a few b rui s es hea rt

, ‘
,

a ches and knock s So i t is with the bi rth and growth of a

.

p rofession ; i t must h ave i t s in c ep tion i ts period of infancy ,

or comp a rative helple ss ness i ts pe riod of developmen t and

,

growth i ts O pposi tion and discou ragemen ts and finally i ts

, ,

peri od of sane an d conserva tive d evelopmen t when empi rica l

i deas an d rash experi ments a re cas t a sid e .

I t O ften h appens th a t the o rigin of a p rofe s sion anted ates

any literature relating thereto I n such c ases tradi tion and
.

p rehis tori c relics O b tained from tomb s and ruins of ancien t

cities form the b es t available d a ta .

I n the word s o f a dis ting u is h ed wr iter To know the ,

”
histo r y of a p rofession i s to know the profession i tself It .

“
h as also been s aid There i s nothing new under the su n ;
,

b ut b e th a t a s i t may i t i s a fact tha t much th a t is con

,

s i d e r e d new in medicine denti stry and s u rgery was known to

,

Hippocra tes Faucha rd Galen and Pa ré

, ,
.

S a ce r d o t a l M e d i cin e which was p ractised in re m ote ti m e s

,

by the p riesthood was mostly de rived from the false notion

,

p revalent among p ri m i tive peoples tha t the a fil ic t e d person

T
h ad been s tri cken by the wrath o f some divinity he .

p rie s ts were always ready to treat such cases as they were ,

well p aid and i f the person reco v ered thei r p restige w a s

, ,

c onsidera bly in c rea sed w h ile i f the patient did not i m prove
,
20 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
it was becau s e the s u pposed Off ender wa s n o t worthy o f
receiving the de s ired p ardon .

The fi r s t phys i ci a n o f record wa s I E m H e tep He wh o -

cometh in who lived in the reign o f King Tosher

o f the Thi rd Dynasty o f Egyp t about 4000 B C He wa s , . .

evidently a man o f great prominence s ince the Egyp tian s ,

con s tr u cted a pyra mi d a t Sa k k r a in hi s honor an d a s m a n y

‘

Ell a é - .

’
FI G . 1 .
-
Pa rt o f Eb e r s p a pyr u s i n Egyp t i a n h i e r a t i c ch a r a c t e rs con t a i n i n g
e l e v e n d e n t a l p r e s cr i p t i on s
.

stat u ary li kene s se s o f him h ave been fo u nd i t i s evi den t ,

th a t a fter his death he was wor s hipped a s the Egyptian

G o d o f Medicine Th a t the ea rly Egyp tian su rgeons h a d
.

to us e grea t s kill in the treatment o f disea s e i s p roven by

th e ol de s t book in existence called Th e I n str u cti on of P t a h
,

H ote p Ancien t Egyp t wa s the sea t o f cultu re and lea rning ;

.

many students were d rawn there from other land s in s ea rch

o f knowledge and we a re told th a t d uring the time of Herod
,
 A N CI EN T DEN TI S TR Y 21

otu s ab out 5 00 B C dentistry wa s p rac tised as a specialty

, . .
, ,
“
so th a t Egyp t is qui te fu ll of doctors : tho s e for the eye s ,

those for th e head s ome for the teeth other s for the belly, ,
”
o r f o r occ u lt mala die s .

Th e S ar a ce n s i nva ded Egyp t in th e s even t h century and ,

in 642 A D sh amefully de s t royed th e g rea t lib ra ry a t Ale x

. .
,

an dri a I t i s p rob ab le th a t m u ch valuable literat u re per

.

taining to ea rly medicine and denti s try wa s thu s lo s t among ,

other s the wri tings o f Herophil us and Erasi s tratus who , ,

'

about 3 00 B C were pioneer s in di ss ection not only o f

. .
,

ca d avers b ut o f living men cond emned to dea th by the

kings o f Egyp t .

Dental a rt among th e a n ci e n t E gypti an s i s de s cri bed a t

—
some length in the p apyrus of Eber s a name de ri ved from
the ma teri al on which i t i s wri tten ( papyrus a fo rm o f ancient ,

pa rchmen t o r p aper) and the discoverer Prof George Eber s

, , , .
,

who fo u nd i t a t Thebes in I 8 72 ( Fig I ) Thi s work which . .

,

d ates from 3 500 t o 1 500 B C gives many remedie s for .

,,
“ ”
toothache and the s o called B e n n u t b li s ter s in the teeth -
.

These remedies consi s ted o f dough honey o il fennel s eed s , , , ,

incense onions and s imila r ingredients u sed in va ri ous

,

combinations to b e made into a plaster and applied to the

,

a ching tooth One p resc ription consists o f the following :

.

To be applied a s a plaster .

’
The word u xe a u p rob ably referring to an ab s cess or painful
,

s welling occ u rs many t imes in thi s work tho u gh one find s

, ,

no mention o f dental o r oral surgery .

Jose ph Li n d e r e r s ay s th a t a rtificial teeth ro u ghly fashioned

o f wood h ave been fo u nd in Egyptian s arcophagi
— a to m b or

casket hewn in a form o f limestone which i t wa s s aid wo u ld ,

consume th e enti re human b ody wi th the exception of the

teeth in a s hort time .
22 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
G e or g e H P e r i ne ,
of New York says th a t both filled and
.
,
‘
a rtificial teeth h ave been fo u nd in the mouth s o f mu m mie s ,

the fo rmer s topped in some ca ses wi th gold and in other s

wi th gilded wood I t i s s u pposed th a t these fi llings were
.

in s erted d uring life for t h e p urpose o f p reserving th e teeth ,

though by some writers i t i s conceded th a t this work may

h ave been a pa rt of th e emb alming p rocess Modern writers .

and investiga tors h ave th rown much d oub t on the foregoing

sta temen t s ince they claimed th at no mummie s could be
,

loca ted bea ring evi dence of s u ch work D r V i n ce n z o Gu e r i n i . .

,

of Naples a fter ma king repeated sea r c h d ecla res th a t there

, ,

FI G . 2 .
—R o ma n de n t a l fo r ce p s fo u n d ( 1 8 9 4) a t Ha m b u r g G e r m a n y
, , in t he

i
an c en t Ro m a n c a st l e Sa a lb u r g
.
( G e i st J a co bi )
-
.

is nothing to s ub stan ti ate the c laims of Dr T Pu r l a n d fi rst . .

,

published in England in the Qu a r te r ly jou r n a l of De n t a l

S ci e n ce 1 8 5 7 i 49 and 6 3 from whic h the statement o f Dr
, , , , .

Perine wa s evidently ta ken He say s however th a t s o .

, ,

intelligent a people co u ld h a rd l y h ave been ignorant of denta l

p rosthe s i s and give s an acco u nt o f o n e s pecimen o f Egyp tian
,

ori gin di s covered a t Said a ( the ancient Sid on ) in 1 8 6 2 where ,

severa l teeth were fo u n d wired together .

I t i s evident th a t dentistry in some of i ts cruder forms

m us t h ave come into b eing a s soon a s man began to experience
tro u b le wi th hi s teeth Th e teeth are likewise la rgely relied
.

u po n to fu rnish diagnosti c evidence in determining whether

 A N CI E N T D EN TI S TR Y 23

prehistoric s kulls found in ex c avating a re of human or anima l

origin Prehistori c teeth d o not a s a rule show evidence o f
.
, ,

ca ries and i f i t be p resent i t is sai d to b e an evidence o f

,

considerable age th ough i t i s di ffi cul t to understand the

,

rea s on for thi s a s s ump tion since ca ries i s usually most p r e v a

,

len t among ch ild ren Signs O f ab rasion a re quite common

.
,

owing to the food h abits and long life of the s ubject .

The oldes t written account o f a den tal operation oth er ,

than extra c tion is foun d in a sta temen t by A r ch i ge n e f of

, ,

Rome wh o a dvoca ted the trephining o f a tooth which ached

,

without th ere being evidence of ca ries hi s idea b eing th a t ,

the p ain wa s cau s ed by morbi d material in the interior o f

the tooth which by thi s mean s could be evacuated
, .

Amon g th e an c i en t H e b r e w s neither th e B ib l e n o r th e .

Talmud ma kes any mention o f dental operations tho u gh the ,

“
teeth an d thei r beautie s a re often extolled An eye for an .

”
eye an d a tooth f o r a tooth wa s a part of the law o f th e
“ ’
land a s also I f a man smite o u t On e o f his s ervan t s teeth
, , ,
”
h e sh all let him go free .

Th e Ch in e s e b oa s t a very ancient civilization and i t i s ,

not u nli kely tha t dentistry in s ome o f i t s cruder forms wa s

’
known to them a t a very ea rly peri od in the world s hi story .

“ ”
The Chinese Fa ther of Medicine wa s Hwang ti who lived ,
-

abo u t 2 700 B C . .

The celeb rated medical works o f Chin a refer to to othache ,

“ ”
which i s called Ya tong and des c rib e nine va rieties o f thi s
-

malady and in a d dition thereto seven di s tinct di sea ses of

,

the gums Punctu ring the gums a s well a s distan t p a rts of

.

the b ody for the relief o f tooth ache and ab s c esses wa s p rae
t i se d thi s being perh aps one o f the oldest forms of denta l
, , ,

o r ora l surgery The same method of trea tment know n a s

. ,

ac u pun c ture was applied t o many other diseases a s well and

,

the Chinese do c tors cho s e thei r points of election in a very

s cientifi c an d lea rned manner h aving altogether th ree ,

h und red and eighty eigh t sites for punctu ring twenty s ix of
-

,
-

which were for the relief of tooth ache For this purpose .

they used gold silver o r s teel needles and c auterized t h e

,

site a fte r wa rd with a cone of moxa a sort of slow bu rning ,

-
24 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
vegetab le wool applied th rough a h ole in a coin The moxa .

i s comp act an d b u rn s slowly d rawing up the epidermis I nto,

a b lister withou t violence o r excessive hea t .

According to D ab ry the Chinese believed there were wo rm s

,

in the teeth and among the remedie s u sed therefor a r s enic

,

is sai d to h ave been ma de into pills and o n e pl aced nea r the ,

aching tooth o r into t h e ea r o n th e O pp osite side from the

aching organ whereupon the p ain woul d pos itively cea se
, .

Another favorite p rescription used by the Chine s e rea d a s

“
follows : Roast a bi t o f ga rlic and crush i t between the
teeth ; mix with chopped h orsera dis h seeds o r s altpeter ; ma ke
into a p a ste with human milk ; form pills an d introduce o n e
”
into th e nostril on the opposite s ide to where the p ain i s felt .

A ccor d in g t o t h e G reek s zEr cu l a p i u r the God of M e d i ci n e

‘
, , ,

is supposed to h ave been the s on o f Apollo Cicero mention s .

th ree deities o f this name the thi rd of which wa s said to b e

,

the son of Ar si p p u s who was the fi rst to teach tooth d rawin g

,
-

an d blood letting The instrument u sed for tooth d rawing

-
.
-

“ ”
is suppo s ed to h ave been the o d on t a g o go n o f lea d men
t i o n e d by Celius Aurelianus and exhibited in the temple of

Apollo a t Delphi f Esc u l a p i u s who was wor s hipped by t h e

.
,

Greeks a s one o f thei r many god s wa s sai d to h ave healed ,

the sick an d to h ave raised t h e dea d a s well A s time elapsed .

there were reputed to b e not only o n e or a s rela ted by , ,

Cicero th ree IEsc u l a p ii b u t t ra dition g ave ri s e to many

, ,
‘

god s of thi s n a me to whom numerous temple s known a s

“ ”
As k l e p e i a were erected a mong which wa s the famous
,

temple o f Cos where Hippocrate s gained mos t o f hi s knowl

,

edge o f medi c ine The p riest s o r followers o f IEsc u l a p i u s

.

“ ”
were known a s Ask l e p i a di .

To H i ppocr a t e s i s accorded the honorable ti tle o f F a th e r of

“
M e di ci n e and even in those e arly d ay s the oath o f Hi p p o c
,
”
rates wa s a solemn ob ligation to b e taken by all who
u ndertook the s tudy o r p ractice o f medicine Hippoc rates .

was born on the islan d of Cos about 460 B C and fi rst . .

,

studied medicine under hi s father bu t l a t e r d e v o t e d hi s ,

~

attention to the medical books in the temple o f Co s Hi p .

p o c r a t e s wrote m u ch in rega rd to dental mala dies an d thei r

26 HI S TOR Y OF D EN TI S TR Y
G a l en ,
who lived about six hun d red yea rs after Hippocrates ,
’
wa s an ab le wri ter and com m ented on Hippoc rates s work .

Galen was a noted anato m i st and alth ough h e classified the ,

teeth a s b ones h e s ai d they were unlike other bones H e

, .

wa s the fi rs t to re c ognize nerves ( pulps ) in the teeth an d ,

also erroneously believed th a t the teeth h ave something to

do with the sense o f tas te I n hi s ana tomical resea rches he
.

recognized seven p ai r s o f c rani a l nerves an d classified th e

trige m inus a s the thi rd pai r He was also o f the opinio n .

th a t the teeth grow an d thus rep ai r the wea r o n them b asing ,

his opinion on the fact no doub t th a t a tooth h aving no

, ,

opponent be c a m e longer I n ai mful den . Gale d v i se d

rub bing the gums wi th the milk of a bi tch o the b rains o a
h a re
(4
. e wa s I n hi s d ay
, o n e of the mos t famous medical
,

men of Rome and the a u thor o f many works on medicine .

’
By this time the d octors shops were well sup plied with
medi c ines b and age s and a grea t va riety of inst ru ments
, ,

showing th at the medical a rt h a d ma de considerab le a dvance

men t Dentistry h a d not yet become a sepa ra te p rofession
.
,

b ut wa s p ractised by the doctor s along with medicine and

s urgery .

Th e Etr us can s or ea rly I talian s inhabi ting th a t p a rt of

,

I taly known a s E tru ria between the Tiber an d Arno ab o u t

, ,

1 000 to 2 00 B C u sed b ri dges mad e o f gold ring s h old ing

. .
,

ox teeth for th e p u rpose of repl acing los t dental organs

, .

An illu s tra tion o f a very interes ting pi ece i s shown herewi th

( Figs 4 an d
. I t consis ts o f a s eries of gold rings ski lfully
united and wa s evi dently mad e by a dentis t o f no mean
,

ability .

Just who these Etruscans or Toshi were from whence they ,

ca m e or w ha t be c a m e of them is not definitely known an d , ,

thei r language i s equally extinct no code h aving been dis ,

c overed by wh ich thei r writings can b e deciphered .

Th e R om a n s h ave a lso left u s some specimens o f b ridge

work and other p rosthetic a pplian c e s which for th e mo s t ,

p a rt a re found in tomb s or in the urns containing the ashes

o f those cremated I t wa s s ai d to be a cus tom to remove
.

such pie c es from the mouth b efore c rema tion and a fte r w a rd
 A NCI EN T DEN TI S TR Y 27

place them in the u rn w ith the a shes According to the .

Law o f th e Twelve Tables w ri tten in Rome ab out 45 0 B C , . .

,

i t wa s not unla w ful to bury or b u rn c orpses with the gold

th a t wa s used to bind the teeth together At this ea rly .

FI G .
4
.
—Et r u sc a n a ppli a n ce fo r supp o r t i n g t h r e e a r t ifi c i a l t e e t h t w o
, o f
wh i c h we r e m a de o f on e t oot h .
( C ivi c M u se u m o f Co r n e t o ) .

’
period in the world s history Rome must h ave h ad dentis ts , ,

though she h a d as yet no doctors .

According to Dr Guerini and others a gold crown ( Figs

. .

6 and 7 ) i s now in the museum of Pope Julius in Rome whi c h , ,

wa s discovered in ex c avating a t Sa t r i c u m nea r th at city , .

FI G 5. .
—Th e sa me a ppli a n c e re v e r se d .

Thi s would tend to p rove th at the Etruscans not only did

b ri dge work b ut were versed in the a rt o f making crown s
-
,

also The appliance foun d a t Sa t ri c u m wa s m ade of two

.

plates o f gold s tamped t o rep resen t the labial and lingual

28 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
su rfaces of the lower central I nc i sor and were then soldered ,

together to form the c rown of the tooth I t i s soldered to .

a na rrow s trip of gold which is contou red in such manne r

a s to enci rcle th e neigh b oring teeth whi ch act a s a support ,

for the appliance .

FI G 6 —R oma n p pli a n ce fou n d

a
—Th
. .

FI G 7 e sa me se e n fr o m
c r own o f l owe r i n c i so r
. .

at Sa t r ic u m ;
b e l ow
m a d e o f go l d
.

S a i nt ( see Frontispiece ) in th e yea r 3 00 A D

Ap oll on i a , . .
,

wa s canonized by the Chu rch o f Rome and sin c e then ha s ,

b een th e p atron s ain t o f dentistry The ninth d ay o f Fe b r u .

a ry h as been ob served by the Ch u rch o f Rome in her com

memoration A p hotograp h o f th e p ainting of thi s s ain t wa s
.
,

i n 1 9 00 p resen ted t o th e Aca demy o f Stom atology of Ph il a

,

del ph i a on b eh alf o f D r M a ry H Stillwell o f Pittsb u rgh by

, . .
, ,

Dr C N Pier c e , together wi th this hi storical s ketc h :

. . .

“
Longing to ob tain the gra c e o f b aptism sh e mad e her ,

way to Sain t Leonine a di s c iple o f St Anthony o f Egyp t , .

,

and a s he b ap tized he r he b ade her go to Alexand ri a an d

, ,

p reach th e faith So s he wen t forth and tho u gh she was

.
,

only a woman young and frail yet s o eloquen t were he r

, ,

word s so ferven t her zeal th a t s he ma de ma ny converts

, , .

About this time a t u m u lt h ad b een s ti rred up in th e ci ty

against the Ch ri sti ans an d the m ass of the people were en raged
a t her te a ching an d came wi th bi tter co m plaint s to her
father w h o gave her u p to be j udged by th e govern or They
, .

b ro u gh t her before the i dol tem pl e an d b ade her worship

the graven image I t i s reported th a t she mad e a sign of .

th e cross an d there came forth from the sta tue an evil spi ri t
,
‘ ’
sh rieking Apollonia h as d riven m e hence ! This wa s more
,

th an co u ld li e born e ; the people thi r s ted f o r vengeance so ,

 A N CI EN T DEN TI S TR Y 29

they tried by tortu re to overco m e her c onstan c y Sh e w a s .

bound and o n e by o n e her teeth were d ra w n o u t but still ,

she di d not flinch o r fea r and on her refusal to accede to the

,

demand s of her per s ecutor s an d renounce her faith she w as ,

b ru tally club bed ab out the hea d and face and sub sequently ,

s uff ered death by fi re .

“
Fo r a pe ri od of nea rly fifteen hund red yea rs her i n t e r c e s
sion h a s b een sough t for relief from all pain in c ident to dental
di s eases and her relics h ave been and a re rega rded as possess
,
”
ing great e fii c a cy in the c u re o f the s ame .

S cr i b on i u s Lar gu s writing d u ring the fi rs t centu ry of the

,

Ch ri s tian era wa s perh aps the fi rs t author to g ive rise to

,

the b elief th a t worm s were the cause o f p ain and de c ay in

the teeth As we sh all find later this supers tition existed
.

th roughout the Mid d le Ages and i t was not until the ea rly
,

p a rt o f the eighteenth century tha t Faucha rd fi rst c a st

doub t o n thei r e xistence As a re m edy for these w o r m s
.
,

Sc r i b on i u s La r g u s suggested th a t if the seed s O f hyoscyamus

( henb ane ) b e b u rned on ch a rcoal and the fu m es inhaled they
wo u l d cause the worms to fall from the teeth I t is a note .

worthy fact th a t th e seed buds o f henb ane w hen bu rned , ,

form an ash th a t mu c h resembles w orms and as the d rug ,

h a s a n a rcotic eff ect tha t p roba bly soothed and relieved

the p ain i t i s no wonder th a t the ignorant popula c e of tha t
,

time rea dily gave ea r to such seemingly plausible humbug .

Sc ri b o n i u s i s also autho ri ty for the s tatement tha t the

tooth powder used by the famous a s w ell a s infa m ous , ,

Mess alina wi fe of Emperor Claudius w a s co m posed o f

, ,
’
c alcined s tags horn mas ti c of chios and sa l a m m oniac
,
.

H ora ce who antedates the poet Ma rtial infor m s us in his

, ,

sati res th a t false teeth were known in his d ay for he says , ,

“
speaking of two o l d wi tches You would h a v e laughed to
,

see tho s e two o l d witches run towa rd the town losing in t h ei r

”
fligh t Canidi a her false teeth Sa g a n i a her false h ai r
, , , ,
.

M ar ti a l th e poet w ho lived du ring the fi rst c entury A D

, , ,

refers i n hi s epigrams to toothpi c ks m ade of lentis k w ood ,

and ri dicules th e ol d d andy who cleans h i s toot h less m out h

with le n t i s k i to give himself the appea rance of one less
30 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

s tricken w ith age Again h e makes a tooth powder s ay to

.
,
“
one w h o h as lo s t her natural tee th : Wh at h ave you got to
d o with me ? Let a gi rl use me I am n o t accustomed to .

” “
clean b ough t teeth In another epigram he say s : Wi thout
.

any sh ame though uses t p u rcha s ed locks of h ai r an d teeth

, .

Wh a t will you d o for the eye Laeli a ? These a re not to b e ,

” “
bough t . And again he say s Sh e a t nigh t lay s dow n
,
”
her teeth j us t a s s he does her silken rob es
, .

Ma rtial name s a certain C a sce lli u s wh o he says extrac ts , , ,

”
o r cures disea s ed teeth h e b eing the fi rst den tist of whom
,

there i s any recorded information .

C e li u s Au r e li a n u s gave an a ccount of the od on t a g ogon of

l e a d found in the temple o f Apollo a t Delphi by which i t ,

wa s assumed th a t teeth should not be extracted unless loose

enough to b e removed wi th a lea den ins trument though ,

some h ave contended th a t th i s wa s only a model pla ced

there p rob ably by ZEsc u l a p i u s to be reprod uced wi th an
, ,

i ron ins trumen t by those wi s hing to copy i t lea d b eing less ,

a ff ected by c orrosion an d therefore more la s tin g He a lso

, ,

wrote on fractures and dislocation of the j aw and d escri bed ,

the method s to b e used in thei r reduction .

Ce l su s gave a p rescription for p roducing sleep in persons

a ffl i c ted wi th tooth a c he I t contained acorns c astoreum
.
, ,

c innamon poppy mand rake and pepper

, ,
When there was a .

la rge c a rious hollow in the too th to be extracted Celsus ,

recommended th a t i t should fi rs t be fi lled either wi th

lint o r lead in order to p reven t the tooth from b rea king
,

under the p ressu re o f the ins trument I t i s not definitely .

known th a t he used fi llings as a means o f p reserving the teeth

or r e lieving tooth ache .

C a i u s Plin i u s S e cu n d u s ( bo rn 2 3 A D ) sai d th a t Teeth . .

fall o u t in old age an d then sp ring up again ; o f thi s there

,
”
can b e no doub t .He rela tes o n e ca s e in which the teeth
appea red after the o n e h und red an d fourth yea r Th e .

a b surdities believed in a t th a t ti m e a re illustra ted by the

“
following q uotation from Pliny In many moun tains o f °

In dia a c cording to wh a t C t e si a w ri tes there a re men with

, ,
’
d ogs head s who clothe themselves with s kins an d b a r k
p
 A N CI E N T DE N TI S TR Y 31

instea d of spea king ; also men h aving only one leg wh o h ave ,

grea t speed in leaping and others without any nec k w h o

,

h ave thei r eyes between thei r shoulders .

Ar ch i g e n e s wh o lived in Rome toward th e end O f th e

,

fi rs t cen t u ry wa s the fi rst to h ave su rmised th a t tooth ach e

, ,

in certain c ases results from diseases o f the inte ri or p a rt

'

o f the tooth ( viz in fl ammation of the p u lp ) an d to h ave

.
,

discovered a remedy therefor When a tooth ap pea red dis .

c o l o r e d a n d was the Sea t o f violent p ains whic h were not ,

'

relieved by th e us ual remedie s he a pplied a t rephine an d ,

“
d rilled into the p ulp ch ambe r hi s i d e a b e in g th a t the morbi d
’

,
”
h u mors we re by this means evacuated .

M ar sh a ll H S avill e a ccording to an a rticle in the B u l l e t i n of

.
,

t h e P a n A m e r i ca n Un i on reported the finding o f teeth inlai d

-

w i th gold turq uoi s e rock cryst a l red cement and other foreign
, , ,

sub stan c es in skulls of the a b o r igines wh o lived in various pa rts

o f North and South Ameri ca These teeth h a d been b ored o u t
.

w ith so m e tool a n d the fi lling s ki lfully placed in the cavi ty .

Thi s custo m wa s q uite co m mon in Mexico Centra l A m eri c a ,

and the p rovin c e o f Esmeralda s Ecuador In thi s latter p rov , .

in c e he al so secu red an u pper j aw from o n e o f the na tive s

w hich contained not only teeth inlaid with gold b ut also a ,

ri gh t lateral in c i sor which h a d been transplanted to repla ce a

lost centra l in c i sor showing th a t denti stry h ad reached a high
,

stage of d evelopmen t a s a means of orn amentation a t leas t .

He also di s c overe d in an exc ava ti on a t Copan a lower j aw

w ith a left la teral in c iso r th a t ha d b een c a rved from some
d a rk stone and implanted t o ta ke the place of on e th a t h a d
been lost In one ca se severa l teeth were found boun d
.

togeth er with gold b and s .

There a re in the Pea body Muse u m o f H a rva rd University

teeth in which h ad been placed inlays o f j a d e i ron py rites ,

an d gold some o f the m a rranged sym m etrically in t ri angles

, ,

also b anded inlays all of whi c h appa rently were used for
,

orna m entati on ( De n t a l Cos m os 1 9 1 6 lv ii i , , ,

Am on g Pr i mi ti ve P e o p l es even a t the p resen t ti m e so m e

, ,

very peculi a r custo m s p re v ail w hi c h h ave no doub t been , ,

a heri tage fro m an c ien t t i m es Most of these people h ave .

beautiful strong teeth w h i c h t h ey orna m en t and e m bellish

32 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
in va rious ways f o r cos m eti c o r religio u s purposes much to ,

the detri m en t o f th ese val uable organs Th e s u bstitution .

o f gold teeth f o r missing ones h as been p ractised in Java

from remote times an d among th e na tives in m any p a rts

,

o f Asia an d the Pa cifi c I slan d s there i s p revalent the custom

o f dyeing the teeth b lack I n Su matra the women file thei r .

teeth down t o the gum s or into points o r p a rti ally remove ,

the en amel s o a s to b e able to apply the dye

, .

I n J a p a n the ma rried women dye t hei r teeth b lack in Order

to distinguish them from th e single women using a dye th a t ,
“
i s made o f u rine i ron an d a sub stance called sa ki
,
I t is .

claimed th a t this dye is very d ura ble and does not wea r o f

FI G 8 . .
—O ld J a p a n e se u p per wi t h bl a c k t e e t h m a d e e n t i r e ly o f
de n t u re
wo o d . M e t a l t a c k s a r e u se d a s a s u b s t i t u t e f o r c u s p s o f bi c u s pi d s a n d
mola rs a n d S h ow c o n s i d e r a bl e a b r a s i o n N o t e t h e we a r o n t h e a n t e r io r
.

t ee t h .
(Ar m y M e d i c a l M u se u m M i s c Se r , . .

for many yea rs Dr L O t t o fy in an a rticle on Den tis try

. . .
,
1

in Japan says The p ractice of b lackening teeth a s a

, , ,

symb ol of th e ma ri tal state o n the p a rt o f women is b e c o m

'

,
”
ing ob solete yet a number s till c ontin u e the p racti ce
, .

Formerly la rge q uantities o f bl ack a rtifi c ial porcelain teeth

were exported from Ameri c a to Ja pan where a rtifici al pla tes ,

for men and single w omen were made wi th whi te teeth and
those for ma rried women wi th b la c k teeth There a re o n .

exhibi tion in th e Ar m y Medical Museum a t Washington ,

i

D C several sets o f teeth of Ja panese origin c a rved from

. .
, ,

w ood th a t bea r out the foregoing statement ( Figs 8 and

, .

1
De n t a l Re vi ew, Ch i ca g o , Se p t e m b e r 1 5, 1 89 9 .
 CHAPTER I I .

DENTI STRY DU RING TH E M I D DLE AGE S .

Ab ul c a s i s ( 1 0 50 an Arabi an a uth or wh o lived a t,

Cordova wa s one o f the mo s t a ble wri ters and s urgeons o f

,

the Mi dd le Ages He wrote a t reati s e on m e d i c I n e entitled

.
,

De Ch i r u r g i a consisting of th ree volumes the fi rs t of which

, ,

wa s devoted enti rely to th e s ubj ect o f cauteriz ation a form ,

of treatment mu c h p racti s ed a t th a t time Hi s method o f .

performing thi s operation wa s to insert a red h o t c autery -

th ro u gh a t u b e to p rotect th e surrounding p a rts .

He wa s e s pecially intere s ted a t th a t ea rly d ate in p r o

phylaxis and devoted s pecial a ttention t o the ta rta r on the
teeth i llus tra ting and describing fou rteen form s o f scra per s
,

o r scalers for i ts removal ( Fi g . He wa s a very religio u s

and devou t man cautious in the trea tment o f hi s p a tient s
,

and fi rmly oppo s ed to the need le ss extraction o f teeth When .

i t became nece ss a ry t o extract he u s ed o n e form o f forcep s

,

t o loo s en the tooth and anothe r f o r i t s removal Elevator s .

were u sed if the forcep s failed o r the tooth wa s b roken .

According to this a u thor replantation wa s exten s ively p r a c

,

t i se d and a rtifici al s u b sti t u te s were made o f o x b one to

replace teeth th a t h a d been lo s t He a dvocated replanting

.

teeth th at h ad been re moved by mistake o r a cciden t holding ,

them in place with liga tures o f gold o r s ilver wi re until they

h a d again become fi rm ;
Rh a z e s another Arabi an author o f th a t period described
, ,

a ma terial composed o f ground ma s ti c and h oney which

, ,

wa s us ed f o r the pu rpose o f filling ca rious cavi ties .

Al i Abb a s p ra c tised cauterization for the relief o f tooth

ache by passing red hot need le s th rough a metalli c t u be in
-

th e s ame manner d esc ri bed by Ab ulca s i s .

DEN TI S TR Y D URI N G TH E M I DD E AGES L 35

FI G . 1 1 .
—S
et o f fo u r t e e n de n t a l scr a p e rs .
(A b u l c a s i s )
.
 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
A v e n zoar , another Arabi an p hysici an s ays the extraction ,

o f teeth wa s sometime s inflicted as a punis hmen t for h aving

eaten flesh d u ring Lent o r o n those found g u ilty of felony

, .

G arr i opon tu s an Arabi an wr i ter I n 1 04 5 A D

“
, s ai d : On
, ,

the i slan d o f Delphi a p ainfu l mola r tooth which wa s ,

extra cted by an inexperienced p hysician occa s ioned the ,

death o f a philos opher fo r th e m a rrow of the tooth which

, ,

ori gina te s from the b rain ran d own in to the lung s and killed
,
”
th a t philosopher . For all we know thi s i s th e fi rs t record
o f a death resulting from the extraction o f a tooth .

Joh n G a d d e sd e n ( 1 400 an Engli sh docto r a t Oxford ,

’
s tated th a t d ried cows dung o r the fa t o f a green frog would
positively ca u se teeth to fal l o u t when ap plied t o them and ,
“
s aid I f an o x pera dventure chewed a li ttle frog wi th
, , ,
”
the grass i ts teeth woul d fall o u t o n the s pot
, He i s also .

“
authority for the s ta temen t th a t The b rains o f a h a re
rubbed o n th e gums not only facilita te den titi on b u t will
m a ke teeth grow a gain where they h ave been los t All o f .

these remedies were recommended an d employed by m any

later wri ters who claimed to h ave performed ma rvellous
,

cures by s uch a b su i d treatment .

Such s ta tements a s th e foregoing seem ri di c ulo us to u s a s ,

anyone co u l d h ave easily s ati sfied himself o f thei r falsi ty .

The application o f the cautery o r a rseni c al compound s mus t

h ave met wi th some s u ccess a s the la tter is known to p rod uce
,

exten s ive necrosis .

The author cannot help b ut feel th a t the p ries ts o f O ld who

—
cu red tooth ache by incantation s Sc r i b o n i u s La r g u s wh o ,

d rove worms o u t o f teeth wi th the fumes o f hyoscyamus seed s ,

— and John Gad des den who anoin ted them wi th frogs ’fa t to
,

—
ca u se thei r exfoliation h ave thei r c ounterpart in some o f the
writers o f the present d ay wh o express thei r i deas in such
,
’
deep s c ientifi c lore often coining new terms for mys tery s
,

s ake th a t thei r ded uctions a re not intelligible to anyone b u t

,

the m selves and thus any benefi t th a t m igh t otherwise a cc rue

,

to the bewildered rea der is i rrepa rably los t .

G u y d e Ch a u l i a c ( 1 3 00 —1 3 6 8 ) wa s the m os t noted surgeon

o f the Mi dd l e Ages He and others o f tha t period wrote
.
 DE N TI S TR Y D URI N G TH E M I DD E A GE S L 37

ex é n s i v e ly denta l ailments an d operations for thei r relief

o f
by b oth p hysici ans an d b a rb ers Guy followed in th e foot .

steps o f the Arabi an s wh o h a d made considerab le p rogress

,

before him and referred expli c itly to d e n t a t or : an d thei r

,

instruments thus beginning th e recogni tion o f denti stry a s

,

a speci alty o f medicine He a dvi sed th a t dental operations

.

b e perfo rmed fo r greate r secu ri ty unde r th e s upe rvision o f

i

d o c t o r s b u t h a d no c ri ticism to make of d e n t a t o r s
, Thi s .

lea rned doctor u s ed camphor s ulphur myrrh an d a sa f tr t i d a , ,

a s a filling material for ca riou s cavi ties and li ke hi s p rede , ,

c e sso r s lent belief to th e su pers titious i dea of wo rm s in th e

,

teeth I t i s u ncertain whethe r th e worm s referred to by him

.

were p articles o f decaying food ne r ves la rv a : o f in sects o r , ,

the b urn ing henb ane s eed a s p revio u sly referred to bu t th e , ,

accepted belief wa s th a t they were responsible f o r the pain

in odontalgi a Fumiga ti on s with seed s o f leek onion an d
.
,
’
henb ane mixed with goat s tallow were re s orted to in order
to d rive o u t th e wo rm s after the manner fi rs t desc ri b ed by
,

Sc ri b o n i u s La rg u s .

Guy de Ch aulia c al so refers to medicin es which sen d th e

p atien t to sleep among wh ich a re decoctions of op i um
, ,

hyos cya m us and lett u ce A new sponge wa s soa ked in these .

medicines an d then d ried an d w hen sleep wa s to be p rod uced ,

’
i t wa s wet an d applied to the p a tient s nost ri ls Thi s form .

o f anesthesi a m us t h ave b een very e fI e c t i v e

'

for i t i s related ,

th a t i t w as us ed for surgica l opera tion s amputa tions actually ,

being performed in this manner To awa ken the p atient .

from thi s deep s lumber another s ponge wa s wet with vinega r

,

an d app lied o r the j uice o f the rue fennel wa s placed in th e

,
’
patient s no s tri ls Thi s fac t i s o f grea t i m portance a s i t
.
,

ma rks the fi rs t s tep in genera l anesthesia and anted a tes

’
Horace Wells s discovery by five h und red yea rs though i t ,

is doub tful if thi s o ld m e thod wa s ever u sed extensively .

Thi s author i s the fi rst t o c as t doub t on th e e ffi cacy of th e

fa t o f green frogs for the pu rpose of causing th e teeth to fall
ou t . Su per s ti tion being u ppermos t in the live s o f the people
in those d ays i t took consi dera ble courage to contradic t
,

the old auth ori ties on such a well es tablished b elief -

.
 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
In 1 308 the b a rbers and surgeons of Lon don were incor
p o r a t e d into on e guil d an d the n ame of b a rb er surgeon wa s
-

u s ed to denote p ra c ti tioners in all b ranche s of su rgery Thi s .

r r a n g e m e n t lasted un til 1 745 before i t wa s fin ally dissolved ,

after which the b a rbers were only allowed to extrac t teeth .

This s hould give o n e a fai r conception o f the low repute in to

which su r gery h a d fallen d u ring th a t period
!

Th e t i tl e of D oct or wa s fi rst be s towed by the universi ties

d u ring the twelfth century an d wa s u s ed to denote a lea rned
man in any p rofe s s ion The title o f Doct or of M e d i ci n e wa s
.

fi r s t be s towed o n Willi am G o r d e n i a by the College a t Asti ,

in I taly in 1 3 2 9 Whether thi s ti tle wa s ea rned o r honora ry

, .

i s not known The t i tle o f S u r ge on De n t i s t wa s fi r s t given

.

to Gillies an d s evera l other men in France in 1 6 2 2 thoug h th e ,

title wa s not fully estab lished for many yea rs afte rwa rd ( see
’
Koch s H i s t or y of De n ti s t r y i 2 0
G i ova nn i P l a t e ar i o ( 1 45 0—
, ,

1 52 a profe ss or a t Pisa wa s the ,

fi rs t dentis t to u se the si tting p o s t u r e f o r performing opera

,
l

tions o n the teeth others before him h aving us ed the hori

,

z on t a l posi tion The p revailing cus

.

i s al s o
s u rro u nding ai r
wa s p u re and to give any though t t o the need o f a sep si s a s
an ai d in performing s u rgic al operations .

’
G i ov a nn i d Ar col i ( Joanne s Ar cu l a n u s) ( died p ro
f e s so r a t the University o f Bologn a and l ater a t Pa dua ,

ab o u t 1 450 wrote f o r the fi r s t time o f the u se of gold lea f

,
-

f o r th e p u rpose o f filling carious teeth and al s o gave d rawings

,

and descrip tions of three dental instrument s o f his d ay

th e pelican ( here called dental forcep s an d
’
s tork s bill ( Figs 1 2 1 3 and
.
, Thi s is the fir s t authentic
record we h ave o f gold fi llings being placed in human teeth
for th ei r p reserva tion d uring lifetime the history and p u r ,

p o s e o f su ch fillings a s may h ave been found in the mo u th s of

‘

Egyp tian m u mmies p reviously referred to being u ncertain

, ,
.

G i ova nn i d i V i g o ( 1 460—1 5 2 0 ) de s cri bed removing ca riou s

matter from th e teeth and fi lling them with gold leaf an d -

,
 DE NTI S TR Y D URI N G THE M I DDL E A GES 39

also insisted th a t thi s class o f work be done by s peci ali s ts ,

s uch a s b a rbers and q u ack s wh o h a d experience in thi s line ,

o f su rgery and h a d a ttained to a high degree o f manual

s kill rather than by su rgeons o f whom he was o n e

, , .

I t i s not ap p aren t th a t gold filling was ori ginal with ei ther

of the s e wri ter s s ince nei th er o f them treat o f i t s peci fically
, .

’
Giovanni d A rco li after m a king men tion of the many me t hod s
,

o f treati ng t h e tee t h merely refer s to th e manner of filling ,

FI G . 12 .
—Th p li e e ca n a s re p r e se n t e d
i n G i o v a n n i d Ar co li
’ ’
s wor k .

Fo r ce p s p r o e xt r a h e n d is d e n t ib u s p u li ca n u m d i c t a .

FI G . 1 3
—D. en ta l fo r ce p s ( G i o v a n n i ’
d A r c o li ) . Fo r ci p u m p r o ex t r a h e n d is
d e n t ibu s fo r m a .

FI G . 1 4
—Th e f
. o r ce ps ca ll e d st or
’
k s bill , a s re p r e se n t e din G io v a n n i
’ ’
d Ar c o li s wo r k . Fo r c e p s pro e xt r a h e n dis f r a g m e n t is q u o d Ros t r u m
C i co n i ae d i ce n t .

them with gol d a g t h o u g h i t were an operation al ready well

,

known and u nders tood This cus tom p rob ably d ate s b ack .

to the la tte r p a rt of the ei gh th century since some o f the ,

old e r wri ter s espe c i ally the u nknown author o f Z a h n a r z n e y

,

bil ch l e i n p rinted in Leipzig by Mich ael Blu m in 1 5 3 0 credit s

, ,

M e su e s u rgeon to Caliph Ha roun a l Raschi d ( 7 8 6

,

with the use o f gold foil a s a fi lling ma te ri al This however -

.
, ,

h a s n o t been reli ab ly esta blished .

 C HA PTER I I I .

DENTI STRY I N TH E SIXTE ENTH AND

SEVENTEENTH CENTURI E S .

D E N T I STRY wi th th e other a rts an d science s ma de i t s

, ,

mo s t notab le a dvancemen t as a lea rned p rofession d u rin g

the sixteenth cent u ry f o r i t wa s ab ou t thi s time th a t th e
,

world a s we know i t ma d e i t s fi r s t rapi d s t ri de s fo rwa rd

,
.

The I nven tion o f the p rin ting p ress in 1 43 6 the ta king o f

,

Cons tantinop le by the T u rk s in 1 45 3 an d th e di s covery o f

America in 1 49 2 all led to much migration o f p eople s an d
the dis s emination of knowledge which consti t u ted the
,

beginning o f a new era in whi ch denti s try h a d i t s p a rt .

I n G e r m an y denti s t ry h a d been p racti s ed for many cen tu

rie s a s shown by a rtifici al teeth in the u rns o f those wh o
,

h a d been c remated and a t thi s time the Ge rm ans h a d made

,

considera ble p rogress Here a s el s ewhere medicine wa s

.
, ,

fi r s t p ractised a s a religio u s rite c om bined with wi tch cra ft

an d empi ri ca l remedie s A s ea rly a s 1 460 Hein ri ch von
.

Pf o l sp r u n d t wrote a book o n medi c ine an d surgery in which

he de s cribed wo u n d s an d fra c tu res an d the mode o f thei r
t reatmen t Pain s o f the teeth an d g u ms were treated by
.

him by the u s e o f beve rage s showing hi s l ac k o f skill in

,

th a t di rection .

W a l t e r H e rm an Ryf f ( die d 1 570) wrote the fi r s t book whi ch

trea ted o f denti s try independently o f medicine in 1 5 48 He .

i s con s pic u o u s for th e fact th a t hi s b oo k wa s wri tten in

German a living tongue in s tea d o f the c ustomary La tin
, , ,

s o th a t h e may b e looked u pon a s th e fi r s t who attempted to

di ff use u seful medical knowledge among the common people .

One o f the mos t interesting things ab out his wr i t i ngs i s th a t

he i s the fi r s t auth or to recognize the relation between disea s es
o f the eyes and teeth d ecla ring th a t beca u se o f thei r inti
,
42 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

auth or rema rked tha t dental surgery wa s in his d ays a mos t

abj ect calling notwi ths tanding i ts h aving h ad a s i t s in i ti a tor
,

no less a person th an IEs cu l a p i u s the God of Medicine , .

Amb r ciise P a r é born in France ( 1 5 1 7

,
i s j u stly
“
entitled to th e credi t o f b eing known a s the Fa ther of
”
Modern Surgery A s an an a tomi st he i s less accu ra te th an
.

FI G . 1 5 .
—Tw p li o e ca n s a n d a p a ir of cu r v e d pi n ce r s .

(Am b r oi se P a r é) .

ei ther Vesalius or Eus tachi us b u t a s a su rgeon he gained ,

grea t renown h aving been su cce s sively a b a rber s u rgeon

, ,

b a rber and finally in 1 5 6 2 chief surgeon to the co u rt In

, , , .

hi s works thi s surgeon trea ted o f dental m aladies very th or

ough ly whi c h fact may b e a ttrib u ted to his h aving fi rs t been
,

a b a rber an d con s equently a tooth puller ( Fig He -

.

described fra c tures o f the j aw an d the meth od s o f thei r r e d u c

 DEN TI S TR Y IN
‘
I 6 TH A N D 1 7 TH CE N TURI ES 43

tion wi th considerab le thoroughnes s and related so m e interest ,

ing ca se s which he h a d treated In o n e instance a friend of his

.

h a d hi s j aw b roken and th ree teeth knocked o u t by a b low

from a d agge r whereupon Pa ré so s ki lfully trea ted the inj ury
,

th at all the teeth were s ucce s sfully replaced and made of u se .

“ ”
He referred to the eva c u ation o f morbid h u mors by
purgation bleeding etc for the relief o f tooth ache While
, , .
, .

Ab u lcasis trea ted of replan tation Paré de s c ribed i t much ,

more explici tly an d insisted on i ts u tility He i s also the .

fi r s t wri ter to describe a method o f tran s planting o r tra ns

ferring teeth from one mo u th to another although h e never ,

p ractised this form o f su rgery hi mself In Ch ap ter I I I .

,

Book XVI I he give s an accoun t o f arti ficial teeth made o f

,

b one and h eld in place wi th gold o r silver wires while in ,

Ch ap ter IV o f the same b ook he gives us the fi rs t account

o f p alatal ob tura tors t o corre c t speech where the p ala te ha s

b een d es troyed by a wound o r syphiliti c ul c er Paré ap tly .

d escribed fi r s t dentition with its accomp anying ills and for ,

these a ff ection s he recommended rub bing the gums wi th fresh

b u tter h oney o r the b rains of a h a re ( roa sted ) an d if these
, ,

remedie s d o not s u ffi ce the g u m s a re t o be lanced Pa ré .

also introduced ligat u res to a rres t hemorrhage from a rteri es

in s u rgical operations and ab andoned the p racti c e of cauter
izing wound s with red h ot i rons Pa ré was popula r both wi th
-
.

the c ommon s oldiers an d wi th royalty being chief surgeon a t ,

the Royal Court o f Ch arles I X Henry I I I and Ch a rles X , .

The roya l favor s aved hi s li fe S ince he escaped the massa cre

,
’
of St B a rtholomew by being hid den in the King s wa rdrob e
. .

Th e G ol d e n Tooth — I n 1 5 9 3 mu c h wa s s ai d in Germany
.

of a Si lesian chi ld aged seven yea rs in whose mouth a

, ,

golden tooth h a d erup ted Grea t c redence was given to thi s

.

s tory and th e learned do c tors and philosophers s pe c ulated

upon the pheno m enon wi thou t the sligh test doub t a s to its
genuinenes s M any books and p apers were written to
.

explain the strange occurrence and o n e writer Jacob Hors t , , ,

’
claimed th a t o n the d ate o f the child s birth th a t i s Dece m ber , ,

22, 1 5 8 5 the Su n was in conj un c tion with Sa turn in the sign

,

o f Aries ,
and in consequence t h e nutri tive force h ad devel
44 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
oped so much th a t instea d o f osseous sub s tance golden m atter ,

h a d been sec reted I t appea rs th a t the golden tooth wa s

.

nothing more th an a c rown o r lamina o f gol d l et down d eep

into the gum an d ma de by a den ti st o r j eweler for the p u r
,

FI G . 1 6 .
-
Tw o g u m l a n ce t s an d a t r ifi
d le ve r ca ll e d p o u sso i r .

(Am b r o i se P a r é )
'

pose o f decep tion since a fee wa s c ha rged for seeing the

,

child B alth asa r C a m in d u s a d octor of Frankfort h a d

.
, ,

noted tha t the boy h ad not len t himself to being examined

by the lea rned who were likely to expose the fraud an d further
, ,
 DEN TI S TR Y I N I OTE A N D 1 7 TH CE N T URI ES

rela tes th a t a c ertain nob leman being denied the p rivilege

,
’
o f seeing the tooth s tru c k a d agger into the boy s mouth an d
,

wo u nded him s o b adly th at a surgeon was called and the fraud

exposed .

In the ea rly p a rt of the seventeenth cen tury th e denta l

a rt wa s s till in a pitiful s tate o f d evelopment a s s hown by th e ,

literat u re o n th e su bj ect only ab out twen ty publications

,

h aving a ppea red in E u rope d u ring th e p receding cen t u ry .

Joh a n n S te ph an S tr ob e l b e r g e r phy s ician to the I mperi al

,

B ath s a t Ca rlsb ad p u b lished a b ook in 1 6 3 0 in which he

,
“ ”
referred to go u t in the teeth which included all o f the
,

di s eased h u mors o f the teeth tha t were supposed to fall by

d rop s in to th e a rticula r cavities an d surro un ding pa rts I n ‘
.

his wri tings we find th at many crude an d worthless remedies

were s till u sed for tooth ache and th e instru men ts for extrac
,

tion consi s ted for th e most p art o f th e pelican n amed from ,

i t s li kene s s to th e bea k of tha t bi rd and also some very,

r u de forcep s He wa s o n e o f the fi r s t to ca st doub t on th e

.

val u e o f fumi ga tion s wi th hyoscyamu s s eed s t o ca u se wo rm s

to fall from the teeth th ough h e di d not in the leas t d oub t
,

the existence o f the wo rm s themselves sugge s ting o il of ,

vi triol o r a decoction m ade o f a frog cooked in vinega r to

kill them in s tea d Among the remedies he su ggested f o r
.

odontalgi a i s the Ameri can tob acco p lan t (Ni cotiana ta b acum ) .

N a th a n i e l H i gh m or e ( 1 6 1 3 —1 6 8 4) publi shed a trea tise o n

'

ana tomy in 1 6 5 1 in w h i ch f o r the fi r s t time the m axilla ry

,

sin u s n amed f o r h im is acc u ra tely d escribed tho u gh i ts ,

existence h a d long been known He pointed o u t for th e .

fi rs t time th e anatomical rel ation between the teeth an d

antr u m and related a mos t amusing incid en t in connection
,

w i th perfora tion o f thi s sinu s A la dy h aving much pain in

.
,

her teeth finally h a d the u pper c anine tooth extrac ted after ,

w hich there wa s an incessan t flow o f h u mors ( p us ) from the

antru m The p atien t hersel f wishin g t o lea rn th e c ause
.

thereof p assed a silver p robe in to the cavi ty its enti re length

, ,

w hich p rod uced th e e ff ect of i ts h aving rea ched the eye .

Mu c h amazed sh e s tri pped a long fea ther and passed it into

i t so grea t a distan c e th a t she concluded th a t it ha d reached
46 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
her b rain not knowing th a t the fea ther simply cu rled up in
,

the cavi ty He wa s ab le to allay her fea rs by informing

.

her o f the cavi ty in the b one and th e opening p rod u ced by

the extrac t ion o f the canine tooth .

—
Wi l l i a m Cow pe r ( 1 6 66 1 709) wa s t h e fi r s t t o practi s e
opening the an tr u m by th e e x traction o f t h e fi r st mola r .

Thi s wa s towa rd the end o f the s eventeenth cen t u ry an d h e ,

seem s to b e the fi r s t to recognize an tra l di s ea s e s Thi s wa s .

something like fifty yea r s after Highmore h a d d e s c rib ed th e

an t ru m .

J a me s Dr a k e a contempora ry o f Cowper opera ted in the

, ,

same manner and i t wa s thi s a u thor w h o made known in a

,

b ook entitled A n thr op ol ogi a n ova publi s hed in 1 70 7 th e , ,

meth od o f Cowper f o r which rea s on t h e a b ove mentioned

,
-

“
p roceeding i s s ometime s called th e Cowper D ra ke opera tion -
.

Wi lh e l m Fa b ry better known u nder th e La tin n a me o f

,

Fab ri cius Hi ld a n u s ( 1 5 60 chief d octor to the city o f

Berne gave s ome very interes ting C linical report s o n the
,

rela tion between dental a ff ection s and tic do u loure u x an d ,

c i ted an instance where a lady wh o h ad su ff ered a t rocio u sly

for fou r yea rs with p ain in the hea d wa s completely c u red by

the extraction of fou r decayed teeth He also gave an .

account o f an intere s ting ca s e of rhinopl a s ty performed by

Dr J Gri ff on an eminen t s u rgeon o f th a t d ay upon a
. .
, ,

yo u ng girl o f Geneva whose nose h a d been c u t off by th e

,
’
D u ke of Savoy s s oldier s in a fi t of rage F a b ry te s tifie s to .

the na t u ral appea rance o f the no s e even f o r twenty yea r s

a fte rwa rd He s tated th a t Gasp a re Tagli aco z zi of the Uni
.
,

ver s i ty o f Bologna wa s the invento r o f thi s opera tion

, .

P i e rr e D i on i s ( died 1 7 1 8 ) wri te s o f on e G u ille m e a u ( p rob

‘

a b ly J a c q u e s G u i l le m e a u ) w h o made teeth by fu s ing togethe r

,

white wax and gum elemi and then a dding ground mas tic , ,

powder o f white coral and pea rl s Thi s compo s ition Dioni s .

,

s aid never tu rned yellow and wa s also used t o s top ( i e

, . .
,

fill ) teeth The foregoing fac t i s mo s t important a s i t ma rk s

.
,

the fi rs t s tep towa rd the man u fact u re o f mineral teeth .

During the seven teenth cent u ry the belief in wo rm s a s th e .

cause o f dental ca ries and tooth ache wa s s till in full vigor a s ,

 DEN TI S TR Y IN 1 6 TH A N D 1 7 TH CE N T URI ES 47

s hown by the wri ting s o f Joh ann Schultes a noted p hysi c ian ,

in Ulm a s well a s Nicolau s T u lp o f Amsterd am b oth o f

, , ,

whom p resc ribed remedie s th erefor .

An ton i V an Le e uwe n h oe k ( 1 6 3 2 a Dutchman wa s ,

th e fi r s t t o make high powe red mic ro s cope s with which i n

-

1 6 7 8 he ma de di s cove r o f the tub ula r s tru ct u re o f d en tine

,
y ,

and in 1 6 8 3 h e di s covered m i c r o Or g a n i sm s in ta rta r scraped

from between th e teeth From a pe rus al of hi s wri ting s and
.

d rawings i t appea r s th a t the s e b odie s were b acte ri a ra ther

th an animalcule s a s h e s uppo s ed
, Both Ca rpenter and
.

Bea l s tate th a t hi s work wa s done wi th single len s e s as ,

the compound microscope di d not reach a u seful s tage u ntil

ab o u t I 8 2 0 to 1 8 3 0 I t i s astoni s h ing how much wa s aecom
.

p li sh e d by su ch p rimi tive mean s Thi s in all p rob ability

.

rep resents the fi r s t s tep in b acteriology which wa s only ,

made po ss ib le by the ai d o f high powe red lenses -

L a z ar r e Ri v i ér e ( 1 5 8 9—
.

1 6 5 5 ) sai d th a t the worm s in the

teeth may b e de s troyed by the u s e o f b itter s u b s tance s He .

also mentioned oi l o f clove s which even t hen wa s us ed a s

,

a remedy for tooth ache by placing in the cavity a small piece

o f cotton wool moi s tened wi th i t
-
Oil of camphor and O i l o f
.

b o xwood were al s o u s ed by thi s a u thor indica ting a tendency ,

towa rd rational trea tmen t o f toothache .

—
M a tt h i a s G ottf r i e d Pu r man n ( 1 648 1 7 2 1 ) h a s th e honor of
being the fi r s t wri ter to ma ke mention o f wa x model s in con
n e c t i o n wi th p ro s theti c work Whether the s e model s were
.

made from mold s o r not i s a di s puted question b u t the su p ,

posi tion i s th a t they were ca rved to the desi red s h ape an d

then p a ss ed o n to a cra ft s man wh o rep rod u c ed them in b one
or ivory .

Many other incident s o f consi derab le interes t d u ring the

seventeenth cent u ry h ave to b e omitted in a his to ry o f thi s
ch a ra cter an d consi dera tion will now b e given to the devel
,

o p m e n t o f the eigh teenth centu ry .

 C H A PT ER IV .

DENTI STRY I N TH E E I GHTEENTH CENTURY .

IN 1 7 00F rance took the lea d in the dent al a rt and h a d

recognized the importance of denti stry by req uirin g p ros
p e c t i v e p ractitioners to ta ke an examina tion U nder th e ed ic t
o f 1 6 99 to sh ow thei r q ualifi ca tion s before en terin g the p ro

f e ssi o n . There i s ab un dan t evidence th a t the German s h ad

al s o m a de considera ble p rogress d u ring the two p recedin g
cent u rie s an d they h ave li kewise left us consi derab le litera
,

tu re upon de n tal s u rge ry Dentistry h a d al ready begun to

.

flo u rish a s a di s tinct speci alty of medicine bu t i t remained , ,

a s we s h all see later for Pierre Fa u ch a rd to e ff ect the fina l

,

s epa ration .

Lore n z H e i s t e r ( 1 6 8 3 o f F r a n k f u r t a m M ain pub - -

l i sh e d a t reati se on d entistry enti tled D e De n t i u rn Dol or e

in 1 7 1 1 in which he a dvised removing the d ecayed p a rt o f
,

a tooth wi th a file o r tooth pic k an d fi lling the c avi ty with

white wax m asti c or gold o r lea d foi l
,
In this work he-
.

gave a very concise des crip tion o f removab le p rosth eti c

pieces ma de o f ivory o r hi ppopotamus tus ks an d maintained
in p o s i tion s imply by their form Hei ste r a lso refers to na sa l.

p rosth esi s which Wa s then ca rried out by a pplying noses o f

,

wood or s ilver p roperly p ainted There wa s a t thi s time

,
.

m u ch contention among denti s ts a s to the a dvi sabili ty o f

removing ca ries by the use of th e fi le a s p ractised by Heis ter ,

an d others beca u se o f the des truction o f the enamel of the

,

tooth We find h owever th a t thi s wa s p ra cti sed for a

.
, ,

long period and was a dvoca ted in a modified form by such

,

eminen t d entis ts a s Drs Ch apin A Ha rri s and Robert . .

Arthu r more than a century later .

Up to the eighteenth centu ry the clu m sy pelican o r rud e

for c ep s used to exert la teral force o n the tooth was s till in
, ,

general us e bu t this wa s m odi fied a bo u t thi s time into

,
50 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
In thi s connection a tten tion migh t b e c alled to the Jap a
nese method o f extra c ting teeth I t i s sai d tha t the old .

time Japane s e den tis t h ad no occa sion to u se forc eps or

in s truments o f any kind He lea rned to ext ract teeth .

by fi rs t being given a b oa rd into whi ch a number of

pegs ha d b een d riven which h e lea rned to extract wi th the
,

thumb an d index finger only Th ese pegs we re o f di ff eren t .

‘
s izes an d sh apes and were d riven into the b oa rd tigh te r
,

and tigh ter until he wh o could extrac t them deftly wa s ab le

,
”
al s o to pull teeth in li ke manner .

J oh a n n Ad ol ph G or i tz of Regensb u rg writing in 1 7 2 5
, , ,

opposed t o o ma ny extra ctions an d also the ins ertion o f

p rosthetic piece s becau s e they caused the loss of the teeth
,

t o whi c h they were a ttached This wa s d ue to thei r being

.

wi red to the na tural teeth causing gre a t strain o n and con

,

seq u ent loosening o f the ab utmen ts .

P i err e F a u ch ar d ( born in B ri ttany a bou t 1 6 90 and died a t

Paris in 1 76 1 ) wa s the found er o f modern dentistry He .

p u blished a work in 1 7 2 8 enti tled Le Ch i r u r gi e n De n t i s t e ,

which ma rked a new epoch in the hi story of the d en ta l a rt .

This book wa s high ly commended by the leading m edi c a l

a u thor i t i es of th e d ay I t wa s transla ted into Ger m an in
.

1 7 3 3 and a second revi sed French edi tion wa s i ssued in 1 7 46

, ,

and a thi rd in 1 7 8 6 I t consi sted of two volumes in du o

.

decimo wi th forty full page pla te s 8 6 3 p ages in all and

,
-

, ,

trea ted o f all b ran ches o f dentis try a s u nderstood and p r a c

t i se d a t th a t time . According to Fa u ch a rd dentistry wa s
then an important calling a s he refers to th e examina tion
,

whi ch p rospective p ractitioners were compelled to undergo

even a s ea rly a s 1 700 and advises th a t a dentis t b e in c luded
,

in the b oa rd o f examiners He e xp r e sSe d himself in no .

un c ertain term s a s to th e need o f a school of surgery in

whi c h th e theory an d p racti c e o f denta l surgery could b e .

p roperly taugh t Fauch a rd lamented th a t so li ttle wa s

.

wri tten by ab le dentists wh o h a d p re c eded h i m be c a use ,

these men gua rded thei r knowled ge with secrecy lest someone
’
migh t p rofi t a t the author s expense In his book he ma kes “

known several i m p rovements in p rosthesis in rega rd to which ,

 DEN TI S TR Y I N THE EI GH TEEN TH CEN TUR Y 51

FI G . 1 8

he said To the p rej udi c e of my own interes ts I now give th e

,
”
most exact des c ription possib le of them thus putting the
,

intere st s of hi s c hosen p rofession above hi s own p u rse

.
52 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
I t i s a mistake t o thin k tha t he crea ted the a rt O f dentis try ,

b u t th a t he placed i t on a higher plane by many valuab le

inventions and by collecting and p u b lishing all o f th e av ail
a ble knowledge o n the subj ect there i s no do u b t To s how , .

how concisely he wrote i t may su ffi ce to quote th e following

,

account of work th at may b e done o n teeth

“
They may b e cleaned ; they may b e s traigh tened ; they
may b e made shorter ; ca ries may b e removed from them ;
they may b e c au terized ; they may b e fil le d wi th lead ; they -

may b e sepa ra ted ; they m ay b e placed in p roper posi tion ;

t hey may b e fa s tened ; they may b e removed from the j aw ;
they may b e replaced in the j aw ; o r they may b e ta ken ou t
’
to be placed in another per s on s mo u th ; and a t las t teeth
a re a rtificially cons tructed and m ay b e placed in s tea d
,

of those th a t h ave b een lost All o f th ese operation s d e

.

mand a s kilful s teady and trained h and and a complete

,
”
theory .

In thi s work he refer s t o the pop u la r id ea o f worms in the

teeth which i dea h ad existed for more th an one th o u san d
,

yea rs He a dmits th e possibili ty o f them b ut s ta tes th a t he

.
,

h a s never seen them and th a t i f they do exis t they a re not

,

the ca u se o f ca rie s b ut the egg s o f in s ect s may h ave entered

,

cariou s cavities and there h a tche d and p rod uced worms .

Although And ry rela tes seeing very s mall worms wi th a

powerful glass Fauch a rd s tates th a t he employed th e same
,

m eans but coul d not see them Thus he sets forever a t res t
.

this foolish supersti tion in rega rd t o worms in the teeth a s

a cause of dental ailments s o long ind ulged by the people of
those times Perhap s i t is only a s a ma tter of courtesy
.

towa rd the m any a u thors who p receded him th at he ad mi t s

thei r p resence a t all .

Fauch a rd gave a very a ccura te desc rip tion o f the ana tomy
o f the teeth their s truct u re position origin growth and
, , , ,

ana tomical p a rts a s b ody root and neck He describ ed

, ,
.

accurately the pulp cavi ty an d root canals and after a m os t ,

th orough ma c ros c opi c des c ription goes in to the hi stology o f

,

the teeth following the wri tings of La Hi re in 1 69 9 Faucha rd

, .

agrees with the popula r i dea of his d ay in rega rd to ca ries ,

 DE N TI S TR Y I N TH E E I GH TEE N TH CE N T UR Y 53

and s tates th a t i t may h ave i ts ori gin wi thin the tooth a s

well a s without .

’
From a p assage in the fi fth ch ap ter o f Fa u ch a rd s work
one lea rn s th at tooth b ru she s were then al ready in u s e b u t
-

he say s th a t those mad e of horseh ai r a re t o o ro u gh and

frequently h ave a destructive action u pon th e teeth He .

a dvised u sing small s ponge s wi th which the teeth s ho u ld b e

,

r ub bed u p an d down insid e an d outside every morning

, , .

Before us ing the s ponge s they were to b e clipped in tepi d

wa ter o r p referab ly a qua v i t ze the better to forti fy the g u m s,
”
and render the teeth fi rm .

He wa s s trong in hi s condemn ation o f elixi r s and cure s by

magica l means s o much p racti s ed in hi s d ay and a reference ,

i s made to the la rge and inc rea s ing n u mber o f C h a rla tans
o f the d ay wherein h e exc laimed There wi ll s hortly b e
,
”
more dentis ts th an person s a ffected with d ental di s ea se s .

He lament s over the poor quali ty o f work done by them rela t ,

ing a ca se where a deciduous tooth wa s extracted wi tho u t

roots wh ereupon th e d entis t in an eff ort to extrac t th e root s
,

removed the p ermanen t tooth j us t er u p ting .

Fauch a rd a dvi sed s ea ting the p a tient in an ea s y a rm ch ai r -

for th e p u rpose o f perform ing dental opera tion s and con ,

dem med the p ractice o f s eating him o n th e gro u nd o r floor

’
and holding hi s hea d be tween th e opera tor s knee s a s wa s ,

commonly done a s u n s kilful and u nsanita ry and in th e ca s e

, ,

of p regnant women a s capab le o f doing grea t h a rm He

, .

p racti sed opening the tooth for relieving ab sces s e s by e v a c u a t

ing the pus A fter th ree month s he s topped the s e teeth to
.

p revent thei r get t ing worse b ut no mention o f root canal ,

-

work i s ma de though h e placed a li ttle cotton wool in th e

,
-

c avi ty wi th o il o f cinnamon and allowed i t to remain s everal

weeks before filling them Chap ter VI o f hi s work rel ates .

to filling teeth wherein the author p refer s fine tin fi r s t o f

,

all next lead and lastly gold which he s ay s does not conform
, ,

to th e cavi ty a s well a s the oth er ma terials b u t admi ts th a t ,

some opera tors p refer i t saying h owever th a t i t i s more

, , ,

dea r and not everyone can a ff ord i t The author also spea ks .

o f a lea d filling whi ch lasted in pe rfec t condi ti on f o r forty

54 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

yea rs Cauterization wa s mu c h p ra c tised to a rres t ca ries

.

and also to relieve tooth a c he in hi s d ay and was th e only ,

method of des troying nerves ( pulp s ) a t th a t time .

FI G . 1 9 .
—I n st r u m e n t s for scr a pi n g i
t h e ca r o u s c a vi t i e s .
( Fa u ch a r d )

This author strongly c omb ated a s di d m any oth er ab le ,

men the i dea tha t p regnant women and nur s ing mothers
,
 DE N TI S TR Y I N TH E E I GH TEE N TH CE N T UR Y 55

should not h ave opera tions on the teeth b ut a dvises them ,

to C hoose this course ra ther th an p rolonged suff e ring which ,

would be more li ab le to inj u re ei ther the mother fetus o r ,

suckling child than th e opera tion i tself .

FI G . 20 FI G . 2 1

’
FI G . 20 . F a u ch a r d s s i m pl e p e li c a n (wi t h on e c h a n g e a bl e h oo k ) .

(G u e r i n i ).

FI G . 2 1 .
—F a u c h a r d ’s d o u bl e p e li c a n .
(G u e r i n i )

Faucha rd p ra c tised orthodontia and rel ates a case I n wh i c h ,

he used the file and pelican and put a c rooked tooth in place ,

which opera ti on requi red about ten minutes Th e most .

di ffi cult ca ses he s tates requi red from th ree to ten d ays and ,

sometimes several month s to complete He used gold and , .

silver pla tes w hich were perfora ted wi th h oles th rough whi c h
,

he p assed a silk th rea d for correc t ing i rregula ri ties and ,

56 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
when thi s wa s not su ffi cient he forced them in place wi th
the pelican or forcep s .

FI G . 22 .
—So me o f t h e de n t a l
fil e s u se d by F a u ch a r d Th e li t t l e s q u a r e
.

fig u r e r e p r e se n t s a sm a ll g roo v e d we d g e d e st i n e d t o b e i n se r t e d in l a r g e
i n t e r d e n t a l s p a ce s i n o r d e r t o giv e m o r e fi r m n e ss t o t h e t e e t h t o be fill e d
, .

In 1 7 3 7 Fa u cha rd ma de a full u pper s et o f teeth for a

lady o f high rank h olding the s ame in place with s p ring s
, ,

and relates th at the lady a te wi th i t easily and co u ld not get

along without i t He also rela tes h aving mad e a full upper
.
58 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

yea r 1 800 He states h owever th a t h e h as b een succes s ful

.
, ,

in th ree cases in placing full upper sets wi thout the ai d of

sp rings 1
He also b rough t pala tine p rosthesis to a high
.

degree of perfection and de s cribed five kind s o f ob tu ra tor s ,

whi ch were however so m e w h a t c o m p l i c a t e d The ma terials

, ,
~
.

mos t in use i n dental p ro s thesi s were human teeth h i p p o p o t ,

a m us tusks ivory of the bes t quality and ox bone Crow n s

,
.

were placed o n na tu ra l roots ( if healthy ) and held in pla ce

wi th screws or b ound to neigh b oring teeth .

’
The s econd edi tion of Fauch a rd s work which a ppea red in ,

1 7 46 ,
con tains ( p p 2 75 —2 7 7 ) th e fi rs t accoun t of pyorrhea
.

“ ’ ”
alveola ris familia r ly called
,
Riggs s disea s e afte r th e ,

American denti st D r John M Riggs w h o in 1 8 7 6 intro

,
. .
, , ,

d u ce d the m ethod of s craping th e ta rta r from th e crown s

an d root s for i ts c u re .

’
I n th e fi rs t edi tion o f Fa u ch a rd s work (v o l i i p 3 0 ) .
, .

m ention i s ma de o f a machine for p repa ring and d rilling in to

’
teeth Thi s machine i s illustrated in E l e me n s d Od on t ol ogi e
.

(Jourd ain 1 7 5 6 p , Thi s wa s no doub t the b eginning

, .

o f the denta l engine and anted a te s the dental engine tha t

,

the Greenwood s m ad e from an o l d s pinning wheel .

Finally F a u c h a r d refers to on e remedy whi ch i s not in

,

h armony wi th the rest o f hi s ad mi rable work and th a t consis t s ,

’ ’
of ri nsing one s mouth wi th one s own u rine fre s h ly emi tted ;
b ut notwi th s tanding th e ab surdi ty of i t he asserts th a t many ,

p erson s h ave found grea t r elief by thi s means As a s ub .

s t i t u t e h e s ta tes th a t rectified s pi ri t o f urine may be used .

Summing up hi s wri tings we may s ay th a t notwithstanding , ,

the falsity o f some of hi s idea s he wa s fa r in a dvance o f hi s ,

p rofession and wa s tr u ly the fo u nder o f modern denti s try ,

and h a s gi ven inestimab le service to s uff ering humani ty .

M ou t on wrote a monograp h o n mech anical dentistry in ,

“
1 746 ,in which he de s c ri bed the applica tion o f calottes
’ ”
d or th a t i s gold crown s to teeth which a re b ad ly d ecayed
, , , .

These when applied to the front teeth h e enamelled so a s to

1
Du r i n g t h e fi r st p a r t o f t he i
n n et een t h ce n t u r y a l m o st a ll pl a t e s we r e
,

fit t e d fo r t he a t t a chme n t o f s p r i n gs in c a se t h e y we r e n e e d e d .
 DEN TI S TR Y I N THE E I GH TEE N TH CEN TUR Y 59

look natu ral Mouton also I nvented a method of appl y ing

.

pa rtia l dentures by fixing t h e m to t h e natural teeth w i th

sp rings o r C lasps He also p ra ctised transplanta tion of teeth
.

a s well a s the corre c tion o f d e n t a l i rregula ri ties and gained '

grea t renown thereby He used subluxa tion o f the teeth fo r

.

the pu rpose of seve ring the den ta l ne r ve a s a re m edy against

tootha c he .

Ph ili p Pf a fi denti s t to Frederi c k the Great deserves pas sing

, ,

mention s ince he w a s th e fi rst Germ an to w ri te a rea l trea ti se

,

on denti stry He is the fi rs t author w h o p ra c ti sed capping

.

an exposed nerve b efore pla c ing a fi lling in the cavi ty Fau ,

c h a rd usually fi lling the cavi ty di re c tly over the exposure .

He also de s crib ed th e con struction of a rtifi c ia l teeth in which

he m ade use o f n ot only ivory bone and tusks of the hi ppo ,

p o t a m u s and the sea c o w but also of silver mother o f pea rl

, ,

and even ena m elled copper His mos t i m portant c o n t ri b u .

tion to science w a s the invention of the plas ter m odel poured ,

in a beeswax imp ression .

B ou r d e t denti s t to th e King of Fran c e w rote a book on

, ,

den ti stry in 1 7 5 7 in which the novel i dea w a s a dvanced of

,

extracting ca riou s teeth filling them with gold or lead and ,

then replanting them I f the a lveolu s w a s inj ured h e .

replanted the teeth immedi ately an d performed the operation

o f filling a fterwa rd He also used p rosthetic pie c es mad e
.

enti rely o f gold and covered the m w ith fl esh c olored enamel -

on the outside showing th a t some denti sts o f olden ti m es

,

were even more a rtis tic th an a la rge p roportion of the p r a c

t i t i on e r s of the p resent d ay wh o m a ke no p reten ce of hiding

thei r gl aring gold crowns He also m ade use of p rostheti c .

pieces o f hippopotamus tusk to whi c h human teeth were ,

fa stened with rivets .

.L B Le n t in
. a Germ an wrote a pamph let in 1 7 5 6 in
, ,

which for the fi rst ti m e elect ri c i ty i s reco m m ended a s a

cu re for toothache though the use of the magnet h ad
,

been advo c ated and p ractised by Pa t a c e l u s Teske and ,

others who c laimed m any c ures by this m eans

,
.

Th om a s B e r d m or e w h o was dentis t to George I I I o f England

,

and the fi rst denti s t t o the English Royal Family is m e n ,

60 H I S TOR Y OF D E N TI S TR Y
t ion e d a s h aving ins tructed Rob ert W o o ff e n d a l e by many ,

reputed to h ave been the fi rs t dentis t in America W o off e n .

d ale emigra ted to America in 1 766 and though he wa s p re ,

ceded by severa l men wh o p racti s ed the a rt h e wa s p rob a bly ,

fa r mor e e fficient th an any who p reced ed him I n 1 76 8 .

B e r d m o r e p ub li s hed an excellen t work o n dentistry whi c h

—
went th rough many editi ons th ree English two German and ,

FI G . 24 .
—Tw o key i n st r u m e n t s wi t h c h a n g e a bl e h o o k s .
( Ca m p a n i ).

the las t an American edition appea ring in B altimore the , ,

c rad le of American dentis try in 1 8 44 seventy six yea rs a fter

, ,
-

the fi rs t edition a ff ording splendi d p roof of i ts value

, .

J oh n Ai tk in perfe c ted the Engli s h key in 1 77 1 which renders ,

the extraction o f teeth easier and le ss li a bl e to fracture the .

j aw or teeth or inj u re the gums ( Fig .

 DE N TI S TR Y I N TH E EI GH TE E N TH CE N T UR Y 61

J oh n H u n t er the c eleb ra ted Englis h surgeon ( born Feb ruary

,

1 3 ,
studied under hi s b rother William who c ondu c ted ,

a school o f anatomy in London In 1 7 7 1 he pub lished a .

b ook enti tled N a t u r a l H i st or y of t h e H u m a n Te e t h and in

L

1 7 7 6 another work enti tled P r a ct i ca l Tr e a t i s e on t h e D i s e a s e s

of t h e Te e t h He was a grea t le c turer and wri ter and kep t a

.

superb anatomical colle c tion and extensive lib ra ry So grea t .

di d hi s fame become th a t he wa s m ade Surgeon General to -

the English Army Hunter wa s a s trenuous p a rtisan of

.

replanting and transplanting teeth and des c ribed these opera ,

tions much more fully th an h ad been done b efore He .

experimented by transpl anting a sound tooth d rawn from

’
a living person into a coc k s c omb by ma king an incision
wi th a lan c et When some month s la ter the c o c k wa s killed
.
, ,

t h e head was inj e c ted and examined and the tooth was

foun d to be attached and c i r c ul a tion estab l ished as i s

found in the natural gums I f we m a y j udge from ea rly
.

writings transplanting and replanting were fa r more c o m

,

rri o n a t th a t time th an a t p resent

‘
and also p rofitab le as
, ,

may b e j udged by the c h a rges o f Paul Eu r i a li u s J u lli o n whose ,

fee wa s five pound s fiv e shillings for t ransplanting a live

tooth and t w o pound s two shi llings for a dea d tooth .

Wi lli ch in 1 7 7 8 ma kes reference to a woman forty yea rs

, , ,

of age wh o though sh e wa s the m other of two child ren h ad

,

never menstrua ted Th e extra c tion o f a tooth was followed

.

by a hem orrh age th a t lasted an ho ur and this he m orrhage ,

re c u rred each month thereafter for a period o f eigh t yea rs .

Rob e r t B un on ( died a French denti st born a t the

b eginning o f the eigh teenth centu ry wa s on e of the fi rst to ,

deny th a t the eye tooth h as anyt h ing to do wi th the organ

of sigh t showing th a t i t is supplied by the infraorbita l nerve
,
.

He was an a rdent c h a m pion o f c onservative denti stry and

p rophylaxis and suc c eeded in c onverting many medi c al men ,
’
surgeon s a n d p r i e s t s to hi s views When Fau c ha rd s b ook
/ .
,

Le Chi r u gi e n De n t i s t e appea red he wa s disappointed to find

,

but little therein th a t interested h i m and s et about to write ,

a b ook of his ow n Before publishing his work he entered

.

’
the College of Su rgery to underta ke t w o yea rs p ractice
62 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
w i th a regula rly licensed su rgeon to undergo theoreti c a l ,

and p ractica l exa m ina tions and to ta ke oa th before the

C h ief Su rgeon o f the Realm in a c cord ance wi th the edi c t
of May 1 6 99 in order to ob tain th e diploma of su rgeon
, ,

d entist He wa s highly eulogized by the p rin c ip al j ou rnals

.

of the ti m e an d by this means w o n much fame and many

,

wealthy clients .

One of the chief merits o f his b ook is th a t of h aving asc ribed

to the d eciduous teeth all o f the importan c e th a t they really
h ave In ca ses o f s toma ti tis Bunon advised th e co m plete
.
,

re m ova l of ta rta r before ad minis tering other trea tment He .

used the same measu res agains t mercuri al s tomatiti s in th e

spe c ifi c treat m ent of syphilis .

I N V EN TI O N O F M I N ERAL TEETH .

One of the mos t i m portant events in th e hi story o f d enti s

try i s the invention o f th e mineral tooth The q u estion who .
,

m ad e the fi rst porcelain tooth p rob ably never will b e settled ,

beyond doub t There i s no q uestion th a t we a re indeb ted to

.

Fran c e f o r its p rodu c t ion and Dubo is de Che m ant is co m monly

,

a c c red ited wit h the invent ion ; b u t th is i s a n erro r As long .

ago a s 1 7 1 0 G u i l le m e a u suggested a for m u l a f o r a p aste fo r

,

a rt ifi c ia l teeth composed o f w h ite wax softened with a l ittle ,

gum elemi to wh ic h wa s to b e a d d ed a powder o f wh ite m a s

,

t i c o f c ora l an d o f p ea rl
, I t was cl a i m ed th at teeth ma d e o f
.

th is c o m pos ition never be c ame yellow .

In 1 7 2 8 Fau c h a rd published his great work Le Ch i r u r g i e n

, ,

De n t i s te ; in whi c h we find at le ast the ge rm of the i d ea of

“
po rcel ain teeth I n Ch ap ter X I X he says : I hav e though t
.

th a t adv an tage might b e derived from a regul a r an d un alter

ab le col ora ti on from en amel a rt ifici ally co m posed I h ave .

also thought th a t I m igh t from th is n ot only perfe c tly imita te

the en a m el of teeth bu t the g u m in c ases where it is n e c e s
, ,
”
s a ry t o r epl a ce the teeth in whole or in p a rts o f s ets There .

is n o p roof tha t Fauch ard ever went furthe r th an th e en am el

ling d escribed though De s i r a bo de and A u d ib r a n b o th cla im
,

th at he m u s t h ave made wh ol e s et s o f th i s mate ri al .

 DEN TI S TR Y I N TH E EI GH TE E N TH CE N T UR Y 63

Almos t fi fty yea rs l a ter a French chem ist o r pha r m a c ist ,

Du c h a t e a u becoming disgusted wi th a dentu re he wa s wea r

,

ing of hip popotamus ivor y o n a c coun t of the disagreeable ,

odor d ue in pa rt to constantly tasting ph a rm aceuti c al p repa

rations a s wa s then the custom applied in 1 7 7 4 to M Guer
, , , , .

h a rd a por c elain m anufactu rer of Pa ri s to h ave a porcelain

, ,

set m a de D ue to the cont raction o f the porcelain many

.

trials were ma de wi thout succe ss b ut finally a set wa s m ade ,

which he was able to wea r though not wi thout defects , .

Fina lly this set becoming un s a ti sfactory new experiments

, ,

were b egun but wi thout succes s whereupon he applied to

, ,

th e dentist Nicholas Dub oi s d e Chemant of Pa ri s for col

, , ,

l a b o r a t i o n and a new denture was finally mad e w hi c h he wa s

,

FI G . 2 5 .
—Ea r li e s t s p e c i m e n s o f m in e ra l t eet h .

ab le to wea r Ela ted by this new suc c ess Du c h a t e a u

.
,

a tte m pted to m ake teeth for persons o f high rank and gain
money thereby b ut his lac k o f know ledge of dentistry
,

p revented him from su c ceeding Du c h a t e a u ga v e up in .

d iscouragement while Dubois de Che m ant worked uncea s

,

i n g ly to pe rfec t thi s invention c o m bining Fontainebleau ,

san d ali can t s od a ma rl and oxide of i ron in order to gi v e

, ,

p roper colo ring and control sh rinkage He h a d access to the .

Gove rnmen t porc elain l abora tory of Fran c e for re c ipes and
expe ri m ents and a fter ma king sa tisfacto ry dentures pub
, ,

li sh e d the results in 1 7 8 8 In 1 7 8 9 he m a de known his .

invention to the A c ade m y of Scien c es and the Faculty of

’
Medi c ine of Pa ri s and ob tained an invent or s pa tent from
,
64 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Loui s XVI Dubois d e Chemant W rote s everal p amphlets
.
,

b oth in Englan d and in France wherein he set forth th e many ,

a dvantage s of mineral teeth .

Th us while Dubois d e C h e m e n t was not the invent or he ,

j u stly de s erve s the c redi t fo r perfecting and placing before

the p rofession thi s valuab le invention These teeth were .

ma de in o n e s ingle b loc k rep resenting teeth and gums and ,

were m ade from ca sts of the p a rts i n such a manner a s to

control s h rinkage so th a t the fi t wa s perfect I t remained
, .

for Fo n z i in 1 8 0 8 to ma ke known a new tooth which he

, ,
“ ”
called terro metallic in which each tooth wa s s ingle wi th
-

, ,

pla tin a hooks t o b e a ttached to a b ase and h e also succeeded ,

in imp roving the color of t he teeth and i mp a rting a s emi

tran s p a rent o r t ranslu c ent a ppea rance to them .

Pa rticula r credi t i s due to severa l Americans for the va s t

imp rovements in p orcelain teeth up to the p resent time .

Although invented and used in France a s ea rly a s 1 7 74 i t wa s ,

not u ntil 1 8 1 7 tha t Plantou a rrived in Phila delp hi a from Pa ri s

with a supply of porcelain teeth and engaged in the p ractice of
dentistry The teeth th a t he b rough t wi th him were o f s u ch
.

form color and ma terial as would now be rega rded wi th con

,

temp t h aving the labi al su rfaces rounded and enamelled and

,

th e lingual su rfa ce s perfectly fl at resembling a s p li t bean ,

more th an a tooth .

Yankee ingenui ty h a s ever b een alert and i t wa s not long ,

“ ”
before th e a dvantages o f th e indestructib le tooth we re
recognized a s well a s i ts shortcomings A number of Ameri
, .

cans began experiments looking to the imp rovement o f these

teeth o r engaged in thei r manufacture on a small s ca le
, ,

Philadelphi a becoming th e sea t of this new i ndu s try .

The fi rs t to a ttain any p rominence in thi s line was Samuel

W Stockton wh o began experiments in 1 8 2 5 and h ad built
.
, ,

up a consid erab le b usines s by 1 8 3 0 His s tock wa s kep t in .

bottle s the modern method o f ca rding teeth not being in

,

us e for many yea rs thereafter .

Among those wh o manufa c tured teeth fo r the i r own us e

were D rs M c I l h e n n y in 1 8 2 6 Amb ler and Spoone r in 1 8 2 8
.
, ,

Flagg in 1 8 3 0 S Spooner in 1 8 3 1 Ha rwood and T u cker

, .
,
66 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
f e c t i on Of details an d included distinctions in sh ape in
,

accord ance with ana tomical types ; the gaining of strength

wi th lessened bulk o f t ranslucen c y wi thout sa cri ficing
,

s trength ; the rep roduc tion o f the manifold d evi ations from
—
a b solute uniformi ty more e s peci ally in gum sectional teeth
-

whi ch from the introd u c tion o f the vulcani te ( rub ber) b ase
,

ab o u t 1 8 5 3 u ntil a fter 1 8 70 were more u sed th an any other

,

form .
 C H APTER V .

EARLY DENTI STRY IN TH E AM E RI CAN

COLONI E S .

A LTHOU G H dentis try in some form h ad been p ractised from

the mos t remote times in the Old World wh ere grea t p rogre s s
,

h a d been made and the p rofes s ion h ad to a large extent

, ,

become s ep a ra ted from medicine i ts introd u ction into

,

America a s a di s tinc t p rofessional c alling s eem s to h ave

been d elayed for a t leas t one h u nd red and fifty yea r s afte r
the landing of the Pilgri ms a t Plymouth Rock The follow .

’
ing quotation from Koch s H i st or y of De n t a l Su r ge r y gives
one a fai r i dea o f conditions existing in the ea rly Ameri can
Colonies
“
Th a t the Cavaliers o f the Old Dom i nion the D u t c h ,

a long the Hud son or the Germ ans in Pennsylvania in the ,

ea rly coloni al d ays re c eived any opera tive attention in the

,

ca re o f thei r teeth by men especia lly devoted to this p a rti e n

la r calling or indulged in p rostheti c sub stitution i s not
, ,

estab lished by any record n ow known ; b ut _the Pilg ri m

Fa th er s o f Plymo u th Colony appea r to h ave treated thei r
b od ily welfa re in thi s respect with the s ame c onsi dera te
c a re and zeal a s th a t act u ating them in spi ri tual ma tters .

In 1 6 3 6 they b rough t into th e colony from Lond on some

physi c ians an apotheca ry an d th ree b a rber surgeons No
,
-
.

re c ord o f these b a rb er surgeons seems to b e av ailable b ut

-

owing to a singula r catas troph e which overtook Willia m

Di mely one o f) the s e his name ha s been p reserved He wa s
, . ,
.

sent for in by a ma n living a t Roxbury to come and

relieve him tooth ache whi c h was ca u sing him intense
‘

s uff ering T
. s mai d t o show the way Di mely .

and the gi rl en by a severe storm and los t

thei r way . a fter thei r b odies were found
frozen to
68 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y

Even though Ameri can dentistry wa s s low to get a s ta rt

due no doub t to the h a rdships o f a new and r u gged country ,

where th e b a ttle s wi th th e Indi ans o n the on e h and and the

ta s k o f s upplying food and shel ter o n the other left b ut
—
li ttle time for a ttention to dental ills nevertheless the ,

s eed once s own took root rapid ly and Americ a wa s soon

de s tined t o take th e lea d o f all other nations an d i t wa s ,

here th a t dentis try reached i t s highest development .

J a m e s M ill s a dvertised in the N e w Yor k We e k ly jou r n a l

“
of Jan u a ry 6 1 7 3 5 a s follows
, , Teeth d rawn and o l d
b roken s t u mp s ta ken ou t very safely and wi th much ca re
by James Mill s wh o wa s in s tr u cted in th a t a rt by the la te
,
’
James Reading decea s ed s o f a m d for d rawing teeth He
,
.
, .

i s to b e spoke with a t hi s sh op in the hou s e o f th e deceased

”
nea r the Old Slip M a rket .

I s a a c G r e e n wood i s rep u ted to h ave p ractised dentis try in

Bo s ton a b o u t 1 7 5 0 and to h ave ca rved false teeth from
,

hippopotam u s t us ks u sing beeswax mold s a s hi s p a ttern

, .

His father wa s th e fi rs t p rofessor o f m athe m atics and n at u ra l

history in H arva rd College a t Camb rid ge M ass I t h a s
, , .

frequently been sai d th a t Josi ah Flagg wa s the fi rs t n ative

born Ame rican denti st b u t when th e genealogy of the Green
,

wood s i s examined i t mus t b e conceded th a t the claim i s

n o t well fo u nded . I s aa c Greenwood , o f Boston seem s to b e ,

more j ustly entitled to thi s distinction although Flagg ,

wa s p rob ab ly the fi rs t na tive b orn dentis t wh o e s pecially

-

’
and exclusively p r ep a red himself f o r the p ra ctice o f hi s p ro
f e s si on
. I n 1 860 I s a ac John Greenwood gave th e following
,

informa tion in rega rd to his family : I sa ac Greenwood ,

the Second wa s the fi r s t p ractitioner o f d enti s try in Bos ton

, ,

a s well a s a mathema tical instr u ment ma ker ivory turne r ,

and u mb rella man u fact u rer He followed all o f these .

p u rsuit s a t the same time and also made th e fi rst electri c

machine f o r Benj amin Franklin He i s s aid to h ave p r a c .

t i se d dentis try only in i t s p ros thetic b ranch a business ,

”
nat u rally emb raced by th a t o f ivory t u rn er in those d ays -
.

I sa ac John Greenwood does n o t s ay how hi s grand fa ther

ob tained his knowledge o f dentistry excep t th a t in a p or ,
 EA R LY DE N TI S TR Y I N THE A M E RI CA N COLON I ES 69

trai t o f h im he i s s h own wi th hi s h and upon an open vol u me

’
o f H u nter s Tr e a t i se u p on t h e H u m a n Tee t h .

J a me s D an i e l a dverti s ed in 1 766 to opera te on th e teeth

, , ,
”
The b u siness so ab solutely nece ss a ry in this City al t h o u gh ,

he wa s by trade a h ai rd res s er and ma ker o f wi gs Th a t .

wa s not a s unu s ual a s i t sound s for inve s tigation s how s th a t ,

the ea rly denti s t wa s and h a d b een a m an wh o followed

some other trad e o r occup ation and p racti s ed hi s a rt a s
a s ide line j u s t a s th e ea rly colonial doctor wa s us ually the
,

b a rb er o r the apothecary .

Rob e rt W oofi e n d a l e an Engli s h denti s t wh o wa s in s tr u cted

, ,

by Thomas B e r d m o r e dentis t to King George I I I a rrived

, ,

in America in Oc tober 1 766 and p ractised for a ti me in

, ,

New York Ci ty an d later in Phila delphi a He appea rs to .

h ave po ss es s ed considerab le s kill which he a dverti s ed in ,

the P e n n sylva n i a Ch r on i cl e and Un i ve r s a l A dve r t i se r claiming ,

“
th a t he , H aving received in s t ru c t ion s from the p resent
’
opera tor for the King s teeth perform s all opera tion s u pon ,

the teeth gums s ocket s and pala te ; al s o fixe s a r t i fici al teeth

, ,
”
so as to escape di s cerning .

He i s rep u ted to h ave ma de for a p a tient n a med William

Wal ton o f New York a full upper and lower set o f a rtificial
, ,

teeth claimed by mo s t authorities to h ave been the fi r s t

,

full s et made in Ameri ca He wa s m a rried in 1 767 to Ma rth a

.

Steven s on and they removed to Jamaica Long I sland where

, , ,

he s pent mo s t of hi s time visi ting New York once each week

,

to care for hi s p racti ce I t appea rs th a t the publi c di d not

.

p roperly apprecia te hi s s kill a s h e returned to England in ,

1 7 6 8 to become s u cce ss or to Thoma s B e r d m o r e u pon the

’ ’
latter s death From Ha rris s Di cti on a r y of De n ta l S ci e n ce
.

i t i s lea rned th a t h e again retu rned to New York in 1 7 9 5

and re s umed hi s p rac ti ce b u t contin u ed in th at line for
,

only two yea r s more He then re t i red with his fa m ily to

.

hi s Long I s land fa rm leaving hi s p rofessional b u sine ss in

,

ch a rge o f hi s s on John to whom h e willed a ca s e containing

,

his dental in s t ru ments a t the ti me o f hi s dea th which occ u rred ,

a t Ja mai ca Long I sland in 1 8 2 8

, , .
70 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
A Mr . a dvertised in the N e w Yor k Ch r on i cl e o f
H a mil t on
A u g us t 1 7 1 76 7, tha t his celeb ra ted tin c tu re wo u ld cu re
,

the mo s t violent toothache in a few minutes He gua ran .

“ ”
teed No c u re no pay , He is known to h ave p racti s ed i n
.

Phila delphi a and p rob ab ly made tri ps to New York .

J oh n B a k e r in the s ame yea r in which Robert Wo off e n d a le

,

a rrived in New York inserted an advertisement in the ,

B os t on N e ws Le t te r Janua ry 2 9 1 7 6 7 , On May 9 1 7 6 8 h e , .
, ,

a dvertised in th e N e w Yor k We e kly jou r n a l th a t h e h a s “

given p roof o f hi s supe rior a rt to the p rincipa l nob ili ty ,

gentry and others o f Grea t B ri tain France I reland and , ,

other p rincipa l p lace s o f E u rope also t o 2 000 per s ons in

’ ”
Bo s ton and i s now in thi s ci ty a t M r John Wa t s on s
, He . .

went to Philadelphi a la ter and retired to a fa rm o n land now

occ u pied by the Pennsylvania Railroad Sta tion a t B roa d St .

Owing t o the growth o f the ci ty hi s p roperty became very

va l u a ble and a t h is dea th he willed th e resi due o f his es ta te
, ,

ab out $ 1 , t o Trini ty Ch a ri ty Sch ools His mos t note .

worthy achievemen t s eems t o h ave been the tea ching o f

hi s a rt to o n e Pa u l Revere a S ilversmith o f Bo s ton wh o , ,

la ter di s ting u i s h ed himself a s the hero of the midnigh t ri de :

’
Th r o e v e ry M i dd l e se x vill a g e an d fa r m .

I n Ameri ca as in Europe ea rly dentis try mad e much o f

, ,

transplan ting teeth and some o f the ea rly p ractitioner s

,

m us t h ave been adept s a t the a rt Such p ractice m us t a l s o .

h ave been very remunerative a s there i s an a dverti s emen t ,

’
in Ri vi n gt on s Roya l Ga ze tte und er d a te of A u g u st 3 1 1 7 8 2
, , ,

off ering fo u r guinea s for each s o u nd front tooth .

I n the We s t a s i n the Ea s tern colonies denti s try di d not

, ,

go with the ea rly s ettlers b ut followed la ter after the settle

,

ment s were fai rly well es tab lished .

Dr Wi ll i a m H K e n n i cott wa s born in we s tern N e w Yo rk

. .

in 1 806 and removed to New Orleans in 1 8 2 2 where he mu s t ,

have gained hi s knowledge o f denti s try He removed to .

Chicago in 1 8 3 4 opening an o ffi ce f o r the p rac tice o f den

,

t i s t ry a t the Eagle Tave rn Fo r some time he app a rently

h a d the field enti rely to hi m
.

s elf b u t on October 2 1 1 8 42 h e , , ,
 EA R LY DEN TI S TR Y I N TH E A M ERI CA N COLONI ES 71

pl a c ed an adverti sement in the Ch i ca go Expr e ss announcing

“
hi s p a rtnership wi th D r B radley recently from New .
,
” “
York s o th a t th e citizen s o f Chicago will b e able to avai l
‘

themselve s of the well estab lished s kill of Doet B rad ley

-
.

d u ring the ab s ence o f Do c t Kennicott t o the c ountry .

,

which d enotes th a t h e spent a t lea st a portion o f hi s ti m e

t raveling and ca ring f o r p a tients out s ide o f Chicago I n th e .

sa m e p aper referred to there i s an a dvertise m en t by D r .

E Jud son 9 8 La ke Street s howing th a t Chi c ago a t th a t ti m e

.
, ,

h ad a t leas t th ree denti s t s I n 1 8 48 D r Kennico t t ha d .

, .

a ttained p rominence i n th a t ci ty and wa s re s ponsib le for

grea t imp rovement s in th e municip al wa ter sys tem He .

remained in ac tive p rac ti ce u ntil 1 8 6 3 when h e died of ,

apoplexy .

O n th e P a cifi c C oa st den ti s t ry s eem s to h ave made even

a n ea rlier beginning s ince th e Hud son B ay Mi s sion founded
, ,

a t Vancouver B C in 1 8 2 4 i s s ai d to h ave c a rri ed a denti s t

, . .
, ,

named George Wellington who re m ained there until 1 8 3 6 , ,

and then ret u r ned to Eu rope So fa r a s we a re a b le to .

lea rn th ere wa s n o dentist o n the Pacifi c Coa s t from then

until 1 844 when W Dunning a New York denti s t emigrated
, .
, ,

t o Asto ri a a t the mo u th of th e Columbi a River and wa s s oon

, ,

j oined by D r Ad am s from New Orlean s When gold wa s

. .

discovered in C a lifo r nia denti s ts along with other s went,

there in considerab le n u mbers and the p rofe ss ion came t o ,

b e well rep resented i n th a t p a rt o f th e count ry .

Th e Sp ani sh s ettlement s mad e a d eep imp ress on the

Pacifi c Coa s t which i t is n o t now possib le to t race D r James . .

J Walsh who h a s d one much o riginal resea rch in medica l

.
,

history s ta tes th a t h e h ad u ndoub ted evidence th a t th e

,

ea rly settler s o f Mexico e s tab lished ab o u t 1 500 A D a medica l , , . .

,

school a t Mexico Ci ty and tha t a number o f medical works

,
'

were published th ere There wa s not much intercourse .

between the Ea s t and Wes t a t th a t time and dentist ry s eem s ,

to h ave d eveloped in the Wes t independently of th e Ea st ,

without however leaving much reliable d a ta

, ,
.
 C H A PT ER V I .

PIONE E R AM E RI CAN D ENTI ST S .

Josi ah ( —Li ttle i s known

o f the ea rly
Fl a g g 1 76 4
life o f Josia h Flagg u ntil a t th e a ge o f eigh teen yea rs when ,

he wa s serving in the Continental Army Here h e met .

Joseph L e Mai re and Ja me s Ga rdette t wo p roficient French ,

dentists and lea rned much of val u e from them Flagg

, .

p roved a n ap t p u pil and soon became a s kilfu l dentis t a nd ,

a fter the wa r located in B oston whe re h e b egan to p racti ce ,

hi s p rofes s ion He a dverti s ed to d o all kind s o f denta l

.

opera tions a lso to sew up h a re li p and to ma ke gold pla tes

,
-

and ob t u ra tors and s old tooth b ru shes powd er s tinct u re s

,
-

, , ,

ma s tics and chew s ticks ( Fig He wa s al s o recognized

.

a s a pioneer in placing gold filling s D u ring the Wa r o f 1 8 1 2 .

he again entered the s ervice a s a p riva teer s man and wa s

cap tured and taken to London where he wa s a fte rwa rd ,

p a roled During hi s s oj ou rn in England he gained m u ch

.

valuab le info rma tion from su rgeons o f renown and ma ny ,

co u rte s ies we re s h own him .

He became acq u ainted with Si r A s tley Cooper th e famo us ,

English s urgeon of whom the s tory i s told th a t failing one

,

d ay to ext rac t th e tooth of a p atient before a clas s o f s tudents

’
a t Guy s Ho s pital he t u rned the p atient over to Flagg who
, ,
“
wa s p resent s aying Perh ap s o u r American friend w h o i s
, ,

a s killed dentist can a ssis t us in this dilemma

, Flagg .

a ro s e b owed to Cooper and to the cla ss and ta king from

, ,
’
hi s pocket a j eweler s graving tool ( a favori te instrument in
those d ays f o r removing teeth ) he extracted the tooth so
neatly and rapid ly th a t i t flew h alf way across the room -
.

“
Cooper ve ry much a stonished exclaimed Gentlemen th a t
, , , ,
”
was a ma rvelo u s fea t ! a most ma rvelou s fe at ! At the clo s e
o f the wa r Flagg ret u rned to Bo s ton b u t wa s s hipwrecked in ,
 CO D
rm c t r h r t 12 c ]
In f o s t h e p u b l i t h a h e p ra
,
é t i f e s i n a ll t h e b a n c h e s w i t i m p o v e m en s [ ,
. .

n rs b Ot h l i v e a n d d d T t h wi t h r
g a e t e r v i c a n d g iv e s l e f s
p a i n t h a n h e r e :
ea ee c o n e n e n y ,

ié t i fe d i n Eu r o r A m e ri c a z S e w s u
pH a re Lp p t
-
i s G u m s U l c e r
‘

s E x t r aaét s T -ee t -

i
’
m a tes l e e t h a n d G ums, t h at a re m u c h de r e c a te d b y n
'

m t
‘

h s ter e R e i n l t
t a ps ar p
-

; c

i fl d i m d i i n F fi h f T ’
c h t l i a t a re l oo fe ( u n l e fs
'
’
re l e ffn e fisr a c s o r C O f fl g e c e a e n s t o e e t -
s

a t t h e r oo t s) reg ul ate s T ee t h f ro m t h e i r fi rft cu tt i n g t o preven t fea ve r s an d pa i n i n

!

A fii ft s n a ture in t h e e xt e n fion o f t h e ja w s f or t h e b e a u t i f ul a rra n ge men t o f t h e I

‘

en -
,

It an d pref e r v e s t h e m I n th e i r n atu ra l w h i t e n e i s e n ti re ly fre e f rom a l l f c d rb u t ic compl a i

'

( I w h e n t h u s pu t i n o rd e r an d h i s dir e ét i on s f ol l o w e il h ic h ar e fi mp l e ) h e e n g a g e s
'

,
( w ,

f u rth e r c a re a t a D efl a j o
d w i l l be w h ol ly u nne ce ff a ry Ea fi:s pa i n i n T e e th wi th out -

3 -
Sto ps b l e e di n g i n t h e g u ms ja w s o r a r te r i e s , , I i n es a n d l i m b s Te e th wi th -
.
-
.

F 01 1 Or L E A D Fi xe s G ol d Roo f s a n d P a /a/cs a n d a r t i c i a l T e e th o f a n y
'

,
q,

th out i nju ry t o a n d in d ep en de nt Of t h e na t u ra l o n e s g re a t ly a ll i fl in g t h e pr on un c ia n c .

( w al l ow w hm i nju re d by n atu ra l o r ot h e r d ef e ct s
,
.
, A r oo m f o r t h e p r a ét ic
.

ery a cco mod a t i on a t h is ho u fe

’
w h e re m ay be h a d Den t ific e s Ti n ct ure s T e e th a n d
, ,

u fh e s M a fi ic s St e
,
w a r ra n t e d a ppro v e d a n d a d a pte d t o t h e v a r i ou s a g e s a n d d re w
, .

s : A l fo C he w fl ic k s , pa rt i cul a rly u fe f u l i n c l ea n fin g t h e f ore T e e t h a n d pre fe r v i n g a n

- -

d bea ut i ful w h i t e n c fs wh i c h M e d i c i n e a n d C h e w fl ic k s a re t o b e f o l d w h ol e fa lc a r -

1, t ha t t he y may b e m ore e xt e n fiv e ly u fe f u l l .

fl , D R FL A G G h a s a me t h o d t o f u rn i fli th o fe La d i e s a n d G e n t l e m en , o r C h il d re
!
. .

i ficial Tee th , G ol d G ums, Roo f s or Pal a te s t h a t a rc a t a d i fta n ce a n d c annot me n . .

-
'

rfon al ly .

83 “
CA S H G iv e n

f or Handf ome a nd Hea lthy Li v e T E ET H,

at : No .
47 . Newbu ry St re et , -
BO STO N , ( 1
796 )
26 .
—C o py o f an a d v e r t ise m e n t o f Jos i a h Fl a gg .
( Co u r t esy o f Dr Willi a m H Tr u e m
. .
 PI ON EER A M E RI CA N DE N TI S TS 73

the h a rbor and hoping to re c over from the eff ects of the ex
,

p o su re moved to Cha rles ton S C soon afterwa rd where he , . .

, ,

died Sep tember 3 0 1 8 1 6 o f yellow feve r which was p revalent

, , , ,

there a t th a t time .

J os e ph Le M a ir e ( 1 7 5 2 mentioned a s one o f Josi a h

’
Flagg s ins tructors came wi th the land forces of Fran c e and
,

lan ded a t New port in 1 7 80 He wa s a su rgeon o f c on si d .

e r a b l e abili ty who h ad s tudied dentistry in Pa ris and wa s an ,

intima te frien d o f the M a rquis de La fayette He u nder .

took to inst ruct others in the dental a rt which may b e sai d ,

to be the beginning of d ental instruction in Ame ri ca .

The following yea r whi le in winter q ua rter s wi th th e,

allied a rmies nea r Provi dence Rh ode I s l and he met James , ,

Ga rdette a fellow countryman and Jo s iah Flagg whom h e

,
-

, ,

inst ructed in the scien c e and a rt o f denti s try B oth o f these .

men then very young afte rwa rd b ecame leaders in thei r

, ,

p rofession and cont ribu ted much towa rd the work which in
later yea r s wa s to ma ke the younge s t nation o f all th e most
famo u s for h er denti sts .

Le M ai re d rifted t o Philadelphi a in 1 7 84 where he a d v e r ,

t i se d tha t he h a d successfully t ran s planted o n e h u nd red and

“
twenty th ree teeth in six month s and th a t he a l s o ca rve d
-

,
”
a rtifi c ial teeth from b locks o f ivory As i t i s a ma tter o f .

record th at i t often requi red t w o month s b efore the p a tient

could chew with transplanted teeth i t follows naturally th a t ,

p atients mus t h ave been p a tien t indeed in those d ays .

1

I n 1 7 8 7 Le M ai re returned to hi s na tive l and and resumed

th e p ractice of hi s p rofession in Pa ri s From then u ntil .

1 8 2 4 he mad e several valuab le cont ri b utions to denta l

li teratu re on the ana to m y p hysiology and p athology of t h e ,

teeth His death occurred a t M aisons Alfort France in

.
-

, ,

1 834 ,and closed a long c a reer of usefu lne ss Hi s name .

stands o u t in the annals o f dental hi s tory a s the pionee r

dental p receptor of Ameri ca whose co m ing ma rked th e ,

beginning of denti stry a s a p rofession in thi s co un try .

1
G a r de t t e , wr i t i n g in 1 8 2 7, sa ys t h a t a ll o f t h e se t r a n s p l a n t a t i a n s we r e
fa il u r e s .
74 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
J am es G ar d e tt e —
wa s b orn in France in 1 75 6
( 1 75 1 8 3 1 )
6
and s tudied medi c ine two yea r s in Pa ris b eing espe c i ally ,

instructed in dental operations by M Le Roy d e la Fa u di n i ér e .

,

a denti s t o f high repute He la ter became a s u rgeon in the

.

French Navy d entistry being a necessa ry q uali fica tion o f a

,

French nava l s u rgeon a t th a t time He came to thi s country

”

’
wi th Fran c e s naval forc es and i s s ai d to h ave b een the fi rs t
medi c ally ed uca ted dentis t in America being a gra d ua te of ,

the Royal Medica l School o f Pa ri s D u ring t he w m t e r o f .

1 7 8 1 —1 7 8 2 while in winter q ua rters a t Providence R I

,
he , . .
, ,

Le M ai re and Flagg formed a clo s e friend ship La ter wh en .

,

the wa r wa s over Ga rdette loca ted fi r s t in New Yo rk in 1 7 8 3

, ,

removing to Philadelphi a in 1 7 8 4 .

Ga rdette wa s an i nventi ve geni u s of high order He i s .

.

cr edited with h aving done away wi th th e p ractice o f main

tainin g a rtifi cia l teeth by mean s o f liga t u res and to h ave
d evised the gold morti s e pla te by which h u man teeth were ,
-

securely held to the edge of the gold pla te by gold rivets ,

p ermitting th e tooth to re s t o n th e gums Ga rd ette also .

rela tes severa l ca s es in hi s p ractice where p atient s h ad been

ab le to wea r p lates without the aid o f sp rings a s F a u c h a r d ,

h a d noted before He a l s o a dvoca ted the extraction of

.

teeth i n yo u thfu l s u bj ect s in order t o permi t the other

teeth in a c rowd ed j aw to regain p roper alignment I n 1 8 2 9 .

he ret u rned t o France and died a t Bordea u x i n 1 8 3 1

, .

J oh n G re e n wood ( 1 7 60 second son o f I s a ac th e

Se cond wa s b orn i n Bo s ton and after a very meager edu
, ,

cation became an app rentice a t the tender age o f thi rteen ,

yea rs to his u ncle Th ales Greenwood a cabinet ma ker o f

, , ,

Portland Me I n May 1 7 75 he ran away and enli s ted in

, .
, ,
’
the Continental Army in Cap tain B liss s company for
eigh t month s a t eigh t dolla r s per month a s a fif e r He sub
, , .

sequently re enlis ted and served until the close of th e wa r

'

fi rs t in the a rmy where h e wa s cap t u red and la ter in the

, ,
i

navy where he suffered shipwreck After the wa r h e w e n t

, .

to New York Ci ty and after applying to hi s b rothe r Cla rk

, ,

wh o wa s then p ractising dentis try for aid which wa s refused , , ,

 PI ON EER A M ERI CA N DE N TI S TS

sta rted in business a s a mathe m atical inst ru m ent m aker .

Being a S killed me c h anic and frequently called upon t o

extrac t teeth he tur ned to the p ra c tice o f dentis t ry with a
,

d ete r mina tion to master i ts p rob lems and s oon a ttained s uch
,

suc c ess tha t he employed his b rother Cla rk a s h i s a ssi stant ‘

He p rob ab ly gained all o f h is p relimin a ry knowl edge o f d en

t is t ry from his fa the r and b rother s wh o p ractis ed th e a rt

before h i m He a dvertised in the Da i ly A d ve r t i s e r Feb rua ry

.
,
“
28 ,
1 7 86
,
a s follows : John Greenwood dentis t No 1 99 , , .

Wa ter Street En c ou raged by the success o f hi s p ractice begs

, ,

leave to acquaint the pub li c k tha t he p reserve s the Teeth

”
and Gums by re m oving an infectious ta rter e t c , .

Two yea rs p rior to beginning p ractice in New York Ci ty

’
hi s a dvertisemen t in Ri v i n gt on s Roya l Ga z e tte o f New York , ,

Augu s t 2 4 2 8 and 3 1 1 7 8 2 rea d :

, , ,
“ —
Teeth Any person who i s willing to di s pose of hi s front
teeth may hea r of a pur c h a ser by applying to Number 2 8
Maiden Lane for which a generous p rice will b e given N B
, . . .

—Fo u r Guinea s will b e given for every tooth ”

~
.

These teeth were evidently used f o r tran s planting John .

Greenwood went ab roa d ab out 1 80 6 and vi si ted Pa ri s where ,

he sough t t o pu rch ase a keg o f na tura l h uman teeth .

He also entered u pon the field o f oral surgery p erforming ,

opera tions on the antrum So famo u s did he become th a t he

.

a ttracted the a ttention o f Genera l George Wa s hington whose ,

fa m ily denti st h e beca me and h e made severa l sets o f a rti

,

fic i a l teeth for this noted s tatesman These t eeth we re

.

ca rved from hi ppopotamus ivory and were held in p lace by

spi ral sp rings He i s sai d to be the fi r s t denti s t to h ave
.

used spi ral sp ring s in Ameri ca a t lea st the fl a t s p rings ,

h aving been p revio u sly u sed though N Dubois de Chemant

, .

i s generally credited w i th h aving used the spi ra l s p rings in

Fra n c e.

Genera l Washington frequently h a d oc c a sion t o consul t

his su rgeo n denti s t who gave him rema rkab ly good a dvice
'

rega rding hi s p late s an d the mann er of thei r p reservation ,

as will b e seen from o n e of his letter s .

76 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
N EW YOR K , D EC . 28, 1 79 8 .

Si r : I s end y o u enclosed two s ett s o f teeth one fixed ,

o n the o l d b a rrs i n p a rt a n d t h e s ett you sent me from

,

Philadelphi a which when I received wa s very black occ a

, , , ,

s i o n e d ei ther by yo u r s oa king them I n port wine or by you r ,

d rinking i t Port wine being so u r ta kes o ff all polis h and

.

all aci d h a s a tendency to s often every kind o f pteeth and

bone Aci d i s us ed in coloring every kind o f ivory therefore
.
,

I t I s ve ry pernicio us to the teeth I a dvi s e you to ei ther .

ta ke them o u t after d inner an d p u t them in c lean water and

p ut in another s ett o r clean them with a b rush an d some
,

ch alk s craped fine I t will ab sorb th e aci d s which collec t

. .

from the mo u th and p re s erve them longer I h ave foun d .

another and better way o f u s i ng the s ealing wax when holes -

a re e ate n i n the teeth by acid etc Fi r s t observe an d d ry , .

the teeth then ta ke a p I e ce o f wax and c u t into small pieces

,

a s yo u thin k will fill up the wh ole ; then ta ke a l a rge nai l

o r any oth er piece of i ron and hea t i t h o t into th e fi re then ,

p u t yo u r piece o f wa x into the h ole and mel t I t by mean s of

introd u cing the point o f th e nail to i t I h ave tried i t and .

fo u nd i t to consolid ate and d o better th an the other way , ,

and i f d one p roper i t will re s i s t the s aliva I t will b e h andier .

for y o u to ta ke hold o f the nai l with s mall plyers th an wi th

tong s th us th e wa x m us t b e very s mall not bigger th an this
, ,

I f yo u r teeth grow blac k ta ke s ome ch alk and a pine

o r ced a r s tick i t will rub o ff
, I f yo u want yo u r teeth more .

yellow s oa k them I n b roth o r p o t liq u or b u t not in tea o r

, ,

a ci d s Po rter I s a good thing to color them an d will n o t

.

h u r t b u t p re s erve them b u t I t m us t not be I n the l a s t p ri cked ;

,
e

y ou will find I h ave altered th e u pper teeth y o u s en t me ’

from Philadelphi a Leaving t h e enamel o n the teeth don t
.

p re s erve th emp any longer th an i f I t wa s off only hold s the ,

color better b u t to p reserve them they m us t b e very often

,

ch anged and cleaned f o r wh a tever attack s them mus t be

,

repelled as often o r i t will gain gro u nd and de s troy the works

, .

The two s etts I repai red i s done o n a di ff er ent p lan when

they a re d one wh e n m ade entirely new for the teeth a re ,

s crewed o n the b a rr s in s tea d o f h aving the b a rrs ca s t red

,

hot o n them which i s the rea s on I believe they d e s troy o r

, , ,

di ss olve s o s oon nea r the b a rr s .

“
Si r after hoping yo u will not be ob liged to b e tro u bled
,

very s oon in the same way I su b s c ribe my s elf , ,

“
Your very h u mb le servant ,
“
J OHN G R E E N W OO D .
78 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
Greenwood wi th being the fi rs t to use a foot d rill const ructed
,
-

o u t o f an o l d spinning wheel belonging to h i s grand fa ther

-
.

’
Thi s h e hims e lf used for t w e n t y y e a r s a fter hi s fa ther s l

dea th The h and bow d ri ll o f the j eweler he s tates wa s

.
-

, ,

well known and generally u sed p rior to th a t time ( Fa u ch a rd .

desc ribed a machine fo r p repa ring c avi tie s in

Ed w ar d H u d s on ( 1 77 2 o n e o f th e ea rly Philadelphi a

dentists wa s b orn in I reland in 1 77 2 When a chi ld h e

, .

was ad op ted by hi s cousin (o r uncle ) D r Hud son a talented , .

,

Cl e a n s e/ a;

FI G . 27 .
—
Bill ren de re d to M i ss M a r g a r e t Ca ll e n d e r by Edwa r d Hu d so n
in 1 82 5 .

d en tis t of Dub lin who educa ted him a t Trini ty Colleg e and
,

la ter ta u gh t him den tistry in hi s p riva te o ff i ce While i n .

college Edwa rd H u d son b ecame an ab le deb a ter and wa s -

intim ately acquainted with Robert Emmet the p a triot , ,

’
Thoma s Moore the poet and Arth u r O Con n o r all o f wh om
, , ,

were active in I ri s h p o li ti cs and in the Emmet Con s pi racy .

H u d s on b ecame involved in th e political u p risings o f th e

d ay wa s a rrested and placed in Ki lmainh a m j ail and later
,

ta ken to Fort George Scotland where he remained from , ,

1 7 9 8 unti l 1 8 0 2 While in p ri s on h e p racti s ed denti s try for

.
 P I ON EER A M ERI CA N DEN TI S TS

the nobility and gentry wh o p aid him la rge fees When he

, .

wa s finally relea sed in 1 8 0 2 h e wa s exiled to Hollan d b ut

, , ,

s oon a fterwa rd emb a rked for Ameri ca a rriving a t Phila ,

delphia in 1 80 3 Here h e ma rried in 1 8 04 and wen t into the

.
, ,

s tationery and b ook selling business but soon failed He

-

, .

then t ried b rewing wi th the s ame result and finally retu rned
. ,

to the p ra c tice o f hi s p rofes s ion w hi c h h e followed with g rea t

,

success He should never h ave ab andoned thi s calling in the

.

fi rs t instance a s may b e ded uced from the fee s he received

, ,

a s shown i n a facsimi le of one o f hi s bill s here rep roduced .

For more th an thi rty yea rs D r Hud s on wa s p rominen t .

socially and p rofe ss ionally Hi s popula ri ty s eems to h ave

.

been more th e re su lt o f hi s connection wi th I ri sh politics

th an o f any grea t con trib u tion to th e a rt h e p racti s ed though ,

he i s s ai d to h ave been a very skilful dentist By some .

wr iter s Hud son i s claimed to h ave been th e ori gina tor of

“
root canal fi lling D r Robert Arthu r says th a t Hud son
-
. .

p ractised p ulp exti rpa tion in 1 80 9 and th e fi lling o f th e roots

”
o f front teeth to the apex wi th gold I t i s known h owever
.
, ,

th a t Bourdet did the s ame thing in 1 7 57 .

Hu d son wa s high ly eulogized by Drs Ch apin A Ha rri s . .

and Eleazer Pa r m ly w h o extolled him for his nob le trai ts o f

,

ch a ra cter Hi s honesty and u p righ t dealing a ppea r to h ave

.

won for him the confi dence o f both the p rofe ss ion and laity .

His death occ u rred Janua ry 3 1 8 3 3 in the sixtieth yea r o f

, ,

his age He died a s h e h a d lived a lover o f freedo m in the

.
,

land o f hi s bi rth and an honored me m b er of the p rofession

in th e land o f his adop tion .
 C HA PTER V I I .

ARCHITE CT S OF AM E RI CAN DENTI STRY AS A

—
SE PARATE P ROFE SSION EARLY PART O F
TH E NINETE ENTH CENTURY

D U R IN G the n ineteenth centu ry d entists began a cam

p a i g n of ed uca tion rega rding the importance o f th e teeth
and thei r ca re M any b rochu res and b ooks o n th e subj ec t
.

were pub lished d u ring thi s p eriod and these undoub tedly
,

contrib uted to the possibili ties o f dentistry and stimulated

new men to enter t h e p rofession I tinerant denti s t s and
.

q u acks were s trongly condemned and people were u rged to

a pply ra ther to resident dentist s who w e re known to b e
relia ble .

There a re several men a t the b eginning of th e nineteenth

cent u ry who migh t b e styled the a rchitects o f d entistry a s
a sep a rate calling and p rofession for though dentis try i s so
,

closely related to medicine it h a d its origin and growth

,

enti rely s ep a rate therefrom a t lea s t so fa r a s i ts development

,

in America i s concerned M any of these pioneer dentis ts

.
,

h owever h a d enj oyed th e a dvantage o f a medical ed ucation

, ,

whi c h better fi t t ed the m fo r thei r work Dentistry a s a

.

p rofessi on wa s left to th rive a s i t m ay and often met con,

temp t from th e medical p rofe s si o n and wa s forced to b e

,

self creative to a pply the sciences and a rts to write i ts

-

, ,

own b ooks and to c rea te i ts o w n nomen c lature Thus i t.

h a s s tea dily p rogressed until tod ay i t i s recognized by o u r

government as oc c upying a position of equal rank with
the medica l p rofession and s tand s forth with a record b oth
,

in wa r and peace o f which i t may well b e p roud The .

na m es of a few o f the m e n wh o helped to ma ke denti s try

wha t i t i s tod ay will be c onsidered .

H or a c e H H a yd e n wh o wa s born a t Wind sor Conn

.
, in, .
,

1 7 69 ,
exerted an in fl uence so noble and worked so inde
f a t i g a b ly for the uplift of denti s try th at hi s eff orts were only
 A RCHI TEC TS OF A M ERI CA N D E N TI S TR Y
eq ualled by hi s c o— worker Ch apin A H a rri s Hi s work
,
. .

de m and s more th an p assing notice f o r t h o u g h h e h as long ,

‘

been dead the forces he set in motion will be felt s o long a s

d enti stry shall be a necessity .

When fourteen yea r s of age h e m ade a voyage to th e

West Indies a s a cabin b oy La ter he became app renticed .

to an a rchi tect and for s everal yea r s the reafter followed

,

thi s voca tion When he wa s a bout tw enty fiv e yea rs old

.
-

h e vi sited John Green w ood for dental s ervi ces while in New
’
York and admi ring D r Greenwood s s kill he there c o n
,
.

c e iv e d the i dea o f studying den tis try He sec u red such .

books and info r ma tion a s were ob tainab le and st u died h a rd

for several yea rs Being possessed o f mech anical s ki ll he
.

acqui red consid erable a bility in hi s ch osen p rofession and ,

finally estab lished himself in B altimore ab out th e yea r 1 8 00 .

Wi thout friend s in fl uen c e or money he opened a denta l

,

o ffi ce and wa s soon cond ucting a successful p ractice He .

b ecame c onvinced th at denti stry wa s worthy o f highe r

pub lic esteem th an i t enj oyed and th a t thi s co u l d only b e ,

a c hieved by bette r s c ien ti fi c training He accordingly .

s tudied medicine a t the Universi ty of M a ryland while con

t in u in g to p racti c e d entis t ry He delved into p hysiologi ca l
.

and p athologica l resea rch ma king new discoverie s especially

, ,

inves tigating the fun c tions of the thyroid s aliva ry lac rimal , ,

and other gland s of the human sys tem Hi s indomi tab le .

ea rnestness and na tu ra l aptitud e soon put him o n the high

roa d to su c c ess and b efore long h e became the tea c her of
,

a c lass in dentistry .

I n 1 8 2 5 he delivered a cour s e of lectu res on dentis try to

,

th e medi c al cla ss a t the Univers i ty of M a ryland and in

:

the meantime wrote many essays on dentistry f o r medical

j ournals He be gan a s ea rly a s 1 8 1 7 to advoca te a denta l
.

a ssoc iation b ut hi s eff orts were unsu c cessfu l unti l 1 8 40 when

, , ,

a ssisted by D r H a rris and a few othe r ea rnest and determined

.

dentists a meeting w a s c alled in New York Ci ty and the

, ,

A m eri c an So c iety of Denta l Surgeons w a s founded He wa s .

chosen its fi rs t p resident a t the age of seventy and served ,

‘
in th a t capa c ity unti l hi s death in 1 8 44 .

6
82 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y

In 1 he wi th th e ai d o f oth er s wa s s uccessful i n es ta b
841 , ,

l i sh i n g th e A me r i ca n jou r n a l of De n t a l S ci e n ce a s th e o ffi ci al
organ o f the American Society o f Dental Surgeons i t h aving ,

been p u b lished a s a p riva te enterp rise since J u ne 1 8 3 9 by , ,

D r Ha rri s Thi s wa s the fi rst dental j ou rna l ever pub lished

. . .

I n 1 8 3 9 H ayden wi th the ai d o f Ch apin A H a rris and othe r s

, , .
,

founded the B altimore College o f Dental Su rgery the fi r s t ,

and olde s t dental college in the world D r H ayden wa s i ts . .

fi r s t p re s id ent and lect u red o n the p rin c iple s o f dental s cience

and la ter o n d ental physiology and p a th ology He wa s one .

o f the fo u nd er s and vice p resident o f the M a ryland Academy -

o f Science and a geologis t and b otani s t o f note

,
To him m ay .

“
j u stly be a ttrib u ted the ti tle o f Fa ther of Ame rican Dental
”
Science .

On J u ne 2 5 1 9 1 0 a mon u ment wa s d edica ted t o D r

, , .

H ayden a t hi s b i rthplace Wind s or Conn a s a memoria l t o , , .

,

hi s important work .

Ch a p in A H ar r i s w h o rank s wi th Hora ce H Hayden in

.
, .

denta l achievement wa s bo rn a t Pompey Onond aga County , , ,

New York M ay 6 1 806 At th e age o f s eventeen he removed

, , .

to M adi s on Ohio where hi s older b rothers James and John

, , , ,

h a d al ready s ettled He s tudied medicine u nder the t u tor

.

ship o f hi s b rothe r John ab ou t 1 8 2 4 an d la ter wa s d u ly ,

licen s ed t o p ra ctice th e s ame I n 1 8 2 7 h e began to give .

,

a ttention t o the p ractice o f dental s u rgery and ga thered

a ro u nd hi m s everal s t u d ent s among whom wa s D r Jame s ,
.

Taylor He p racti sed f o r a ti me in Greenfield Ohio b u t

.

(
, ,

removed to B loomfield in 1 8 2 8 where he continued the p r a c ,

ti ce o f medicine and dentis try He next located in Fredericks .

b urg V a where he d evoted all of his time to dentis try an d

, .
, ,

in 1 8 3 5 settled pe rmanently in B altimore Md I n 1 8 3 7 , .

,

H a rri s delivered a co u rse o f lectures to the medica l clas s o f

the Univer s i ty o f Ma ryland He contrib u ted many a rticle s .

t o medical j o u rnal s and in 1 8 3 9 p ub lished hi s fi r s t book

, ,

entitled Th e De n t a l A r t a P r a ct i ca l Tr e a ti s e on De n ta l ,

Su r ge r y consi s ting o f th ree h un d red and eigh ty fiv e p ages

,
-

an d th ree lithographic plates A s econd edi tion p u b lished .

,

in 1 8 45 u nder the t i t le Pr i n ci pl es a n d Pr a ct i ce of De n t a l
 A RCH I TEC TS OF A M ERI CA N DE N TI S TR Y 83

Su r ge r y, contained six hund red p ages and sixty nine w ood -

engravings Thi s work wa s a masterly trea tise c ove ring

.
,

all b ranches o f denta l s u rgery and many o f the p rinci ples ,

therein s et forth a re a s applicab le a t the p resent time as when

the book wa s wri tten The immense popula ri ty of thi s work
.

i s shown by the fac t th a t i t went th rough thi rteen edition s the ,

la s t in 1 8 96 a record p rob ably not equalled by a dental work

,

b efore or since He also p u b lish ed in 1 8 49 a Di ct i on a r y of

.
, ,

De n t a l S ci e n ce wh ich went th rough five edi tions the las t

, ,

in 1 8 9 8 All o f th e l ate r editions o f these works h ave been

.

edi ted by D r F J S Go rga s He revised a nd transla ted

. . . . .

from th e Fren c h many works o f note and published them

in the A me r i ca n jou r n a l of De n t a l S ci e n ce The s e con .

s tituted Th e A m e r i ca n Li br a r y of De n t a l Sci e n ce and were ,

p u bli s hed in connection wi th the jou r n a l th rough th e fi rs t

series from 1 8 3 9 to 1 8 49 When the jou r n a l wa s ta ken
.

over in 1 8 40 by th e Ameri can Society o f Denta l Su rgeon s

, ,

the title w a s changed to th e A me r i ca n jo u r n a l a n d Li br a r y of

De n t a l S ci e n ce b ecause of the ad dition of thi s ma terial to
,

i ts pages .

Ha rri s wa s inst ru mental in estab lishing Th e A me r i ca n

jou r n a l of De n t a l S ci e n ce in 1 8 3 9 and wa s i ts chief edito r ,

for ten yea rs Sub sequently he b ough t the magazine which

.
,

h a d always been a b u rden to th e A m erican Society of De ntal

Surgeon s and cond u c ted i t a s a new se ries and p riva te
, ,

’
enterp ri s e unti l hi s d eath He wa s a lso Hayden s righ t
.

h and man in o rganizing the fi rs t dental society in 1 8 40 and , ,

beca m e i ts fi rs t corresponding se c reta ry .

Hayden and H a rri s worked unti ringly to estab lish a school

for dentists and met with much opposi tion and discou rage
m ent from the medical colleges and p rofession being told ,

by the faculty o f the University o f M a ryland th a t Th e

subj e c t o f dentistry wa s o f li ttle consequence and thus j usti
”
fie d thei r unfavora ble ac tion Nothing d aunted th ey finally
received the support of a few dentis ts and p ubli c —
.
,

spi ri ted
c itizens ,
a nd in 1 8 3 9 se c u red a c h a rte r for the B altimore
College o f Dental Su rgery D r Ha rri s wa s i ts fi rs t dean
. .
,

D r Hayden se r ving a s p resident Although t h e fi rs t dental

. .
84 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
c ollege wa s estab li shed in B altimore i t was fos te red by
p ro m inent dentis ts in New York and elsewhere D r Ha rri s . .

le c t ti r e d o n opera tive and p ro s theti c d entistry and became

’
p residen t o f the college a fter D r H ayden s d ea th in 1 8 44 . .

When the American So c i e t y o f Dental Surgeons wa s ab out ‘

to become dis rup ted Ha rris became o n e o f the foremos t

,
-

organizers o f the American Dental Convention and served

a s p residen t of th a t b ody in 1 8 5 6—1 8 5 7 .

D r H a rris wa s a d evout Ch ristian a love r of animals and

.
,

a devoted husb and and fa ther He h a d a good income wi th .

,

which he wa s more th an generou s h aving b rough t u p and ,

edu c a ted nine c hild ren b eside s hi s ow n Like many pub lic .

spi ri ted men h e left hi s ow n family in s traitened ci r c um

,

s tance s by h i s untimely dea th wh ich occu r red Sep temb er 2 9

, ,

1 8 60 from overwork in the period of hi s grea tes t usefulness

, , .

Dentis try under the pot e nt influen c e of Hayden and

Ha rri s ceased to b e a desultory tra de o r calling and a ttained
th e dignity o f a recognized p rofession I t wa s the ripe .

though t and experience o f Dr Hayden combined wi th the .

u nlimi ted a c tivity and power for work of the youth ful D r .

Ha rri s th a t p roduced results o f untold benefi t to h u mani ty

and placed American dentistry ( not the kind advert i s ed
“ ”

in Europe) in the envi ab le position i t occupies tod ay .

I n re c ent yea r s b ronze tablets to the m emory o f H ayden

and Ha rris h ave b een placed in the B a ltimore College o f
Dental Surgery and the d ental depa rtment of the Universi ty
of Ma ryland where both o f the s e men h a d been pioneer
,

teacher s o f denti s try .

Th om a s E B on d A M M D born a t B altimore Novem

.
, . .
, . .
, ,

ber 5 1 8 1 3 wa s one o f the fo u nder s o f the B altimore College

, ,

of Dental Surgery He wa s the son of a minister and physi

.

cia n,
and gra dua ted in 1 8 3 4 from the medi c al dep a rtment of
the University o f Ma ryland I n 1 8 3 9 he became a ssoci ated
‘

wi th D rs Horace H Hayden Ch apin A H a rris and H

. .
, . .

Willis B axley in organizing the B altimore College of Dental

Surgery and wa s na m ed p rofessor of special p a thology and
therapeutics which c h ai r he hel d until his dea th in 1 8 7 2
, .

He wa s dean o f t h e faculty from 1 8 42 to 1 8 49 .

86 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
he wa s the fi rst dean and p rofessor of p ractical dentis try an d
ph a rmacy Thi s wa s the second dental college to b e e s tab
.

’
li sh e d in th e world s hi st ory and thus anothe r s tone wa s
,
“ ”
laid by the Archi tec t s o f American denti s try .

After th ree yea rs D r Taylor assumed th e ch ai r o f p rinciples

.

and p ractice of dental su rgery which he held for eigh teen ,

yea rs when he retired a s emeritus p rofe ss or

, .

Dr Taylor wa s one o f th e originators and lea ding members

.

o f the Mississip pi Valley A ss ocia tion o f Denta l S u rgeons ,

—
serving a s p resident o f tha t a ss oci a tion in 1 849 1 8 50 He .

wa s also elected p re s ident o f the American Denta l Convention ‘

in 1 8 5 6 He s erved a s a member of t h e p u b l i sh in g commi ttee

.

and edi tor of the De n ta l Re gi ste r of t he Wes t and mad e many ,

valuab le cont ri butions to th a t magazine and to th e A me r i ca n

of De n t a l Sci e n ce He wa s one o f the men wh o
.

“ ”
a nd refused to sign the amalgam pledge o f th e
American Society of Dental Su rgeons After an honorab le .

and successful c a reer h e died June 1 2 1 8 8 1 b u t not u nti l

, , ,

h e h ad ad ded another epo ch al ch a pter to the hi s tory of

‘

d entis try .

Le on ar d K oe ck e r pioneer denti s t and a u thor b u ilt u p a

, ,

l u cra tive p ractice on no g rea ter initi al training th an tha t

d erived from close p ersonal acq u aintance wi th a Heb rew
traveling d entis t and ped d ler He wa s born in B remen .
,

Germ any in 1 7 8 5 came to thi s country in 1 807 a t the age

, ,

of twenty two yea r s and loca te d in B altimore W here for

-

lac k o f e m ployment he was forced to resort to his meager

knowledge o f d enti s try He opened a dental o ffi ce h oping
.
,

to a d d t o his limi t ed knowledge a s hi s p rac tice increased .

I t i s related o f him th a t th e fi rs t time h e a ttemp ted to e x tract

a tooth he closed his eyes averted hi s hea d and pulled so
,

excited ly th a t when the tooth came out he could not tell

whether tha t h a d really h appened or whether he h a d b roken
’
the pa tient s j aw However the p a tien t wa s much plea s ed
.
, ,

saying th a t he h a d never h a d a tooth extracted s o ea s ily ,

’
and from hi s infl u ence Ko e c k e r s p ractice s oon reache d
’

the then e n o r m o u s su m o f $ 8000 per yea r He removed to .

Philadelphia and o n acco u nt of failing health gave U p h is

,
 A RCHI TEC TS OF A M ERI CA N DEN TI S TR Y 87

p ractice in 1 8 2 2 After several yea rs he was again on the

.

high roa d to success in London h aving in the meantime h a d ,

letters of introd uction from some of the foremo s t s tatesmen

of Americ a to men o f high ran k in England .

In 1 8 2 6 he p u b lished hi s P r i n ci p l e s of De n t a l Su r ge r y
, ,

which wa s fa r in a dvance of any s imila r work p rev iou s ly

p u b l i shed He wa s the author of many other works o f note
.
'

and may b e tr u ly rega rded a s one of the fo u nde rs of Ameri can

denti s try s ince his wri ting s tho u gh fi rs t p u b lis hed in London
, , ,

were exten s ively us ed in America Ko e c k e r also h a d m any .

advanced i dea s in rega rd to performing opera tions He .

designed and made hi s own in s truments and mastered s everal

lang u age s s o th a t he migh t a d d t o hi s s tore o f knowledge .

He d ied in Lond on Augu s t 8 1 8 50 after cond ucting a, , ,

s u cces s fu l p ractice th ere f o r twenty eigh t yea r s -

.

Eli sh a Town s e n d wa s b o rn in Philadelphi a July 1 6 1 8 04 , ,

and after finishing hi s ed u ca tion lea rned the trad e o f wa tch

ma ker with hi s fa ther He went o n th e s tage b ut not finding
.
,

i t to hi s li king retu rned to Philadelphi a in 1 8 3 2 and took

up the s t u dy o f denti s try He began t o p racti s e in We s t
.

Chester nea r Philadelphia retu rning la ter to Philadelp hi a

, ,

and loca ting nea r D r Edwa rd Hud s on from whom he lea r ned
.
,

much o f value Townsend wa s a pioneer gold worke r and

.
,

u sed t o p lace hi s gold in the oven ove rnigh t tho u gh h e ,

co u ld not explain why he did s o excep t th a t i t W orked better .

I t i s d oub tfu l i f he eve r ma de us e o f the cohe s ive p ropertie s

o f gold knowingly The d riving o ff o f th e ga s e s from the
.

su rface of the gold by thi s p rocess, a s made known by D r .

G V B lack would no d oub t render i t s ticky a quali ty

. .
, ,

generally considered obj ectionab le in tho s e d ay s .

He took an active p a rt in organizing the Ame ri can Society

of Dental Su rgeons in 1 840 serving a s i ts fi rs t vice p resid ent
,
-

— —
in 1 8 5 2 1 8 5 3 being elected p resi dent in 1 8 5 3 1 8 5 4 and
,

serving in th a t capaci ty u ntil the s ociety di s b anded in 1 8 5 6

-
.

When i t became a ppa rent th a t this body would be di s rupted ,

he became one of the p rime organizers o f the Ame rican Denta l

Convention in 1 8 5 5 and served a s i ts recording secreta ry in
,

1 8 5 6—1 8 57 .
88 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
He aided in o r g a n rz m g th e Philadelphi a College of Den ta l
Surgery in 1 8 5 2 and wa s ch osen i ts fi rs t d ean and p rofes s o r
,

of opera tive d entis try I n 1 8 5 6 h e wi th th e res t o f the .

,

faculty resigned on a c c ount of a di s p ute in rega rd to the

granting o f d egrees and the Pennsylvani a College o f Den tal
,

Surgery wa s ch a rtered and organized by the m he holding the ,

s ame chai r a s before 1

.

He expe ri m ented with and wrote a rti c les o n amalgam

filling s and wa s the fi rs t to publish a formul a (4 pa rt s p ure
,

silver and 5 pa rts pure tin ) th ough h e gave c redi t for the ,

form u la t o D r W M Hunter o f Cincinna ti He wa s n o t

. . .
, .
,

however an a dvoca te o f amalga m and in hi s la ter writings

, ,

condemned i t enti rely On a ccoun t of failing heal th h e .

wen t to London where h e d ied O c tobe r 1 3 1 8 5 8

, , .

E l e a z e r P a r m l y wa s b orn in B rain tree V t Ma rch 1 3 1 79 7 , .

, , .

He wa s s t u dio u s and ap t and a t sixteen yea rs of age p a ss ed ,

’
a school teacher s examina tion By th e age of seventeen he
-
.

’
h ad m as tered the p rinter s tra d e in Montreal Cana d a and , ,

followed this occup a tion for fou r yea rs At twenty one he .

-

began the s tudy o f dentis try with his elder b rother Levi ,

Spea r Pa r m ly a young denti s t o f B oston w h o in turn h a d

, ,

s tudied under D r Petrie and D r John Rand all o f B os ton

. .
,
.

In q u es t of fu rther knowledge Eleazer Pa r m ly mad e a to u r ,

of the Uni ted Sta te s f o r fo u r yea r s perf orming denta l opera ,

tions whe rever he went In 1 8 2 0 he emb a rked for London in .

q ues t o f b ook s and further knowled ge He went to Pa ri s .

la ter f o r the s ame pu rpo s e ret u rning to Lond on to j oin ,

with his b rother Levi Spea r Pa r m ly in the p ractice o f denti s

try He very q u ic kly a ttained p rominence there b u t hi s
.
,

health failed and in 1 8 2 3 h e retu rned t o America and loca ted

,

in New York wh ere h e wa s a leader o f hi s p rofes s ion for

,

thi rty yea r s .

D r Pa r m ly wa s b itterly opposed to all form s o f mineral

.

pas te or amalgam and decla red th a t gold is th e only perma

,

nen t s topping f o r teeth He wa s a ssoci ated wi th Hora ce H . .

Hayden and Ch apin A Ha rri s in es ta bli shing the A m e r i ca n .

1
Se e a c co u n t o f P e n n sylv a n i a Co ll e g e o f De n t a l Su r g e r y .
 A RCH I TEC TS OF A M E RI CA N DE N TI S TR Y 89

jou r n a l of De n t a l S ci e n ce and the B altimore College o f

Dental Surgery o f which h e was p rovos t from 1 8 47 to 1 8 5 2
, .

He wa s p resident of the New York College o f Den ti stry in

—
1 8 67 1 8 6 8 and fi rs t p resi dent o f a c ollege facul ty a ssoci a
,

tion organized a t Phi ladelphi a October 1 7 1 8 66

, , , .

’
He wrote many works of note and repub lished Hunter s
Tr e a t i s e o n t h e Te e th La te in life h e traveled extensively
.

and wa s entertained by Napoleon I I I and Emp ress Eugenie ,

Pope Pius IX and other noted men Hi s h o m e wa s the .

mecca of di s tingui shed li tera ry people He wa s an inti m a te .

friend o f Ab rah a m Lincoln an d a frequen t visitor a t th e

Whi te House He wa s a suc c essful b usiness man w hich few
.
,

denti s ts a re and left an es ta te o f

, a c qui red th rough
a ri se in rea l es ta te values in New York City .

Dr Pa r m ly was c onspi c u ous for hi s d esi re to ma rry Miss

.

M a ry As tor the only d a u gh ter O f the hea d of the o ld Jo h n

,

Jacob As tor family b u t wa s fru s tra ted by th a t s tern p a rent

, ,

wh o su c c eeded in ta king his d augh ter in h aste to hi s c h a teau

in Swi tzerlan d and ma rrying her agains t h er will to a nob le
man B a ron von Ro m p h Mi ss As tor a fte rwa rd held a
, .

tea rful interview wi th Dr Pa rm ly an d dep a rted for Ge rm any .

,

W here some month s la ter she died of a b roken hea rt .

D r Pa r m ly d ied o f pneumoni a in New York Decembe r

.
,

1 3, 1 8 74 aged s eventy seven yea rs

,
-
.

S ol ym an B r own A M D D M D , . wa s b orn a t
.
, . .
, . .
,

Li t c h fie l d Conn November 1 7 1 7 90 of Puri tan p a rentage

, .
, , ,
.

He gradua ted from Yale College in 1 8 1 2 a fter whi c h h e ,

combine d the duties of mini s ter o f the gospel and s c hool

teacher for ab out twenty yea rs I n 1 8 3 2 he m e t Eleazer .

Pa r m ly and soon became asso c i a ted wi th him in a li tera ry

way and also in the p ractice of dentis try He wrote mu c h .

and was a poet of some note One o f hi s poe m s enti tled .

,

De n t ol ogi a wri tten in 1 8 3 3 o n diseases o f the teet h and thei r

, ,

remedies a ttracted wide a ttention and another A P or t r a i t

, , ,

of a You n g La dy i n V e r s e is quoted in pa rt here to show hi s ,

li tera ry style a s well a s the high es tee m in w h i c h he held

his p rofession
90 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TRY

’
W h e n fi r st I s a w h e r e y e s c e l e st i a l bl u e ,
’
He r c h e e k s v e r m ili o n a n d t h e c a r m i n e h u e
Th a t m e l t e d o n h e r l i p s z—h e r a u b u rn h a i r
, ,

Th a t flo a t e d pl a yfu l o n t h e yi e l d i n g a i r :
A n d t h e n t h a t n e c k wi t h i n t h o s e g r a ce fu l c u r l s ,
’
M o l t e n fr o m C l e o p a t r a s li q u i d p e a r l s ;
— ’
I wh i s p e r e d t o my h e a r t we ll fon d ly s e e k
Th e m e a n s t h e h o u r t o h e a r t h e a n g e l s p e a k ;
, ,

Fo r su r e su ch l a n g u a g e fr o m t h ose lip s m u s t flo w ,

As n o n e b u t p u r e a n d s e r a p h n a t u r e s k n ow .

— t wa s d on e —
’
Twa s s a id th e fi t o cc a s o n i ca m e ,

As if t o q u e n ch b e t i m e s t h e k in d lin g fla m e
Of l o v e a n d a d m i r a t io n —f o r sh e s p o k e
‘

An d 10 ! t h e h e a v e n ly s p e ll fo r e v e r b r o k e .

Th e fa n c i e d a n g e l v a n i sh e d i n t o a ir ,

A n d l e ft u n for t u n a t e Ur ill a t h e r e :
Fo r wh e n h e r p a r t e d lip s d i s c l o se d t o V i ew ,

Th ose r u i n e d a r ch e s v e il e d i n e b on h u e
, ,

W h e r e l o v e h a d t h ou g h t t o fe a st t h e r a vi sh e d s ig h t
O f o r i e n t g e m s r e fle ct i n g sn owy lig h t ,

Ho p e d i sa pp o i n t e d s il e n t ly r e t i r e d
, , ,

Di sg u st t r i u m p h a n t c a m e a n d l o v e e xpi re d !
,

’
Le t v e r y fa i r o n e sh u n Ur illa s fa t e
e
‘

An d awa k e t o a ct i on e r e i t b e t oo l a t e ;
,

Le t e a c h su c c e ss iv e d a y u n fa ili n g b r i n g
Th e b r u sh t h e d e n t ifr i ce a n d fr o m t h e s p r i n g
Th e c l e a n s i n g flo o d —t h e l a b o r will b e s m a ll
, , , ,

O r if h e r p a st n e gl e c t p r e c l u d e r e li e f
, ,

By g e n t l e m e a n s like t h e se a ssu a g e h e r g r i e f;
,

Th e d e n t a l a r t c a n r e m e d y t h e ill ,

Re st o r e h e r h o p e s a n d m a k e h e r l o v e ly s t ill
, .

De n t a l Hyge i a ,
another poem in b lank ver s e on the health
and p reserva tion o f the teeth wa s wri tten by him in 1 8 3 8 ,

and dedi c a ted t o his b rother D r A Wood ru ff B rown Thi s , . . .

poem wa s con s idered by many to be equal o r s u perior t o

De n t ol ogi a. He wrote many other poems and books o f note
and wa s a regula r contrib u tor to the A me r i ca n jou r n a l of
De n t a l S ci e n ce and aided in es tab lishing th a t j ou rnal a s
,

well a s the fi r s t dental college To D r B rown belong s the . .

credi t o f fi rs t suggesting an independent dental college a fter

 A RCH I TE C TS OF A M E RI CAN DEN TI S TR Y 91

the medica l college s h a d refu s ed to teach denti s try D r

. .

B rown wa s a ch a rter membe r o f the Ameri can Society o f

Denta l Su rgeons and i ts recording secreta ry f o r th e fi rs t
five yea r s He p racti s ed denti s try for twenty eigh t yea rs
.
-

and then on a cco u n t o f failing eye s igh t and after a few

,

yea rs o f a va ried c a reer became a mini s ter o f the gospel

,

again a t the age o f seventy and continued in th a t capa c ity

,

u nti l hi s death which oc cu rred Feb rua ry 1 3 1 8 76 a t the

, , ,

age of eigh ty six yea r s

-
.
 C H A PT E R V I I I .

B IOG RAPHI E S OF OTH E R NOTE D AM E RI CAN

DENTI ST S OF TH E NINETE ENTH
CENTU RY .

N a th a n Cool e y Ke e p , M D
wa s b orn in Long
. .
,

Meadow Ma s s Decemb er 2 3 1 8 00 After ob taining a

, , , .

li m ited educa tion a t a bou t the a ge of fi fteen h e went to

,

Newa rk N J and wa s a pp renticed to John Taylor a manu

, . .
, ,

f a c t u r i n g j eweler where h e d eveloped u nusual s kill in th e

,

h and ling of tools and working in metals D r Keep received . .

hi s p ra c ti c al t raining in denti s try from Dr John Rand all .

,

o f Boston a t the age o f twenty o n e and late r a ttended

,
-

le c tures an d grad ua ted in medicine a t H a rva rd Universi ty

in 1 8 2 7 while still p ra c ti sing h is p rofession He wa s a
, .

b road m inded man and wa s soon lab oring to m a ke dentis try

-

a liberal p rofession .

He helped to perfect porcelain t e e t h i n America and other ‘

wise developed m any new i dea s I t i s s ai d th a t D r Keep . .

and D r J F Flagg p ai d $ 1 000 to a smooth talking little

. . .
-

Frenchman who p romi sed t o tea ch them the sec ret o f m a k

,

ing por c elain teeth ; but they soon found th a t little inform a
tion was to b e derived from him so went o n with thei r ,

experiments alone with su c h zeal th a t they set fi re t o thei r

workshop .

D r Keep c he ri shed the hope th a t some d ay he would be

.

instrumental in estab lishing a college for the training of

dentists in the New England Sta tes U nlike hi s p rede c essors .

he favored a thorough and u nited medical and dental educa

tion and was not in favor o f d ivorc ing the two p rofessions
as h a d hitherto been done b u t a dvocated the degree o f ,

M D for d ental p ra c titioners Dr Keep wa s la rgely r e sp on

. . . .

sible for the establishment of the H a rva rd Dental Sch ool in

94 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
to h ave b een the fi rs t to invent and use b a rb ed b roaches fo r
pulp exti rpa tion u sing for thi s p u rpose a watch sp ring filed
,
-

down to the fineness of a hor s ehai r He perfo rmed thi s .

operation a t St Petersb u rg in 1 8 45 and s o imp re ss ed Cza r

.
,

Nichola s th a t the la tter off ered to ma ke hi m Actua l Denti st

to His Imperial M aj es ty He refused thi s off er retu rning to
.
,

Wa shington where he h a d b u ilt u p a very select p ractice

,

among government o fli c i a l s and th e wealthier classes In .

1 8 63 ,
he became imp ressed wi th the need o f a dental corps
for the a rmy and navy and mad e an e ff o rt towa rd thei r
esta blish ment By invi tation o f the Sec reta ry of Wa r h e
.

wa s c hosen to ma ke experiments in rega rd to the man u fa ct u re

o f Dama sc u s s teel I n 1 8 45 D r M ayna rd p atented a sys
.
, .

tem of p riming for fi rea rms to ta ke the p lace o f the p e r c u s

sion c a p which invention wa s a d op ted by the governmen t
, .

In 1 8 5 1 h e p a tented a b reech loading rifle whi c h wi th

,
-

further imp rovements p a tented in 1 8 5 9 i s known th e world

, ,

over a s the M ayna rd rifle the fi rs t b reech loading g u n th a t ,

-

p roved equal t o th e b es t m u zzle loading weapons I n 1 8 5 6 -

.
,

h e pa ten ted th e fi rs t metalli c ca rt ri d ge sui tab le for u se in

hi s rifle and in 1 8 60 a method o f converting m u zzle lo a din g -

a rms into b reech loa der s ; in 1 8 6 8 another p a ten t was s ecu red
-

o n a method for the exp ansion o f a h eated gun b a rrel inde -

pendent o f th e other b a rrel M any other valuab le p a ten ts .

were granted to h i m sh owing th a t d entists can and h ave

,

d one other notable things besides p ractising thei r p rofession .

D r M ayna rd reti red from p ractice o n a cco u n t o f ill health

.

in 1 8 9 0 and died M ay 4 1 8 9 1 in Washington D C wh ere

, , , , . .
,

hi s remain s were in terred in th e Congressional Cemetery .

B e njam in Ad ol ph Rod ri gu e s who wa s born a t Ch a rles ton , ,

S C in 1 8 1 5 rea d medicine under D r H Frost and l ater

. .
, , . .

s tudied dentistry u nder C Sta rr B rewster wh o p ractised .

,

f o r the mos t c u ltured residents o f Ch a rleston He su cceed ed .

’
to D r B rews ter s p ractice in 1 8 3 3 when the latter went to
.
,

Europe and also s tudied medicine a t the Medical College o f

,

South Ca rolina gra d ua ting a s M D in , He be c ame a . .

wri ter o f note and a s tuden t of the a rts and theology a s well
a s a leader in his p rofession He wa s a me m ber o f the .
 B I OGRA P H I ES OF N O TE D A M E RI CA N DE N TI S TS 95

Ameri c an So c iety o f Dental Surgeons and la ter of the Ameri

can Dental Convention which he served a s vice p resident in
,
-

1 8 60
. He died o f apoplexy October 1 9 1 8 7 1 a t the age , ,

of fif t y eigh t
-
.

Rob e r t Ar th u r wa s b orn a t Calverton M d July 2 2 , , ,

1 8 1 9 and a fter ob taining a good cla s s ical educa ti on studied

,

dentistry being a memb er of th e fi r s t gra dua ting cl a ss o f

,

the B altimore College o f Dental Surge ry He and D r . .

Ma c kall were the fi rs t o n whom the D D S degree was con . . .

ferred for th e s u ccessful completion o f a co u rse o f s tudy i n

denti stry th e d a te b eing M a rch 9 1 8 41
, Dr Arthu r began
, . .

the p ractice o f denti s try in B altimore in 1 8 46 la ter removing ,

to Philadelphi a then to Wa s hington D C where he wa s

, , . .
,

very succe ss fu l in the meantime s pending hi s winters in

,

Philadelphi a He became a member o f th e Ame rican Society

.

o f Dental Surgeon s in 1 8 1 an d wa s active in organizing the

4
Dental Associa tion of Ma ryland serving as i ts fi rs t p resident
,

in 1 8 66 He helped to organiz e the Philad elphi a College o f

.

Dental Su rgery in 1 8 5 2 and wa s made p rofessor o f p rincip les

and p ractice o f dental s u rgery and th ree yea rs la ter wa s
,

elected dean He wa s th e ori ginator o f the system o f p ro

.

“ ”
p hylaxi s known a s A r t h u ri z in g o r sepa rating the teeth by
,

filing away a portion o f the app ro xi mal s u rfaces to p reven t

ca rie s Th e o l d meth od o f fi ling a sepa ra tion b e t ween th e
.

teeth to p revent o r a rre s t ca ries wa s modified by Arthur to

p rovide a small s ho u lder a t th e gum p resu m ab ly for i ts ,

p rotection b ut a t th e s ame time allowing a free excu rsion

,

o f th e food over the fi led su rfaces This meth od wa s used

.

to a rres t incipient ca ri e s and i t i s p rob ab le th a t the method

,

a dvocated by Arth u r wa s not a s ra dica l a s wa s generally

supposed .

I n 1 8 57 he wrote A Tr e a t i s e on t h e Use of A dh e s i ve Fo i l
, ,

being the fi rs t to p u blish and ma ke known the cohesive p roper

ties o f gold though many claimed to h ave made use o f i t
,

before h im .

After resigning hi s posi tion a s dean of the Philadelphi a

( then Pennsylvani a ) College of Denta l S u rgery in 1 8 57 he ,

ret u rned permanently to B alti m ore his old home where he , ,

96 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
spent the remainde r o f hi s life continuing h is li tera ry ca reer ,

until hi s d ea th June 2 2 1 8 8 0 , , .

J oh n M Ri g g s b o rn a t Seymore Conn October 2 5 1 8 1 1

.
, , .
, , ,

deserves men ti on a s the fi rs t American denti st to d escrib e

’
supp u ra tive inflamma tion of th e gums ( called Rigg s s disea se )
and to p resc rib e a correct trea tmen t therefor by removing the
ta rta r or deposi ts found o n the necks and root s o f the teeth .

He i s called the di s coverer of thi s t rea tment b u t h e cannot ,

b e s ai d to h ave been th e fi rs t to d e s c rib e the disea s e a s ,

Fa u ch a rd di d the same in 1 746 .

He wa s p resen t and extrac ted a tooth for D r Horace Wells .

,

De c ember 1 1 1 8 44 u nder th e influence o f ni tro u s oxid e

, ,

a d m inis tered by Prof G Q Colton Both Drs Riggs an d . . . . .

Wells used the ga s in thei r p ractice for a sh ort time thereafter ,

b u t n o t meeting with much success discon tin u ed i t s u se , .

’
D r Riggs s dea th oc c u rred Novembe r 1 1 1 8 8 5
.
, .

S a m u e l S tock t on Wh i t e wa s b o rn in Hulmeville B u c ks ,

County Pa June 1 9 1 8 2 2 He los t hi s father a t th e age

, .
, , .

o f eigh t yea rs and hi s mother moved t o Bu rling ton N J , . .

,

remaining there u nti l h e wa s sixteen yea rs o f age when ,

h e wa s indentured to hi s u ncle Samuel W Stockton of , .

,

Philadelphi a wh o wa s then engaged i n th e man u fac tu re of

,

porcelain teeth While working for hi s u ncle h e s tudied

.

denti s try under D r J De H aven White a leading p rac titioner

. .
,

of the d ay b u t not a rela tive At the age o f twenty one h e

,
.
-

’
began th e p ractice of denti s try in his uncle s o ffi ce and a t
’
the s ame ti m e superintended the l atter s m an u fac tu ring
depa rtmen t .

I n the next yea r 1 8 44 he b egan the tooth man u fac turing

, ,

b usiness for himself a t 1 1 6 North Seven th Street Philadelphia , ,

and a short time la ter removed to 2 7 3 ( old numb ering ) Ra c e

Street ab ove Eigh th
, At this time he b egan to h and le
.

other supplies needed by dentis ts and gave up the p racti c e

of dentist ry to devote all of hi s time to hi s rapid ly growing
business In 1 8 49 h e took in a s pa rtners Asahel Jones of
.
,

New York Ci ty and John R M c C u r dy o f Philad elphi a ; the

, .
,

fi r m n a m e _lb e c a m e PJ o n e s White M c C u r d y an d the , ,

‘i

business wa s r e m ov e d to la rger qua rter s on Arch Stre et

 B I OGRA P H I ES OF N O TE D A M E RI CA N DE N TI S TS 97

below Sixth The p roduct m anufactu red by thi s hou s e soon

.

a ttracted wi de a ttention and many p remiums and med als

w ere awa rded f o r the excellent q uality o f porcelain teeth
p rod uced B ranch houses w ere est ab lished in va rious ci ties
.

’
from 1 8 45 to 1 8 5 8 to fu rnish an outlet f o r th e fi rm s good s .

In 1 8 6 1 D r Samuel S Whi te again be c ame the sole own er

. .
,

h aving bough t the interes t o f M r Jones and M r M c Cu r dy . . .

When Secret a ry Cha se called f o r the fi rst loan to ca rry on

’
the Civi l Wa r D r Whi te s name hea ded the lis t
, . .

He began the pub lica t i on o f a q ua rterly dental j ournal ,

Th e De n t a l N e w s Le tt e r in 1 8 47 I n Augus t 1 8 5 9 thi s became

, .
, ,

a monthly j ournal with a new title Th e De n t a l Cos mos and , ,

i s tod ay one o f ou r leading dental m agazines .

D r Whi te wa s a pub lic spi ri ted man a n d took an active

.
-

p art in the figh t which wa s waged b etween th e G oodyea r

Dental Vulcanite Company and the dental p rofe s sion For .

seven yea rs he fo u gh t thi s company until i t i s said the menta l ,

strain o f this in ad dition to th e ca res o f hi s b usiness b rough t

, ,

o n a n a tta c k of congestion of the b rain in November 1 8 79 , .

Hi s physicians ordered him to Eu rope b ut in De c ember h e ,

contracted Russian influenza then in its fi rs t violent o u t ,

b rea k and died in Pa ri s Dece m ber 3 0 1 8 7 9

, , .

Hi s b u s ines s wa s incorporated i n 1 8 8 1 an d h a s since been

cond u cted and known as the S S Wh i te Dental M a n u f a c t u r
. .

ing Company .

’
The following t ri b u te i s ta ken from G u e r in i s H i s tor y of
De n t i s tr y published in 1 90 9
,
“
The c redit o f h aving introd u c ed many new i m p rove
ments in the man u facture o f mineral teeth belongs espe c ially
to the Ame ri c ans Among those w h o p a rticula rly d is
.

t i n g u i sh e d themselves in thi s d epa rtment o f dental a rt we

may note Ch a rle s W Peale Samuel W Stockton Ja m es

.
, .
,

Alcoc k and Elia s Wildman But the mo s t b rilli ant results

,
,

a s i s well known were ob tained by the celeb rated Sa m uel

,

S White w h o by an intelligent and persevering activi ty

.
, ,

dedica ted almos t exclusively t o i m p roving mineral teeth and

b ringing them into general use cont ri buted vastly t o the ,
”
p rogress o f modern dental a rt .
 C HA PT ER I X .

NOTE D TEACH E R S ORGANI Z E R S AND ,

INVENTOR S OF RE CENT TI M E S .

Wil li a m H enr y M or g a n ,
bo rn in Logan County Ke n t u c k v ,

Feb r u a ry 2 2 1 8 1 8 wa s a so u thern pioneer in denti s try

, , .

He gra d u ated from the B altimore College of Denta l Su rgery

in 1 8 48 and located a t R u ssellville Ky and la ter a t Na s h
, , .
,

vi lle Tenn where h e became a s soci ated fi rs t wi th D r T

, .
, . .

D H amlin and next wi th hi s oldes t s o n Henry Willi am

.
, , .

He was chief organizer and fi rst dean o f the School o f Den

t i s t ry o f Vanderbilt University whi ch wa s organized in 1 8 7 9 , .

He wa s an e fli c i e n t teacher a writer o f note and s erved the ,

school faith fully for more th an twenty yea rs .

Fo r nea rly fi fty yea rs he conducted a la rge and exclusive

dental p ractice and wa s a recognized lead er o f the denta l
p rofession in the South and wa s widely known a s an expert ,

manip u lator of gold foil He h elped to o rganize the South

-
.

ern Dental As s ocia tion in 1 8 6 9 an d wa s p resident o f the

American Dental Associ a tion in 1 8 70 He held several .

important position s a s trus tee for edu c ational insti tution s a t

the time o f hi s d eath which o c c urred a t hi s home in Na s hville
, ,

May 1 6 1 90 1 , .

W G A B onwil l wa s b orn in Camden Del October 4

. . .
, .
, ,

1 833 . He wa s from child hood a me c hani c a l genius a s well

as an a rtist and in 1 8 5 3 h e began the s tudy of d entistry u nd er
,

Sam u el W Neall of Camden with th e m u n i fice n t su m o f

.
, ,

$1 2 t o b ack hi s underta king After six month s with D r . .

Neall he went t o B altimore and s tudied opera tive denti s try

und er Dr Ch apin A H a rris for th ree month s and a yea r
. .
,

l ater began _to p ractice his p rofession in Dover Del wh ere , .

,

h e r e m a i n e d_u n t i l 1 8 7 1 when he removed t o Philadelphi a

, .

I n 1 8 76 he invented the di amond reamer f o r removing

,
 ORGA N I Z E RS A ND I N V EN TORS OF RECE N T TI M E S 99

or modifying contact points in a m anner simila r t o th a t

a dvoca ted by Dr Rob ert Arthur His fame a s a gol d
. .

worker wa s world w ide and he wa s also a good amalgam

-

worker I n 1 8 74 he announced the invention o f the ele c t ri c

.
,

ma llet Hi s fi rst denta l engine known a s the Bonwi ll dental

.
,

engi ne wa s pa tented in 1 8 77 and ma rketed in 1 8 7 9 A little

, .

la ter he re m odeled i t f o r use in surgi c al w ork and i t i s now ,

a s indispensab le to the su rgeon a s to the dentist Bone .

surgery and t rephining h ave been simplified and made easier

by its use ma ki ng possible delicate operations th a t would
,

h ave been difli c u l t i f not impossible wi th ou t i t The oral .

surgeon often perform s root and j aw rese c tions by the u se

o f this instrument He wa s the fi rs t t o e m ploy bib u lous
.

p aper to a ssis t in keeping cavi ties d ry while filling them also ,

c orundum disks and the cervical m atrix He also devised .

a system o f cla sped p a rti al den tu res a s a sub stitute f o r b ri dge

work Another notab le inven tion was his anatomical a r t i cu
.

la to r b a sed o n the equila tera l t ri angle which theory i s s till

, ,

u pheld by many ab le m e n He mad e many notab le in v e n

.

tions other than dental among which grain reapers shoe

, ,

fasteners and the safety pin m a y b e named He wa s actively .

i dentified wi th d ental society work and a p rolific write r

u ntil d ea th c laimed h i m in 1 8 9 9 .

S a n f or d Ch r i s t i e B arn um wa s born a t Oa kland Valley N Y , . .

,

August 2 4 1 8 3 8 , . He s tudied denti stry under hi s uncle

and lo c a ted a t Monticello N Y in 1 8 6 2 retu rning to New
, . .
, ,

York and gra duating from the New York College o f Denti stry
in 1 8 6 8 As ea rly a s 1 8 6 2 he con c eived the i dea and mad e
.

p ra c ti c al use of the rub ber dam in dental operations He .

dona ted i t a s a gi ft t o the denta l p rofession in 1 8 64 fo regoing ,

his O pportuni ty t o m a ke a fortune and won world renown f o r ,

hi s act He wa s voted many med als and tokens of honor

.

f o r hi s generosi ty He died o f ch ronic meningi ti s December 2 4

.
,

1 885 , a t the a g e o f forty seven yea rs -

.

I t i s s c a rc ely possible to estima te the a dvantage of his

one grea t cont rib ution to dentistry wi thout which many o f ,

ou r most deli c a te operations would b e s e ri ously h andi c apped

if not i m po s sible .
1 00 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
B en ja m in F r an k l in wa s born in Na sh County Arr in g ton ,

N C Sep temb er 1 1 1 8 2 7 graduated in medi c ine a t Tr a n sy l

. .
, , ,

vania Medi cal College Lexington Ky in 1 8 48 and a fte r , , .

, ,

p ractising medicine for a time went to B alti mo re and grad u

a ted from the B altimore College o f Dental Su rgery in 1 8 5 3 .

Ret u rning to North Ca rolin a he p ra c tised a t Wind so r Wil ,

m i n g t o n Raleigh and Gold sboro and t raveled extensively

, ,

in the South for the S S White Dental M anufact u ring . .

Comp any He wa s m ainly ins trumental in organizing th e

.

So u thern Dental Associ a tion a t Atlanta G a July 2 9 1 8 6 9 , .

, , ,

though he refused th e p resi dency o n the ground th a t he wa s

not a t th a t time actively p racti s ing dentistry He wa s fore .

mos t in organizing the North Ca rolin a Dental Society a t

Greensb oro Septembe r 5 1 8 66 and in 1 8 7 5 wa s ele c ted i ts
, , ,

p resident His death occ u rred a t Gold sbo ro N C Octob er

.
, . .
,

2 9, 1 90 7
R i ch ar d B a yl e y Win d e r fa the r
the Na tional Asso c i a tion , o f
of Dental Facultie s wa s b orn in E a stville V a July 2 7 1 8 2 8
, , .
, , .

He was ed u ca ted a t P rinceton Universi ty an d the University

of Vi rgi nia an d l ater engaged in fa rming in A c c omac County
, ,

V a unti l th e Civi l Wa r when he ente red th e Confedera te

.
, ,

Army a s a maj or Retu rning home wi tho u t mean s h e

.

d ecided to s tudy d enti stry gra dua ted from th e B altimore ,

College o f Dental Surgery in 1 8 69 a t th e age o f forty one ,

-

yea rs and wa s f o r a time a s socia ted with D r F J S Gorga s

, . . . . .

In sea rch o f furthe r knowledge he took a course of lectures

and gra d uated a s M D from the College o f Physici ans and . .

Su rgeons of B altimore in 1 8 7 3 .

I n the same yea r he suc c eeded in organizing the Ma ryland

Dental College o f which he was th e fi rs t dean and professor
,

of physiology and hygiene When thi s s chool wa s merged .

.

into th e B altimore College of Dental Surgery in 1 8 7 9 D r , , .

Winder wa s m ade p rofe s sor o f dental s urgery an d ope ra tive

dentistry and soon thereafter was made d ean which posi tion
, ,

he fi lled until hi s death July 1 8 1 8 94 , , .

The organization o f the Nation al Asso c i a tion o f Denta l

’
Fa c ult i e s in 1 88 4 wa s the resul t o f D r Winder s eff orts
, ,
. .

He wa s a l s o the fi rs t p erson a fter D r Thomas E Bond to . .

 1 02 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
‘

an angry mob and seek hi s home a s an a sylum hi s qui c k w i t ,

and resou rcefulness found a way to convoy her safely to

England .

The crowning a c t o f hi s li fe and hi s monument i s the well

endowed Tho m a s W Evans Museum and Dental Insti tute .
,

the d ental depa rtment of the University o f Pennsylvania ,

p rovided for in hi s will constituting the fi rst liberal end ow ,

ment for dental ed uca tion .

D r Evans died in Pa ris Novemb er 1 4 1 8 9 7 in the seventy

.
, ,

fo u rth yea r o f hi s age .

Norm a n W K in g s l e y a rtis t and sculp tor was bo rn a t S toc k

.
, ,

h olm N Y Oc tobe r 2 6 1 8 2 9 being a descend ant of Ran

, . .
, , ,
’
d olph d e Ki n g sle a a Sax on ke e per o f th e King s forest in the
,

twelfth century In 1 8 48 he began the s tudy o f dentis try

.
,

with his uncle A W Kingsley o f Elizab eth N Y gr ad u

, . .
, , . .
,

a ting la ter from the B altimore College o f Dental Su rgery .

He loca ted in O swego in 1 8 50 and removed from there to

New York in 1 8 5 2 He sub sequently m a de the acquaintance .

o f Dr Eleazer Pa r m ly Solyman B rown and other p rominent

.
,

dentists and a ttracted thei r a ttention to the excellence o f

,

hi s work In 1 8 5 9 he trea ted a c ase of cleft p ala te s u ccess

.
,

fully which d rew fa vorab le comment from fa r and wid e and

, ,

for which h e was awa rded a gold med al by th e Ameri can Denta l
“
Convention i n 1 8 6 3 He is accredi ted the Father o f .

Mo d e rn Orthodontia h aving wri tten th e fi rst b ook ever ,

p u b lished o n th a t s u bj ect His wri tings between 1 8 7 5 and .

1 8 8 1 a re s ai d to b e some of the be s t yet p ub lished .

He d e se r v e s lasting fame for hi s b us t o f Ch ri s t modeled

'

in 1 8 6 8 which i s s ai d t o b e the b es t work o f i ts kind in exist

,

ence His p aintings ca rvings emb roidery pyrographic and

.
, , ,

other works o f a rt a re j u s tly celeb rated I n 1 8 53 he wa s .

’
awa rded the highes t p rize for porcelain teeth a t the World s
Fai r held in New York .

I n 1 8 6 5 he founded the New York College o f Dentistry

, ,

b eco m ing dean o f the fa c ulty and p rofessor o f dental a rt

and mech anism He died in Wa rren Point N Y Feb ru a ry
.
, . .
,

20 ,
1 91 3 in hi s eigh ty fou rth yea r
,
-
.
 ’

ORGA N I Z E RS A N D I N V EN TORS OF RECE N T TI M ES 1 03

Will ou gh b y D M il l er ,
tho u gh he s pent mo s t o f hi s p r o f e s
.

si on a l life ab road should ever b e remembered a s on e o f

,
’
den ti s try s grea test benefactor s Bo rn a t Alexand ri a Ohio .
, ,

Augus t 1 1 8 5 3 he s ecured a high s chool e d u ca n on graduated

, ,
-

from the University of Michigan in 1 8 7 5 and then went t o ,

Edinb urgh t o study chemis t ry p hilo s op hy and ma thema tics , .

H e next pu r s ued his studie s in Berlin intending t o follow ,

the p rofession o f physics Here th ro u gh a s socia ti on wi th.

,

D r James Tr u man and D r Ab b ott h e became intere s ted

. .
,

in dentist ry and the c ou r s e of hi s whole life wa s ch anged

, .

He entered the o ffi ce of D r Ab b ott a s a denta l s t u dent and .

,

in 1 8 77 1 8 7 8 s tudied denti st ry on e s e ss ion a t the Penn sylvani a

-

College of Dental Surge ry He then entered the newly .

organized d enta l depa rtment o f the Univer s i ty o f Penn

sylvania and grad ua ted t herefrom in 1 8 79
, .

D r Miller b ecame dis ting u ished a s a wri ter o f ma rked

.

ability contri b uting more th an on e h u nd red scientific papers

,
’
to the p rofession s litera t u re His mos t notable work Th e .
,

M i cr oor ga n i s ms of t h e H u m a n M ou th in which he di s closes the ,

rela tion of b acteri a t o dental ca ri es i s s o fa r the acknowledged ,

a u tho ri ty o n th a t subj ect He wa s an apo s tle o f oral p ro .

p hylaxi s and worked ha rd f o r the s cientific u plifting o f hi s

p rofession .

D r Miller wa s dentis t to the Emp res s of Germany and

.

othe r members o f the roya l family and though he held ,

many position s o f importance in G e rin a n y and th ro u gho u t

Eu rope and h a d honor s be s towed on him th a t no other
,

Ame rican denti s t ever h ad he never once forgot o r forsook ,

hi s Ameri cani s m .

Soon after the dea th o f D r Miller J u ly 2 8 1 90 7 t h e .

, , ,

Fed er a t i o n Dentai re I nterna tionale began the collection of

a memo ri a l fund in hi s honor for the p u rpo s e of rewa rding
tho s e w h o h a d notab ly distinguished themselves in dental
science I n 1 9 1 0 thi s fund h ad reached the s u m o f
.

o f which the Uni ted State s contrib u ted only ab o u t $ 2 000 .

The fi r s t awa rd from this fund wa s mad e to D r G V B la ck . . .

for hi s di s tinguished services .

On December 8 1 9 1 5 a hand s ome b ronze s ta t u e wa s, ,

1 04 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
dedica ted to D r Miller on th e campus of the State Uni .

versity a t Columb us Ohio The fund s were raised by the , .

Columb u s Dental Society and cont r i butions were received ,

from almo s t eve ry s ta te m the Union .

V i ne s Ed m un d s Tur n e r wa s b orn in Franklin Co u nty N C , . .

,

Janua ry 2 1 1 8 3 7 He gra duated from the Ba ltimore College

, .

of Dental Su rgery in M a rch 1 8 5 8 entered the Confedera te , ,

A rmy a s second lieutenant in 1 8 6 1 and served u nti l the

clo s e o f the wa r being in the meanti m e p romoted to the
,

rank o f ca ptain He wa s wounded in the b a ttle o f Cold

.

H a rbor in 1 8 6 2 went th rough the camp aigns o f the Valley

,

o f Vi rgini a under General Jackson and after the wa r wa s ,

ove r loca ted in Raleigh N C where he began the p ractice , . .

,

o f denti stry .

He wa s a ch a rter me m ber and twice p resident o f the North

Ca rolina Dental Society and served a s p resident of th e North
Ca rolina B oa rd o f Dental Examiners for more th an a gene r1
a tion He se rved a s p resi dent o f th e Na tiona l As s ocia tion
.

o f Dental Examiners in 1 90 1 and wa s t rea sure r o f the Na tional ,

Dental Associa tion from 1 90 4 t o 1 90 6 b eing s ub sequently ,

elected p resid en t o f tha t b ody a t Boston i n 1 90 8 I n Ap ril .

,

1 91 3 , he wa s appointed by Presi dent Wood row Wilson a s

Assis tant Dental Surgeon Denta l Reserve Corps U S Army , , . . .

He wa s p resident and di rec to r of t h e Raleigh Street Rail

way Co and di rec tor for eigh t yea rs in the North Ca rolina
.
,

Railroa d C o and f o r over twenty fiv e yea rs o f the Ra leigh

.
,
-

Savings B ank He died May I 1 1 9 1 4 a t his home 1 n Raleigh

.
, , ,

in hi s s eventy eigh th yea r -

.

D r T u rner wa s a s uccess b oth in b usiness a ff ai rs and in hi s

.

ch o s en p rofe ss ion and i t i s d oub tful i f ever any man wa s

,

more b eloved by hi s confr ere s .

M W h i ll d in Fos t e r wa s born in Philadelphi a M ay 1 7 1 8 3 7

.
, .

He began the st u dy of dentis try about 1 8 5 4 and gra dua ted ,

in due time from th e Philadelphi a Dental College Ab o u t .

1 86 1 he b ecame a ss oci a ted wi th D r Robert Arthu r o f .

,

B altimore wi th whom he remained five yea rs afte rwa rd

, ,

engaging in p ractice a t 9 Wes t Franklin Street Ba ltimore , .

I n 1 8 7 3 D r Fo s ter became connected with the Ma ryland

, .
1 06 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

sec reta ry o f the Na tional As s ocia tion o f Dental Fa c u lties

fro m 1 90 5 to 1 9 1 3 when he wa s elected p resi dent o f th a t
,

a ssocia tion He wa s s ec reta ry of hi s s tate denta l society

.

for seven yea rs and wa s p resident of the I nstit u te o f Dental

,

Ped agogics in 1 90 2 He edi ted the Des mos the mo u thpiece .

,

of the Delta Sigm a Delta F ra terni ty w as also fo u nder o f ,

th e I n d i a n a De n t a l jou r n a l and i t s edi tor from 1 8 9 8 to ,

1 9 00 I n 1 9 1 1 he b ecame edi tor in chief o f Or a l Hygi e n e

.
,
- -

which position h e occupied u nti l hi s dea th I t i s a ma tter .

o f record th a t h e wa s deeply interes ted in thi s work and ,

was la rgely re s ponsib le for the motion pict u re demon s tra tions -

on ora l hygiene held th roughout th e country Hi s dea th .

occ u rred J u ly 1 1 1 9 1 4 a t I ndi anapolis in hi s fif t y fi r s t yea r

, , ,
-
.

On the evening o f Novemb er 2 1 1 9 1 4 the d enta l p rofession , ,

of I ndiana held a memorial meeting in the a u dito ri um a t

Indianapoli s in honor of D r Hunt . .

G ree n e V ar d i m an B l a ck a na tive of I llinois b orn a t Win , ,

c he s ter A u g u s t 3
,
1 8 3 6 wa s witho u t do u b t o n e o f th e mo s t
, ,

influential men connected wi th modern denti s try He wa s .

raised o n a fa rm and altho u gh he enj oyed poor health and

,
’

h a d b ut a limi ted ed ucation wa s an ea rne s t s tudent and an ,

a rdent lover o f Na ture At the age o f seventeen yea rs he .

b egan th e st u dy o f medicine u n der hi s b rother D r Thomas , .

G B lack wh o wa s then p racti s ing a t Clayton I ll an d a t

.
, , .
,

th e age o f twenty one undertook the s tudy o f d enti s try in

-

th e o ffi ce o f D r J C Spea r o f Mount Sterling I ll After

. . .
, , .

’
on e yea r s t raining he located a t Winches ter I ll and , .
,

remained u ntil 1 8 6 2 when he entered the a rmy and served ,

until 1 8 64 after which he loca ted a t Jacksonville I ll He

, , .

remained there u ntil 1 8 9 7, when hi s work led him to Chicago ,

there to s pend hi s remaining yea r s .

To know th e rise and p rogress o f denti s try i n th e p a s t

h alf cent u ry on e need go no further th an th e a ctivi tie s o f
-

D r Black and hi s c o worker s They fo u nd i t not very fa r

'

- e
. .

a dvanced ab ove the stage o f a ski lled t ra de the e x traction ,

o f teeth ma king of pla te s and the working of gold foi l by

,
-

’
a few experts and left i t o n e o f the world s greates t science s
, ,

to which p a thology m ateri a medica b acte riology and su rgery

, ,
 ORGA N I Z E RS A ND I N V EN TORS OF RECEN T TI M ES 1 07

a re necessa ry eq u ipments and no on e man wa s more p otent

,

than D r B lack in keeping the p rofession o n i ts upwa rd

.

trend .

D r Black i s wi dely known for his scienti fic b ooks and

.

paper s Alway s a p rolific wri ter hi s w orks make a valuable

.
,

li b rary in themselves He soon beca m e famous and wa s a

.
,

recognized authority o n wha tever subj ects h e undertook to

m aster While hi s b ooks and p apers a re numerous those
.
,

FI G . 28 .
—G re en e V a r d i m a n Bl a c k M D
, . .
, SC D , LL D
. . . .
( 1 83 6

especi ally deserving mention a re A n a tomy of t h e H u ma n

Te e th Ope r a t i ve De n t i s t r y and hi s n u merous W ork s o n gene ra l
,

and dental p a thology .

There appea red in 1 8 8 6 a s eries o f a rticle s by D r Black in .

the A me r i ca n Sys te m of De n ti s tr y under the following head s :

“ ” “ ”
General Pa thology Dental Ca rie s and i ts Treatment
, ,
” “
Diseases of Pe ri dental Memb rane and Ab rasion and ,
”
E rosion o f the Teeth .

In 1 8 9 1 D r B lack published in the De n t a l Cos mos a s e ries

, .
1 08 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
”
o fpapers on the M anagemen t of Enamel M a rgins ; la ter ,

in 1 8 9 5 the s ame j ou rnal for five month s contained an

,

epoch ma king series of a rticles from hi s pen u nder the genera l

-

“
heading An I nves tigation o f the Physical Cha racters of
, ‘

the Human Teeth in Rela tion to thei r Diseases and to the

Practical Denta l Opera tions Together wi th th e Physi c al ,
”
Cha racters o f Filling M ateri als In thi s serie s the p rinciple .

“ ”
of extension f o r p revention wa s fi rs t made p rominent by
D r Black Th a t p a rt o f hi s Op e r a t i ve De n t i str y devoted to
. .

scientific cavi ty p repa ra tion i s especially deserving of men

tion and ha s given rise to B lac k Study Club s th rougho ut
,

the c ountry .

In l ater yea rs he experimented exten s ively wi th a malgam ,

and gave to the p rofession in 1 8 9 6 the fi r s t formul a f o r a , ,

scientifically b alanced alloy revol u tionizing th a t b ranch o f ,

denti s try Those who a re famili a r wi th t h e f acts know th a t

.

in 1 8 9 5 D r Blac k a lone knew the se c r e t s o f exp ansion and

.

contraction and h a d i t in his power t o control the manufac ture

o f wh at a re now known a s high grad e a lloys Very few -
.

men know o f th e grea t p re s su re b ro u gh t u pon him t o com ;

m e r c i a l i z e hi s work His answe r wa s the pub li ca tion in full
.

o f the re s ults of hi s yea rs of investiga tion .

’
Blac k s De n t a l A n a tomy wa s p u b li s hed in 1 8 90 and fo u r ,

edition s o f i t h ave been enti rely exh a u sted .

’
The c rowning work of D r B lac k s life consists o f hi s t w o .

volumes on o p era tive d entistry th e fi r s t edit i on o f which ,

appea red in 1 90 8 and a b ook entitled Spe ci a l De n ta l P a t h ol

,

ogy published in Ap ril

, 1 9 1 5 j u s t prior to hi s d eath
, , .

From 1 8 70 t o 1 8 8 0 D r B lack lec t u red on p athology in th e

.

Missou ri Dental College a t St Loui s and from 1 8 8 3 to 1 8 8 9 .

,

he was p rofessor of p a thology in the Chi cago College o f

Dental Su rgery I n 1 8 9 1 h e accep ted a call to th e North
.

western U niversi ty Denta l Sch ool a s p rofessor o f opera tive

dentistry and dental p athology being mad e dean in 1 8 9 7 , .

On e o f the grea tes t ai d s whi c h D r Bla c k h a s given to the .

p rofession of dentistry and the o n e p rob ably mo s t fa r reach

,
-

ing in i t s eff ect wa s the introd u ction of techni c work in the

,

schools He wa s mainly in s tr u menta l in organizing the

.
1 10 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
speci al p rominence to the a dvent and d evelopment o f
dentistry in the Uni ted Sta tes and i s by fa r the most c o m ,

p rehen s ive and s ati s factory work of the kin d so fa r pub

li sh e d Another book o f note by him wa s entitled I ll i n oi s a t
.

V i cks bu r g .

His death occ u rred a t the home of his d a u gh ter in Newton

ville M ass J u ly 2 1 1 9 1 6
, .
, , .

Joh n Ross C a ll a h a n was b o rn J u ne 2 8 1 8 5 3 in Higgin s port , , ,

Ohio and wa s ed u ca ted in the Hillsbo ro Ohio p ub lic school s

, , , .

He b egan th e s t u dy o f d entis try under D r John Elli s and .

later entered th e Philadelp hi a Dental College from which he ,

gra duated in He p ractised in Sa n Franci s co for two

yea rs removed to Hillsb oro hi s na tive town where h e
, , ,

remained eleven yea rs and then loca ted in Cincinnati fo r,

the remaind er o f his life .

D r Callah an wa s active in dental s ociety a ff ai r s h olding

.
,

important po s i tion s in s everal .

Being of a s cienti fi c turn o f mind h e wa s deeply interested ,

in re s ea rch work an d du ring hi s life gave the p rofe s sion a

,

scientific method o f root canal work especia lly us eful for -

t rea ting p u tre s cent condition s o f the teeth u sing for thi s ,

p u rpo s e s ulphu ric aci d and lining the canals b efore fi lling
, ,

them with ch loro resin ( a solution of re s in in chloroform )

,
-

which method i s now generally known by his name .

In the ligh t o f p resent knowledge in rega rd to ora l sepsi s ,

few men h ave mad e more importan t contrib u tions to den

t i s t ry Hi s death occu rred a t h i s home in Cincinna ti
.
,

Feb rua ry 1 2 1 9 1 8 , .

H e n ry Wi ll i a m M or g an son of D r Wi lliam Henry Morgan

, .
,

wa s b orn in David son County Tenn Octob er 2 5 1 8 5 3 and , .

, , ,

received his ea rly education in Na s hville graduating from ,

th e high s ch ool in 1 8 7 3 He immedia tely entered the medica l

.

school of Vanderbilt Universi ty and a fter grad u ating a s ,

M D entered the Philadelphi a Dental College from whi c h

. .
, ,

h e ob tained the degree o f D D S in 1 8 77 afte r which h e . . .

,

b ecame associ ated wi th his fa the r in the p ractice o f dentistry .

In 1 8 8 6 he wa s m ade p rofessor o f operati ve denti s try in th e

,

newly crea ted School of Dentistry o f Vanderbilt University ,

 ORGA N I Z E RS A N D I N V EN TORS OF REC EN T TI M ES 111

and in 1 9 1 1 became dean He served in thi s cap aci ty u ntil .

the school wa s tempora rily discontinued d ue to the unsettled ,

conditions b ro u gh t ab out by the World Wa r and when the ,

school wa s reorganized he wa s ma de dean emeri tus He wa s , .

a c t 1 v e in dental s ociety work b eing a t s ome time p resident ,

o f the Ameri can Institute o f Dental Teachers Na shville ,

Dental Society Tennessee Sta te Denta l Associ ation and the

,

Na tional As s ocia tion of Dental Faculties He wa s actively .

interes ted and hel d high o ffi ces in many othe r organizations ,

both fratern al an d dental a s well a s being a devout membe r ,

of the M E Church South I t may be t ru thfully s ai d th a t

. . .

D r Morgan di d a s much t o es tab lish dental ed u ca tion o n a high

.

moral and ethical plane a s any other o n e man in the South .

He died Janua ry 1 7 1 9 2 0 a t hi s home in Na s hville Tenn

, , , .
,
’
afte r several weeks illness .

’
B H ol l y S mi th wa s b orn a t Pi sca taway Prince George s
.
,

County M d Ma rch 1 7 1 8 5 8 His ea rly educa tion wa s

, .
, , .

received a t Loudo u n Valley Academy V a and in the B alti , .

,

more s c hools In 1 8 8 1 h e grad u a ted from th e B altimore

.
,

College of Dental Su rgery; and in 1 8 8 3 from the College of

Physicians a n d _Su r g e o n s o f B altimore a fter which he entered ,

the p ractice of hi s p rofession in th a t city and soon attained ,

a high s tanding He wa s a fluent orator and a much s ough t

.

for after dinner spea ker Du ring hi s p rofes s ional ca reer h e

-
.

wa s p resident o f the Southern Dental A s soci ation National ,

Dental Associ ation M a ryland State Dental Associ ation

,
.

Na tional Association o f Dental Fac u lties and the Oral

Hygiene Council o f M a ryland and wa s a member o f many ,

other o rganizations He wa s mainly inst ru mental in uniting

.

the Ameri can Dental A s so c iation and Southern Dental Asso

c i a t i o n into o u r la rger and more e ff ective National Dental

As s ocia tion in 1 8 9 7 .

Soon after hi s gra dua ti on in 1 8 8 1 he b ecame an a ssi stant ,

d emonstrator in the B altimore College o f Dental Surgery and ,

upon the death o f D r Wind er in 1 8 94 succeeded him to the .

, ,

ch ai r o f operative denti s try On June 1 9 1 4 he beca m e .

,

p resident o f the college which posi tion h e held unti l his ,

death Janua ry 2 2 1 9 2 0
, , .
1 12 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Among the names o f those deserving e u logy grea ter than
ca n be given here a re the following : J Leon Williams a .
,

New Englander j ustly famed a s an a rtis t and histologi s t ;

,

Eugene Solomon Ta lbot b orn a t Sheron M ass 1 8 47 b ut

, , .
, ,

f o r many yea r s a resident o f Chicago an investiga tor and

,

wri ter of many p apers a s well a s th e originator o f val u ab le

,

formulas There wa s also Morrison w h o invented o r ra ther

.
,

a d a pted the denta l engine and Atkinson who evolved th e

, ,

d ental mallet b oth o f whom s ho u ld not b e forgotten To

, .

mention these i s not to ex c lud e the va s t hos t o f others whose

uplifting influence h a s b een the in s pi ra tion o f th e denta l
p rofession .
1 14 H I S TOR Y OF D E N TI S TR Y
Su l p h u n ether h as been known sinc e the thi rteenth c e n
c

tu ry an d wa s used va riously b oth internally and by inh ala

'

tion for the relief o f p ain due to ca ta rrh and colic and la ter , ,

by way o f diversion because of its exhila ra ting eff ects

, .

Chloroform wa s discovered in 1 8 3 1 simultaneously in th e ,

Uni ted Sta tes France and Germany although i t wa s not

, ,

used as an anesthetic until sixteen yea rs later .

r
C aw o d f r L on g
— So fa r a s modern anes thesi a i s c on c erned ,

D r Crawford Long of Danielsville G a who gra d uated from

.
, ,
.
,

the medical dep a rtment of the U niversi ty of Penns ylvani a

in 1 8 39 see m s to h ave been the fi rs t to p erfo rm any opera ti on
,

under anesthesia h aving a c cording to Roswell Pa rk anes

, , ,

t h e t i z e d a p a tient and removed a tu m or without pain in 1 8 42 .

Thi s wa s suggested to him by the e ff ect of ether when inh aled

“ ”
for amusement d u r 1 n g the so called ether froli c s in whi c h -

Long and hi s friend s engaged Long lived in an i solated .

place an d no report of thi s c a se wa s m ade until 1 8 49 afte r ,

’
Morton s results were published and the 1 n c i d e n t caused ,

only town tal k a t the time Long died in 1 8 7 8 b efore th e .

,

unfortuna te c ont roversy i n which he h a d b e c ome involved

wa s con c luded Nevertheless there i s good reason to b elieve
.
,

tha t he i s entitled to th e c redi t of h aving fi rs t used sulp huri c

ether a s an anesthetic thou gh he did not give hi s discovery
,

to the world a t the time .

H or a ce W e l l s the fi rs t to use ni trous oxid e as an anes theti c

,

in s urgery wa s b o rn a t H a rtford V t Janua ry 2 1 1 8 1 5

, , .
, , .

He spen t hi s b oyhood d ays o n the fa rm o f his fa ther a ,

physici an a t Westminster V t on the Connecti c ut River

, , .
, ,

where he enj oyed every co m fort th a t hi s p a rents c ould p ro

vide After c ompleting hi s ed uca tion in p rivate s c hool s h e
.
,

began studying dentist ry a t B os ton in 1 8 34 under p riva te , ,

tutors and la ter opened an o ff i ce there removing some time

, ,

a fte rwa rd to Ha rtford Conn , .

As ea rly a s 1 8 40 he exp ressed a wish tha t there migh t b e

,

some way of alleviating su ff ering due to p ainful extra c tions .

He h a d as s tuden t assis tants in his o ffi ce John M Riggs .

and William T G Morton o f Boston the la tter of whom

. .
, ,

wa s o n e of the claimants for the discovery o f the p rin c i ple

 HI S TOR Y OF A N ES THE S I A 115

’
of anesthesi a D r Wells s di s covery took p lace in th e fol
. .

low ing manner : He and hi s wi fe a ttended a lectu re on

chemistry and natural philosop hy given by Prof G Q , . . .

Colton in Ha rtford December 1 0 1 8 44 a t which Prof , , , .

Col ton was demonstrating the eff ect of laughing ga s on

wi lling subj ects for the amu s ement o f the a u dience D r . .

Wells inh aled the ga s and also noted i ts eff ect s o n the other s .

An o ther s pecta tor M r Samuel A Cooley wa s severely

, . .
,

b ruised and inj u red by hi s frantic p ranks whi le under th e

eff ect s o f the gas wi thout knowing i t o r feeling th e lea s t p ain .

From tha t incident D r Wells wa s so convinced th a t painless

, .

opera tions coul d b e performed under i ts eff ects th a t h e

m ad e a rrangements th a t nigh t with M r Colton t o come to .

his o ffi ce the next d ay and a dminister the gas to him whi le
D r Riggs his fo rmer p upil extracted a troub le s ome wisd om
.
, ,

tooth for him B eing so delighted wi th the resul t he a t

.
,

once ex claimed A new era in tooth p u lling ! i t i s the grea tes t

,
-

”
di s covery ever made ! and other simila r rema rks Thus .
,

su rgi c al anesthesi a by means o f ni trous oxide was discovered

December 1 1 1 8 44 and Horace Wells a denti s t wa s the
, , , ,

discoverer Altho u gh Si r Humph ry Davy h a d according

.
,

to D r C A Ha rri s sugges ted laughing ga s for p ainless

. . .
,

operations in 1 7 76 no one h ad successfully used i t b efore

,

D r Wells
. .

D r Wells immediately went t o Prof Colton for di rec tions

. .

a s to ma king the gas and after s ecu ring the necessa ry app a
,

ratus used i t regula rly for some time therea fter in hi s p r a c

,

tice he and D r Riggs p ra c tically devoting thei r enti re ti me

, .

to th e painless extraction o f teeth for several weeks A few .

weeks later he went to Bos ton to introduce hi s discovery ,

but after giving on e demonstration on a boy who mad e an ,

o u tc ry while h aving a tooth extracted al tho u gh he su b se ,

quently stated tha t he di d not feel any p ain wa s hi s sed by ,

“ ”
the s tudents a s a humbug denounced a s a failure and t h e , ,

lea r ned do c tors of Bos ton would h ave nothing further to d o

w ith h im He m e t with m u c h dis c ou ragement and fina lly
.

returned t o Ha rtford and resu m ed hi s p ra c ti c e I n t h e .

fal l of 1 8 46 D r William T G Morton and D r Jackson

, . . . .
1 16 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

announced the di s cove ry o f thei r compo un d le t h e on ,

which wa s afterwa rd p roven by D r J Fo s ter B rew s ter Flagg . .

,

and acknowledged by Morton to b e nothing more th an

washed su lph u ric ether di s g u ised wi th a romatic s and there , ,

fore not controllab le by p atents and though it s e ff ect s were ,

known to D r Well s and other s two yea rs be f ore they h a d

.
,

tried i t and considered i t un s afe Ha rri s in h i s P r i n ci pl e s .

a n d P r a ct i ce of De n t i s t r y ( tenth edition 1 8 7 1 p 4 1 0 ) s ay s : , , .

“
The p racticabili ty o f p rod u cing anesthesi a with ether wa s
demonstrated by D r H orace Wells o f Ha rtford Conn in .
, , .
,

1 8 46 ,
and s oon a fte rwa rd b ro u gh t p rominently before th e
medi c a l and denta l p rofessions by D r W G S Morton o f . . . .
,
”
B oston Ma s s b oth p ractical denti s ts ( evidently referring
, .
,

to D r W T G Morton )
. . . . .

Dr s Morton and Jack s on deno u nced the la u ghing ga s

.

a s a failu re and contin u ed t o pu s h thei r compound le t h e o n ,

which wa s p atented so th a t D r Well s wa s p ractically f o r , .

gotten and after many disco u ragement s fai ling in health

, ,

and mind d u e i t i s believed to expe rimenting o n him s elf

, , ,

t o o m u ch with ane s thetic s became despondent and ended ,

’
hi s ow n life Jan u a ry 2 4 1 8 48 D r Well s s death and the , . .

di s covery of the ane s thetic p rope rtie s o f chlorofo rm by D r .

( later Si r ) J Y Simp s on . o f Scotland in.1 8 47 cau s ed ni tro us , , ,

oxi de t o be f o r e g o t t e n until i t wa s again revived by D r .

Colton and D r J H Smi th in 1 8 6 2 b ut the s e gentlemen. . .

, ,

gave D r Well s all the credi t for i t s di s covery a s an anes thetic

. .

Th e s ta te o f Connectic u t and the city and ci tizen s o f H a rt

ford h ave erected a b ea u tiful mon u ment in B u s hnell Pa rk
“
insc ri bed t o Horace Wells w h o discovered ane s thesia ,

Decemb er I I There 1 3 al s o in the capi tol a t Ha rt

,

ford a tablet erected by the Connectic u t State Denta l A s s o

c 1 at 1 on to the memory o f D r Well s . .

To commemorate the fi ftieth annive r s a ry o f the di scove ry

of anesthe s i a the American Denta l Associ a tion in 1 8 9 4
, , ,

placed a b ronze b us t of D r Wells in the Army Medica l .

Museum a t Washington D C , . .

On M a rch 2 7 1 9 1 0 there wa s unveiled o n the Uni ted , ,

States Squa re Pa ri s France a sta t u e of Horace Well s by

, , , ,
1 18 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

Jackson and Long Ja c kson su c ceeded in getting some

.

’
recogni tion in E urope b u t not much a t h ome Jackson s
, .

mind became deranged in 1 8 7 3 and he d ied in 1 8 80

, .

I n a memo ri al s ent to Congress the M a ssach u setts Medical

Society exp res s ed it s O pinion th a t
“
Willi am T G Morton . .

fi rs t p roved t o the world th a t ether would p roduce i n se n si

'

bi l i t y to the p ain of s urgical O pera tions

”
.

“
Si r James Paget h a s sai d th a t While Long wai ted and
Wells t u rned b a c k and Jackson wa s thinking M orton the ,

p ractica l man wen t to work and worked resolutely

and compelled mankind t o hea r hi m .

Rega rd less o f wh atever fa u lts Morton h ad he appea r s to

,

h ave given the world the a dvantages o f anesthesi a and t h e ,

matter seem s to be forever settled by hi s elec tion to the

Hall o f Fame d uring the p a s t yea r .

J a me s Y S i mpson , o f Scotland introd uced chloroform in

.
, ,

1 8 47 a s a s u b s ti t u te for ethe r which wa s le ss agreeab le

, ,
It .

wa s fi rs t demonstra ted by him a t the Roya l Infi rma ry ,

November 1 5 o f th a t yea r Simp s on died in 1 8 70 and upon

.
,
“
hi s b u s t in Westmin s ter Ab bey is thi s in s crip tion : To
who s e geniu s and benevolence the world owe s the b le ss ings
”
derived from the u se of ch loroform f o r the relief of s uff ering .
 C H A PT ER X I .

H I STORY OF OPE RATIVE DENTI STRY .

D E NTI ST RY wa s formerly d ivided into th ree b ran c h es ,

O p er a t i ve m e ch an i c a l and or a l s ur g er y
, Mech anical dentistry
.

h ad t o d o with the replace m ent o f lost p a rts the const ru c tion ,

of regula ting appli ances and th e manipula tion o f the work

room and lab ora tory Oral surgery fo rmerly in c luded opera
.

tions upon the j aws and antru m and all work of a surgica l ,

na ture ex c ep t extractions Operative denti stry included all

.

cla sses of fi llings extra c tions c rowning o f teeth cleaning

, , ,

etc Du ring the ea rly hi s tory of this country denti stry wa s

.
,

p ractised by many i tinerants b a rbers and q ua c ks more a s , ,

a trade th an a s a lea rned p rofession ; however from ancient ,

times we h ave always h ad a few men w h o were highly skilled

in thi s a rt Egyptian mummies a re said to exis t whi c h show
.

evi dence s o f gold fillings bu t i f they exist thei r whereabouts

,

a re a t p resent u nknown .

I t i s i m possible t o sta te definitely when wh ere o r by ,

whom the operation o f fi lling teeth wa s fi rs t p ra c tised since ,

authentic re c ord s a re la c king Celsus about 5 0 A D r e c o m

.
, . .
,

mend s s t u fli n g b adly decayed teeth w ith lint o r lea d before

’
extraction Joannes A r c u l a n u s ( Giovanni d A r c o l i ) about
.

1 4 5 0 des c ribed a method o f filling teeth wi th gold and this

,

method he s ays i s th e same a s th a t used by the Ara bians

, ,

several hund red yea rs p revious to hi s time .

Fauch a rd in 1 7 2 8 reco m mended sc raping the cavi ty fo r

, ,

removal o f ca ries and then stopping i t p referab ly with fine ,

tin o r lead and lastly gold w hi c h he s ays i s not so sati s

, , ,

factory He mos t p rob ably cut his tin an d gold into st ri ps

.

and worked i t a s ri b bon ( non cohesive ) gold i s now used -

.

I t was the beginning of the nineteenth c entury before the

operation o f fi lling teeth wa s p ra c ti sed by any except a few
of the most skilful dentists .
1 20 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
J a me s S ne l l of London h a s given us consi derab le info rm a
, ,

tion in rega rd to the ea rly p rac tice o f denti st ry in a work

pub li shed in Philadelphi a in 1 8 3 2 He p refers forcep s for .

extracting teeth b ut i t i s interesting to note th a t h e rega rd s

,

the key a s a modern instrument and the forcep s a s an

an c ient on e i t h aving been u s ed by Celsus Although he
,
.

did not u s e the key him s elf he a dvi sed those wi th little ,

experien c e t o resort to i t instead o f forceps a s the s e requi re ,

greater s ki ll He u sed m outh mi rror s made o f p oli shed

.

FI G . 29 .
—M o d i fie d p e li c a n or e a r ly fo r m o f En gli sh k e y .
(A r m y M e d i c a l
M u se u m , W a sh i n g t o n D C )
, . .

s teel i ns tea d o f gla ss and used a file wherever i t wa s possib le

,

to remove ca ries by i ts u se His method o f fi lling o r s tu ffi ng

.

teeth i s very interesting b ut u nsatisfactory when measu red

,

by p resent d ay s tand a rd s He gives a very accu ra te accoun t

-

o f the bea u ti fully ornamented pea rl h and led and gold ferruled - -

i nstru m ents in current use ab out the mid dle o f the nineteen th
century although they a re s ai d to h ave b een in use a t an
,

ea rlier d ate by Lister and Plantou These inst ruments were .

more ornamental and fa r le s s e ff icient tha n tho s e in use a t

p resent They were sometimes beautifully inlai d and o rn a
.
1 22 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

th at the fi rs t gold fi lling he ever saw was in 1 8 1 5 and wa s p u t ,

in by Dr Waite of London He a lso sta tes th at he wa s

.
,
.

FI G 3 1
. ,
—Sc i sso r s a n d s p a t u l a fo r m a n ip u l a t i n g go l d fo il Th e h a n d l e s o f
-
.

’
i
t h e sc sso r s a r e b e a u t ifu lly c a r ve d o f p e a r l a n d i n l a i d wi t h g e m s (Au t h o r s
.

co ll e c t i o n )
.

—
su rp rised when ab out 1 8 1 5 1 8 1 8 he made a trip down the
, ,

Mi ssissippi Valley to find consid era ble ex c ellent dental work ,

 HI S TOR Y OF OPERA TI V E DEN TI S TR Y 1 23

FI G 3 2
. .
—P
ear l an d b on e
h a n d l e d , go l d fe r r u l e d
- -
sc r a p e rs a n d i l
c h se s .

’
(Au th or s coll e ct i on ) .
1 24 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

FI G 3 3 —I v o r y a n d
. . pe a rl -
h a n dle d,
g o l d fe r r u l e d i n st r u me n t s f or i n se r t
-

i n g g o l d filli n g s No s 1
. . a n d 2 a r e a w l s h a p e d f o r i n se r t i n g g o l d a n d pi e r c i n g
-

ce n t e r op e ll e t ; t h e
f r e m a i n d e r a r e f or co n d e n s i n g a t d i ff e re n t a n gl e s .

’
(Au t h o r sco ll e ct i on )
.
1 26 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y

D r Robert Arthu r o f B alti more th a t the same migh t b e

.
, ,

d one with foil Loui s Jack w h o wa s h is a ssis tant t ried the

.
, ,

experiment tha t Arthu r suggested and found th a t annealed

foil co u ld b e welded I n the sp ring o f 1 8 5 5 D r Arthu r
.
, .

announced the u se of cohesive gold foi l fo r filling purpo s es -

I t h a s recently been claimed th a t D r Wes tcott of Syracuse .

, ,

di s covered the cohe s ive p rope rties o f gold and lectu red o n
the s ame a t the B altimore College o f Dental Su rgery in 1 8 47 ,

b ut no p ub lici ty appa rently wa s given the subj e c t a t th a t

time M any other men claimed to h ave known of thi s
.

’
p roperty long before D r Arthu r s announcement b ut a s none
.
,

o f them h a d mad e known the discovery he i s j ustly entitled ,

t o the credi t for h aving g 1 v e n 1 t to the dental p rofession Thi s .

sta tement i s from D r Jack but he di s claimed any c redit

.
, ,

giving th a t unreservedly to Arthu r By ma king use o f thi s .

form o f gold i t became possible to b uild conto u r fi llings and ,

gold p rep a red i n thi s man n er immedi a tely came t o be in grea t

demand Cohesive gold w a s long known to all ma kers o f
.

foil f o r dental us e ; i t wa s thei r b u g a b oo and frequently - -

c ause d them serio u s loss M any o f these ma tter s h ave been

.

lost sigh t o f although they h ave revol u tionized th e meth od s

,

o f i nserting gold filling s .

While b oth platin u m and silve r foil h ave been used a s -

fi lling ma terial s neithe r h a s ever become very popula r b ut

, ,

a t the s ame time tin h a s occupied an importa nt p l ace a s a

filling m ate rial I t ca m e i nto genera l use ab out 1 8 3 0 a nd
.

ha s b een u s ed to a c onsi dera b le extent since th a t time .

Amalgam h as o f late h owever c aused th e a lmos t enti re

, ,

di splacement o f thi s and a ll oth er cheap fi lling materials .

Th e fi rs t pla stic fillings to b e used were solution s o f gums

”
in ether o r alcohol Then came terro metallic cement
.
-

c omposed of c alcium sulph a te wi th oxi de o f i ron Ab ou t .

1 82 0,
fusib le metal composed of bi smuth lea d and tin wa s ,

introduced in thi s country .

Am a l g a m
.
—A c cording to D r Willi am H Tr u eman o f . .
,

Philadelphia the use of a m algam for filling teeth came a b out

,
“
i n thi s way : M r W H Pepys o f London fi rs t intro
. . .
, ,

d u c e d fusib le metal in 1 8 0 5 Thi s method was p a rti c ula rly

.
 H I S TOR Y OF OPE RA TI V E DE N TI S TR Y 1 27

su c cessful b ut the hea t req uired w a s q ui te obj e c tionable and

, ,

to overcome this Re g n a r t a Fren ch c hemist a dvised the

, , ,

ad dition of o n e tenth i ts w e igh t o f me r c u ry in 1 8 1 8 and

-

i n th a t w ay a m algam c ame into genera l use In 1 8 3 7 J L .

, . .

Murphy o f London pub lished a work in which h e described

, ,

the p repa ration o f an amalgam made of si lver and mercury ,

sta ting th at he h ad used the sa m e wi th satisfaction for twelve

yea rs I n 1 8 43 Ta v e a u o f Pa ri s wrote of a silver p aste an
.
, , , ,

amalgam o f silver and mercury which he h a d used for s even ,

o r eigh t yea rs sta ting tha t i t wa s the same p rep a ration used
,

by English denti sts Then about 1 8 3 3 the C r a w c o u r b roth

.

ers came to New York and began filling teeth with amalga m
“ ”
under the shining ti tle o f roya l minera l succed aneu m .

Th ey seem to h ave been a s i gnorant and incompetent a s the

w ors t a dvertising q uack s o f the p resent d ay Fo r a time .

they flou ri shed and ma de money rapidly while the best den ,

t i s t s sa t i d ly in thei r o ffi ces Thus the seed s o f bi tterness .

w ere sown th a t developed into a figh t which th rea tened the

dis ruption of the p rofession i tself Despite thi s many den .
,

t i s t s a dopted amalgam as a filling materi al so th a t when ,

the fi rst dental c ollege j ou rnal and society were formed i t

,

w a s c onsi derably used by i tinerants b ut wa s rega rded wi th ,

disfavor by th e better p ractitioners The a ttemp t to read .

o u t o f the Ameri c an So c iety o f Dental Surgeons all w h o used

i t finally caused th e dis rup tion of tha t so c iety be c ause of the

ever in c rea sing numbers w ho h ad ad op ted i t The oldes t
-
.

fo rm O f a m algam wa s m ade by filing Spanish or Mexican

coins and mixing with me rc u ry unti l a bout 1 8 5 5 when D r , , .

Town send gave the p rofession the fo rmula of four pa rts of

silver and five p a rts of tin .

The fi rs t investigations looking tow a rd i m p rovem ents in

a m algam w ere made by Joh n To m es of England in 1 8 6 1 , , .

Then Cha rles Tomes in 1 8 7 1 determined c hanges in bul k

, ,

by specific gravity Valua ble resea rc hes w ere also m ade

.

from the c lini c al s tand point by J Fos ter Flagg and Tho m a s .

B Hit c h c o c k b ut nothing de c isive wa s done until 1 8 9 5 w hen

.
, ,

D r G V Bla c k set to w ork to solve t h e p roble m and lai d

. . .

the found ation fo r a s c ienti fi c ally balan c ed a lloy A s the .

1 28 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
result o f h is work amalgam h a s be c o m e fa r more valua ble
,

th an ever and i s s aving more teeth th an any other fi lling

ma terial though con s i derab le s kill i s req u i red to se c u re
,

sa tisfacto ry and lasting results I t s till remains i n the .

hand s o f the ch a rla tan and quac k j u s t wh a t i t wa s in th e

h and s o f th e C r a w c o u r s .

Th e N e w D e p ar tur e Cr e e d wa s announced in 1 8 7 1 by D rs .

J Foster Flagg S B Palme r and Hen ry S Ch a se and wa s

.
, . . .
,
.

b ased o n the electro che m ica l theory o f decay which wa s for

-

s everal yea rs a subj ec t o f controversy I t res u lted i n a .

l a rge inc rease in the us e o f plastics for fi lling materials and a

diminution o f th e use o f gold M any ab le men never s ub
s c ribed to the new depa r t ure and when Miller announced ,

th e t rue cause o f c a ri es the controversy gra d u ally sub si ded .

The c hief di spute was in rega rd to the d amaging e ff ects of

gold in conta c t wi th tooth structure .

Cop pe r Am a l g a m i s s ai d to h ave ma de i ts appea rance a b out

1 8 40 . I t was reintroduced in 1 8 8 7 and h a s h a d a limited
u se ever since I ts value lies in i ts anti sep tic p roperties
. .

Z in c O x ych l or i d e wa s a dvocated a s ea rly a s 1 8 60 a s a fi lling

ma te ri al and ab out 1 8 79 th e oxyphosp h a te cements were
,

perfected to overcome the troub le with the solub le q ualities

o f the o xy c h l o r i d e s Further imp rovements h ave been mad e
.

wi th these cements until they a re now ma de to fill every

need .

S il i c a t e Ce m e n t s a s a filling ma te rial h ave been introduced

a t va rio us ti m es under a number o f t rade names and a re
more o r les s va ri ab le in lasting q ualities a s well as appea ran c e .

They h ave been much imp roved and h ave come into genera l
use in the pa s t ten yea rs They a re somewh at more d urable
.

th an the o xy p h o s p h a t e s and i f c a re a ttend s thei r use and

,

they a re not subj e c t to grea t s tress very beautiful r e s t o r a ,

tions m ay be made with them .

G u tt a pe r ch a a s a tempora ry s topping came into use ab out

-

’
1 8 47 ,
and Hill s s topping a mixture o f gutta perch a with
,
-

c er t a in h a rd ening a gents a d ded wa s p a tented in 1 8 49

, .

’
Thi s wa s followed by several b rand s in c luding B evin s and ,

Pre m ium I t wa s very soon u sed a s a c apping for expo s ed

.
1 30 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
I

dust sand graphi te o r other sub stances to wi thstand hea t

, ,

and to control exp ansion and sh ri nkage Hi s method h as .

revolutionized the opera tive b ranch o f dentis try Al th ough .

he i s enti tled to the c redi t of h aving perfected i t this meth od ,

does not appea r to h ave b een original a s i s sh own by th e ,

following : I n 1 8 46 Ch a rles Ho l t sa p ff e l pub lished a n account

,

o f a method o f casting small statue s by the u se of the dis

appea ring mold whi c h i s very much li ke th e method intro

,

d u c e d by D r Tagga rt f o r ma king gol d inlays

. At the .
1

’
World s Centennial Exhibition a Ge rman exhibi ted a col
le c tion of small inse c ts perfectly cas t o f i ron The insect wa s
, .

invested burned o u t and the mol ten i ron pou red in A few
, .

yea rs a g o a p a rty o f Filipino s exhibi ted th ei r p rod ucts i n

Phila delphia a m ong whi c h were b ronze tob a cco pipes which
, ,

ha d been ma de by them for many yea rs by the disappea ring

w a x m o d e l method
. A sea r c h o f the Uni ted Sta tes Pa tent
.

O ffi ce record s shows th a t severa l ca sting ma chines were

’ ’
pa tented in the 8 o s and 9o s and essentially every p rin c iple ,
’
of D r Tagga rt s ma c hine wa s covered long b efore he ob tained
.

his pa tent De c emb er 1 3 1 90 7 During the yea rs 1 90 8 and

, , .

’
1 90 9 following D r Tagga rt s announcement o f a new method
, .

of ma king inlays the dental magazines were filled wi th

,

a rti c les on th a t subj ect Mo s t o f th e writers h ailed thi s new

.

method a s a p ana c ea and many new devices were placed ,

o n th e m a rket f o r ca rrying o u t the ca sting p rocess -

.

In 1 90 9 mu c h interes t wa s a roused a s t o the claims o f

,

D r Tagga rt a gains t the p rofession fo r violations of hi s

.

patent and a c risi s wa s p re c ipi ta ted when he su e d D r

,
'
.

Boynton of Wa shington D C for d amages f o r using his

, , . .
,

p ro c ess wi th a c a sting m ach i ne of anoth er ma ke I t wa s .

generally c on c eded th a t th e p rofession owed mu c h to D r .

Tagga rt for thi s valuable i n vention and such a controversy ,

was extre m ely unfortunate On Feb rua ry 2 5 1 9 1 3 Asso .

, ,

c i ate Justi c e Ch a rles H Robb in the Cou rt o p p e a l s o f .

,

the Distri c t o f Columbia handed down a de c i sion nullifying ,

thi s patent and reversing the de c ision of the lower courts .

1
Th e i l
art c e is pu bli sh e d i n
'

t he De n t a l Re g i s t e r , 1 08 ,
9 62 , 21 1 .
 H I S TOR Y OF OPE RA TI V E DEN TI S TR Y 13 1

In May 1 9 1 8 Judge F A Geiger of I llinois rendered a

, ,
. .
, ,

de c ision against D r Tagga rt in the case of Tagga rt ve r s u s

.

B remner which h ad been in the courts for some ti me and

, ,

b rough t the Ta gga rt gold inlay c ontroversy to an end Up ‘

to thi s time Dr Tagga rt h a d s ued hund red s of dentist s i n

.

va riou s p a rts of the c ountry for infringement o f hi s p atent .

Forgetti ng all of the unplea sant features i t mus t be con ,

ceded th at D r Tagga rt h a s given to the p rofession and t o

.

humanity on e of the grea tes t boon s i t h a s received in recent

yea rs The gol d inlay i n skilful h and s i s p rob ab ly th e
.
, ,

most sa tisfactory and pe rmanent fi lling yet p rod u ced b u t ,

in the h and s o f the slovenly i s eq ually u nreli ab le .

D en t a l Pu l p — The treatment o f the denta l pulp h ad not

.

received very m u ch a ttention until the time o f Robert

Wo o ff e n d a le about 1 7 8 3 Va rious fo rms of t rea tment were .

used by J Foste r Flagg and Leona rd Koe c k e r about 1 8 2 5

.
,

o i l o f clove s O il of caj up ut ca m ph or opi u m alum and

, , , ,

myrrh being among th e remedies used for the relief of tooth

ache I n the yea r 1 8 3 6 D r Shea rj a shub Spooner in his
.
, .
,

book Gu i d e to Sou n d Te e t h introd uced a rsenic for d e v i t a li z ,

ing teeth Although in 1 8 3 9 a wa rning against this d angerou s

.

d rug was given by D r Chapin A H a rri s in hi s work Th e . .

,

De n t a l A r t the wa rning went u nheeded

,
Capping exposed .

pulp s wa s p racti sed by D C Amb ler a s ea rly as 1 8 2 7 and . .

by Leonar d Ko e c k e r in 1 8 2 6 b oth u sing a ti ny plate of lead ,

to lay over the exposure .

Roo t F illin g s eems to h ave been considerab ly p ractised

sin c e ab out 1 8 45 and many p ro m inent d entis ts used gold
, ,

a m alga m and sometimes even hi c ko ry wood points f o r thi s -

pu rpose The p racti ce o f knocking out p ulps by d riving a

.

sha rp stic k i n the canal t o remove i ts contents and afte rwa rd

using the point a s a root filling wa s in c ommon use for some
time I t appea rs th a t the p ractice of using mummifying
.

paste wa s introd uced by D r W D Miller abo u t 1 8 93 and . . .

,

the agent he used for this purpose wa s bi c h lori de of mercu ry ;

b ut later alum thy m ol and fo rmalin came into favor for
, ,

the sa m e purpose .

Abou t 1 8 90 D r Sc h reier of Vienna introduced sodi u m

, .
, ,
1 32 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
and potas s ium for th e cleansing o f root canal s p repa ra tory
to filling and m 1 8 9 4 D r Callah an int rod u c ed sulph u ri c
, , .

aci d f o r th e s ame p u rpose .

The fi rst evid ence o f imp rovement in root canal work over -

the o l d empi rical method s s eem s to h ave developed ab o u t

1 90 1 , when D r Wes ton A Price delivered an illu s tra ted
. .

lectu r e b efore the Cleveland Dental Society demon s trating ,

the p ractical u se o f the x ray in root canal work s howing - -

8 5 radiogra m s of which 3 5 s howed a lveola r ab s ces s e s on fi lled

,

teeth and 3 0 disclosed othe r examples o f imperfec t root

fillings I n 1 9 0 5 Dr Sinclai r Tousey o f New York a d v o
c a t e d and employed the x —
.
, .
, ,

ray in dental di agno s i s using ,

both th e fi l m s and flu o ro sco p e a s well a s mounting s tereo s copic

pi c tu res .

In 1 9 1 1 D r Rhein called a ttention to th e need of the

x—
, .

’
ray and further a dvoca ted the us e of Sc h reier s p a ste and
,

the u s e o f electrolytic medication for infections o f the peri

apical region .

S i l ve r Re d u ct i on M e t h od — Fo r several yea rs p ast D r .

Percy R Howe ha s b een us ing and a dvoca ting th e silve r

.

red u c tion method o f treating root canal s and hi s method ,

s eems t o off er certain a dvantages .

D r s Callah an Rhein Bes t Crane and other s h ave cont ri b

.
, , ,

u t e d m u ch o f val u e to thi s important b ranch o f dental su rgery

f o r th e p revention and removal o f focal infection .

Fi li n g f or th e Re m ova l of C ar i e s i s o n e o f the oldes t o p e ra

tions p ractised f o r th e p reserv ation of the teeth Thi s plan .

succeeded where the ca ries wa s superfici al and finally led

many t o a dvoca te th e entire remova l o f a ll contac t points ,
”
which opera tion wa s in la te yea r s called A r t h u r iz i n g b ecau s e ,

something o f the s ort wa s a dvoca ted by D r Robert Arthu r in .

a work o n opera tive denti s try p u b lished in 1 8 7 1 I t is n o t .

bel ieved th a t D r Arth ur contemplated any s u ch destruction

.

a s wa s c redited to him b ut merely the removal o f buccal ,

and lingual surface s o f the cont a c t point so a s to rende r ,

these s u rfaces self clean s ing This p ractice was condemned

-
.

by action o f the American Dental Convention t w o yea r s

later .
1 34 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
P yorr h e a , though so m etimes t rea ted a s in th e domain o f
the speci ali s t comes na tu rally und er the hea d o f opera tive
,

denti s try or oral surgery depending u pon th e form o f tr ea t ,

ment us ed Abulca s i s wa s app a rently the fi r s t to recognize

.

thi s d i s ea se and make us e o f scaler s ( s cra per s o f which h e ,

used fo u rteen form s ) D r Joh n M Riggs seem s s omeh ow

. . .

to h ave rediscovered thi s di s ease o r a t lea st to h ave fully ,

d es c rib ed i t and given a method o f trea tment in 1 8 40 D r . .

Joseph Hea d a dvocated ammonium biflu o r id e for u se in

pyorrhea pockets I n the De n t a l Cos m os fo r July 1 9 1 1
.
, ,

there appea red an a rticle upon the u se o f a u togeno us vaccine

in the treatment o f pyorrhea alveola ri s by G D Laymon , . .
,

Indianapoli s Ind The recommend a tion wa s b ased

, .

upon the theory th a t pyorrhea i s c a u sed p ri nci pally by

b acte ri a o f the s taphylococc us family Thi s wa s followed by .

another in 1 9 1 2 by Dr s Perkins and Jo ne s o f Na shville .

, ,

Tenn Much do u b t wa s th rown on thi s theory by D r

. .

John Dean s Pa tterson and other la ter writers .

On July I 1 9 1 4 D r M T B a rrett rea d a p aper before the

, , . . .

Penn s ylvani a State Dental Society by Prof Allen J Smi th . .

on b u ccal p rotozoa ( En d a me ba bu cca l i s ) a s the cause of

pyorrhea On July 3 0 of the s ame yea r another p aper o n
.

the s ame subj ect appeared by Angelo Chi ava ro o f Rome , ,

I taly and wa s read before the Pa ri s meeting o f the Ameri can

,

Denta l Society o f Europe ( De n t a l Cos m os About the ,

same time simi la r findings were al so p u blished by D r s .

B ass and John s Owing to i ts e ffi ca c y in the t rea tment o f

.

amebic dysentery emetin wa s now extolled for the manage

,

ment of pyorrhea b u t thi s treatment h as n o t met wi th the

,

su cces s tha t wa s a t fi r s t expected and the curing o f pyorrh ea ,

along with root canal work i s s till o n e o f the nigh tma res of
-

d enti s try
Th e Ru bb er D a m Va rio u s mechanical devices were used
.
-

f o r d rying cavi ties p rior to th e i nvention o f the rub b er d am .

Cot ton bi b u lo u s p aper rub ber tubing wax coff e r d ams and
, , ,

d a m s of plaster o f Pa ri s were some o f the means us ed Not .

u nti l 1 8 64 di d Dr S C B a rn u m give thi s wonderful i n v e n

. . .

tion to the p rofession Hi s invention wa s a t once accep ted

.
,
 HI S TOR Y OF OP E RA TI V E DEN TI S TR Y 135

and in 1 8 70 h e was voted a gold med al and $ 1 000 by the

A m eri c an Denta l Asso c ia tion The Massachusetts Dental .

Society voted him a gold watch f and chain and a su m o f

money in recognition of his se r vices .

FI G .
35 .
-

De n t a l en gi n e p a t e n t e d i n En gl a n d by G e o r g e F e llows Ha r
,

i gt on Oct o be r 2 0
r n , , 1 864 .I t i s o p e r a t e d by a s p r i n g c l o c kwo r k a n d i s
,

b e li e v e d t o b e t h e o l d e s t m o t o r d r iv e n d e n t a l e n gi n e
-
.
(A r m y M e d i c a l
M u se u m M i sc Se r
, . .

Cu tt in g an d D ri l l i n g I n s tr um en t s
were very c rude and were
not mu c h imp roved until 1 8 46 when the fi rs t fo rwa rd step ,

wa s ta ken by Dr A Westcott who introduced the finger ring

. .
,

wi th d rill so c ket atta c hed An illustration of the style o f . .

ring and long h andled b u rs o r d rill s in u se is shown herewith

-
.
1 36 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
Fo r those who worked a t the ch ai r regula rly Na ture p rovi ded ,

a callo us p a d which i s sai d to h ave answered nea rly a s well

( Fig .

The fi rs t machine to rec eive the a ttention of Am eric an

denti s t s for p rep a ring c avities i n teeth wa s the s imple b ow
d rill o f the j ewelers introduc e d by J Fos ter Flagg o f , .
,

Boston and extensively used fo r some time The next

, .

invention a long this line wa s a h and d ri ll wi th a dj us table

. B O R T E E C ARI S S O IR

FI G 3 6 — M a c h i n e f o r d r illi n g
. . ca vi t i e s i n t e e t h d e scr ib e d by F a u ch a r d in
’ ’
Le Ch i r u r g i e n De n t i s te i n 1 7 2 8 a n d J o u r d a i n s El e me n s d Od on t ol og i e in
1 75 6, se e p a ge 58 .

head invented by John Lewis and p a tented November 2 9

, , ,

1 8 3 8 ( Fig Other si mila r d rills were p a tented in 1 8 47

.

and 1 8 48 Q ui te a number o f h and d rills were in use ab out

.

1 8 5 0 t w o o f which a re sh own herewith ( Fig

,
One is an .

o l d English ra tch et d rill now in the Army Medical Museum ,

Wa shi ngton D C and the other a somewh a t more elabora te

, . .
, ,
’
a fi a i r i s now in the auth or s possession
,
Very li ttle p rogress .

wa s made from th a t ti me until 1 8 5 8 when Cha rles Merry ,

invented the fi rs t d rill h aving a flexib le cab le si mila r to th a t

1 38 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

The fi rst motor d riven dental engine wa s pa tented in

-

England by George Fellows H a rrington in 1 8 64 ( Fig .

FI G 40. .
—
Fi g
n er t h i m bl e an d han d bu rs , p r io r t o t h e i n v e n t io n
u se d o f t he
’
d e n t a l d r ill or e n gi n e .
(Au t h o r s co ll e c t io n )
.
 H I S TOR Y OF OPE RA TI V E D EN TI S TR Y 1 39

I t was operated by sp ring clo c kwork and wa s p rovi ded wi th

a key for winding up the sp ring The next decisive s tep wa s .

the invention o f the M o rrison engine in 1 8 70 and the S S . .

Whi te in 1 8 7 6 Both were very much o f the s ame type a s

.

th e foot engines in current use Ab out the same time .

,
’
Elliot s suspension engine appea red These th ree forms were .

la rgely i m p roved and ad ap ted to p resent d ay need s by th e -

S S Whi te Comp any and other p rominent manufactu rers

. .

o f dental supplies The appli c a tion o f electri c motors for

.

opera ting denta l engines wa s anoth er grea t s tep in i ts e v o l u

tion This followed in na tural order th e development o f
.

elect ri city in other lines o f industry .

For F i l l i ng I n s tr um en t s formerly any wedge s haped tool th a t

,
-

would reach the c avity wa s considered to b e su ffi cient a s ,

only non cohesive gold wa s used ; b ut with the a dven t o f

-

sponge or crys tal gold p luggers were designed to give grea ter ,

forc e and la tterly when D r Arthur 1 n t r o d u c e d cohesive gold

‘

, , .
,

the toothed or serrated pluggers were recommend ed for i ts

manipulation The use of the mallet for condensing wa s
.

introduced though n o t i n v e n t e d by D r W H Atkinson in

,
'

, . . .

1 8 6 1 and o ffi ci a l ly accep ted by the American Dental Asso

ci a t io n in 1 8 66 D r Willia m H Trueman says th at the

. . .

mallet wa s used for condensing gold by Dr Ja c ob Gilliam .

,

o f Philadelphi a ab out 1 8 1 2 and D r Atkinson relates tha t

, , .

Dr Merrit of Pi ttsbu rgh used i t in 1 8 3 8 The a u toma ti c

.
, , .

mallets whi c h h ave been i n general use a re the Snow and

Lewis the Ab b ott and the Foote Fo llow m g these the
, .

Bon w ill electro magnetic mallet appea red in 1 8 7 5 and the

-

Bonwill engine mallet wa s introduced in 1 8 7 9 .

M a tri ce s were used a s fa r b ack a s 1 8 7 1 by D r Loui s Ja c k .

,

and many forms were soon thereafter devised ; the form o f

thin s teel with holes nea r the end to be held in place with a ,

clamp soon displa c ing all others

, .

—
F oun t a i n Cus pi d or s The Whitcomb fountain spittoon wa s
.

fi rs t put o u t by S S Whi te in 1 8 66 and oth er fo rm s w ere

. .
,

b rough t out in 1 8 7 1 and from these the p resent types were

,

evolved .
1 40 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Th e O pe r a t in g Ch a ir
wa s a gradual evolution from the ordi
na ry easy ch ai r with a d di tions o f s u ch c o n v e n i e n c e s a s a ’

hea d res t a dj us tment s f o r va rying heigh t etc Severa l

,
‘

, .

dental ch ai rs appea red ab out the mid d le o f the nin eteenth

cent u ry The fi rs t ch ai r to p rovid e su ch c o n v e n i e n ce s a s
.
\

hea d res t and ch anges in heigh t and position o f the rest and
-

b a ck wa s th a t o f M W Hanchett in 1 8 48 Th e next yea r . . .

another wa s devi s ed by F Searle of Sp ringfield M a ss The s e .

, , .

and the one p atented by A Merri tt A s ay in 1 8 50 s eem to b e .

, ,

th e fi rs t exclu s ively dental ch ai rs invented and the forerun

ners o f the ch ai r s o f the p re s ent d ay I n 1 8 50 M r J D .
, . . .

Chevalier o f New York mad e a hea d re s t for a tta chment to

, ,
-

an ordina ry chai r The hyd ra u lic ch ai r wa s p atented in 1 8 5 1

.
,

and T C B all p atented th e lifting j ac k in 1 8 5 5 Th e Perkin s

. . .

ch ai r wa s p atented in 1 8 5 5 and p laced on the ma rket Later .

,

the Whi tcomb and Salomon ch ai r s appea red and a very ,

elab orate ch ai r wi th a s pittoon wa s ma rketed by Snowden

Cowman i n 1 8 70 an d the H a rri s ch ai r in 1 8 7 2 The o ld
, .

S S Whi te ch ai r wa s b ro u gh t o u t in 1 8 76 b u t i t wa s too
. .
,

nea r th e introd u ction o f th e hyd ra u lic ch ai r for i t to h ave a

long life An other ch ai r o f merit wa s the Wil ker s on invented
.
,

by D r B M Wi lker s on o f B altimore and for a long time

. . .
, ,

the mo s t s atisfactory dental ch ai r I n e x1 s t e n c e The more .

modern chai rs need no introd u ction t o p re s ent d ay p r a c t i -

t io n e r s .

TH E DEN TAL H YG I ENI ST .

D en t a l H yg i e n e
a s an organized movemen t s eems to h ave
h ad i t s o rigin in thi s country a t lea s t in New York City , ,

where the Dental Hygiene Council wa s organized Janua ry

1 2 , 1 90 9 wi th D r H L Wheeler a s chai rman Ea rly i n
, . . . .

1 91 0 p rovision wa s ma de for holding exhibit s and a rou s ing

,

interest in the movemen t The m atter wa s ta ken u p soon .

afte rwa rd by the National Denta l Associ a tion and the -

work wa s s ucce ss fu lly introduced in Roches ter Bos ton , ,

M a rion (Ohio ) Philadelphi a Cleveland B altimore Wash

, , , ,

i n g t on and other ci tie s Th e o ral hygiene movement i s not .

 C H A PT E R X I I .

PRO STH ETI C D ENTI STRY CROWN AND B RI DGE ,

WOR K ORTHODONTIA ORAL SU RGE RY

, , .

PR O S TH ETI C D EN TI STR Y .

P R O S TH E S I S in some of i ts b ran c hes h a s been p ractised from

th e most remote times and all na tions and peoples h ave
p rob ably ta ken pa rt in i ts developmen t — Egypti ans Gre ,

cia n s ,
Etru s cans and Romans all c ont rib uting thei r pa rt .

Mummies s a rcoph agi and u rns reveal many instances o f

,

dentu res o f ivory wood and gold b u t much valuab le informa

, ,

tion in rega rd to dentis try especi ally in i t s p ro s thetic b ran c h

, ,

wa s undoub ted ly des troyed by the al m os t universal p ractice

o f c remating dea d hu m an bodies in ancien t times Egyp t .

was the mo s t high ly civilized of ancient na tions and in

“

her tomb s and cataco m b s relics o f p ros thesi s h ave been

found which S how th a t dentists were posses s ed o f a fai r
degree o f s kill in anc i ent tim e s Belzoni gives an a ccount o f
.

a set of teeth c a rved from ivory and fastened to a gold pla te .

“
He says I also discovered b one and wooden teeth
, Among .

the fres c oes found a t Th ebes and Memphi s i s o n e p ortraying

a d entis t opera ting o n a p a tient .

A numbe r o f speci m ens o f p ros th etic a ppliances were also

found in Ph oenicia Rome and Greece Th e Etrus c ans per
, .

f e c t e d crown and b rid ge work to a high degree and th ere a re

-

spe c i m ens of th ei r work in th e museum a t Corneto ( I taly ) ,

d erived from a tomb more th an twenty fou r h u nd red yea rs -

old A few yea rs ago a tomb was sai d to h ave been opened
.

nea r Ro m e containing a s keleton o f a woman wi th a com

p l e t e set o f false teeth o n gold b a ses showing a high deg ree ,

o f p i o s t h e t i c skill .

During th e ti m e o f Celsus and Galen the R o mans p r a c

t i se d p ros thesis . In Arabia ab out 1 1 00 A D Ab ulca s i s wa s
, . .
,
 P ROS TH E TI C DE N TI S TR Y
an expert c a rver o f hu m an teeth and made dentures of ,

bone and ivory Amb ro i se Pa ré constru c ted dentu res wi th

.

gold and si lver b ases in 1 5 1 7 and He m a r d made ivory den

tures in 1 6 2 2 I n 1 600 the M a n ch e s te r Ti me s tells ab out
.
,
’
th e pa rson wh o could not p reach o n the Lord s d ay becau s e
he h a d sent hi s a rtifici al teeth up to London to be repai red ,

and they h a d not been returned In 1 7 2 8 Fauch a rd i s .

,

reputed to h ave suggested the i dea o f making teeth o f p o r c e

lain though he p rob ab ly did not ca rry i t o u t hi m s elf He
, .

’
also u sed sp rings to hold dent u re s in place ( Koch s H i s t or y
of De n t i st r y ,
1 2 48
,

P or ce l a i n Te e th were fi rs t invented by Du c h a t e a u a c hem ,

i st with the ai d o f M G u e r h a r d a por c elain manufacturer

, .
, .

To Nichola s Dub ois d e Chemant however belong s the credi t , ,

o f pe rfecting the invention and ma king i t publi c in 1 7 8 8 .

Th e s e teeth were b a ked in a single block which answered for ,

both teeth and gum s u ntil 1 8 0 8 when Fo n z i int rod u c ed ind i

, ,

vi dual teeth wi th platinu m pins (o r staples ) b a ked in Po r ce .

lain teeth were n o t introdu c ed into Ameri c a unti l Dr A A . . .

Plantou a rri ved in Philadelphi a from Pa ri s i n 1 8 1 7 b ringing ,

a supply o f porcelain teeth with h i m Not much imp rove .

“ ”
ment wa s ma de in these split bean forms until Sa m ual W -
.

Stockton began the manufactu re o f teeth in A m eri c a about

1 82 5 .Th e grea tes t imp rovements were mad e by S S . .

Whi te soon a fter he began t o man u fa c tu re them in 1 8 44 .

Thus Ame ri c a though the la st country to a dop t porcelain

teeth wa s th e fi rs t t o ma te ri ally i m prove them .

John To m es wri ting o f a rtifici a l teeth in 1 8 40 denoun c ed

, ,

por c elain teeth saying they were only fi t for qua c ks As

,
.

la te a s 1 8 7 5 Claudius Ash 85 Sons of Lond on kep t ivory

, , ,

blocks in sto c k from whi c h false teeth were ca rved by the

,

dentis ts o f th a t time .

I n 1 7 66 Robert W o off e n d a le c onstructed a set of teeth

,

for William Walton o f New York and by mos t authori ties

, ,

thi s i s c redi ted wi th being the fi rs t full set of teeth made in

thi s country James Ga rdette w h o c a m e to A m eri c a from
.
, ,

France in 1 7 7 8 wa s p rob ably the fi rst d enti s t in A m eri c a to

,

u se cla s p s to retain dentures John Green w ood is s aid to.

1 44 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
h ave been th e fi rs t denti st to ma ke pla tes of gold in this
‘

country and while p ractising i n New York also ca rved a full

,

upper and lower set from hippopotamus tusks for George

Washington He also used spi ral sp rings for the fi rst ti me
.

i n A m e ri ca though they h a d p reviously been used by Dub ois

,

de Chemant in France Prio r t o thi s fl a t sp rings were in .

,

general u s e .

FI G 4I —Se t o f
. . u pper an d lowe r t eet h f iv o r y a n d h e l d i n pl a c e
m a de o

wi t h b r a ss s p r i n g s .
( Co n t r ib u t e d t o t h e Ar m y M e d i c a l M u se u m W a sh i n g ,

t on , D C . .
, by Dr . N M C a i n a , G a ll e F a c e , Co l o m b o , Ce yl o n ) ( P a t h Se r
. . . . .

1 2 2 83 )

’
Following Dub oi s de C h e m a n t s dis c overy the fi rst e ff orts a t ,

manufactu ring con ti n u ou s gu m d e n t u r e s origina ted in France ,

wi th M Delab a rre and othe r s in 1 8 2 0 Thi s method c on

. .

s isted in b aking p orcelain o n a p latinum b ase giving a c o n ,

t i n u o u s porcelain s urface wi tho u t b reak b e t ween p ala te ,

“ ”
teeth and gums hen c e the na m e con t inuous g u m
, These .

experiment s ended in failu re b ecause o f the imperfect mate

rials and meager knowled g e o f working p orcelain .
1 46 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
ea rned S hekels and ca rried them away to thei r vaults Still
,
.

in 1 8 5 8 about 3 00 and in 1 8 6 3 ab o u t 3 000 dentists employed

vulcanite in ma king denture s and after the p atent s expi red ,

i t came into general use On June 7 1 8 64 and Jan u a ry .

, ,

1 0 and M a rc h 1 1 86 5 ,
p a tents were granted to John A
, .

“
Cumming s f o r an imp rovement in ar tificia l gum s an d
”
pla tes. The Goodyea r Company became the owners of the
”
Cumming s p atent s and again b egan to i s sue licenses to
,

denti sts to us e the p roces s in thei r p r a c t 1 c e These license s .

were i ss u ed for o n e yea r only a nd were countersigned by

Jo s i ah B acon t rea surer f o r the company w h o o n account o f
, ,

hi s a rb itra ry method s wa s s hot and killed by a member o f

the dental p rofe ss ion in Sa n Franci sco Finally S S White .
, . .

took u p the ca us e for the p rofe ss ion a nd s pent muc h time ’

and money and a fter a s tr u ggle la s ting s even yea rs won two
, ,

s u it s again s t the company Thi s with the tragic dea th o f .

B acon put an end t o the ab us e .

Th e D e n t a l Ar t i cu l a t or wa s fi rst i nvented by J B G a r i o t . .

about 1 80 5 I n 1 8 48 Daniel T Evans of Phila delphi a

.
, .
, ,

p atented the fi r s t ana tomical a rtic u la tor b ut th e fi rs t sa ti s ,

fa ctory appliance o f thi s kind was the invention O f D r .

B onwill in 1 8 5 8 Since th at time many types h ave appea red

.
,

among which tho s e by D r Snow and D r Gysi h ave been . .

mo s t p op u la r .

I n the Jan u a ry 1 9 1 0 i ss ue o f th e De n t a l Cos mos there is

, ,

an a rticle by D r Alfred Gy s i o f Z ii r i ch Swi tzerland setting

.
, , ,

forth the p rob lem s met with in dental a rticula tion and going ,

min u tely into the movement s o f the mandib le and method s

for thei r mea su rement s D r Gy s i also introd uced in thi s
. .

and s u cceeding a rti cle s hi s method o f a rtic u lating dentures ,

“ ”
including the use o f the n ow well known Gysi a r ticula to r -
.

’
The s e a rticle s were a translation o f D r Gysi s b ook fi rs t .
,

pub li s hed in Berlin in 1 90 8 .

In thi s country Dr s Hall Hou s e Pa tterson and othe rs

.
, ,

h ave perfected a new techni c for ma king more scientifi c

dentures which p romi s es much in the way of i m p rovement
,

over olde r method s I t i s t o o ea rly yet to p redict wha t the

.

final re su lt o f thei r work will b e .

 CRO WN A N D B RI DGE—WORK 1 47

C a s t Al u m inu m Pl a t e s w ere fi rs t a dvoca ted in

a nd 1 8 70 ,
sin c e tha t ti m e h ave been extensively used The meta l ha s .

many desi rable q ualities b ut doub tless the lack o f a s atis

,

factory solder and i ts un c ertain d urabili ty in conta c t with

the oral secretions h ave p revented its more general use .

Ob tu r a tor s —The fi rs t d efinite desc ri ption o f a pala ta l

.

ob tu ra tor wa s by Amb roi se Pa r e in 1 5 4 1 Fa uch a rd .

b rought p alatine p ro s thesis t o a high degree o f perfection ,

and desc ri bed five di ff erent ob tura tors which w ere h ow , ,

ever defective on a c co u n t o f being so m ewh a t too compli

'

ca te d D r Norman W Kingsley m anufa c tu red velums i n

. . .

1 8 60 and in 1 8 7 9 published an extensive work o n the

,

history o f ob tu rators and other m ethod s o f treating c o n

genital and acq ui red cleft p alate To h i m we a re indeb ted .

f o r m uch o f o u r p resent know ledge o f th e subj e c t Nea rly .

a ll o f these appliances a re now made of h a rd rubb er instead

o f gold plates and sponges a s wa s the ca se before vulcanized
,

rub be r w a s discovered The his tory of ob tura tors d a tes

.

b ac k nea rly fou r hund red yea rs and tha t o f a rtifi c ia l velums
more th an eighty The manufa c ture of ob turators a nd a rti
.

fic i a l velums combined h as met w ith most encouraging results .

—
CROW N AN D B RI D G E W ORK .

There a re m any speci m ens o f ancient b ri dge work on -

-

which w i res ligatures and clasp s were used to hold o n e o r

,

more sub stitutes for na tura l teeth in pla c e All of th e .

old works On denta l p rosthesis from Pa ré down show i llus

t r a t i o n s of va ri ous for m s of c row n and b ridge work -
.

Br i d g e s were made and desc ribed by Dr J B G a ri o t in . . .

1 80 5 D r C F Delaba rre in 1 8 2 0 D r S S Fi tch in 1 8 2 9

, . . .
, . . .
,

J Pa tterson Cla rk in 1 8 3 6 and in 1 8 5 5 D r W H D wi n e lle

.
, , . . .

desc ri bed so m ething o n the order o f the b ri dges in p resent

use Mode rn b ridge work how ever da tes from 1 8 50 Up
.
-

, , .

until the p resent ti m e m any types o f b ri dges h ave been m ad e

“ ”
and used ; p rob ab ly those using the tin can c rown a s a n -

a b ut m ent h ave been the most plentiful and a bo m inable of

all This form of ab ut m ent was pa tent e d by Dr J B Beers
. . . .
 1 48 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
in 1 8 7 3 To Drs Goslee Chayes Pe e so and Nesbi tt we a re
. .
, ,

p rob ab ly indeb ted fo r the mos t notab le i mp rovements in

thi s class of work M any types o f individ ua l c rowns h ave .

b een invented a mong whi c h in a d di tion to the gold crown

, , ,

the Logan ( pa tented i n Rich mond ( patented in 1 8 8 0

Alexande r hood and the Land porcelain j acket c rowns
h ave b een th e mos t i mportant Crown and b rid ge wo rk .
-

gave rise to several form s o f replaceab le teeth facings among ,

which the Steele i s now the mos t i mportant .

Th e Coll ar Cr own which di ff ers b ut sligh tly from the Rich ,

mond wa s invented by Wilb ur F Li tch i n 1 8 8 3 and follow

,
.
,

ing this b ridge work ca me into general u se About 1 88 6

,
-
.
,

D r Alexander evolved th e telescoping c rown a s an anch orage

.

for removal d entu re s and in 1 8 9 6 he perfec ted an a tta c h ,

ment o f th e ca s t cusp o r hood type which c ould b e us ed a s

a b ridge ab utment I n 1 90 5 D r W E Di e ff e n d e r f e r o f .
, . . .
,

Washington D C des c ri b e d a method of ma king open

, . .
,

faced gold c rowns J A Pennington of Pittsb urgh Pa in . . .

, , .
,

1 906 introd u ced th e u s e o f inlay s as a b u tments for b rid ge

,

work .

Th e All por ce l a in J a ck e t Crown i s the invention of D r Cha rles

-
.

H Land o f Detroit w h o p atented i t in 1 88 9 a nd introd uced

.
, ,
“
i t ab out 1 8 90 giving i t hi s na me the Land j acket c rown
, , .

I t was grea tly imp roved by D r E B Sp aulding o f Detroit . . .

, ,

and la ter wa s extensively used and given publi c i ty by Dr .

W A Capon of Philadelphia I n the De n t a l Cos m os Novem

. .
, .
,

b er 1 90 9 D r R H Ri e t h m u e lle r de s cribed a met hod o f

, , . . .

1 —
ma king an all por c elain j acket c rown using 3 7 3 6 platinum
-

a s a matrix o n which to b a ke the por c elain for which h e ,

claimed many a dvantages s uch a s n a tu ra l appea ran c e and ,

less stress o n roots .

Root I m pl an t a t i on —A t t h e Washington meeting of t he .

Na tional Dental Associ ation in 1 9 1 2 D r E J Greenfi eld , . . .

,

o f Wichita Ka n gave a c linic o n a r t i fic i a l root i mplanta tion

, ,
-

t o be used a s ab utments for c rown and b ridge work using -

for this purpose a pla tinum cage or b a sket set in an a rti ficial
s ocket in the bone exhibi ting a man wea ring a full upper ,

dentu re supported in thi s way On Janua ry 2 8 1 9 1 3 he .

, ,
150 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
finger an d other writers frequently referred to i r r e g u l a r i
,

ties of the tee t h i t a ppea rs tha t th e fi rs t scienti fic a ttemp t s

,

a t correcting i rregula ri ties were mad e by Pierre Fauch a rd .

His fi r s t b ook Le Ch i r u r g i e n De n t i s te published in 1 7 2 8

, , ,

descri b es hi s method o f correcting i rregula ri ties by the use

o f silk liga t u res and gol d o r silve r b a rs He also ma de use .

o f th e file for red ucing the dimensions o f the teeth an d i n ,

some cases u sed the forcep s o r pelican fo r forcib ly pla c ing

th e teeth in position after which they were hel d by liga tu res
, .

Hi s b a rs though c rude in fo rm were the fo rerunners of al l

, ,

appliances in u s e a t p re s ent .

’
F a u ch ar d s B a r s were i mp roved by B ou rdet by ca rrying
th e s trip s b ack to th e mola rs o n either si de an d punching
holes to receive liga tu res a round each tooth in th e series .

Thi s meth od wa s followed by B e r d m o r e in 1 7 70 I n 1 77 8 .

,

Hunte r in his N a tu r a l H i st or y of t he H u ma n Te e t h ca rried

, ,

o u t the i dea s of Fauch a rd and others of th a t d ay The fi rs t .

notab le i mp rove m ent wa s by Joseph Fox in 1 8 0 3 when he ,

a dvoca ted the use of the ga g b lock o n ei ther sid e in a d dition

to th e b a rs th a t the j aws migh t be kep t a pa rt while the
,
“ ”
bite wa s being j umped He also a dvoca ted the use o f th e
.

s kull cap f o r retr u ding p rotruded teeth I t remained for .

Catalan in 1 8 1 4 to introduce the inclined p lane for mov

, ,

ing inlocked incisors ou t wa rd Delab a rre in 1 8 1 9 fi r s t .

, ,

describ ed a method o f rota ting a tooth by means o f a meta l

b ox o r b and and a wi re sp ring a ttached t o o n e o f the p osterior
teeth He also introduced the fi r s t wi re crib to b e a ttached
.

to the teeth which appliance la ter fo u nd grea t favo r In

,
.

1 82 3,
De si r a b o d e introduced ferrules which he a ttached to
the end s o f the b a rs and p a ssed over th e teeth th a t were
used for anchorage Instea d o f the ferrule s he sometimes
.

used th e cap o r gold c rown For ligat u re s h e u sed raw silk .

o r platinum wi res In 1 8 2 8 M a u ry u s ed gua rd hooks to

.
,

p revent the liga tu res sli d i ng below the gum s and cau s ing
d amage to them .

M M A S ch an g e of Pa ri s devi s ed a crib abo u t 1 8 41

. . .
, ,

w hich wa s an imp rovement on th a t us ed by Delab a rre

because of its ligh ter weigh t He di sapp roved of filing o r .
 ORTH ODON TI A 151

ext racti ng to p rovid e s p ace f o r moving teeth and a dvised ,

enla rging the a rch ins tea d .

Fox Ha rri s Tu c ker Angell Flagg M c Q u ille n and other s

, , , , ,

trea ted extensively o f thi s s ubj ect in thei r time Dw i n e lle .

,

o f New York ,
wa s the inventor o f th e j acksc rew in 1 8 49 ,

which found great favor f o r a time D r Thoma s W Evans . . .

,

of Pa ris p ai d a visi t to Ame ri c a in 1 8 5 3 and contrib u ted

,

some notab le imp rovements to the method s then in use by

simpli fying and i mp roving them .

Following the discovery o f vulcani te in 1 8 5 3 i t wa s soon ‘

a dop ted a s a b a s e f o r a rtifici al teeth and thi s wa s followed ,

by i ts use for regulating p u rposes I t wa s fi rs t us ed by .

Joseph Rich a rd son a bout 1 8 60 in the const ruction o f va rio u s

forms o f frames c ri b s and pl ates
, .

N or m an W Ki n gsl e y wa s the next t o ma ke any grea t a dvance

.

in this line when he b egan to pub lish a serie s o f a rticles in

1 8 7 1 o n correcting i rregula ri ties o f the teeth th e culmina ,

tion of whi c h wa s his book o n Or a l Defor m i t i es in 1 880 Thi s .

was the fi rs t comp rehensive work on the s ubj ect emb racing ,

a s i t di d much th a t wa s o ri ginal a s well a s a s u mma ry o f tha t

which h ad been p ublished before By mo s t wri ters he i s .

”
rega rded a s the Fa the r of Orthodonti a since h e i s the
.
,

fi rs t to red uce i t t o anything li ke a science .

Some i m p rovements were made from time to time such a s ,

the Co fli n exp ansion plate introd uced in 1 8 8 1 which wa s an

, ,

imp rovement o n the c rib used by Delab a rre in 1 8 1 9 Thi s .

wa s modified in 1 8 8 7 by D r V H Jackson into wh a t is n ow

. . .

“ ”
generally known a s the Jackson c ri b thi s b eing th e fi rs t ,

removab le appliance in genera l u se .

J N Farr ar in a series o f p apers p u b lished in 1 8 7 6 sough t

. .

to s how th a t force u s ed in moving the teeth s hould b e inter

mittent ra ther th an continuous and a dvocated the s crew in
,

s ome of i ts many forms for thi s purpo s e He sta ted tha t .

movements of the teeth a re accomp anied by phy s iological

changes in the tissues when a limi t o f gflf to T im inch move
'

ment in twelve hours i s not exceeded .

He p ub lished a work on I r r e gu l a r i ti e s of t h e Te e th a n d
Th e i r Cor r e ct i on in 1 8 8 8 and a s econd volume in 1 8 9 8 .
152 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Ed w ar d H —The next grea t s tep wa s in 1 8 8 7 when
. An g l e .
,

a p aper wa s rea d in Wa s hington D C , b efor e th e Ninth , . .

I nterna tional Medical Congress by D r E dwa rd H Angle , . .

entitled N otes on Or t h od on t i a Thi s wa s t h e b e g in n in g o f .

‘

“
an elab ora te system known a s t he Angle system of ortho
”
d on t i a the mechanical p rinciple o f which i s a wi re a rch
,

a ttached t o anchor b and s o n the mola rs and d esigned both

for th e e x pansion o f th e a rch and the moving of indivi d ua l
teeth Hi s fi rst s et o f appliances wa s perfec ted and ma rketed
.

in 1 8 8 9 and his fi rs t book Tr e a t me n t of M a l occl u s i on

, , ,

a ppea red in 1 900 He wa s the fi rs t to give us a scientifi c

.

cla s s ification o f i rregul a ri tie s t o form a b asi s for ra tiona l

treatment Up t o hi s time most o f the e ff orts along thi s
.

“ ” “
line h a d b een di rec ted towa rd regula ting o r s traigh ten
”
ing the teeth li ttle a ttention being given t o the no rma l
,

occlu s ion so long a s the teeth were of even appea rance .

“ ”
Orthod onti a consis ts o f p u tting the teeth where they
belong to function p roperly th a t is in norma l o c clusion and , , ,
’
th a t i s wh a t D r Angle s system h a s p rovi ded f o r
. .

D r Angle wa s a s trong a dvoca te of the idea tha t sep a ra te

.

educa tional training f o r orthod onti sts wa s ab solu tely meces

sa ry and in 1 900 he succeeded in founding th e Angle School
,

o f Orthod ontia the fi rs t postgra dua te school o f the kind

, .

N o t content with thi s h e succeeded in organizing th e Ameri

can Society o f Orth od ontists in 1 90 1 and wa s instrumental ,

in e s tab li s hing Th e A me r i ca n Or th od on t i s t th e fi rs t j ourna l ,

d evoted t o this s ubj ec t in 1 90 7 Not s atisfied wi th pa s t

, .

achievement s he h a s used hi s pen freely a s well a s hi s b rain s

and h a s kep t us fully informed o f the p rogres s in his chosen
speci alty .

On Septembe r 1 3 1 9 1 1 a p aper wa s rea d before th e Angle

, ,

Sch ool o f Orthodontia by D r Angle giving the history o f .

,

the exp an s ion a rch from th e d ays o f Fauch a rd up t o d ate ,

wi th valuab le a d di ti ons and modifi c ation s thereto D r Angle . .

lai d s pecial emph asi s o n a new pin and tub e applian c e which
he ha d recen tly b rough t o u t now generally known by his ,

name by virt u e o f which the teeth a re moved bodily both

, ,

crown and root in any desi red di rection instea d o f tipping

,
1 54 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
subj ect included everything in dentistry and much o n
,

general medicine a nd su rgery .

The opera tion o f extracting teeth i s p rob ably the olde s t

of d ental opera tions though trea ted a s a relatively unim
,

portant matter by m any writers Though cla ss ed by some .

w ri ters under the hea d o f opera tive d entistry i t s importance ,

places i t more p roperly i n the h and s o f th e o ral surgeon .

Ko e c k e r wa s o n e o f the fi r s t to advoca te b etter instruments

and to condemn the use o f the key p elican and p unch ,
.

Ha rris in 1 8 3 9 alluded to i mp rovements in d ental for c ep s

, ,

wh ich h a d b rough t them into general u se The history of .

denta l for c ep s and thei r use i s a s o l d a s dentistry or su rgery i

i tself and no attem pt will b e mad e t o t r a ce thei r evolution

,

here ex c ep t t o s ay tha t the fi rs t complete modern set seems

, ,

to b e th e work of D r Jo s ia h Foster Flagg in 1 8 2 8 . .

Horace Wells dis c overed anesthesi a by means o f nit rou s

oxid e in 1 8 44 b ut i t di d not come into gene ral use u ntil 1 8 6 3
,
.

I n 1 8 7 3 this gas appea red in liq u i d form E ther wa s used by .

Morton and Jackson for extractions in 1 8 46 Coca i n wa s .

fi rs t s ucces s fully used for extractions in 1 8 8 6 and wa s in ,

general use for many yea r s I n 1 90 6 U hlf e ld e r and E i n .

,

horn discovered n ovoca i n and placed i t o n th e ma rket and ,

while many imi tations h ave b een introd uced in combina tion ,

with a d renalin i t s till hold s fi rs t place a s a local anes thetic .

I n the s ame yea r D r N o g u i e o f Pa ri s introduced a .

, ,
“ ”
method o f ne rve b locking known a s cond u ctive anes thesia
-

for extra c tion s .

On October 2 2 1 9 1 2 D r R H Ri e t h m u e l le r rea d a p aper

, , . . .

“
a t Phila delphi a enti tled Local Anesthesi a in De n t l s t r y with
”
Special Consideration of Novocain describing in detai l the ,

te c hnic and ins trumenta rium necessa ry giving special a tten ,

tion to the modifying influence o f s up ra renin when combined

wi th novocain in i sotoni c solutions .

On Ap ril 1 6 1 9 1 2 D r Cha rle s K Teter rea d a p aper a t

, , . .

B ridgeport Conn o n th e use o f n i tr ou s oxi de a n d oxyge n a s

, .
,

a genera l anesthetic an d i t s use in dentistry by which p r o ,

longed anesthesi a a s well a s analgesi a could b e maintained ,

and shortly thereafter sui table appa ra t u s for combining these

gases was placed o n the ma rket D r Teter claimed to h ave . .
 ORA L S URGER Y 1 55

used nitro u s o xid e and oxygen Si n c e June 1 8 99 much of hi s , ,

work being done in hospi tals for general and oral su rgery ,

d uring whi c h ti m e h e h ad a dministered these gases times .

The discovery and use of sui tab le ane stheti c s h ave d one
m u c h to a dvance oral a s well a s general surgery Prio r to .

the introd uction of c ocain p ractically all dental opera tions

in ora l surgery were done without anesthetics .

Th e Tr a n s pl a n t a t i on of Tee th was underta ken in Ameri ca

soon after the Ameri c an Revolution by Ga rdette Le m ai re , ,

Flagg and O thers and for a time this p ro c edu re h a d great

,

vogue Thi s O peration h a s been introduced a t va ri ous ti m es

.

before an d since but wi th only tempora ry success Replant

,
.

ing introduced ab out the same time ha s h ad so m ewh a t better

, ,

suc c ess b ut though a dvoca ted by many even to the p resent

,

time h a s never come into general use Replanting was origi

, .

nally done when teeth were a ching to sever the nerve and
relieve p ain a s well a s to repla c e those ext ra c ted by mis ta ke
,

or a c cidentally kno c ked o u t .

The fi rst recognition of o ral surgery a s a spe c ialty o f

dentistry wa s ab out 1 8 64 when D r Ja m es E Ga rretson wa s
,
. .

made p rofessor o f ana tomy and surgery at the Philadelphi a

Denta l College now Te m ple University Denta l Sc hool In
,
.

1 8 69 ,
he wa s ap pointed ora l su rgeon to th e hospital of the
U niversity of Pennsylvania At fi rs t this b ran c h wa s though t
.

to apply only to those with a genera l medical and surgi c al

educa tion who were d rawn to this specialty b ut la ter dentists ,

emb raced the title A m ong th e ea rly operations a long thi s

.

line w ere those for c left pala te and h a re lip -

.

Th e R oen t g en R a y — Sin c e t h e a dvent of the roentgen ray

.
,

discovered in 1 8 9 5 by William Konrad Roentgen ligh t h as been ,

th row n o n many p reviously unrecognized c onditions With .

the knowled ge i m pa rted by i t we a re able to diagnose and

trea t su c cessfully a b s c essed teeth ne c roti c bone e xc e m e n
, ,

t o si s pulp nodules impacted teeth infections o f the antrum

, , , ,

osseous tumors j aw ankylosis e t c These c ondi tions a re

, , .

’
b rough t b efore the surgeon s vision and h e i s enabled to
apply app rop ri ate remedies intelligently This appa ra tus i s .

indispensable to the o ral su rgeon and to the dentist In .

w a r time i t wa s extensively used in the sea rc h for foreign

156 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
sub stances in the fa c e and i t enab led the su rgeon to de c i de
,

wh a t course to pursue i n thei r removal .

I n June 1 90 5 D r M I Sch amberg a dvoca ted the surgica l

, , . . .

trea tment o f ch ronic a lveola r ab scess by a mp u t a t i n g r oots o f

the teeth so a ff ected with a bu r This opera tion with a much .

imp roved technic i s still p racti sed by many dentists who a re

skilled in oral surgery The opening o f the antrum fi rs t.
,

p ractised by Cowper and D ra ke i s rega rd ed a s s t ri ctly within ,

the field o f oral s urgery .

Th e greates t s tri de s in oral and maxillo facial su rgery came -

about a s the di re c t resul t o f th e la rge number o f wound s o f

the face and j aws received in t rench fig h t i n g in the la te -

World Wa r Soon after th e wa r b roke o u t the American

.

Amb u lance Hospital wa s estab li s hed in France and Drs .

Hayes and Davenport h ad cha rge o f the dental s ection and ,

the found a tion wa s lai d for the s plendid work d one la ter .

I n the De n t a l Cos mos for M a rch 1 9 1 6 there i s a very , ,

interesting a rticle on wa r dental s urgery by D r George B . .

Hayes o f th e dental s ection of the American Amb ulance a t

,

Pa ri s France showing the rema rkab le restora tion s th a t were

, ,

being made a t th a t time At the meeting O f the Na tional .

Dental Associa tion in New York Octob er 1 9 1 7 D r George , , , .

Loewy of New York p resented an a b le p aper o n the now

, ,
“ ”
famous Ca rrel D a kin Trea tment o f Wound s which h a d
-

m u ch to do wi th cleaning up infection s o f the face and j aw s

in la ter work B riefly thi s method consi s ts of th e con s tant
.
,

i rrigation of the wound s wi th a sol u tion of sodium hypo

c hlori te which libera tes na s cent chlorin
, by means o f whi c h ,

disea se p roducing m i c r o Or g a n i s m S a re quickly destroyed o r

-

rendered inert .

The wa r work o f t h e dental p rofe s s ion fell b roadly into

two c a tego ries o n e th a t may be called pu re denti stry and
,

the oth er oral su rgery or the trea tment in conj un c tion with
, ,

the genera l surgeon o f inj uries of the j aw s and face Th e

, .

oral surgeon h a s t h u s c o m e to be a reality and not a myth

‘

a s i s vou c h sa fed by the excellent work done in the trea tment

of inj uries not alo n e in France and B elgium b ut in some ,

o f o u r bes t a rmy hospitals of the United S tates nota bly the ,

Walter Reed Hospi tal Wa shington D C , , . .

158 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
Ha rri s and Solyman B rown to h ave a den tal depa rtmen t ,

established in connection wi th th e U niversi ty of M a ryland ,

“
b ut they were informed by the medical fa c ulty th a t denti s
try wa s o f li ttle conseq uen c e and the U niversity b eing al rea dy ,
”
over t axed s uch action c ould not b e ta ken
, Thorpe in hi s .

“
biography of Solyman B rown says : I t wa s a t a meeting
of p rominent New York denti sts D r B rown s uggested , .
,
‘ ’
Why n o t h ave an independent d enta l c ollege ? Thi s sug
ges tion was seconded by Dr J a hi a l Pa r m ly and D r Ha rri s . .
,

who returned to B altimore and wi th Drs Hayden B on d , .

,

and B axley founded th e B altimore College o f Dental Su r

gery This led t o the a pplication for a c h a rter and the
.
,

establishme nt o f an independ en t d ental s c hool From th e .

beginning thi s college wa s a distinc t su c cess t w o s tudents , ,

D rs M ackall and Arth u r b eing gra d ua ted from the fi rs t

.
,

cou rse Ma rch 9 1 8 4 1 and an inc reasing numbe r o f gra du

, , ,
’
a tes were turned out therea fte r In 1 8 44 D r Hayden s .
, .

dea th occurred and Dr H a rris be c a me p resident o f the .

college which position h e held until his dea th in 1 8 60 I n

, .

1 8 43 the c ollege h a d a de m onstra tor of me c h anical dentistry ,

and in 1 846 also a demonstrator of opera tive dentistry and

an i n fi r m a ry .

I n 1 90 2 M r E rnes t W Keyser molded in relief the h ea d s

, . .

o f D rs H ayden and Ha rris and t w o b ronze ta blets were ca s t

.
,

and p resented ,o n e to the B altimore College of Dental Surgery

and th e other to th e dental depa rtment of the University o f
Ma ryland d u ring the winter o f 1 90 2 —1 9 0 3
, .

The museum o f this college contains many obj ects of his

tori c interest a mola r from the mouth o f Ama deus I King
, ,

o f Spain and another from George IV o f England also the

, ,

d ea th masks of B enj amin Franklin Si r I saa c Newton George , ,

’ “ ”
I I I Z i p ( B a rnum s Wha t i s i t o f ci rcus d ays ) and a set
,
- -
‘

o f teeth made f o r George Washington by John Greenwood .

When the B altimore College o f Denta l Surgery wa s organ

i z e d i t appea rs to h ave followed th e exa m ple o f the Ame ri c an
Society o f Dental Su rgeons in the ma tter o f granting degrees ,

excep t th a t the la tin degree Ch i r u r gi a De n t i u m Doct or

wa s conferred the p roper a b b revia tion of which woul d b e
,
 DE N TA L CO LLEGE S A N D E D UCA TI ON 159

although the t ransla ted ini tials D D S h ave always

. . .

been used .

Ha rris in th e fi r st edition o f hi s Di ct i on a r y of De n t a l
“ ” “
Su r ge r y defines the word doctor a s a title p rop
erly confined to o n e who h as re ceived from a regula rly
cha rtered institution or college the degree of doctor o f medi
cine o r doctor o f dental surgery The power o f conferring
.

the latter degree wa s fi rst invested in the B altimore College

o f Dental Surgery by the legisla ture of the Sta te of M a ryland ,

by an ac t of incorpora tion granted in

FI G 42
.

01 11 0 CO LLEG E O F D EN TAL SURG E Y

-
R .

This college was the second o f i t s kind and wa s o rgan

,

i z e d in 1 8 45 only six yea r s after the establi s hment o f the

,

B a ltimore College o f Dental Surgery To the eff orts of D r

. .

James Taylor its estab li s h ment wa s la rgely d ue and he w i th , ,

Dr Je s se W Cook and M e l a n c t h o n Rogers consti tuted the

. .
,

fi rs t teaching faculty .
1 60 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
This college wa s the father o f s cientific dentistry in the
West since a t the time Of i ts es tablishment a t raveling tooth
,

tinke r wa s on a p a r with the kettle and umb rella mender .

In the sp ring o f 1 8 45 a c ha rter h aving been ob tained th e

.
, ,

trus tees met and D r B O Aydelotte wa s elected p re s ident

. . .

and D r I s rael M Dodge secreta ry D r Jesse W Cook

. .
, . . .

wa s ele c ted dean and p rofesso r o f dental ana tomy and p hysi
ology D r Rogers wa s ma de p rofe s so r o f pa thology and thera
, .

p e u t i c s while
,
D r Taylor was .p rofes s or and d emonstra tor
o f p ractical dentistry and ph a rmacy .

Thi s college continued in existence a s an i n dependent

school with a numb er o f ch ange s in the faculty and a grad ua l
,

increase in teacher s and subj ects u ntil 1 8 8 8 when i t b ecame , ,

the de ntal d ep a rtment o f the University o f Cincinnati and ,

thi s a rrangement wa s continued in force until 1 90 6 since ,

which time i t h a s been opera ted a s a n independent d enta l

college .

In 1 88 1 the dea th o f D r Ja me s Taylor wh o h a d been a

, .
,

faith ful teacher for thi rty si x yea rs occ u rred The college
-

, .

is sti ll in exi s tence and i s contrib u ting m u ch to the a dvance

ment o f dentistry with D r Hen ry T Smith a s dean Th is
, . . .

college h old s th e honor o f h aving gra dua ted the fi rs t woman

dentist Miss Lucy B Hob b s o n Feb rua ry 2 9 1 8 66 ( De n ta l
, .
, ,

Re gi s te r M a rch 1 8 66 )
, ,

THE PENN S YLV ANI A C O LLEG E O F DE NTAL S URG ERY

P HI L AD E L P HIA C O L L E G E OF D E NTA L SU R G E RY .

The fi rst step tow a rd o rganizing a dental sch ool in Phila

delph ia w a s taken December 1 6 1 8 45 when the leading , ,

dentists o f Pennsylvani a met in Philadelphi a and o rganized

the Pennsylvani a Associa tion of Denta l Surgeons .

I mmedia tely a fter th e o rganiza tion wa s complete a c o m

m i t t e e was a ppointed to ob tain a ch a rter from the s tate
legisla ture for a denta l c ollege to be loca ted in Phila d elphia .

Thi s c ommittee o n ma king the necessa ry applica tion met

with unexpe c ted opposition A school to teach the a rt and .
1 62 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
succes s at home and ab road o r served thei r p rofessi on wi th ,

c redi t a s in s tr u ctors investigators and inventors Pr e ém i

, .

nent among these may b e named D rs Loui s Jack C Newlin .

, .

Pei rce Jame s Tr u man J Foster Flagg and James E Ga rret

, , . .

s on a s gentl emen wh o h ave reached a well ea rned posi tion -

o f p rominence in thei r p rofession to whi c h b ut few a ttain .

Th e P en n s yl van i a Col e g o
l e f D e e r —
n t a l Su r g y Th rough M r . .

Cha rles Hamilton o f Philadelphia a reti red b usines s man

, ,

o f means a n d with influence a t the sta te c a pital an applic a ,

tion wa s made for a ch a rter to the state legi slatu re then i n .

,

session and an act in c orpora ting the Pennsylvania College

,

o f Dental Su rgery wa s p romp tly pa ssed and signed by th e

Governor Ap ril 3 1 8 5 6 This act o r cha rter closes wi th the

, , .

“
following significant clause : No degree sh all be conferred ,

whether honora ry o r upon the q ualified s tudents of th e

college wi thout th e written req uest o f th e facul ty
, Thi s .

ma de impossib le any controversy o n the p oint which h a d

p roved so trouble s ome .

In sele c ting the boa rd o f corpora tors fou r members o f the ,

o ld b oa rd w h o h a d p roved loyal to th e fa culty were con

, ,

t i n u e d in the new supplemented by rep resenta tive laymen

,

and p rominent members o f the medical and denta l p r o f e s

sion s wi th Ho n Hen ry C Ca rey a s p resident
, . . .

The faculty c onsi s ted o f D rs Eli s h a Townsend Ely Pa rry .

, ,

J F B Flagg and T L B uckingh am with D r Rob e rt

. . . . .
, .

Arthu r a s dean Va rious ch anges were made from time t o

.

time in the faculty th e boa rd and fa c ulty wo rked together

,

h a rmoniously and the c lasse s constantly inc rea sed

, .

Nea r t h e O pening o f the sixth session dissa tisfaction with

the choice o f a member o f the faculty t o fi ll a vacan c y c a us ed
the re s igna tion o f D r J H M c Q u i lle n and D r W S Forbe s
. . .
, . . .

was p romp tly elected in hi s place The room s occupied by .

the college were requi red by the owner m a king a removal ,

necessa ry and the wi th d rawal by its p ub lishers o f certain

,

fa c ilities for reaching the dental p rofession th rough th e

'
‘

De n t a l Cos m os th reatened seriously t o hamper the college .

These di ffi c ulties were energetically ta ken in h and by the

faculty and the boa rd and the ses s ion opened o n time in ,
 DE N TA L CO LLEGES A N D E D UCA TI ON 1 63

la rger and more convenient q ua rters A t this ti m e the .

-

college began the p ublication o f a qua rte rly denta l j ou rnal ,

’

the De n t a l Ti me s w h i c h p ro v e d a valuable ai d in keeping

,

the college and i ts work before the p rofession during th e

ten yea rs i t was continued .

A little later Dr M cQu i lle n ob tained a ch a rter and organ

.

i z e d th e Philadelphi a Dental College This while a t fi rst .

though t to be an inj ury to the older school di d n o t s o p rove .

The older s c hool c ontinued to p rosper and the new s chool

ha s ha d a succe s sful ca reer and still continues a s the dental
depa rtment o f Temple University .

About 1 8 77 the University o f Pennsylvani a made overtu res

,

to the Pennsylvani a College o f Denta l Surge ry to unite wi th

i t a s i ts dental depa rtment Afte r a full considera tion of .

the p roj ect fou r members o f the faculty D rs Essig B a rker

, , .
, ,

Tyson and D a rby resigned to a c cep t posi tions in the new

,

venture D rs Mea r s and B uckingh a m d ecided to remain

. .

wi th the o l d s c hool Thus a secon d time the faculty wa s

.

compelled to reorganize Thi s wa s accompli shed by selecting

.

Drs C N Pei rce Wilb ur F Li tch and Hen ry C Chap m an

. . .
, . .

to fi ll the vacancies The college moved into a much la rger

.

building more desi rab ly located a t the northwe s t co rner o f

, ,

Twelfth and Filbert St reets Thi s b uilding wa s remodeled so .

a s to a ff ord increased teaching facilities and refurnished .

When the session O pened in the new loca tion i t wa s the bes t
equipped dental college building in the world The teaching .

sta ff wa s la rgely increased and the s essions lengthened from

four to five month s .

I n 1 8 9 2 to p rovide still better facilities a p roperty a t

, ,

the northea s t corne r of Eleven th and Clinton Streets wa s

pu rc h a sed and t h e b uildings thereon remodeled and enla rged
t o meet college requi rements b ut very soon even this b uilding ,

w a s c rowded The college however here reach ed i ts zenith

.
, , .

Changes in method s of instruction and a d ditions to the cur

ri c u l u m in a few yea rs so inc rea sed the c os t o f m a i n t a i m n
g
a dental s chool tha t on e afte r anothe r the independent
college s were compelled either to close o r to unite with ins ti
t u t i on s n o t enti rely dependent upon the fee s from s tudents .
1 64 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
The time came when thi s question w a s pressed upon the
Pennsylvani a College of Dental Su rgery Thi s ma tter wa s .

given tho u gh tful consi dera tion by th e faculty and the b oa rd ,

and they finally deci ded after th e close o f th e fif t y thi rd

,
-

session June 1 909 to close the d oors o f the school

, , , .

Later the b u ildings we re sold all o f i ts deb ts an d ob liga ,

tions settled i ts ch a rter and record s and th e b alance o f its

,

fund s a mo u nting t o some

, a fter d ue legal p roce ss ,

were turned over t o th e t r u stees o f th e Universi ty o f Penn

sylvania in tr u st to b e us ed for lib ra ry and dental resea rch
, ,

purposes June 1 9 1 8 and the Pennsylvani a College o f Dental

, , ,

Surgery ceased to exist Du ring i ts long ca reer i t h ad

.

grad uated over 3 000 s tudents .

H ARV ARD D EN TAL S CH O O L .

The fi rst school in the New England Sta te s to p rep a re men

for the p ractice of denti s try wa s the d ental dep a rtment of
Ha rva rd Universi ty Med ical School Altho u gh s i x s chool s .

p receded Ha rva rd none were es tab lished north o f New

York and only o n e north o f Phila delphia .

I n 1 8 6 5 the late D r Nath an C Keep p re s i dent o f the

, . .
,

M assach usetts Dental Society gave exp ression to the general ,

feeling then existing in New England th a t dental s tudents

s hould not b e compelled to go to di s tant s tates f o r thei r
educa tion and suggested th a t H a rva rd University migh t
,

instit u te such a cou rse and u pon action by the so c iety a

,

c ommittee was a ppointed to confe r wi th th e o ffi c e rs of

Ha rva rd Medical School The denta l committee d rew up .

plans for a school which we re app roved by a commi ttee o f

the medical faculty M a rch 2 9 1 8 67 After full investiga , .

tion the c orporation voted on J u ly 1 7 1 8 67 to establish th e , ,

dental school U tilizing th e faculty o f medicine and a d ding

.
,

th ree new p rofessors to teach the strictly dental b ranches ,

the school t hus o rganized opened i ts doors and began i ts

fi rs t lecture season o f fou r month s in November 1 8 67 , .

Nea rly all o f the member s o f th e faculty hel d the medica l

degree and a controver s y aro s e as to the degree to be granted
,
1 66 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

eff ect requi ring all applicants not holding a degree o f so m e

,

kind to pass the examination for entrance to Ha r va rd College .

Ha rva rd h a s never been a l a rge school and may never

b ecome o n e a s i t i s the ai m o f the facul ty to d o all in i ts
,

p ower to rai s e th e s tand a rd o f dental ed ucation rega rd les s

o f th e n u mb er of student s th a t i t gra d u ate s
.

M any o ther colleges th at hav e h a d a long ca reer and d on e

n ob le work cann ot re c e ive a t tent ion here fo r l a ck o f s p a ce
.

To t ell th e co m pl ete s t ory o f all wou ld fil l vol u m es

.
 CHA PTER X IV .

DENTAL JOURNALI SM .

IN the field o f dental j o u rnalism we find tha t the s ame

master minds th at fi rs t c onceived the i dea o f a dental college
and a national a ssoci ation o f dentists a re also responsible
for the fi r s t dental j o u rnal .

AM ERI CAN J OURN AL O F DEN TAL S CI ENCE .

The A me r i ca n jou r n a l of De n t a l S ci e n ce the fi rs t number ,

o f whi c h was iss u ed in June 1 839 , b egan O pera ti ons a s a

,

p riva te enterp ri se wi th Ch apin A H a rris a s edit or and a

, .

p ublishing commi ttee consisting o f Eleazer Pa r m ly Eli s h a ,

B a ker an d Solyman B rown I t wa s b acked by denti s t s of

.

mean s in New York and elsewhere w h o s ough t f o r s ome b etter

,

metho d for the dissemination of s uch p rofessional knowledge

a s then existed Up to this time only two work s h a d b een
.

p ublished in Ameri ca by Ameri can a u thor s th a t were con

si d e r e d suitab le a s text book s
-
on e by Sam u el S Fi tch in
,
.

1 8 2 9 and another by Ch apin A Ha rri s in 1 8 3 9 . .

The A m e r i ca n jou r n a l of De n t a l Sci e n ce continued a s a

p rivate enterp ri se pub lishing review s o f the current dental
,

b ooks and wri ti ng s until Sep tember 1 8 41 when the newly , ,

organized Ame ri can Society o f Dental Su rgeons took ch a rge

o f the magazine as a p a rt o f i t s work
.
Dr S olyman B rown .
'
.

wa s made a ssoci a te edi tor to D r Ha rri s and the j o u rnal

.

wa s ch anged from a monthly to a q ua rterly publication I t .

i s interesting t o note t ha t the fi rs t s ta te law regulating the

p ractice o f dentist ry p a ss ed by Alab ama December 3 1 1 841
, , , ,

wa s recorded in thi s j ournal The discove ry o f ether and

.

chloroform a re also re c orded in the seventh and eigh th vol

umes The journ al di d not p rove t o b e a financi al s u cce s s
.

u nder a s s oci a ti on management and in 1 8 5 0 D r Chapin A

, , . .
1 68 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Ha rris purch a s ed and continued i t a s a new series and a s a
p riva te enterp ri s e u ntil hi s death in 1 8 60 when the j o u rna l ,
'

died with i t s ill u st ri ou s edi tor .

In M ay 1 8 67 Snowden ,
Cowman of B altimore began
, , ,

th e p u blication o f a j ou rnal of th e s ame name but i t h a d ,

nothing to d o wi th th e ori ginal periodical and no j ou rna l ,

since p ub li s hed c an b e con s ide red a s a continua tion o r suc

c e s sor t o th a t j ou rnal Although th e ma gazine wa s not a
.

financial s ucce ss i t fulfilled i ts mission in opening and p aving

,

the way f o r dental j ournalism and b ringing the p rofession

into clo s er fellowship .

D EN TAL REGI S TER .

The De n ta l Re gi s te r formerly Th e De n t a l Re gi s te r of t h e
,

We st wa s founded a t Cincinna ti in 1 8 47 with D r James

, , .

Taylor a s edi tor and publishe r a s s is ted by D r B B B rown , . . .

of St Loui s unde r th e au s pice s of the Mis s is s ippi Valley

.
,

Dental As s oci a tion I n 1 8 5 1 D r Taylo r p u rch ased the

.
, .

magazine an d continued to cond u c t i t for s ix yea rs longe r ,

when i t wa s tran s ferred t o D r s Taft and Wa tt who as s umed .

,

its p u b lica tion u nt il 1 8 5 9 M r Joh n T Toland w h o con

. . .
,

d u cted a de nta l s u pply house in Cin c inna ti then purch a s ed ,

the magazine and retained Drs Taft and Wa tt a s editors . .

M r Toland severed his connection with the magazine in 1 8 6 1

.
,

and D r Taft again b ecame i t s p ub lisher until 1 8 7 2 wh en i ts

.
,

p u b lica tion wa s a ssumed by Spence r and Moore w h o suc ,

ce e d e d to th e b u sine s s e s tab lished by M r Toland D r s Ta ft .

, .

and Wa tt continuing a s edi tors I n 1 8 74 the fi rm beca me .

,

Spencer 8: Crocke r and la ter the Samuel A Cro c ker Co

,
. .
,

by whom the De n t a l Re gi s te r i s now p u b lished D r Wa tt

.
. .

reti red as editor in 1 8 7 3 and D r Taft fi lled thi s pos t unti l .

1 900 when he reti red a fte r forty fou r yea rs o f se r vice and
,
-

the edi toria l dep a rtment h a s reposed in the h and s of D r .

N S Hoff o f Ann Arb or Mich since th a t time The

. .
, , .
, .

De n t a l Re g i s te r i s the oldest public a tion of its kind in the

world the De n ta l Cos mos being a su c cessor t o and not a c o n
,

t i n u a t i o n o f the q u a rterly De n t a l N e ws Le tt er p ub lication o f ,

1 70 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
S S Whi te Dental Man u facturing C o
. . the new fi rm con .
,

t i n u i n g the pub li c a tion of th e j ournal a s

in th e p as t .

On M ay 2 7 1 8 9 1 D r Ja mes W Whi te died an d was

, , . .

su c ceeded a s edi to r by D r Edwa rd C Ki rk w h o h a s ably . .

,

managed the editorial dep a rtment until th e p resent time .

This magazine from t h e beginning h a s s tood f o r th e highes t

i deals in the denta l p rofession and h as b een ou r most a gg re s ,

sive and important p ub lica tion in th a t fi eld The a b les t .

wri ters on d enta l su bj ects h ave always been gla d to h ave

thei r i dea s recorded by th i s j ou rnal .

DENTAL O F FI CE AN D L A O R ATORY B .

The pub lica tions o f John s on Lund o f Philadelphia f o r , ,

a ser ies o f yea rs h ad a wi d e ci rcula tio n The fi rs t the .

,

De n t a l Qu a r t e r ly began M a rch 1 8 6 2 and ended wi th th e

, , ,

sixth volu m e This wa s followed by a d enta l newsp aper

.
.

enti tled the De n t a l Offi ce a n d La bor a tor y the fi rs t number , ,

a folio wi th fou r p ages o f reading matter and fou r of a d v e r

t i se m e n t s a ppea rin g in M a rch
, 1 868 At the close o f the , .

fi fth volume i t wa s di s continued In Ap ril 1 8 7 7 i ts publi

’
.
, ,

cation wa s resumed a s a folio o f ten p ages and in Janua ry , ,

1 8 8 7 i t appea red a s a q u a rterly in octav ofo rm and completed

,

twenty t wo octavo vol u me s I t was fina lly di scontinued in

-
.

November 1 90 8 In all thi s fi rm pub li s hed a bout forty th ree

, .
,
-

volumes The fi rst fi fteen volume s are exceedingly ra re and

.

few complet e fi les a re in exi stence .

I TEM S O F I N TERE S T .

I n 1 8 7 9 D r T B Wel c h began the publi c ation o f a journa l

, . . .

entitled I t e ms of I n te r e s t intended to dissemina te knowled g e

,

in rega rd to the us e o f a malgam in fi lling teeth p ub li shin g ,

a rti c les o n th at subj ect by D r J Foster Flagg an d others . .

who h ad made a study o f this fi lling materi al After severa l .

c h anges the Con s olid ated Dental M an u factu ring C o o f New .

,

York ass u med the p u b li c a t i o n a n d ownershi p o f this j ourna l

,
x

in July 1 8 9 6 appointing Dr R O t t o le n g u i a s editor U nder

, , . . .
 DEN TA L J O URN A I S M L 1 71

i ts new ownership and editorshi p i t p roved a decided success

and n ow occupies an important place in dental j ournalism .

This magazine publi s he s many ori g1 nal p apers a s well a s

extra cts from current dental li teratu re and events of note to
the p rofession .

D u ring the p re s en t yea r the Consolidated Denta l

Manufa c turing Co m pa ny fai led and thi s j ournal wa s tempo
r a r ily s uspended bu t was late r p u rc hased by th e Dental
,

I te m s of Inte res t P ublishing Co m pa ny an d resu m ed p ubli ,

c ation with the s a me s t a ff a s h e re t o f o r D r O t t o le ng u i , .

c on tinui n g as editor .

DENTAL B RI E F .

’
Another dental j ournal entitled We l ch s M on thly appea red , ,

in Augus t 1 8 9 6 with D r T B Welch founder o f I te ms of

, , . . .
,

I n te r es t a s i t s editor and A S Robinson o f Philadelphia a s

, . .
, ,

p ub lishe r The next yea r i ts title wa s changed to the De n t a l

.

B r i ef i t s p ub lica tion being assumed by the L D Caulk C o

, . . .
,

o f Philadelphi a In 1 900 D r Welch being a dvanced i n

.
, .
,

yea rs was s u cceeded by D r Wilbu r F Li tch w h o held the

, . .
,

po s t o f edi tor u nti l hi s d ea th December 2 5 1 9 1 2 He wa s , , .

succeeded by D r Alfred P Lee o f Philadelphi a w h o se rved

. .
, ,

a s edi tor u nti l p ublication o f th e j ourna l wa s discontinued

wi th the December i ssue o f 1 9 1 3 Duri ng i ts life it wa s one .

o f our lea ding dental j ournals and contained many original

and well wri tten articles I ts p a ssing wa s a distinct loss to

-
.

de ntal j ournalism .

DEN TAL DI G E S T .

The De n t a l Di ges t i s a la ter a rriva l in the field o f d enta l

j ournali sm I t wa s fo u nded by the Dental Protective Asso
.

c i a t i o n in Janua ry 1 89 5 t o p rotec t the p rofe ss ion agains t

, ,

opp ressive and illegal p a tent s I t wa s conducted by D r . .

N Crouse f Chicago w h also conducted a c o Op e r a t i v e

J. . o ,
o ,

dental supply company The j ou rnal contained extracts of .

current dental litera ture a s well a s many o ri gi na l papers ,

the edi tori al work being in the h and s of M r D H Crouse . . .

,
1 72 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
son of D r Crouse In 1 906 M r Cro u se died and his pl ace
. .
, .

a s edi tor wa s taken by D r J P Buckley who continued in . . .

,

th at position for th ree yea r s .

’
I n 1 90 9 , the magazine wa s p urch a s ed by th e Denti s ts
Supply Co o f New York wh o inst alled D r George Wood
.
, , .

Clapp well known a s a writer of dental li tera ture a s edi tor

, , .

The magazine ha s won fa me a s th e vehicle f o r the writers

of the new school o n p rosth odonti a including William s Gysi , , ,

Tench Sea r s and others I t wa s th e fi rst denta l magazine

,
.

s eriou s ly to underta ke a p rofes s ional p resenta tion o f the

economics o f dental p rac tice .

TH E JO URN AL O F D EN TAL RESE ARCH .

( C ONTINUI NG TH E J O U R NA L O F TH E A L L I E D D E NTA L
SO C I E TI E S .
)
Thi s jou r n a l s eems to h ave h ad its outgrowth from the
I n te r n a t i on a l De n t a l jou r n a l fo rmerly p ub lished a t B alti
,

mo re the fi rs t copy o f whic h i s d ate d Ja n u a ry 1 8 80 After

, , .

a few yea r s i t wa s ta ken in h an d and foste re d by an a s so

,

c i a t i o n of New Yo rk den tist s w h o fu rni s he d the nece s sa ry

finan c ial b a cking I t was the ou tgrowth o f a de s i re to free

.

dental j ournalism from th e influence o f den tal supply hou s es -

an d other comme rcial inte rest s .

When othe r dental j ou rnals red uced thei r sub sc ri p t i on

p rice the I n te r n a ti on a l De n t a l jou r n a l was una ble t o meet the
,

reduc tion an d wa s di s con tin ue d a t the clo s e of the t wenty

,

s ixth volume December 1 90 5 The gap th us c reated was

, , .

immed iately filled by the I n st i tu te of St om a tol ogy o f New Yo rk

and th ree M a ssach usett s den tal societie s who b egan the p u b
.

l i c a t i o n of a q u a rte rly d ental j ou rnal entitled the jou r n a l of

t h e A lli e d De n t a l S oci e t i es wi th D r F L Bogue who h a d
, . . .
,

b een an active cont ribu tor to the old jou r n a l as editor , .

The e dito ri al s ta ff wa s gra d u ally enla rged t o incl u de a dozen

o r more able men an d othe r s ocietie s we re a d ded from time t o

time t h ese con stituting the A ss oci a t i on of A l l i e d De n t a l

,

S oci et i es I n c who ac te d a s owner s and p u bli s her s

, .
, .
1 74 HI S TOR Y “
OF DEN TI S TR Y
which time i t ha s been i ssued monthly I t i s regula rly sent
.

to every member o f the a s socia tion and also to non members -

in this country upon p ayment o f the sub sc ri ption p rice t w o ,

d olla rs per yea r Being the organ of the Na tional Denta l

.

Associa tion i t i s a s s ured o f a la rge ci rcula tion and ample

,

financial b acking factors which ma ke i t a ttractive t o the

,

ab lest writers in the dental p rofession I t i s well edi ted by

.

D r Otto U King and i ts cha racter and pu rpose a re too well

. .
,

known to need fu rther explanation .

M a n y o t h e r dental j ou rnals h ave appea red from time to

‘

time ; some h ave long since cea sed to be p ub lished and others
a re of comp a ratively recent origin The maj o ri ty o f these
.

h ave been the p r o p e r t y a n d means o f a dvertising the good s

o f va rious dental manufacturers and supply h ouses and ,

though us ed la rgely f o r a dvertising pu rposes they h ave ,

been fi lled with valuab le s c 1 e n t 1 fic papers th a t h ave con .

t ributed m u ch to the upb uilding o f dent i stry .

 C HAPTER X V .

DENTAL A SSOCIATION S AND SOCI ETI E S .

W E a re indeb ted to D r L Pa r m ly B rown ( De n t a l Cos mos

. .
,

August 1 9 2 0 ) for th e informa tion th a t th e ea rlies t d enta l

,

society to b e formed in this count ry wa s Th e So ci e t y of S u r g e on

D e n t i s t s of th e Ci t y an d S t a t e of N e w York founded December
‘

3, 1 834
1
.There seems to h ave b een another society of
dentists in we s tern New York State a b out 1 8 3 7 whi ch ,

became a fli li a t e d with the former society bu t j ust wha t ,

became o f the s e societies i s not exactly clea r Whether .

they di sb anded o r merged into the American Society of

Dental Surgeons i s n o t definitely known There c a n be b ut
.

little d oub t th at they formed th e nucleus from whi c h D rs .

Hayden and Ha rri s were able to organize the la tter a sso c i a

tion and to ob tain support for the fi r s t college and j ou rnal ,

since i t i s a ma tter o f record th a t most o f the m eetings look

ing toward the s e move s were held in New York City I t .

wa s also a t o n e o f these meetings th a t Dr Solyman B rown .

“ ”
fi rst suggested Why not h ave an independent dental college
, ,

when the medical colleges h a d refused to teach dentistry .

In the constitution and by laws of the New York Society

-

,
“
p rovi sion is made for granting diploma s and of doing and
performing such oth er acts a s may b e exp ressed in s ai d
”
ch a rter b ut there is no record th at thi s society eve r c a rried
,

o u t this p rovision . The society also pub lished a noti c e i n

’
Shea rj a sh ub Spooner s G u i d e t o Sou n d Te e t h ( New York ,
“
1 83 6 p , . which read in pa rt : The society h a s organized
itself a lib ra ry i s being established and a course o f le c tures
,
”
o n the subj ect o f the p rofession i s annually to be delivered .

AM ERI CAN S O CIE TY O F DEN TAL SUR G E O N S .

The fi rst so c iety of dentists o f n a tional scope wa s the -

Ameri c an Society o f Dental Surgeons orga nized in August

, ,

1 8 40 As ea rly a s 1 8 1 7 D r Hora c e H Hayden exp ressed

.
, . .

himself in favor o f s u ch an organization b ut nothing wa s ,

1 76 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
ac c o m plished a t th a t ti m e Howeve r due to the eff o rts o f .
,

Drs Hayden and Ha rri s and a numb er o f p rominent dentists

.

from several sta tes a meeting wa s held i n New York i n 1 8 40

, ,

a t which the American Society o f Dental Surgeons wa s

organized and D r Hayden wa s elected p re s i dent and D r
, . .

Ha rri s secreta ry D r Hayden continued a s p resi dent unti l

. .

hi s d ea th in 1 8 44 a fter which D r Eleazer Pa r m ly filled th a t

, .

position until 1 8 5 3 when D r Eli sh a Town s end wa s cho s en

,
.

p resid ent .

In 1 8 41 there wa s considerab le dis tu rb ance in rega rd to

,

the p rop ri e ty o f us ing amalga m a s a fi lling materi al and i n ,

1 8 43 the society p a ss ed a resolution condemning i ts use a s

,

malp rac tice and forbi d ding the s ame by i ts members As a .

re s ult the membership o f th e s ociety wa s reduced materi ally

until 1 8 50 when the a malgam p rotes t wa s resci nded b u t
, ,

thi s di d not sa tisfy the p rofe ss ion a t la r ge wi th the a ss oci a

’
tion s a tti tude in the ma tter a s am algam wa s a t th a t time ,

com i ng i nto general us e .

In M ay 1 8 5 5 D r Town s end then p resi dent ca lled a

, , .
, ,

mee ting to con s ider the di ss ol u tion o f th e s ociety At th e .

next meeting held in New York in A u g us t 1 8 5 6, a q u or u m

, ,

wa s not p resent and the s ociety adj o u rned s i n e di e .

In some recent resea rches into dental hi s to ry D r L , . .

Pa r m ly B rown ha s given us the following hi s to ry o f th e degree

d oct or of d e n t a l s u r ge r y Several denti s t s ma de use o f th e
.

” “ ” “ ” “
title o f doctor denti s t
,
s u rgeon denti s t and dental ,

surgeon p rior to 1 8 40 A B H ayden anno u nced himself a s . . .

“ ”
dental surgeon i n 1 8 2 8 b ut the fi rs t a uthenti c us e o f any ,

su c h title appea rs to h ave been when the American Society

o f Dental Su rgeon s wa s organized .

The original by laws o f the society p rovi de th a t Ea c h and

-

every acting Membe r o r Fellow o f the Society s hall

b e entitled to a Diploma o r Degree of Doctor o f Dental ,
” “
Surgery ; and th a t Each and every Honora ry Memb er
sh all receive the Diploma o r Degree o f Doctor o f
Dental Surgery by p aying therefor to the Treasurer o f the
,

”1
Society the sum o f Ten Dolla r s
, There can be no doub t .

I
Am . J ou r . De n t Sc i . .
, 1 , 1 65 .
1 78 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
the anti amalgam resolution b u t di d not forbi d i ts use I n
’
-

, .

1 8 47 , the society i s sued a q u a rterly p ublica ti o n the De n t a l ,

Re gi s te r of th e We s t I t soon b ecame the lea ding denta l

.

society o f the We s t and by i t s b road mindedness escaped

,
-

m u ch o f the tu rmoil which ch a racte rized th e American

Society o f Dental Su rgeons D r Je ss e W Cook wa s elected . . .

th e fi r s t p resident and D r James Taylor corresponding s ec

'

r e t a r y and th e society continued to hold meeting s regula rly

,

a t th e Ohio College of Dental Su rgery until 1 8 8 1 .

When organized this society h a d a la rge a rea f o r i ts a c t iv i

,

ties and i ts meetings fu rnished the only opportuni ty many

,

widely s ca ttered denti s t s h a d for socia l and p rofessional

intercour s e A s time p assed d ental societies were organi zed
.
,

a t va riou s p oint s th a t b rough t the s e opportunitie s nea rer

home and i t ceased t o h ave more th an a nominal exi stence
, .

The following from the De n t a l Rev i e w ( 1 8 9 5 9 3 2 6 ) may , ,

“
be con s i dered i t s obi t u a ry : The ce leb ra tion o f the fi ftieth
anniver s a ry o f the Mi s sissippi Valley Dental Society a t ,

Cincinnati Ap ri l 1 7 and 1 8 ,
wa s highly su ccessfu l .

The a d d re ss o f the p re s i dent D r Taft wa s timely and s ug , .

,

g e s t iv e Several scienti fi c p apers were rea d and the hi story

.
,

o f the s ociety and interes ting remini s cences from some o f

it s older member s received the clo s es t a tt ention from th e

more than one h u nd red in a ttend ance D r Cu s ter exhibi ted . .

hi s new porcelain furnace and b a ked a piece successfully

”
b efore the a u dience .

The following yea r Ap ril 1 5 and 1 6 i t held a meeting for

, ,

the p u rpose o f unveiling a tab let in hono r of D r Jame s .

Taylor wh o di d so much t o b u ild u p the p rofession in th at

,

s ection o f th e c ou nt r y Thi s wa s a fi tting close t o it s long

.

and honorab le ca reer and wa s the la s t meeting o f which we

h ave any record .

D r Henry T Smith wa s sec reta ry a t the t i me of di s b anding

. .

an d retains th e record s a t 1 1 6 Ga rfield Place Cincinnati 0 , , .

AM ERI C AN D E N TAL C O N V EN TI O N .

Thi s was the second na tional s ociety o f dental su rgeons

in the United Sta te s and was organized in ant i c i p a t i on o f
,
 DEN TA L A SSOCI A TI ON S A N D S OCI E TI ES 1 79

the failure of the fi rst d ue to the a rbitrary rulings o f i t s ,

leaders I t wa s organized a t a meeting held in Philadelphi a

.
,

—
Augu s t 2 4 1 8 5 5 o n fa r m o r e d e m o c r a t i c p rinci ple s t h an
, ,
'

was its p redecessor D r Townsend was i ts chief organi z e r . . .

D r Joh n S Cla rk o f New Orleans wa s elected p resi dent

. .
, , ,

and M r J M Crowell o f New York secreta ry Thi s

. . .
, , .

convention included in its memb ership scienti fic men who

were not denti s t s but wh o we re engaged in closely allied
work More th an eighty dentists j oined the convention a t
.

i ts fi rs t meeting and we a re told tha t when the thi rd s es s ion

,

wa s held a t B o s ton o n e h u nd red and ninety names were on ,

the roll .

The fi rs t ob structive rock i n th e cou rse o f th e convention

w a s in 1 8 5 6 when an a ttemp t wa s ma de to p rovi de a fund for
,

s c ientific resea rch Thi s wa s obj ected to o n the ground th a t

.

w e should d o o u r own thinking ins tea d o f p aying other s to

d o i t for us .

There wa s also much complaint th a t the p roceedings were

not in keeping wi th the p rogress o f th e d ay in other b ranch es
“
o f science D r J H M c Q u ille n complained th a t Socia l
. . . .

and poli tical d ogma s th a t h ave stood Undi stu rbed for cen
t u r ie s recognized of all men a s true and real vani sh into
, ,
”
thin ai r b efore the s ha rp sc rutiny o f modern inqui ry .

There wa s a feeling th at the conventi on wa s a failure b u t ,

from enti rely di ff erent c auses from tho s e th a t wrecked th e

Ame ri c an Society o f Dental Su rgeons The s ociety c o n .

tin n ed in existence until 1 8 76 when i t s eem s to h ave been ,

a b andoned beca u se o f the more p rogressive Ame ri can Denta l

Association I t wa s appa rently conceived a t an ina us picious
.

ti m e and rocked in the cra dle o f a dversity while thi s co u ntry

,

w a s passing th rough s ome trying ti me s Conside ring this .

,

and the fac t th a t i t wa s a grea t s timulu s and help t o many

of o u r p rofession i t shoul d not be re ga rded a s a fail u re
, .

AM ERI C AN D EN TAL AS S OCI ATI O N .

The Ame rican Dental Asso c iation one of the forerunne rs ,

of o u r p resent Na tional Dental Associa tion wa s fo u nded a t ,

1 80 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
’
Ni aga ra Falls in August 1 8 5 9 a s a re s ult of the eff orts of , ,

D r J H M c Q u i l le n of Phila delph ia and others I t met

. . .
, , .

with much opposition esp ecially from the members o f the ,

American Dental Convention in session there a t the sa me

time and to c orrect so m e of the obj ectionab le fea tures of
,

which thi s new a ssocia tion wa s organized Due to the state .

of wa r which lasted from 1 8 6 1 to 1 8 6 5 meetings were not ,

regula rly held o r well a ttended the a ttend ance of o n e hund red ,

and twenty four a t Chicago in 1 8 6 5 being the high wa ter

- -

ma rk a t tha t ti m e .

So wisely wa s i ts organization ca rried o u t and i ts obj ects

set forth th a t i ts influence in the a dvancement of dentistry
,

i s s ca rcely mea su rab le I t sough t wi sely to avoi d the ro c ks .

th at h a d wrecked the t w o p receding associa tions of the same

kind .

I ts membership being comp osed o f d elegates from other

so c ieties and also o f permanent me m bers furnished a mos t
, ,

a d mi rab le meth od o f a dvancing denti stry a s a p rofession ,

and i ts growth and usefulness we re uninterrup ted save d uring ,

the Civi l Wa r until i t wa s merged into o u r National Denta l

,

Associa tion in 1 8 9 7 D r Thoma s Fi lle b r ow n a memb er o f

. .
,

the American Dental A s soci a tion wa s in s tr u mental in b ring ,

ing ab out thi s con s olid a tion o f the two societie s .

SO UTH ER N DENTAL AS S O CI ATI O N .

The Southern Dental Associ ation the other b ranch o f o u r ,

p re sent National Dental Associ ation wa s organized a t ,

Atlanta Georgia o n July 2 8 1 8 69 The organization wa s

, , , .

la rgely b rough t a bout by the eff orts o f D r W T Arrington . . .

,

of Memp hi s Tenn D r Jame s F Knapp o f New Orleans

, . . .
, ,

wa s the fi rst p resi dent ; D r W H Morgan vice p resident ; . . .

,
-

and D r F J S Gorga s o f B altimore secreta ry The initial

. . . .
, , .

membershi p o f the so c iety consisted o f forty eigh t and -

included in thi s numbe r were such men a s the o fli c e r s na med

above and m any others o f like reput ation .

I t s oon outgrew i ts b ounds a s a Southern organization and ,

increa sed in nu m b ers and territory until i t became as much

1 82 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
is the question o f an inc rea s e in membership o f this a ssocia
tion Fo r a numb er o f yea r s there h a s been a d ispo s ition
.

o n the pa rt o f many memb er s o f the p rofession whether con ,

mee r ed wi th the National Dental A ss oci a tion or not to form ,

a new national organi z a tion on the ground th a t this a ssoci a

tion i s na rrow and so limited in i t s membershi p th at i t d oes
not fai rly rep resent th e dental p rofe s sion o f this country .

Dr Ge or ge E S a v a ge p re s ident o f the Massa c husetts

. .
,

Den ta l Society i n hi s p residenti al a d d res s in June 1 9 0 8

, , ,

ma de the fi r s t recommend ation rela tive to the reorganization

of the National Dental Associ ation I n acco rd ance wi th his .

recommend ation s o n July 2 8 1 90 8 the M a ssachusetts

, , ,
‘

Dental Society peti tioned the National Dental Associ ation

for the app roval of th e following su gge s tion s and resolution s :
‘
1 Th a t s tep s b e ta ken i mmedia tely to establi sh a r e p r e
.

se n t a t i v e journal o f the s ociety .

“
2 .Th a t s tep s b e ta ken immedia tely to reorganize th e
society an d enla rge i t s membership .

“
3 Th a t s u c h ta ri ff ch anges b e made a s the foregoing
.

ch anges may render necessa ry .

“
4 .Th a t th e reorganization o f th e s ociety sh all b e along
the line s o f th e Americ an Medical Asso c i a tion an d th a t all
member s in good s tanding o f s tate dis trict and county ,

societies and su ch other s ocieties a s may b e determined upon

, ,

b e eligib le f o r membership in the Na tional Dental As s ocia

”
ti on .

D r Willi a m Ca rr wa s the fi r s t p residen t of the Na tional

.

'

Dental Associ a tion to ma ke specifi c rec ommen d ation s rel a

tive to reo rganizing the society The s e were p re s ented to .

the society i n hi s a d d re s s i n 1 90 8 a t the meeting held in ,

B o s ton I t wa s a t thi s meeting th a t the recommend a tions

.

made by the M a ss ach us etts Dental Society were p resented

and ad opted .

The fi r s t committee o n revision o f the con s titution and

by law s con s i s ted of D rs J D Paterson ch ai rman ; B Holly
-
. . .
, .

Smith an d S A Hop kin s . Thi s committee was afte rwa rd

. .

enla rged to five by the a d di tion of Dr s R O t t o l e n g u i an d . .

Homer C B rown . .
 DE N TA L A SS OCI A TI ON S A N D SOCI E TI ES 1 83

Dr . p re s ented the fi rst d raft o f the

Rod r i gu e z Ottol e n gu i
constitution and by laws modeled u pon th e con s ti t u tion o f
-

the Ame ri c an Medical As s oci a tion a t the Boston meeting

in 1 90 8 D r O t t o le n g u i was also the most a rdent su pporter
. .
,

editori ally th ro u gh I te ms of I n te r es t o f the reorganiza tion o f

, ,

the National Dental A ss oci a tion At thi s time th e total .

membership wa s about s even h u nd red o u t o f a total o f thi rty

six thousand p racti s ing denti s t s in thi s co u nt ry At the 1 90 8 .

meeting D r V E Tu rner o f Raleigh N C wa s elected

, . . .
, , . .
,

p resi dent an d i t was du r ing hi s a d minis t ra tion th at the

,

work of reorganization wa s s et in motion b ut f o r two yea r s ,

thereafter not much p rogre ss wa s ma de b eyond app ointing

commi ttees and a rousing s ent iment .

In 1 9 1 0 President B u r ton Le e Th or pe in hi s a d d re ss referred

,

to the reorganization matter and s poke a s follow s ,

“
At this session i t wa s p ropo s ed to reorganize thi s society
on b roader lines ma king i t s s cope and ch a racter more r e p r e
,

se n t a t iv e th u s extending the field o f denti s t ry a nd rende ring

,

more honorable se rvice t o the pub li c health Th e ma tte r o f

th e p ropo s ed rev ision o f the con s ti t u tion and by—
.

law s h a s
been under consideration f o r t w o yea r s .

“
On account o f the meager and u n s atisfactory re s ponse s ,

and eviden t di s in c lina tion o n the p a rt o f the va rio u s s ta te

s ocieties to ac c ep t the p ropo s ed p lan of revi s ion i t seem s t o ,

me th a t i t would be th e p a rt o f wi s dom t o defer action f o r

another yea r and in the meanti me invi te all s tate s ocietie s to
,

send rep resenta tives to a conference meeting to be called

before the next annual s ession and thereby endeavor to ,

formulate ch ange s and modifi ca ti ons which will receive the

a pp roval of the va rious state organiza ti on s and the p rofe s sion
generally .

“
Th reats h ave b een made by s ome th a t if thi s s ociety i s
n o t reorganized according to the plan o f the American Medical
”
A s socia tion a rival association will b e the ulti ma te re s u lt .

Dr H om e r C B r ow n corre s ponding and la ter recording

. .
,

s ecreta ry of the Na tional Dental As socia tion i s enti tled to ,

speci al mention beca u se of hi s splendi d ad m inis trative work .

Dr B rown a t th e Denver meeting appealed to all sta te

.
, ,
1 84 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
s ocieties invi ting them to coopera te for defini te result s and
,

to send delegate s to the conference i n Cleveland in 1 9 1 1 .

After the plan s f o r reorganization h ad been tentatively

a dopted a t Cleveland D r B rown waged a vigorou s camp aign
, .

th ro u gh correspondence and by visit ing va riou s state societies ,

thu s s ec u ring ac tion which re su lted i n the consumma tion o f

the enti re reorganization plan .

There we re many other loya l men in o u r p rofession who

nob ly a s s i s ted in helping to achieve succes s in thi s grea t
u nderta king and sho u ld b e given c redi t f o r the s igna l work
,

done in va riou s s ta te organizations .

Prior to the Cleveland meetin g in 1 9 1 1 six societie s h aving , ,

thirteen hund red and eigh t y member s voted to unite with ,

the Na tional Dental Associ ation if i t reorganized Of th ese .

,

M aine Vermont and M a ss ach u sett s p romi s ed t o b ring in

,

thei r enti re member s hi p .

Ohio wa s th e fi r s t s t a te to p a s s a resolution appointing

a delegate and alterna te and endorsing the plan th a t memb ers
o f a s ta te or local s ociety may be eligib le to j oin the Na tional ,

p rovided the fee b e not more th an t wo dolla rs ann u ally .

Another noteworthy fact i s th a t th e National Den tal Asso

ci a t i on in it s revi s ion work followed the constit u tion and
by law s o f the Ameri can Medical Assoc i at i on p repa ring one
-

which wa s almo s t a d uplica te o f i t .

Thi s re su lted in a complete reorganiza tion of the a s so

c i a t i o n a t the meeting held in Wa shington D C in 1 9 1 2 , . .
, ,

a n d th e ve s ting o f authority in a house o f delega te s to b e

elected by th e component societies t wenty fiv e of which h a d ,

-

s ignified a willingness t o become a ffi li ated Member s of the .

a rmy and navy dental corp s and other s o f like s tanding were
made eligi ble and th e d ues to a ll we re p u t a t o n e d olla r per
,

yea r each member t o receive th e jou r n a l free o f cos t pub li

, ,

cation o f which wa s p rovi ded f o r in the new constitution .

The following o ffi cers were elected : Pre s ident D r Home r

C B rown Columb u s Ohio ; fi rs t vice —
, .

.
, p re s ident D r Ch a rles
, , .

C Allen Kansa s City Mo ; s e c ond vice p resi dent D r M

.
, , .
-

, . .

L Rhein New York Ci ty ; thi rd vice p resident D r H H

.
,
-

, . . .

Johnson M acon G a ; general s ecreta ry D r Otto U King

, , .
, . .
,
1 86 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

Due credi t must be given t o the a dminis tra tive o fli c e r s w h o

h ave cond ucted th e a ff ai rs o f the National Dental A s socia
tion since i ts reorganiza tion in 1 9 1 2 The s e men h ave felt .

the responsibility o f leader s hip and h ave nob ly disch a rged

thei r duty t o the p rofes s ion and h u manity .

On July 1 7 1 9 1 6 the due s we re increa s ed to two dolla r s

, ,

per memb er to b ecome eff ective Janua ry 1 1 9 1 7 in order to

, , ,

p rovi de fund s for a r ese a r ch i n s ti tu t e The a ss ocia tion even

.

before it s reorganiza tion h a d a com mi tte e on s ci e n tific r ese a r ch ,

which made an extended report o u s cientifi c inve s tigation s

'

o f s aliva in 1 9 1 1 . These and other inve s tiga tion s were co n

d ucted by thi s commi ttee unti l Sep tember 2 5 1 9 1 5 when , ,

the Re s ea rch In s titute o f th e Na tional Denta l As s ociation

became a corporate b ody I t h a d an endowment o f b uilding s
.

and eq u ipment valued a t an d one o f the greate s t

s teps fo r w a rd in dental a dvancement wa s ma de when o n ,

Feb rua ry 7 1 9 1 6 th e in s tit u te wa s formally opened a t

, ,

8 8 0 3 E u clid Avenue Cleveland Ohio

, ,
By J u ne 2 0 1 9 1 6
.
, ,

the re s ea rch fu nd h a d reached the s um o f which wa s

”

to b e u sed f o r sala ries of technici an s and lab ora tory expenses .

M u ch valuab le work wa s d one by the in s titute in investi

gating sub s titute s for platin u m an d the disease p rod u cing -

possibilities o f mouth b acteria .

Despi te the good work d one by the Re s ea rch In s titute i t

met wi th di s couragement and the following i s q u oted from
,

the a d d re ss of Colonel Logan p re s ident o f the Na tional

,

Dental A ss ocia tion a t B oston i n 1 9 2 0

“
I am n o t ma king any exc us e s for o u r s plendi d re s ea rch
workers f o r they h ave accompli s hed wonder s in thei r va rious
,

field s I am simply a ttemp ting to s tim u la te s ome faint

.

hea rts th a t h ave b ecome c ritical because o f the t o them - -

poverty o f re s ult s th a t h ave been a ttained By reason of .

the work o f o u r resea rch men we h ave a ttained a position in

the mind s of scientific men th a t we would never h ave reached
in any other way and i t 1 8 o u r d uty and should b e o u r pleasure
,

to support them in every pos s ible manner I therefore .

’
bespea k f o r th e Resea rch Commi ss ion in i ts va riou s activi ties
 DEN TA L A SS OCI A TI ON S A N D S OC I E TI ES 1 87

the ea rnest support and coopera tion o f every member o f th e

Asso c iation .

“
The Resea rch Insti tute of the National Dental Association
h as resolved to di sc On t i n u e i t s activi ties and dispose of i t s
p roperties and tu rn the p roceed s over to th e Resea rch Com
mission for the p rosecuti on o f thei r work The institute h a s
.

not been a failure by any means and its a ss ets which will
, ,

be the p roperty o f the Na tional Dental Association from this

ti m e h ave more th an doubled The purch a se of the b uilding
, .

at Cleveland was a good pie c e o f b usiness f o r the p roperty

, ,

whi c h wa s b ough t a t a p rice o f $ 5 2 000 i s n ow worth $ 1

, ,
“
Th e hope i s exp ressed th a t si m ila r institutions will be
inaugurated in va r io us s ection s o f the country to a ttemp t to
ca rry on th e work th a t the institute wa s designed to d o .

There wa s in thi s announce m ent a feeling o f disappoint

m ent for there wa s considerable senti m ent c onnected with
,

the o ri ginal plans announced i n the inception o f this i n s t i t u

tion The Resea rch Institute wa s inspec ted by the Ca rnegie
.

Found ation and received an a dverse report relative to meeting

the requi rements o f th a t institution for finan c i al a ssis tance .

The o fli c e r s and t ru stees of b oth th e Insti t u te and the Na tiona l

Dental A s soci ation deci ded th a t i t woul d be many yea rs
‘

before the d ental p rofession would be ab le t o meet th e requi re

ments outlined by th e Ca rnegie Corpora ti on I n view of .

th e fact th at the instit u te wa s not going to b e in a position

to receive endowment s from philanth ropic sou rce s i t wa s ,

though t bes t to sell o r lease th e same The a sset s included

.

in the Resea r c h Institute rep resent an endowment from which

the p rofession will always receive an annual inco m e Thi s .

disposition o f the Resea rc h Institute a ssets ma d e it p ossible

to g ive immedia te a ssi stance t o other scientifi c workers in the
dental field .

La r ge r a pp r op r i a t i on s will b e available for resea rch work

in the form o f grants to tho s e institutions o r individuals
qualified to d o such work A dental college or individ ua l
.

d oing real s cientific work and d esi ring financial a ssistance

can appeal to the Resea rch Co m mission for an ap p rop ri a tion .

The change in the plans of our resea rch work in no way

1 88 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
a ff e c ts the contrib utions being mad e by sta te societies for
resea rch The Resea r c h Commission i s collecting from the
.

membersh i p app roximately a yea r This together.

with the money received from the interest o n the Resea rch
Institute Fund will ma ke a greatly increased s um o f money
for resea r c h each yea r The cos t o f maintaining and oper
.

a ting the Resea rch In s titute will now go di rect to resea rch
work Ad ditional grant s h ave al rea dy been given to uni
.

v e r si t i e s and indivi d ual s s o th at there s hould b e d uring th e

,

coming yea r an inc rea sed spi ri t of re s ea rch permeating the

dental p rofe s sion .

Th e m on t hly jou r n a l h a d i t s incep tion when the Na tional

Dental A ss ocia tion, in 1 9 1 3 conferred o n th e s ec reta ry the
,

p rivilege o f pub lishing a li ttle b ulletin For eigh teen yea rs

.

the j ournal committee o f th e Na tional Dental Associa tion

h a d been endeavoring to estab lish i t s ow n mouth piece b ut ,
“ ”
each yea r ma de a b rief report a s king to b e continued .

However with the inaugura tion of the B u ll e t i n the pl an wa s

,

conceived th a t thi s could very easily b e m a d e th e founda tion

for a month ly magazine th a t would be owned and controlled
by the dental p rofession The jou r n a l h a s grown and devel
.

oped from a small bulletin to a q ua rterly j ournal and from a

q ua rterly j ournal to a month ly j ournal whi c h tod ay h a s the
l a rgest ci rcula tion by th ous and s o f any dental magazine
p u b lished The a dverti s ing p age s in the jou r n a l of th e
.

N a t i o n a l De n t a l A ssoci a t i on co m mand a higher ra te th an

th at of any other dental magazine Expert accountant s wh o
.

h ave b een called i n t o investigate th e assets and the good

w ill report tha t i t i s n ow worth over
The a ssets o f the Na tional Dental Associ ation in the l ast
seven yea rs h ave increa sed from p ractically nothing to ove r
Plans were l aid a t the annu al meet i ng i n Boston
in 1 9 2 0 for the raising of an endowment o f d uring
the next five yea rs Such a fund should establish the Nationa l
.

Dental Associ ation on a fi rm b anking and business b asi s and

so b ring soli d a rity to th e organization I n fact i t will b e
.
,

a ble by su c h a plan to duplica te wh at the A m erican Medica l

Associa tion ha s done for medicine .
1 90 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
in th e De n t a l Re v i e w f o r July 1 88 8 and an editorial by D r , , .

E C Ki rk a re ab out all the contribution s upon this subj e c t

. .

up to tha t time The in c entive for the organization o f the

.

Na tiona l School o f Dental Technics came from the rea ding

of two p apers by D r B lack the o n e referred to above an d
.
,
’
the other rea d a t the World s Columbi an Den tal Congress
in Chicago August 1 8 1 8 93 , , .

I t wa s a t thi s meeting th a t the organiza tion fi rs t took

pla c e and the society wa s then known as the N a t i on a l Sch ool
of De n t a l Te ch n i cs D r H A Smi th was selected a s tempo
. . . .

ra ry c h ai rman D r D M Ca ttell wa s ele c ted p resident and

,
. . .

D r J A Dale se c reta ry The membershi p w a s li mited a t

. . . .

th a t time to colleges belonging to the National Ass o c ia tion

o f Dental Faculties and all members of th a t b ody were
,

invi ted to become a ff i lia ted The work of the sc ho ol wa s .

ca rried on vigorously f o r several yea rs and wa s d evoted to

the b es t method s o f tea ching operative and p ros thetic tech
nics and by i ts eff orts technic course s were es tablished in
, ,

all dental sch o ol s wi thin a few yea rs .

At the meeting in Cincinnati December 2 8 2 9 1 8 9 8 th e — , , ,

field o f dental ped agogics h aving b roadened in the meantime ,

a motion wa s ca rried to amend t h e constitution and c all th e

a ss oci ation the I n st i t u te of De n t a l P e d a gog i cs and the scope .

o f th e organization wa s enla rged to include method s of teach

ing all o f the subj ects then included in the dental curriculum .

The in s titute i s not a legislative b ody in any sense b ut ,

i ts work lie s in i ts memb ers being mutually b enefi ted by

an interch ange o f though t and a comp a rison o f m ethod s of
teaching th e subj ects in thei r respective fields Membership .

i s ma de up p rin c ip ally of c ol lege faculties a s a whole ra ther

th an indivi dual members of fa c ulties and the pe rsonnel con ,

sists o f s uch delega tes a s may b e appointed each yea r by the

respe c tive faculties Several men however h ave been ma de
.
, ,

permanent o r life members because of di stinguished o r

meritorious services .

At the meeting of th e Ins titute of Dental Ped agogics in

December 1 90 8 a committee wa s appointed to es ta b li sh a
, ,
 DEN TA L A S S OCI A TI ON S A N D S OCI E TI ES 1 91

dental inde x bu rea u follow ing a p aper rea d before the

,

insti tute o n th a t s ubj ect by D r Art h u r D Black of Chica go . .

, ,

the plan being to p repa re ca rd indexe s according to subj ects

and authors o f all o f the more i mportant a rti c les in denta l
magazines b ut nothing decisive wa s accomplished a t th a t
,

time At the annual meeting held in Chicago Janua ry 2 4

.
, ,

1 91 2,
a movement wa s inaugura ted to c h ange the name to
the Ame rican A s socia tion o f Dental Teacher s b ut this wa s ,

not acco m plished until Janua ry 2 9 1 9 1 4 when the name , ,

A m e r i ca n I n s t i tu t e of De n t a l Te a ch e r s wa s a dopted ins tea d .

At th e Pi ttsb urgh meeting o f the in s titute d uring the la st ,

week o f Janua ry 1 9 1 8 mos t o f i t s a ttention was given to

, ,

pos tgra d u ate teaching and wa r dentistry these subj ects h av ,

ing a ssumed great importan c e by rea s on of ou r e n t r y i n t o the ‘

World Wa r and the need of quickly training a la rge nu m b er

o f denti st s for milita ry se rvice .

I n d e x of D e n t a l L i t e r a tu r e — Unde r the auspices o f th e .

in s ti tute D r Arthur D B lack p resident and D r Ab ra m

, . .
, , .

Ho ff man s ec reta ry h ave in a d dition t o thei r other duties

, , , ,

recently underta ken a systema ti c indexing o f all d ental

litera ture in the English language which index is b eing p IIb ,

li sh e d in book form The fi rs t volume cove ring the period

.
,

from 1 9 1 1 to 1 9 1 5 inclusive h a s been i ssued and others a re ,

u nder p rep a ration and will be i ss u ed a s rapidly a s p ossi ble .

The in s ti t u te h a s al s o ta ken an acti ve p a rt in secu ring th e

a dop tion o f th e fo u r yea r course in o u r colleges and more
-

uniform cou r s es o f study therein The e s tab lishing of tech .

ni c courses h as been o f grea t value in i tsel f and the institute ,

h a s exerted tremend o u s influence in gradually unifying

teaching method s The work which i s still being ca rried o n
.

by s tanding committees dea ling with the unifi c a tion o f cou rses
,

and s yllab i an d th e s tand a rdizati on o f in s truments and

college bulletins i s ob taining excellent res u lts The work o f
, .

the c omm i t t ee o n nomencla ture h a s been noteworthy and ,

i ts report of s ome yea rs ago stand a rdizing a la rge numb er of ,

dental te rms ha s been o f grea t v alue both in teaching an d in

,

dental litera tu re .
 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

N ATI O N AL AS S O CI ATI O N O F DEN TAL F ACULTI E S .

The organizat i on of thi s a sso c ia tion took place in New

York Ci ty Augus t 4 1 8 8 4 and h a d for i ts pu rpose the
, , ,

a doption o f uniform requi rement s for gra d ua tion A number .

of the mos t important dental colleges ten a t the beginning , ,

eff ected the organization and p rovision was ma de fo r admi t ,

ting such oth er colleges a s met wi th the req ui rements o f th e

constitution D r C N Peir c e wa s elected p resi den t and
. . . .

D r H A Smi th secreta ry At thi s time the c ou rse c o n

. . . .

’
sisted o f two yea rs and the custom o f accep ting five yea rs
,

p ractice as equivalent to o n e yea r of college work wa s di s

continued .

In 1 8 8 9 by i ts a c tion the dental course wa s extend ed to

, ,

cove r th ree yea rs o f not less th an five months each this rule ,

to be c ome eff ective wi th the session o f 1 8 9 1 —1 8 9 2 In 1 8 9 6 .

1 8 9 7 the s c hool yea r wa s inc reased to six month s

-
and i t ,

wa s also de c ided th a t no person coul d b e a membe r o f the

fa c ulty o f any dental college an d also a membe r o f a s ta te
boa rd of dental examiners The length o f the term wa s .

inc reased from six to s even month s to become opera tive in ,

899 —1
1 900 .

By 1 900 the number o f s c hool s in the a sso c ia tion wa s thi rty

,
1 2 —
seven and i t wa s decided th a t in 90 1 9 0 3 the p relimina ry
edu c ational requi rement o f s tudents s houl d c onsis t o f not
less th an a t w o yea r high s chool course At a session o f
- -
.

the a ssoci ation in August 1 90 1 a resolution wa s a dop ted to , ,

increase the dental c ourse to fou r yea rs to b ecome e ff e c tive ,

—
in 90 4 1 90 5 ; b u t a t a spe c i al meeting which convened July
1

4 1, 0
9 4 thi s action, wa s rescinded In 1 9 7
0 th e p relimina ry .
,
’
requi re m ents were raised to th ree yea rs high s c hool work to -

go into eff ec t the s ame yea r and in 1 90 8 i t wa s ordered th a t ,

each s c hool yea r s h all consist o f not less than thi rty t w o weeks -

of six d ays ea c h of actual school work , .

Du ring the pa st few ye a rs the p relimina ry req ui re m ents

h ave been raised to a fou r yea r high sc hool course or i ts - -

equivalent and i t h as b een d ecreed th a t b eginning wi th th e

,
 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

The s tand a rd o f p relimina ry ed ucation a dopted wa s a fou r

yea r high sch ool course o r i t s eq uivalent At th e 1 9 1 0 meet
-
.

ing a r e sol u t i o n _w a s introd uced to amend the by laws s o a s

,
-

t o a dmi t college s accep table t o the Ca rnegie Found a tion .

At thi s meeting th e que s tion o f extending the cou rse o f denta l

in s truction t o fou r yea r s wa s also ta ken up .

At th e annual meeting in I owa Ci ty M a r c h 8 1 9 1 1 the , , ,

re s ol u tion introduced a t th e p rec eding meeting wa s p assed

a dmitting college s accep table to the Ca rnegie Found ation ,

an d a resolution wa s a dop ted app roving o n e yea r o f pos t

’
gra d u a te wo rk i n lie u of a fo u r yea rs cou rse at th a t time .

At the Bo s ton meeting Ap ril 1 9 1 3 the q uestion of s tand a rd

, , ,

izing a fo u r yea r p redenta l co u rse wa s ta ken u p a s al s o the

-

q u es tion of the ra ting o f s t u dent s from foreign s chools At .

thi s time the numbe r o f s chools belonging t o the a s s ociation

wa s s ix and one a d diti onal applica tion wa s o n fi le I n
, .

Feb rua ry 1 9 1 5 a t Phi ladelphi a the a ssoci a tion voted to

, , ,

begi n a fo u r yea r cou r s e in denti stry a s s oon a s possible and

-

never cea s ed in it s eff ort s to s ec u re a b roa de r and b etter

ed u ca tion f o r denti s t s and i t wa s la rgely th rough its eff orts
,

—
th a t begi nning with the s chool yea r o f 1 9 1 7 1 9 1 8 the course
in denti s try wa s increa s ed t o fo u r yea r s consi s ting o f a t least
,

forty fou r h un d red ho u r s o f labo ra tory an d did actic instr u ction

-
.

N ATI O N AL AS S O CI ATI O N O F DENTAL EXAM I NER S .

The National A ss ociation o f Dental Examiners wa s organ

i z e d a t Lexington Ky and s hortly thereafte r a meeting wa s
, .
,

hel d on Augu s t 6 1 8 8 3 a t Ni aga ra Falls f o r the pu rpose of

, , ,

perfecting the organiza tion a t which meeting D r J Ta ft

,
. .

was elected p re s ident and D r George H Cushing sec reta ry

. . .

The obj ect o f thi s a s s oci ation wa s to p r o m Ot e co ope ration

among the va rious state b oa rd s in s e c u ring a higher s tand a rd
o f ed ucation and uniform q u alifica tions o f dental p racti ti oner s .

The membership o f the a ss ociation consi s ted o f the boa rd s

o f examiner s of the va rious s ta te s .

The most; notable a c hievement s o f this associa tion so fa r

h ave been the interchange o f licen s es b etween boa rd s and
 DEN TA L A SS OCI A TI ON S A N D SOCI E TI ES 1 95

the tabulation of the results of the examination o f s tudents

from all the colleges for the purpose o f a scertaining which
,

a re doing mo s t e ffi cient work Du ring 1 9 1 6 the tab ulating

.

commi ttee o f th e National Asso c ia tion o f Dental Examiners

made an extensive report o n the standing o f t h e va riou s
dental college s before the state boa rd s s howing the average
,

percentage o f fail u re s to be The report o f the s ame

commi ttee f o r the yea r 1 9 1 7 showed a percentage o f failu re s
of an i mp rovement over the 1 9 1 6 report They also .

ma de a combined report for the yea r s 1 9 1 0 to 1 9 1 7 inclusive ,

showing the percentage o f failu re s f o r th at pe riod to be

These report s fo rmed the b asis for the cla ss ification o f dental
colleges which wa s announced by the Dental E ducationa l
,

Coun c il o f Ameri ca a t Chicago in July 1 9 1 8 and wi thout i t

, ,

a cla ssification would h ave been nea rly o r quite impossi ble .

On M ay 1 3 1 9 1 7 the Na tional A ss oc ia t ion o f Denta l

, ,

Exa miners in speci al se s sion a rranged to hold such speci al

, ,

sessions a s may be necessa ry for examination o f al l applicants

w h o h ave been p roperly certi fied f o r graduation and to make
su c h other p rovision as may b e nece ss a ry t o p rotect th e
interests of denti sts entering o r honorab ly disch a rged from
the milita ry se rvice .

I t is la rgely due to th e eff orts o f thi s a ssocia tion tha t highe r

ed ucationa l standa rd s h ave been a dop ted both for entrance
and graduation requi rement s d u ring the past few yea rs .

D EN TAL EDUCATI O N AL C O UN CI L .

The Dental Ed uca tional Coun c il o f America wa s o rganized

a t Denver Colo in July 1 9 1 0 an d consi s ted of a com
, .
, , ,

m i t t e e of five delegates each from the National Asso c iation

of Denta l Faculties the Na tional Association o f Denta l
,

Examine rs a nd the N ational Dental Association The .

obj ects o f this council a re t o advan c e dental ed ucation and

to uni fy the standa rd s of va rious na tiona l bodies of the
dental p rofession to inspect va rious d ental colleges w ith a
,

view to a sce rt a ining the ch a ra c te r o f the w ork done to ,

pe rfect a model Curri culu m and to ma ke a study of the denta l

1 96 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
laws o f the va rious sta te s f o r the pu rpose o f se c u ring grea ter
uni formi ty of the same One o f th e mos t important a c hieve
.

m ents o f the council h as been the examination and c l a s sifi

-

c ation o f o u r va rious dental educational instit u tions At the

’

meeting o f the Dental Ed uca tional Council of Americ a a t

Chicago July 1 9 1 8 a cla ssification o f dental schools wa s
, , ,

a dop ted in whi c h sixteen schools we re pl aced in class A ,

twenty seven in clas s B and fou r in cla ss C

-
.

The lengthening o f the dental ed u cational cou rse from

th ree to four yea rs beginning wi th the s ession o f 1 9 1 7—1 9 1 8
, ,

wa s another important accomplish ment This action was .

u rged by the bodies composing the council a nd by the Ameri

can Insti tute o f Dental Teachers A s ea rly a s 1 9 1 5 several .

o f the lea ding univer s i ties deci ded to begin the fou r yea rs

cou rse in the fa ll o f 1 9 1 7 and all of the dental societies o f ,

na tional scope h a d committed themselves in favor o f lengthen

ing the den tal curriculum By the time the fall term 1 9 1 7 .

opened p ractically all o f th e reputable sch ool s h ad a rranged

,

to extend thei r cou rse o f s t u dy to fou r yea r s o f thi rty th ree -

week s each .

DEN TAL PR O TECTI V E ASS O CI ATI O N S O F TH E

U NI TED S TATES .

The Dental Protective Association o f the United Sta tes

'

w a s organized by D r J N C r ous e o f Chicago in 1 8 8 8 wh en

. . .
, , ,

i t was quite c ommon for p atent cl aimants to colle c t unj ust

and exorbi tant royaltie s from the members o f the den tal
p rofession The memories o f t h e exactions of the Goodyea r
.

Dental Vulcanite Co under th e Cummings p atent were .

s till in the mind s o f the p rofession and the c laims of the

.
,

International Tooth Crown Co which controlled p atents on .

,

the Richmond crown and Low b ri dge th rea tened to renew ,

these ab uses unless something wa s done .

D rs J N Crouse Truman W B rophy and E D Swain

. . .
, . . .

were made a boa rd o f di re c tors and Ho n Lyman J Gage . .

be c ame treasurer The fee wa s $ 1 0 for each member and

. ,

over s even tho us and dentists j oined th e a ss ocia tion Since .

1 98 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
Tagga rt and thus perverting the fu nction o f the Dental
Protective Associ ation from it s p u rpose of p rote c ting the
p rofession agains t opp ressive and illegal p a tent s and ad mon ,

i sh e d the memb er s o f the p rofession to awai t the outcome

of t h e Tagga rt B oynton s uit Shortly thereafter thi s sui t
-
.

wa s decided in favor o f the defend ant and the p restige o f the

Dental Protective A s soci ation an d i ts o ff i cer s suff e red a dis
tinct reverse though i t can h a rd ly b e ch a rged th a t D r Crou s e
,
.

’
acted other th an wh at he though t t o b e f o r the p rofession s
be s t interest D u ring his life D r Crouse wa s o n e of th e
.
, .

founders and p resi dent o f the I llinois Sta te an d Chi c ago

Dental Societie s p resi dent and t reasurer of the Dental
,

Protective Suppl y Co p residen t o f the National Dental

.
,

As s oci ation and p ublisher o f the De n t a l Di ge s t until 1 9 0 8

,
.

He died i n Chicago Jan u a ry 1 6 1 9 1 4 The a ssoci a tion i s ,

.

s till in existence .

The su i t b ro u gh t again s t D r B oynton by D r Ta gga rt . .

wa s rega rded a s a test sui t and the defence wa s cond ucted

by a committee appointed by the National Den tal A ss oc i a
tion In th e meantime another a ss oci ation known a s th e
.
,

N a t i on a l D e n t a l Pr ot e ct i ve As s oci a t i on wa s formed with D r , .

Rich a rd Summa p resident and D r M F Finley secreta ry . . .

,

h aving f o r i ts p urpo s e the work th a t D r Crouse h ad .

ab andoned .

’
When D r Boynton s s ui t h a d b een won in Washington
.
,

D r Tagga rt s ta rted anothe r sui t in I llinois and i t wa s again

.
,

nece ss a ry t o renew the figh t in the interest o f the denti s t s .

A nother society wa s organized in Chicago known a s the ,

’
D e n ti s t s M u tu a l Pr ot e ct i ve All i a n ce founded in 1 9 1 4 wi th , ,

D r J Clinton Grant a s corresponding secreta ry to con

. .
,

d u ct th e defen ce D r Tagga rt was successful in getting a

. . .

deci sion in hi s favor in o n e o f the lower courts b ut thi s ,

decision wa s reversed by the h igher courts in 1 9 1 8 and the

p rofe ss ion wa s relieved o f the d anger o f furth er litiga tion .

The latter t w o p rotective a ssoci a tions h ave been merged

into one with hea dqua rters a t Chicago lea v ing two dental
, ,

p rotective a ssocia tions s till in existence .

 DEN TA L A SS OCI A TI ONS A N D S OCI E TI ES 1 99

FE DERATI O N DEN TAIRE I N TERN ATI O NALE .

The International Dental Fed eration wa s establi s hed a s an

outgrowth o f the Thi rd International Dental Congre ss held ,

in Pa ris in 1 900 and from rela tively s mall beginnings h a s

,

become the lea ding fac to r in international dental a ff ai rs .

Th ro u gh the infl u ence of the Féd érati on Dentai re Interna

t i o n a l e the widely va r ying stand a rd s and i deas p revailing

in di ff erent count ries in rega rd to th e p repa ra ti on and ed u

cation o f dental students h ave to a certain e x tent been , ,

e limina ted with th e result th a t a s tanda rd c u rriculum

,

h a s been evolved and a dop ted by several count rie s The .

federation i s also conce rned wi th teaching method s and

the question o f the relation of denti s try to the p ublic
service p ub li c dental hygiene a n d the ca re of the teeth
,

of school child ren Army and n avy dental s ervice denta l .

,

nomenclat u re bibliography and hi s tory h ave also received

,

considera ti on .

In an edi to ri a l in the De n t a l Cos mos October 1 9 1 3 the , , ,

acti vi tie s of t h e F éd ér a t i o n Dentai re Internationale a re

explained and commented o n extensively I t s eem s tha t the .

activi ties o f this organiza ti on a re o f a moral and academic

n a ture and i t i s wi thout autho ri ty to enforce i t s finding s
, .

No t wi th standing this fact however the federa ti on h a s done , ,

m u ch f o r the u plift of denti s t ry by a friendly exch ange of

tho u gh t .

Follow ing th e dea th o f Dr W D M ill er a memo rial fund . . .

wa s rai sed in hi s honor f o r the p u rpo s e o f rewa rding tho s e

who make t h e most notab le cont r i b u ti ons to the a dvancement
o f denti st ry The fi rst p rize from thi s fun d was awa rded to
.
,

Dr G V B l a ck o f Chicago at the London meeting Augus t

. . .
, , ,

I , 1 91 1 .

At the London meeti ng o f the F éd ér a t i on Dentaire I nter

na t ionale held in August 1 9 1 4 many members were ab s ent
, , ,

o n account o f the outb rea k o f t h e World Wa r a s were also ,

many member s o f the I nterna ti ona l Dental Congre ss held

a t the same time When the s e two organiza ti on s a dj o u r ned
.

i t w a s wi th the understanding th a t th ey would not meet again

u nti l peace h ad been res tored in E u rope .
 200 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y

PREP ARED NESS LEA G UE O F AM ERI C AN D E N TI S TS .

Du ring th e p rogress of the World Wa r i t s oon be c ame

app a rent th a t t h e Un ited Sta t es woul d be involved b efore
the conflict reached a termination The need o f becoming .

organized and ready for any emergency th a t migh t a rise

wa s felt in every wal k o f life I t wa s believed th a t th e .

dentists s hould b e in a po s i tion to d o something to pl a c e

o u r men in the bes t p ossible p hysica l c ondi tion upon s hort

notice i f need be
, .

A s n o suita b le organization wa s in existence to underta ke

such a ta s k th e Prep a redness League of American Denti s ts
,

wa s organized by D r J W Beach o f B uffalo w h o became . . .

, ,

i ts p resident The league wa s u nde r the di rection o f D r

. .

Ch a rles F A s h of New York and h a d th e app roval o f t he

.
, ,

p rovo s t ma rsh al genera l an d the s urgeon general s o f the

- -

a rmy and n avy The fi rst session o f the league wa s hel d

.

in B uff alo July 2 5 1 9 1 6 with the following o ffi cers : J

, , .

W ri gh t Beach B u ff a lo ch a i rman ; H A Pullen B uff alo

, ,
. .
, ,

vice ch ai rman ; and M B Eshleman B u ff alo secreta ry

-
. .
, , .

The league wa s d u ly endo rsed by t h e Na tional Denta l Asso

c i a t i o n a t the Louisvi lle m eeting and i ts jou r n a l wa s mad e

the o ffi cial organ o f the league .

The obj ect s o f the league were ( I ) To take c a re of the

teeth o f candid ates for the a rmy and n avy rec ruiting o ffi ces ;
(2 ) t o organize and p ro s ecute s tudy ; ( 3 ) to seek comm i ss i on s
’
in the Offi cers Reserve Co rp s ; (4) to eq uip denta l u ni t s for
‘
‘

b a se hospi tal or field se rvice ; and ( 5 ) to introd u ce the tea ch

ing o f wa r ora l su rge ry in the dental colleges The motto .

“
o f the league wa s : Of the Profession for th e Profession and ,
”
for O u r Country i f need be I t s main obj ec t was t o main
,
.

tain a regi s tration b ureau o f all the d entist s o f the Uni ted
Sta te s w h o agreed t o p rep a re the mo u th o f a t lea s t on e worthy
applicant f o r milita ry se rvice ; th e fee for s uch regi s tra tion
wa s one d olla r .

The Philadelphi a N or t h A me r i ca n July 6 1 9 1 6 quote s , , ,

Col J Wa rner H u tchins hea d o f the Penn s ylvani a Sta te

. .
,

Commis s a ry Depa rtment a s follows : Thi rty per cent of ,

.
 C H A PT E R XV I .

TWO GREAT B ENE FACTION S .

F O R SYTH D E NTA L I N F I RM A RY E A S T M AN D E NTA L

.

D I S P E N S A RY .

T I M E wa s when no o n e ever though t o f d oing more for the

teeth o f child ren than t o extra ct them when they ca u sed
p ain o r ob s t ructed the e r u p tion o f the permanent set A .

fi rst mola r wa s alway s rega rded a s o n e o f the tempora ry

s et u ntil t o o fa r decayed t o b e reclaimed Time h a s wrough t .

ch anges in thi s a s in other ma tter s and wi th the a dven t ,

o f p reventive medicine i t b ecame ap pa rent th a t something

should b e done to s ave the teeth of o u r child ren u ntil th ey

were o l d eno u gh to s ee the importance o f i t themselves .

Not long ago D r Cha rles H M ayo o f Roch e s ter Min n

, . .
, , ,
“
s ai d : I t i s evi dent th a t the next grea t s tep in medical p rogres s
in th e line o f p reventive medicin e s ho u ld b e ma de by the
,

”
dentist s The que s tion i s will they d o i t ? Bos ton an d
.
,

Roche s ter h ave alrea dy answered thi s q u estion th rough

thei r public s pi ri ted cit i zen s and i t i s hoped th a t thi s move
-

, ,

emana t i ng from the s e t w o citie s may become conta gious

, ,

for i n no other way can the grea t ma ss o f o u r yo u ng child ren

b e resc u ed from the b ligh ting eff ect s o f o ral s ep s i s .

FO R S YTH DENTAL I N FIRM ARY FOR CHI L DREN .

The Forsyth Dental Infi rma ry f o r Child ren wa s fo u nded

by John H amilton and Thoma s Alexande r For s yth in memory
of thei r b rother s Jame s Bennett and George Henry F o r sy t h
, ,

and wa s incorporated in 1 9 1 0 by a s peci al act o f the M a s sa

c h u se t t s Legi s lature On J u ne 4 1 9 1 2 the corner s tone o f
.
, ,
-

the b uilding was laid wi th app rop ri ate ceremonie s by John

, ,

Hamilton Forsyth who with hi s b rother Thoma s Alexande r

, ,

Forsyth founded the i n fir m a ry and p rovided a m u n i fic e n t

,
 TWO GRE A T B EN E F A C TI ON S 203

endowment o f in ad di t ion to the cost of the b uild

ing for the pe rpetuation of i ts work a s a memori al to thei r
,

deceased b rothers On Nove m ber 2 4 1 9 1 4 the magnificent

.
, ,

stru c ture wa s formally dedica ted The occa s ion wa s a.

nota ble o n e in view o f the fact th a t this wa s the fi rst enter

p ri se O f the kind in the hi s to ry o f p ublic benefactions .

Th e obj ect o f thi s i n fi r m a ry i s to ca re for c hild ren wi th

defective teeth adenoid s and diseased tonsils so th a t when
, ,

they rea c h the age o f s ixteen yea rs they sh all be in good

physical c ondi ti on .

D u ring the yea r ended November I 1 9 1 6 th e i n fir m a ry , ,

pe rfo rmed operation s o f all kind s for the child ren

“

a ttending t h e clinics Thi s sh ows in a s tri king manner the

.

popula ri ty o f the in s titution which h a d been in operation

,

less th an t wo yea rs .

A pos t gr a d u a t e s ch oo l of or th od on ti a was cond ucted in con

n e c t i o n with the i n fi r m a ry for several yea rs This wa s la ter
.

given up upon a p roposal by the H a rva rd Dental Sc hool f o r

an a ff i liation wi th F o r sy t h Infi rma ry for the organization of
a pos tgrad uate s chool to b e known a s the Ha r va rd Fo rsyth -

Pos tgra duate School o f Orthodonti a under the di re c tion o f

,

D r Alfred P Roger s a s dean Th e s chool h a s been c o n

. . .

d u cted o n a plan s omewh a t s imila r to th a t of the p revious

on e excep t tha t it s teaching is ca rried o u t on a b roa der scale ,

especially from t h e s tandpoint o f the c o Op e r a t i on o f a la rge

number o f p rominent orthodontists from all sections o f the
co u ntry .
3

Th e work oi th e r e s e ar ch d e p ar tm e n t o f F o r sy t h Infi rma ry

-

i s beco m ing o f inc rea s ing importance and the interest in the
reports an d findings i s growing The study of dietetics ha s
.

been developed q u ite extensively f o r its very ma rked action

upon the teeth Looseness o f the teeth loss of thei r support
.
,

ing structures ca ri ou s con di tion o f the maxilla ry bone s

, ,

softening o f th e teeth and eff ects very simila r t o ca ries h ave

,

been p rodu c ed o n s mall labora to ry animals The depa rt .

m ent h a s b een ab le f o r the fi rs t time on record to p rodu c e

expe rimentally pyorrhea and ca ries in guinea pigs by d e fi -

cient a n d i rregula r diets The se ex pe riments open a la rge

.
204 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
field and necessita te extensive and intensive chemical and
biological s tudy for thei r p roper elabora tion .

Th e tr a in i n g s ch ool f or d e n t a l h yg i e n i s ts o ri gi n a lly organ

'

i z e d in 1 9 1 6 by the For s yth Infi rma ry and cond ucted a s

such f o r th ree yea r s h a s sin c e 1 9 1 9 been a ffi li ated with
,

Tufts College Denta l School and i s now known a s the

Forsyth Tufts T raining School for Dental Hygienists While
-
.

Tufts College h a s always c o Op e r a t e d not only with the i n fi r

ma ry in general b ut wi th i ts t raining school in pa rticula r ,

i t h as now a ssumed a defini te connection and a s till grea ter

interest in the welfa re o f the t raining school .

On Janua ry 2 0 1 9 1 7 a dinner wa s h e ld i n Bos ton i n h ono r

, ,

o f M r Thoma s A
. For s yth o n wh ich occa s ion he wa s also
.
,

p re s ented with a lovin g c u p with a pp rop ria te ceremonies .

The cup wa s pu rcha s ed by contrib u tions from more th a n

fou r thousand denti s t s situated in all p a rts o f the world .

The i n fi r m a ry i s governed by a boa rd o f eleven t ru s tees ,

five o f who m a re b usines s men fou r d entists and two p hy s i

,

cia n s. I t i s now in opera tion a t The F e n w a y ( No .a

central location easily acce s si ble by s t reet ca rs from all p a rts
of grea ter Bos ton I t occupies the central portion o f a la rge
.

tra ct wi th s u fli c i e n t reserve s pa ce o n every side to ensure

,

f o r all time an uninterr u p ted ligh t Forsyth Pa rk with a

.
,

wid th o f seventy feet i s on the ea s t si de Fenway Pa rk i s o n

, ,

the wes t and north and there i s a su nken ga rden on Hemen

way Street i n the rea r Th e i n fi r m a ry i s app roache d from
.

Huntington Avenue th rough F o r sy t h ( formerly B ryant) Street

, .

I n formulating a working policy for i ts development the

t rustees de c ided a t the outset tha t to accomplish the grea test
good the new institution mus t aim a t something higher
than the mere rep ai r and extrac tion o f ca rious teeth the ,

correction of ora l deformities and the trea tment of a denoid s

and tonsils I t wa s recognized th at the p revention of di s ea s e
.

wa s equally if not more important th an i t s t rea tment and ,

i t wa s further though t tha t the in s tit u tion sho u l d b e d evel

oped on s o high a plane o f technical perfection th a t i t should
s tand in the s a m e relation to the denta l p rofe s sion th a t the
hospi tal bea r s to the medica l p rofe s sion .
206 HI S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
ha re lip and the removal of tonsils and a denoi d s and the
-

central dispensa ry will work in a general way f o r the benefi t

of c hild ren .

The b uilding is loca ted not fa r from the b usiness cente r ,

and i s convenient o f access from all p art s o f th e ci ty by ca r

line s I t i s a beautiful si m ple structu re and contains th e
.
,

mos t modern dental an d hospital equ 1 pment th a t coul d b e

ob tained Provision h a s b een made f o r sixty th ree dental
.
-

operating units and the h ospi tal is furnished with every

,

facili ty and convenien c e for nose and th roa t work Thi s .

ins titution wa s not estab li s hed for the pu rpose o f d oing

dental relief and rep ai r work b ut the fundamental th o u gh t ,

was so to c o Or d i n a t e all of it s a ctivities t h a t something mi gh t

be worked o u t to p rove the value o f p reventive dentis try .

There is no do u b t t h at wh ile much go od can b e don e and grea t

s u ff ering relieved by rep ai r and relief work f o r a dult s th i s ,

work i s of little va lue in determining wh a t would b e the p roper

meth od o f trea tment f o r child ren An a ge limi t o f sixteen .

yea rs h a s therefore b een e s tabli s hed .

This dispen s a ry wa s opened f o r work o n O c tober 1 5 1 9 1 7 , .

The following i s a sta tement o f the work during the fi rs t yea r

Tooth treatment s , root treatment s ab scess ,

trea tments 1 1 p rophyla c ti c treatments 2 3 ; root fillings

, , ,

2 00 2 ; a malgam fillings c ement fillings 7 2 6 7 ; synthetic

, ,

fi llings 2 7 76 ; gutta perch a fillings 2 8 4 ; nitra te of silver

,
-

, ,

6 5 4 ; capped 1 9 8 ; c rowns 2 9 ; inlays 3 ; extractions 7 8 2 4 :

vc—
, , , ,

rays 1 77 ; orthodontia 7 8 4 ; number of vi sits t o dispensa ry

, , ,

nu m ber of p a tients 6 1 43 ; completed c ases 440 9

, , .

The work wa s done by licensed dentis ts ( re c ent gra dua tes ) .

While the work done consists p rincipally of fi llings and

ordina ry dental operat i ons i t was done with th e thought ,

of p reventive dentist ry always in mind .

The work of cleaning the teeth o f the child ren in the

“ ”
s chool s i s done by s q u a d s o f licensed denti s ts and dental
hygieni s ts the l atter b eing t rained in the school for dental
,
“ ”
hygienists conducted by the dispensa ry Th e s q u a ds a re .

p rovided with a portab le equipment consisting of a ch ai r , ,

en gine instr u ments ste rilizers etc All o f the p rophylactic

, , , .
 TWO GREA T B E N E FA C TI ON S 207

work —th e cleaning o f the teeth —i s done a t the va rious

school s and in s ti tutions under ca reful and strict supervision
, .

A s c hool lecturer is employed by the di spensa ry who delivers

,

i llustra ted lantern slid e lect u res o n ora l hygiene and oth er
-

health subj ect s Lectu re s we re delivered t o

. child ren
in 1 9 1 9
.
 C H A PT ER X V I I .

DENTI STRY IN TH E UNITE D STATE S A RMY

—
AND NAVY WORLD WA R .

TH E Fren c h Admi ralty requi red thei r su rgeons to h ave a

knowledge o f denti s try even before and d u ri ng o u r Re v o l u
t i o n a r y Wa r a s a p a rt o f thei r genera l s u rgi ca l t raining .

I t wa s p rob ab ly d u e t o thi s requi rement th a t Le M a i r e an d

Ga rdette owed thei r knowledge of denti s try which l a te r ,

p roved o f such val u e in thi s co u ntry I t i s stated th a t while

.

the French a nd Continenta l for c es were enca mped in winte r

, .
—
q ua rters nea r Provi dence R I in 1 7 8 1 1 7 8 2 Le M ai re
.
, ,

frequently performed dental operations f o r the o ffi cers and

men to thei r great s ati sfa ction and relief
,
.

Although sporadic eff orts h a d been ma de by va ri ous

na tion s to e s tablish dental s e rvices in their a rmi es nothing ,

o f a permanent natu re wa s done along tha t line unti l after

the Spanish Ameri can Wa r I t wa s rela ted th a t d uring th e

-
.

wa r between the North an d the So u th seve ra l denti s t s we re

c a rried in the a rmy hospi ta ls o f the Southern Confede ra cy ,

a mong whom wa s D r J B Bean famed fo r his a bili ty in

. . .
,

t rea ting fractures of the mandib le with s plint s ; b ut thi s

organiza tion perished along with the defea t of the Confed era te
Army .

The s ame form of splint wa s also invented by D r F B . . .

Gunning o f New York in treating j aw fractu re s in the

, ,

U nion Army .B oth o f these gentlemen claimed the p ri o ri ty

o f the invention but i t a ppea rs th a t each o f them perfected
,

i dentical splints and published the results a t ab out the same

time ind ependen t o f each othe r These splints were made
.

of h a rd rub ber and were perfected soon a fter the ap pli c a tion
o f th a t materi al to p rosthetic u ses .

Thi s wa s about a ll the d en tal s ervice tha t wa s given by th e

21 0 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
b ut without milita ry rank Thi s legi sla tion wa s generally .

u n s a ti s factory a s a p roper recogniti on o f the dental p r o f e s

sion b u t i t wa s generally conceded th a t to off e r resistance
,

migh t defea t the whole p roj ect and o n the theory th a t ,

“
a h alf loaf i s better th an none i t wa s agreed t o accep t thi s
”

legislation and work for a commi ss ioned s ta tu s la ter Thi s .

legi slation wa s the result o f ob s e rva tion s o f the need o f

dental service s o n the p a rt of soldie rs d u ring th e Sp ani sh
Ame ri can Wa r e s peci ally in Cub a and the Philippines and
, ,

t o th e u ndivided e ff orts o f the National Dental A s soci a tion

and Su rgeon General George M Sternb erg cove ring a

-
.
,

period o f more th an t w o yea rs Th e pa ssage of this law gave .

the United State s Army the fi rs t milita ry dental corps eve r

a tta ched t o any a rmy in th e hi s tory o f the world and wa s th e ,

fi r s t opport u ni ty gi ven th e common s oldier to ob tain dental

s ervi ce a s a p a rt o f hi s medical a ttention The s e dentis ts .
,

however were employed u nder contract ra th er th an a s

,

a p a rt o f the reg u la r a rmy organization Drs John S . . .

M a rsh all Rob ert T Oliver and Robert W Morgan we re

, . .

appointed a s an examining b oa rd f o r testing the fi tne ss

o f applicants Only thi rty dental s urgeon s we re employed
.

u nder this act and i t wa s not until s ome yea r s la te r th a t th e

,

number o f denti s ts was increa s ed to any extent I n 1 90 2 .

the Su rgeon General recommen d ed a bill to grant reg u la r

-

commi ssion s to dental s urgeons b u t nothing came o f thi s ,

u ntil 1 90 8 when a bill p a s sed t he Senate to gi ve these men

,

a commis s ioned s tat us b u t thi s bill failed to pa ss the Hou s e

, .

The fi r s t act t o commi ss ion denta l su rgeon s wa s pa s sed o n

M a rch 3 1 9 1 1 ( Bill H R
, an d created for them the
. .

rank o f lieutenant only with such allowance s a s were cu s ,

t o m a ry to tha t ran k and a s ala ry o f $ 2 000 per yea r N o t to .

exceed o n e denta l s u rgeon to 1 000 enli s ted men o r a tota l o f ,

sixty were a llowed and s u ch a d di tional acting ( contract )

,

dental surgeon s a s migh t from time to time b e a u tho rized

by law .

From thi s time o n things p rogressed ve ry well f or the

dental p rofe ss ion an d on August 2 7 1 9 1 2 Congress p a ss ed
, , ,

an act giving to dentist s the s ame rank and p recedence a s

DEN TI S TR Y I N UN I TE D S TA TE S A RM Y A ND N A V Y 21 1

i s given medi c al o ffi cers in the navy c reating a Naval Denta l ,

Corp s and a utho rizing not more th an thi rty denta l surgeons .

In 1 9 1 3 a Navy Dental Rese r ve Co rps wa s c rea ted by

,

Congress in a ddi tion to th e active dental corps and from ,

which members o f the a c tive corps were appointed Though .

the navy wa s the la s t to h ave a dent al co rp s i t wa s the fi r s t ,

t o h ave the s ame p roperly p rovided for .

The beginning o f the World W a r in 1 9 1 4 b rough t the

mos t momentou s struggle in modern times and a ff orded
the dental p rofession i ts fi rs t opportunity to p rove i ts tr u e
worth As an eviden c e o f th e importan c e o f dentistry i t
.

i s relia bly stated th a t Germany more than forty yea rs a g o

, ,
“ ”
in p repa ration for the d ay began to perform denti st ry in
,

th e s c hools and th a t the results p roving unsa tis factory th e

,

Germ an c hi ld ren we re b eing given p rophyl axi s in th e kinder

ga rten In M a rch 1 9 1 6 i t wa s sai d th a t Germany h a d
.
, ,

eigh t hund red dental surgeons in a ctive milita ry service .

The denta l depa rtment o f the Ame ri can Ambulance H os

pita l in Pa ri s wa s o rganized under the di rection o f D rs Hayes .

and Davenport a t th e beginning o f the World Wa r while thi s ,

country wa s s till neutral and wa s supported enti rely by vol

,

u n t a ry don ations from Americans I t wa s soon di scovered

.

when the conflict settled down t o t rench wa rfa re tha t a very

la rge numb er o f the wounded h a d inj u ri es o f th e face and j aws .

The Ameri can denti s t s wh o were giving thei r services in thi s

hospi ta l di d so enti rely a t thei r own expense As an evi .

den c e of the value o f thei r services a cab le from Pa ri s under

d a t e o f Ap ri l 2 6 1 9 1 8 a nnounced th e plea sing news to th e
,
, ,

dental p rofession th a t George B H ayes and William Daven .

port h a d been ma de Chevaliers o f th e Legi on o f Hono r fo r

thei r splendi d services a t th e Ameri can Amb ulance Hospita l
in Pa ri s .

For severa l yea rs Congress ma de n o p rovi sion f o r denta l

surgeons in th e Uni ted Sta tes Army to b e p romoted a bove
the grade o f Fi rst Lieutenant they h aving fi rst to se rve fo r
,

th ree yea rs or more a s Acting Denta l Su rgeon a t $ 1 8 00 and

then be commissioned a t $ 2 000 Th e highest p ossible s a la ry
.

after se rving twenty yea r s would then b e $ 2 8 00 I t w a s also .

21 2 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
p rovi ded th a t commissioned men in the Dental Corps s hould
ran k next b elow o ffi cers o f th e Medical Rese rve Corp s Th e .

next step wa s contained in the army bill c reating higher

rank up to th a t o f maj or for dental surgeons and also p ro
’
v i d i n g f o r a Dental O ffi cers Re s erve Corp s p assed June 3 ,

1 91 6 .Thi s bill al s o abolished the po sition o f a cting or con

tract dental su rgeon Finally o n Octob er 6 1 9 1 7 th e P resi
.
, , ,

dent app roved a bill pa s sed by Congres s giving to o fli ce r s ,

o f th e Army Denta l Corp s the sa me ran k in every respec t a s

i s given to o ffi cers i n the Medical Corp s On Augus t 2 9 1 9 1 6 .

, ,

Congres s p a ssed a bill autho rizing the commi s sioning o f

dental s urgeons in the navy a t the rate o f one f o r each 1 000
o f the a uthorized enli s ted strength o f th e Navy and M a ri ne

Corps t o cons ti tute th e Nava l Denta l Corp s and to b e a

,

pa rt o f the medical depa rtment o f th e navy and enti tled

t o the same ran k and p ay o f othe r medical o ffi cers to and

incl u ding th a t o f lieutenant c ommander -

.

Repea ted aggre ss ion o n th e p a rt of Germany led thi s

country to decla re wa r on Ap ril 6 1 9 1 7 By June th e selec t , .

ive d raft l aws h a d been p a s sed liberty b ond s were o n the ,

ma rket and five h und red a rmy dentis ts were needed imme
di a t e ly Applica tion b l ank s and all necessa ry informa tion in
.

rega rd to ob taining commi ssions in the Dental Reserve Co rp s

were distrib uted by dental j o u rnals o rgan i zations and socie ,

ties The wa r found dentist ry al rea dy organized and rea dy

.

for qui ck a ction and the call to the colors met wi th a p romp t
re s ponse I n order to mobilize the dental res ou rce s of th e
.

country i t wa s necessa ry to enlis t the Na tional Dental

Associ ation the seve ral sta te denta l societies the loca l
, ,

dental so c ieties th e cla sses ab out t o b e gra d uate d from

,

college and th e Prepa rednes s League of Ame rican Denti sts .

The dean s o f thi rty dental schools a t thei r m eeting in

Wa s hington M ay 1 2 1 9 1 7 decided not to alter thei r courses
, , ,

o f instruction to expedi te the grad uation of s tudents but ,

to maintain exi sting stand a rd s of dental ed uca tion and also

re c ommend the es ta blish ment of a c ou rse o n wa r dental
su rgery following a p rep a ra tory cou rse for examina tion for
’
th e O fli c e r s Reserve Corp s Shortly a fte rw a rd a maj ori ty
.
21 4 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y

su rgeons in the a rmy a dvanced rank a s h a s been p reviously ,

referred to .

’
In contras t to Secreta ry B aker s s ta tement D r Costello o f , .
,

th e Medical Reserve Corps o f the Uni ted Sta tes Navy i s ,

q u oted a s s aying th a t 2 7 per cent o f the rej ections a t the

recruiting s tation s a re for t ee t h which h ave b een neglected
unti l th ei r condition i s beyon d repai r an d i t h a s b een esti ,

mated th a t 2 0 per cent of the men in th e mili ta ry hospi tals

a re there because o f dental infection s .

By October 1 9 1 7 D r S M a rsh all Weaver o f Cleveland

, , . .
, ,

working fo r and in b eh alf o f the P repa rednes s Lea gue of

Ameri can Denti sts reported plan s f o r a stand a rdized motor
,

dental ca r and equ 1 pment sui tab le for us e o n the b a ttle front -
.

Thi s ca r contained a fi r s t cla ss working outfi t equal to th a t -

in mos t dental o ffi ce s nea tly and compactly a rranged M any

, .

ambulances o f thi s t ype were la ter equipped a n d p la c ed a t

the di sposal o f the A E F though none were ever sent a cross
. . .
,
.

In Ap ril 1 9 1 7 when wa r between thi s c ountry an d

, ,

Ger many occu rred th e Army Denta l Corps consisted o f

,

eighty si x o ffi cers on active d uty and five o ffi cers in the
-

Re s e rve Corp s and fif t y t wo dental surgeons in the Medic al

,
-

Dep a rtment o f the Navy On November 1 1 1 9 1 8 when the .

, ,

A rmi stice wa s signed th ere were 5 000 dental o fli c e r s o n d u ty

, ,

1 5 00 h olding Reserve Co rps commi ssions and 1 5 00 ap plica

tion s o f enlisted denti sts awai ting commissions in th e Dental

Co rp s o f th e United States A rmy and 448 denta l s u rgeons
on active d uty i n the n avy By a uthority o f a n a ct o f .

Congress July 8 1 9 1 8 th e Adj utant General o n Septe m ber

, , ,
-

3 0 1 9 1 8 issued an order for th e commi ssioning b efore July

, ,

1,
1 91 9 o f over 9 000 dental o ff i cers to fill the need s o f an
,

a rmy o f app roxima tely soldiers th u s es tab lishing a ,

p recedent o f app roximately t wo dental o ffi cers to each 1 000

enlisted o ffi cer s and men also ma king an increase in th e ,

number of dental a ssi stant s w h o sh all be eligi ble to p romotion

a s high a s fi r s t cla ss s ergeants
-
.

Chief credi t i s d ue Colonel W H G Log an f o r the rapi d . . .

and e ff i cient manner i n which the dental fo rce s were mobilized

and equipped f o r th e need s of the a rmy a t thi s c ri tical time .
DEN TI S TR Y I N UN I TE D S TA TES ARM Y A ND N A V Y 21 5

I t wa s he who cut the traditional red tape and ma de i t

possib le to co m mission and place o n duty 5000 dental o fli ce rs
within app roxi m a tely th ree month s .

On Janua ry 2 4 1 9 1 4 a t a meeting h eld a t th e Army

, ,

and Navy Club New York the Associa ti on o f Milita ry

, ,

Dental Surgeon s of the United States was organized The .

a d i n t e r i m o ffi cers cho s en were Willi am C Fi sher p resident

and sec reta ry p r o te m; John D Milli kin vice—
.
,

p resi dent ; and .

,

Ralph W Wa ddell treasurer At the ann u al meeting in

.
, .

Rochester July 7 1 9 1 4 the s ame o ffi cers were cho s en ex cep t

, , ,

tha t Ch a rles J Lang w a s e le c t e d sec reta ry

'

. .

The Denta l Corp s h a d ma de such p rogress d u ring th e fi rst

few month s o f the World Wa r th a t o n October 2 3 1 9 1 7 a t , ,

the Astor Hotel New York there wa s a meeting of the

, ,

Associ ation of Milita ry Dental Surgeons of the United State s ,

with John D Milli kin p resident and Sam u el H uss ey sec re

.

ta ry with an a ttendance of ab out 3 00 The a s sociation i s

, .

sai d to c onsis t of a bo u t 3 000 active me m bers a t the p resent

time all o f wh om a re o r h ave been in active milita ry se rvice
, .

On M a rch 1 5 1 9 1 8 a school for army dental o ffi cer s was

, ,

instituted a t Camp Greenleaf Fort Oglethorpe G a in , , .

,
’
conne c tion with the Medi c a l O ffi cers Training Camp for ,

mili ta ry and p rofessional instruction o f dental o ffi cer s and

thei r a ssistants This school gave t o dental o ffi cer s a two
.

’
month s course o f training divi ded between milita ry and
p rofessional in s tr u ction and wa s so fa r a s i s known the fi rst , ,

and only school in e xi stence to give s uch inst ruction .

Du ring the yea r 1 9 1 8 d ue to the cutting o ff o f imports

,

and the necessity of keeping an a dequate gold reserve on

’
h and the Wa r Industries B oa rd rest ricted the u s e of p recious
,

metals especially platinum to such an extent tha t for a time

, ,

i t appea red th a t dentists would be seri ously handicapped .

Al loys o f palla dium were introdu c ed by the Re s ea rch In s ti

tute o f the National Dental Asso c ia tion and were la rgely u sed
to replace platinu m b ut o n the whole were not so satisfactory
, , ,
.

On Nove m ber 1 5 immediately following the Armis tice all

, ,

re s trictions on the use of p re c ious metal s were removed .

On Feb rua ry 5 1 9 1 8 Senator Till m an introduced a bill to

, ,
 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
p rovide equal rank between the Medica l and Denta l Corp s
in the n avy Thi s bill wa s also introduced in the House by
.

Rep re s enta tive Dyer On June 3 0 1 9 1 8 Congress p as s ed

.
, ,

thi s bill giving dental s u rgeons equal rank in the navy with
o fli ce rs in the Medical Corps up to and including the ran k o f

lie u tenant commander and p rovi ding th a t dental surgeons

-

sh all b e eligi ble f o r a dvancement in p ay and allowance s b ut ,

not in rank to and including the p ay and a llowances o f

,

commande r and cap tain subj ect to su c h examination s a s

,

the Secreta ry of the Navy may p resc ribe Under the te rms .

o f this bill th e Rese rve Corp s wa s al s o p rovided f o r .

While thi s legi sla tion i s n o t all tha t could b e de s i red s ince ,

the rank b ut n o t th e p ay o f the dental surgeon is limited t o

the lower gra des i t i s believed th at thi s h andicap will in the
,

nea r future b e removed and the dentist pla ced o n an equa lity
wi th hi s b rother s o f th e medical p rofe s sion a s h as al rea dy ,

been done in the a rmy I n fact o n e very important a d v a n

.
,

tage wa s ob tained which wa s n o t accorded to any othe r corp s

in the s ervice and th a t wa s the d a t ing b ack to original appoint
,

ment o f the rank an d p recedence o f the original members o f

the corp s wh o h a d s een service in the acting gra des .

With the ending o f the wa r November 1 1 1 9 1 8 all a ctive

, , ,

work declined and the grea t a rmy o f dental su rgeon s began

t o ret u rn to civil live The a llotmen t o f o n e denti s t t o every
.

5 00 enli s te d men wa s never p u t into e fl e c t owing to th e sudden

ce ss ation o f ho s tilitie s and o n Janua ry 4 1 9 2 0 an order wa s

, , ,

i ssu ed reducing the n u mber o f dentists to the o ld ra tio o f

1 to each 1 000 o f the tota l a u thorized s trength o f the a rmy .

This i s i n strict contra s t to the situation in the Eu ropean

a rmies those of England an d France for instance whi ch h a d
, ,

no a deq ua te p rovi sion for dental s ervice and depended to a ,

grea t extent only o n s uch denti sts a s co u ld b e found in the

rank s.

DENTI S TRY WI TH TH E AM ERI C AN EXPEDI TI O N ARY

FORCES .

An y h is tory in the ar m y an d n a v y would be

of d e n t i s tr y
incomplete i f we did not ta ke into a cco u n t s ome o f the
218 HI S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
greater number o f o u r oversea s men s aw service i n
France th o u gh some were detailed to England in hospi tal
,

s ervice and a t training camp s and a few we re detaile d wi th ,

thei r outfi t s and a ssis tants t o serve in I ta ly an d northern

Russi a .

One o f th e fi rst p roblems encounte red wa s th e inexperience

o f denta l rese rve o ffi cers entering the se rvi ce in mi li ta ry

method s and di scipline While they were undoub tedly good

.

denti sts i t was neces s a ry to give them some s peci al t raining

,

to fi t them fo r conducting a p ractice so di ff e rent from th a t

in civil life A school wa s therefore organized i n ea ch of the
.

divi sions and p la c e d under the su pervision of a c omp etent

denta l su rgeon and the benefi ts de rived from such training
,

were appa ren t in a very short time The s e schools were .

continued until a s imila r course was instituted by the Army

Sani ta ry Sch ool organized December 3 1 9 1 7 a t Langres
, , ,
.

Thi s course of instruction covered the app roved meth od s o f

conducting a milita ry dental p ractice and incl u ded face and
j aw s urgery al s o a s ho rt course of s tudy t o q ualify o u r men
,

a s auxilia ry medic al o fli ce r s in order to p roperly fi t them fo r

,

s uch emergencies a s migh t a rise Speci al a ttention wa s given .

t o fi rs t ai d b an daging splinting ga s s ed ca s e s anesthesi a

, , , , ,

d ril l instruction etc I n this way dental o fli ce r s were a ble

, .

t o a ssi st the medical o ffi cers in eme rgencie s and in numerou s ,

ca se s they di d so with credi t .

An eff ort wa s also made to establi s h a post g r a dua te s c hool -

in o ral surgery an d the organization h a d been p ract i cally

completed f o r one a t Ne u illy to b e opened o n Ap ri l 1 1 9 1 8 ;
, ,
’
b ut the enemy s off ensive begun M a rch 2 1 filled all h ospi tals
, ,

in th a t section wi th the s ick and wounded and th e p roj ec t

h a d t o b e ab andoned indefinitely .

The eff ort to es tab li s h s chools for the in s truction o f enliste d

men a s denta l assistants and me c h anic s met with mo re
s u cce s s two being es tablished a t Hea dq u a rters Fi r s t Depot
, ,

Division St Aignan and o n e a t Red Cros s Mili ta ry Hospita l

, .
,

N o 1 the latter o f which gave an a dvanced course in the

.
,

making o f s plint s and other appliances u sed in maxillo faci a l -

su rgery .
DE N TI S TR Y I N UNI TE D S TA TES A RM Y A ND N A V Y 21 9

The fi r s t divisions of men each a rriving in Fran c e , ,

c a rried an allotment o f twenty denta l o ff i c ers and in a d di ,

tion two dental o fli c e r s with a s sistants a ri d ful l equip m ent

we re a ss igned to each b ase h ospi tal I t soon be c ame appa r .

ent th a t th is numb er woul d not meet the need s of the servi c e

and the numb er wa s in c rea sed to thi rty f o r ea c h divi sion .

Ea c h division wa s supplied wi th a portab le dental labora tory

and a competent dental mech anic w h o wa s detailed a s ,

a ssistant to the dental o ffi cer in cha rge a ssu ring the p romp t ,

con struction o f splint s and other neces s a ry p rosthetic pieces .

All detached organiza tion s Enginee r Regiments Tank, ,

Corps organizations Signal Corps etc were p rovi ded with

, , .
,

necessa ry dental s e rvice under the di re c tion o f supe rvi sing

,

d enta l surgeons o f the respective se c tions o f th e S O S . . .

Although many dental a m bulan c es we re b uilt and equipped

f o r use in France none were t ransported and only t w o were
,

a c tually p u t in se rvice in the A E F and th ese w ere dona

. . .
,

tions ma de in France The need o f these wa s appa rent a s

.
,

they could move swi ftly from pla c e to place with equipment
and supplies and render needed se rvice wi th a minimum o f
lost time .

B oar d s of Exa min er s were appointed f o r c ondu c ting e xa m i

na tions o f dental surgeons w h o h a d been d rafted into the
se rvi c e and of American s p ractising denti st ry in Eu rope wh o
were desi rous o f ente ri ng the a rmy and in thi s way the s e rv
,

i c es o f 1 2 8 denta l o ffi cers we re secured and oth er s would ,

h ave been commissioned b ut for the signing o f the Armi sti c e .

’
The Su rgeon General s Offi ce fi rst conte m plated th a t each
-

dental surgeon s h o u ld be p roperly equipped wi th and a c c o m

p a n i e d by a complete portable dental outfi t when going ,

oversea s b ut o n account o f the di ff iculties a tten ding trans

,

p o r t a t i o n and the grea t h a ste wi th whi ch men and supplies

were sent to the front much confusion resulted and many
,

men a rrived with no equipment I t wa s therefore necessa ry .

to make emergency pu rc h a ses o f s upplies b oth in France

and England Two vessels o n e English and one Ameri can
.
, ,

c ontaining much denta l eq uip m ent and supplies w ere sunk ,

by sub m a ri nes and this strained the supply depots t o thei r

,
220 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
ut m os t Ad ded to thi s i t wa s found th a t many o f the port
.

a ble dental outfits were t o o heavy and h a d to be ab andon e d

for ligh ter equi p m ent i t b eing necess a ry in many ca ses for
,

the dentist and hi s a ssis tant to carry a complete working

outfi t on thei r shoulders By thi s means i t wa s ma de possible
.

for emergency treat m ent to be a dministered wi th out d elay

to those in need of i t .

A serious h andica p confronted the Denta l Corp s d u ring

the whole of i ts activi ties by rea son o f the fact th a t p roper
p rovision h a d never been ma de for the a cco m mod a tion of .

dental personnel Thi s res u lted in the loss o f much equi p

.

men t and conse quent loss of dental service until new equip
ment could b e p rovided I n i ts fi r s t a dvance into comb a t
.

the Fi rs t Division h a d to a b andon all dental equip ment fo r

la c k o f transportation facilities Thi s wa s l a ter repla ced .

with equip ment o f an emergency ch a racter only .

Du ring the period o f h a rdes t fi gh ting from M ay to Novem ,

ber 1 9 1 8 only simple d ental opera tions designed for th e

, , ,

immedi a te allevia tion o f p ain c ould b e performed a s every

, ,

resource wa s u tilized in the performance o f the mos t import

ant work o f all d efe a t i n g th e e n e my When active fi ghting
, .

ceased and i t wa s possib le to do so much important re st o r a

, ,

tive work wa s underta ken to rep ai r the d amage whi ch h a d

resulted from neglect or inj ury d uring the period of intensive
fi gh ti ng I t i s authoritatively s ta ted tha t wor k of the
.

highe s t ch a racter wa s performed d u ring the period of rela

tive inactivi ty ensuing betw een the Armistice and the fi nal
demobili z ation o f the army In orde r to secure the hi ghes t
.

e ffi ciency in thi s work regula r inspections were made of

,

denta l o ff icer s and thei r eq uipment .

Altogether seven denta l o fli c e r s were killed in action an d

s everal h ave been awa rded the Distinguished Service Cross ,

o r the Croix de Guerr e Several dental a s s istants were also

.

los t in ac tion The fi rs t dental o fli c e r to m a ke the sup reme

.

s acrifice wa s Li e u t W eed on E O sb orn e D C U S Navy

. .
, . .
, . .
,

w h o l os t hi s life in action while looking a fter the wounded

of the Secon d Division M ay 1 0 1 9 1 8 He was struck by
, , .

a shell while ca rrying an o fli ce r to a pla c e of sa fety Fo r .

222 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
tion work underta ken a t the several hospi tals and by p riva te
denti sts unde r contract wi th the o ffi ce of the Surgeon General -
.

The lessons to b e d rawn from these experience s a re : ( 1 )

Th a t o n e den ti st to each 1 000 men i s in s u ffi cient and th a t in
,
‘

case o f wa r a t lea s t twice this number i s neces s a ry ; ( 2 ) a

s u ffi cient numbe r of ligh t and fully eq u i pped dental motor
ambulances should b e p rovi ded ; ( 3 ) each denti s t s h ould b e
p rovi ded wi th a ligh t p ortab le outfi t t o b e p ut into instant
use when requi red ; and (4) p roper p rovision should be ma de
f o r transporting dental equipment and s upplies and these be,

given p ri ori ty shipment when requi red .

The re c ord ma de by o u r men in th e Worl d Wa r h as been a

most commend ab le o n e The recon s truction o f fractu red
.

j aws and fa cial fea tures the replacement o f n Ose s lips and
, ,

other pa rts mutila ted o r destroyed by gunshot wound s an d

other ca u ses h a s fa r su rp assed o u r most s anguine h opes .
 C HA PT ER X V I I I .

DENTAL F RATE RNITI E S .

fou r Dent al Fraterni tie s o f n a t ional p rominen c e a re i n

TH E ,

the o rder o f thei r founding th e Delta Sigm a Delta Xi Psi

, ,

Phi Ps i Omega and Al p h a Omega

, .

De lt a Si gm a De lt a De n t a l Fr a te r n i ty .

By D r R H D Swing
. . . . .

Founded i n 1 88 3 a t Ann Arbor Mich in the denta l depa rt , .

,

ment o f th e University o f Michigan by Cha rles W How a rd , .

,

L J Mi tchell C J Hand E L Kern L M J ames L I

. .
, . .
, . .
, . .
, . .

Davis D D M a gi ll Willia m Cleland and C P Wein rich

, . .
, . .
,

Delta Si gma Delta ha s the distinction o f being the oldes t

dental fra terni ty and the thi rd olde s t p rofessiona l fra ternity .

( Phi Delta Phi l aw fra terni ty wa s fo u nded in 1 8 69 and N u

Sigma Nu medical fra terni ty in
Delta Sigma Delta con s i s t s of a s up reme ch ap ter a sup re m e ,

council a u xilia ry chap ter s a counci l o f deputies and sub or

, ,

d i n a t e ch ap ters The su p reme ch ap ter membership in c ludes

.

tho s e p racti tioner s o f denti st ry who h ave been ele c ted and
initi ated di rect from the p rofe s sion and those who h ave been
“ ”
rai s ed from subordina te chap ters The auxilia ry c hap ters .

a re local b ran c he s o f the su p reme ch ap ter and they a re ,

designa ted by the name of the ci ty o r s ta te in which they a re

lo c a ted .

Subordinate ch ap ter s a re undergra dua te organiza tions and

a re de s i gna ted by the letter s o f the Greek alph abet Su b .

ordina te ch apters a re confined to denta l schools o f the highes t

s tanding only In Delta Sig m a Delta there i s no p rovision
.

f o r honora ry membership ; all memb ers a re active .

224 H I S TOR Y OF DEN TI S TR Y
The governing powe r o f th e fra terni ty i s ves ted in the
sup re m e chap ter which meets annually Du ring th e interval
, .

between annual meetings the governing power with ce rtain ,

restrictions is vested in the sup reme coun c il The six hi gh est

, .

o ffi cers o f th e sup re m e c hap te r constitute th e s up reme

coun c il The fra te rnity p ublis he s a q ua rte rly organ Des m os
.
, .

“
Th e obj ect o f the fra terni ty i s To eleva te the morale and
tone o f th e p ra c ti ce o f dentistry among i ts membe rs The .

upli fting o f dentis try by inculca ting in the m ind s o f the

student b ody and of gra dua tes a spi ri t of fra ternal c o Op e r a
”
tion towa rd scienti fic ethical an d p rofessional p rogress
, .

X i P s i Ph i De n t a l Fr a t e r n i ty .

By D r H B Pinney . . . .

This fra terni ty wa s founded a t Ann Arbo r Mi c h on ,

.
,

Feb rua ry 8 1 88 9 The members a ttending thi s meeting

, .

were L C Th ayer W E Ga ry G G M c Coy E Wa te rloo

. .
, . .
, . .
,
.
,

W H B ooth and A A Deyoe A second meeting wa s called

. . . . .

ea rly in Ap ril o f the s a me yea r and fre s hman j u nior and

,
,

senior wi th o n e united e ffort ush ered into exis tence th e

, ,

Xi Psi Phi Fra ternity whic h tod ay ha s a membership o f ,

app roxima tely

The name given the o rganiza ti on a t i ts founding wa s
“ ’
Delta B eta Ga mma these letters signifying Dental B rothers
,

Guild b ut thi s name wa s la ter changed t o Xi Ps i Phi and

,
“
the motto a dop ted wa s Even handed Li fe Clan I n M ay -
.
,

1 89 2, we find recorded in the o ffi ce o f the Secreta ry o f t he

Sta te of Michigan a rticles o f a ssoci ation o f Alph a Ch ap te r ,

Xi Psi Phi Fraterni ty Thi s then ma rks the a dvent of .

, ,

ou r organiza tion into the field o f na ti onal Greek letter

societies .

The fi rs t subordina te ch ap ter to b e organized wa s Delta

Chapter Feb rua ry 2 1 1 8 9 3 a t the B altimore College o f
, , ,

Dental Surgery and four other ch ap ters followed in q ui c k

,

suc c ession The sup reme ch apter wa s organized and i ts fi rs t

.

m eeting w a s held in B u ff alo June 1 6 1 90 1 A new b oa rd o f , , .

226 H I S TOR Y OF DE N TI S TR Y
ber 2 0 1 909 i t a ffi liated with the Ra ma ch a local fra ternity
, , ,

o f Philadelphi a which h a d been organized a t the old Penn

,

sylvani a Coll e ge o f Dental Surgery now o u t o f existence , .

These t w o lo c a l fra terni ties amalgama ted and were i n c o r p o r

.

ated De c ember 2 2 1 90 9 a s a na tion a l fra terni ty the Alph a

, , ,

Omega Dental Fra terni ty

The membership i s app roxima tely 2 000 with fi fteen active
ch ap ters situa ted in s chools o f the high est s tanding th rougho u t
the United Sta te s There a re t w o ch ap ter s th a t h ave been
.

forced t o become inactive due to the clo s ing o f th e s c hools

,

a t the Medico Chi r u rgical College and the New Jersey

-

Dental College .

’
The s ociety s p ii bli c a t i o n i s called the A lp h a Om ega n an d
i s i ss ued q u a rterly the pub lica tion hea dq ua rters b eing a t
,

B altimore M d , .

The p u rposes o f the o rganization a re outlined in the p re

“
amble t o th e constit u tion : Friendship b rotherhood an d ,

m u tual ai d ; t o u phold the highes t s tand a rds o f the p rofession ;

p rovide for ourselves th e plea s ure s o f u niversal b rotherhood ;
”
and p romote our general welfa re .

Only such men a re a dmi tted into o u r fra terni t y as a re of

the highes t moral ch a racter and h ave a high scholasti c
standing The p rinciples of equali ty j u s tice an d fai r dealing
.
,

a re inc u lca ted .

 IND E X .

I O R TAN T
MP R EF E EN E S R C A RE I N CATE I N
DI D BL AC K — A C E T Y
F D P E .

A m e r i c a n C ivil Wa r , 1 01
l i
c o o n e s, ly d e n t i st r y
e ar i n , 67
A B B EY, Mn , in t he gold b e a t i n g
-
De n t a l A sso c i a t i o n 9 8 , , 1 1 1 , 1 3 5,
b u si n e ss 1 2 5 , 1 39, 1 8 1 , 2 09
79 , 1
Ab o r igi n e s s k u ll s o f 3 1
, , v i
Co n e n t o n , 8 4, 8 6 , 8 7 , 9 5 , 1 02 ,
A b sc e ss a lv e o l a r r o o t a m p u t a t i o n
, , 1 3 2 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 0, 2 09
f o r I 56, d e n t i st r y , a r c h i t e c t s o f , 8 0
Ab u l c a s i s 3 4 43 1 3 4 1 41 1 42
, , , , , i n En gl a n d , 1 49
A c a d e m y o f St o m a t o lo gy 2 8 1 49 , , Exp e d i t i o n a r y F o r c e s, d e n t i s t r y
Ac i d su lp h u r i c f o r r o ot c a n a l wo r k
, ,
-

, wi t h t h e , 2 1 4, 2 1 6
1 32 I n s t i t u t e o f D e n t a l Te a c h e rs, 1 1 1 ,
Ac t of Co n g r e ss t o co m m ss o n i i de n t a l 1 89 , 1 9 6
su r ge o n s 2 1 0 , J o u r n a l o f De n t a l Sc i e n ce , 8 2 , 8 3 ,
Ac t i n g d e n t a l su r g e o n , U S Ar m y , 8 6 8 9 . 9 0. 1 6 7 , I 7 7
ib r ar y o f D e n t a l Sc i e n ce , 8 3
. .

21 1 L
A c u p u n c t u r e by Ch i n e se , 2 3 M e d i c a l Ass o ci a t i o n , 1 8 2 , 1 8 3 , 1 8 4,
A d r e n a li n , u se s o f , 1 5 4 1 88
IEs c u l a p i u s, G o d o f M e d i c i n e , 2 4, O r t h o d o n t i st , 1 5 2
3 0a 42 So c i e t y o f De n t a l Su r g e o n s, 8 1 , 8 3 ,
A i t ki n , J oh n , 60 8 4, 8 7 , 9 1 , 9 3 , 9 5 , 1 2 7 , 1 5 8 ,
A l a b a m a , l a w r e g u l a t i n g t h e p r a ct i c e
o f d e n t i st r y , 1 6 7 o f O r t h o d o n t i s t s, 1 5 2

Al c o c k , J a m e s , 9 7 An a lg e si a wi t h n i t ro u s o xi d e a n d
Al e x a n d e r , Ch a r l e s S , m e t h o d o f o xyg e n , 1 5 4
.

m a ki n g g o l d i n l a y s a n d c r own s, A n a t o m y o f t h e H u m a n Te e t h
1 29 , 1 48 ( Bl a c k ) , 1 07
Ali A bb a s , 3 4 An c i e n t d e n t i s t r y , 1 9
A ll e n , C h a r l e s C , 1 8 4 . An e s t h e si a by d e c o c t i o n s, 3 7
o h n , 1 45 e t h e r, 1 18
Al o ys , 1 0 8 , 1 2 6 h i st o r y o f, 1 1 3
Alp h a O m e g a d e n t a l fr a t e r n i t y, 2 2 3 , n i t r o u s o xi d e , 9 6, 1 1 4, 1 1 5 , 1 5 4
225 n ovoca in , 1 5 4
Am a lg a m , 1 2 6 See a l so Filli n g s
. An gl e , Edwa r d H , 1 5 2 . .

’
Bl a c k s fo r m u l a , 1 08 , 1 2 7 Sch o o l o f O r t h o d o n t i a , 1 5 2 , 1 5 3
c0 p p e r , 1 2 8 An gl e pi e ce , i n v e n t i o n o f , C h a r l e s -

s ilv e r a n d m e r c u r y , 1 2 7 Me rry y, 1 36
Am bl e r , D C , 1 3 1 . . An t h r o p O IO g i a n o v a ( Dr a k e ) , 46
Am b u l a n c e s, d e n t a l , 2 0 1 , 2 1 4, 2 1 9 , A n t i a m a lg a m pl e d g e , 1 76 -

222 A n t r u m o f Hig h m o r e , 45
A m e r i c a n A m b u l a n c e Hlo s p i t a l , A p o ll o n i a , Pa t r o n Sa i n t o f d e n t i st r y ,
F r a n c e , 1 56 , 2 1 1 28
228 I N DE X

Ar a bi a n s a n c i e n t g o l d—
, fill in g by I 1 9
, , B a r n u m Sa n fo r d C h r i s t i e 9 9 1 3 4
, , ,

m e d i c a l li t e r a t u r e o f , 1 7 B a rre t t M T 1 3 4 , .

’
.
,

Ar c h ig e n e s o f Ro m e , 2 3 3 1 , B a r s o r t h o d o n t i a F a u ch a r d s 1 5 0
, , ,

A r ch i t e c t s o f A m e r i c a n d e n t i s t r y 8 0
’
, B e a ch J W 2 00 , . .
,

Ar c u l a n u s J o a n n e s ( G i o v a n n i d A r
, B e a n J B 2 08
, . .
,

li)
co , B e e r s J B 1 47
, . .
,

Ar m y a n d N a vy De n t a l C o r p s, 1 8 4, B e lzo n i 1 42 ,

212 B e n e fa ct i o n s Tw o G r e a t 2 02 , ,

d e n t i s t r y i n t h e U n i t e d St a t e s, B e n n u t bli st e r s i n t h e t e e t h ( P a py r u s
2 08 o f Eb e r s ) 21 ,

Me d i ca l M u se u m , W a sh i n g t o n , D . B e r d m o r e , Th o m a s, 5 9 , 69 , 1 5 0
32, 33 B e st , El m e r S , 1 8 .

Sa n i t a r y Sc h o o l at La n gr e s, 21 8 Bibl e , fi r st m e n t io n o f a n e st h e s i a i n ,
Ar r i n g t o n , B e n j a m i n F r a n kl i n , 1 00 1 1 3
W T , 1 80
. . f
r e e r e n ce to t eet h in , 2 3
Ar s e n i c , f o r d e vi t a lizi n g t e e t h , 1 3 1 Bio g r a p h i e s o f n ot e d Am e r i c a n d e n
f o r wo r m s i n t h e t e e t h 2 4 , t i st s, 92
Ar si p p u s , fi r st t o t e a c h t o o t h d r aw Bl a c k , Ar t h u r D .
, 1 91
1 n g, 2 G V . .
, 8 7, 1 0 3 , 1 06 , 1 2 7, 1 3 3, 1 89 ,
Ar t h u r , Ro b e r t , 48 , 7 9 , 9 5 , 9 9 , 1 0 4, 99
1 9 0. 1

39, 1 1 62 G V , m e mor i a l t o , 1 09
i
. .

d i p lo r i a o f , 1 7 7 Th o m a s G , 1 06 .

A r t h u r iz i n g , 9 5 , 1 3 2 Bl a c k St u d y Cl u b s , 1 08
Ar t i cu l a t o r , d e n t a l , 9 9, 1 46 Bl a n dy A A 1 45 ,
. .
,

Ar t ifi c i a l t e e t h i n a n c i e n t u r n s, 40 , ,Bogu e F L 1 7 2 . .

Ash , C h a r l e s F , 2 00 . B o m e n b l it t , S H , 2 2 5 . .

C l a u d i u s, 6 5 , 1 43 B o n d , Th o m a s E , 84 , 1 5 8 .

Ask l e p e i a , t e m pl e s o f E sc u l a p i u s , 2 4 B o n wi ll , W G A , 9 8 , 1 46 . . .

s k l e p i a d i , p r i e s t s o f IEs c u l a p i u s , 2 4 B ou r d e t , 5 9 , 1 5 0

Ass i st a n t , d e n t a l , 1 4 1 B ow d r ill o f t h e j ewe l e r s, 1 3 6

-

Asso c i a t i o n o f Nfili t a r y De n t a l Su r B o y n t o n , 1 3 0, 1 9 8
g e o n s, 2 1 5 B r a i n s o f h a r e f o r p a i n fu l d e n t i t i o n ,
Asso c i a t i o n s o f Alli e d De n t a l So 2 6 43
c ie t i e s , I n c , 1 7 2 B r ewst e r , C St a r r , 9 4, 1 0 1
B r i d ge —
. .

a n d so c i e t i e s , d e n t a l , 1 75 wo r k , 1 47
As t o r , M i ss M a r y , 8 9 a n c i e n t Et r u s c a n , 2 7

At ki n so n , W H , 1 3 9 . . Ro m a n , 2 6
Au d i b r a n , 6 2 B r o a ch e s , b a r b e d , i n v e n t i o n o f , 9 4
A u r e li a n u s , C e li u s , 2 4, 3 0 B r o n ze t a bl e t , Ha y d e n a n d H a r r i s,
Av e n z oa r , 3 6 84
Ay d e l o t t e , B O , 1 6 0 . . B r o p h y , Tr u m a n W , 1 9 6 .

B r own , B B , 1 6 8 . .

Ho m e r C , 1 8 2 , 1 83 .

L
Pa r m ly, 1 7 5 , 1 7 6, I 7 7 , I 8 9
.

So ly m a n , 8 9 , 1 0 2 , 1 5 8 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 5 ,
BACON , o sia h , 1 46 I 77
B a k e r , lish a , 1 6 7 B u c kin gh a m, T L , 1 6 1 , 1 62 . .

b “, a d v e r t i se m e n t o f , 7 0 B u c kl e y, P 1 7 2 , 1 8 5
N J
. .

ewt o n D , 2 1 3 . B u ll e t i n 0 t h e N a t i o n a l D e n t a l As so
B a l t i m o r e C o ll e g e o f De n t a l Su r g e r y , c i a t io n , 1 7 3

1 8 , 8 2 , 8 3 , 8 4, 8 9 , 9 5 , 9 8 , 1 00 , 1 02 , B u ll , M a r c u s, i n t h e g ol d b e a t i n g -

1 04, 1 0 5 , 1 1 1 , 1 2 6 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 5 , 2 2 4, b u s i n e ss, 1 2 5
225 B u n o n , Ro b e r t 6 1 ,

B a r b e r su r g e o n , 3 8 , 42 , 6 7
-
B u r d e n , J e sse R , 1 6 1 .

B a r b e r s, 1 7 , 3 9 , 42 , 1 1 9 B u r k h a r t , H a r v e y J , 1 8 5 , 2 05 .
23 0 I N DEX

De n t a l Re gi s t e r (o f t he W e st ) , 8 6,

DA B RY , 2 4 Re se r v e Co r p s, Ar m y , 2 1 2
Da l e , J A , 1 9 0
. . Re vi ew,
Da m , r u bb e r , i n d e n t a l o p e r a t i o n s 99 , s u r ge o n , d e g r e e o f , 1 7 6
Da n i e l , J a m e s, a d v e r t i s e m e n t o f 69 , s u r g e o n s, l a w c o m m i ss i o n i n g i n
D a v e n p o r t Willi a m , 2 1 1
, a r m y, 2 1 0

Da vi s, J e ff e r so n , 2 09 Ti m e s, 1 6 3
Da vy , Si r Hu m p h r y , 1 1 5 De n t a r iae M e d ic i n m Do c t o r i s, t i t l e o f ,

De a t h , r e s u l t i n g fr o m t h e e x t r a c t i o n 1 65
o f a t oo t h 36 , De n t a t o r s, m e n t i o n e d by G u y d e
De C h i r u r gi a (Ab u l ca si s ) , 3 4 C h a u li a c , 3 7
’
De De n t ib u s Li b e ll u s ( F a ll o pi u s) , 4 1 De n t i s t s M u t u a l P r o t e c t iv e Alli a n c e ,
De De n t i u m Do l o r e ( He i s t e r ) , 48 1 98
De g r e e Do c t o r o f De n t a l Su r g e ry
, . Su pply Co m p a n y , 1 7 2
De n t i s t r y a m o n g p r i m i t i v e p e o pl e s
”

S ee Do c t o r .
,

De l a b a r r e , C F , 1 47 . .
31
M .
, 1 44 i
an c en t , 19
De l t a B e t a G a m m a d e n t a l fr a t e rn i t y , G r e e k , a n c i e n t , 2 4 , 1 42
’
224 H i st o r y o f , K o ch s, 1 09
Sig m a De l t a d e n t a l fr a t e r n i t y , 2 23 i n Am e r i c a n c o l o n i e s, e a r ly , 6 7

De n t a l a m b u l a n c e s, 2 01 , 2 1 4, i n a r m y t r a i n i n g ca m p s 2 2 1 ,

A n a t o m y ( Bl a c k) , 1 08 i n e igh t e e n t h c e n t u r y , 48
Ar t ( H a r r i s) , 8 2 , 1 3 1 i n M i d d l e A g e s, 3 4
i
a ss st a n t , 1 41 i n s ix t e e n t h a n d s e v e n t e e n t h c e n
i i
a sso c a t o n s a n d i i
s o c e t e s, 1 75 t u r i e s , 40
b r ie f 1 7 1
, i n U n i t e d St a t e s A r m y a n d N a vy ,
c o ll e g e s a n d e d u ca t i o n 1 57 , 2 08
Co r p s o f t h e U n i t e d St a t e s Ar my on P a c ifi c C o a st , 7 1
a n d N a vy 94 2 1 4 2 1 7 , , , , 2 20 P a t r on Sa i n t o f , 2 8
C o s m o s. 9 7 , 5 6, 1 De n t o lo g i a , a p o e m by So ly m a n
1 62, 1 6 8 , 1 69 , 1 7 5 , 1 7 7 , 1 9 7 , 1 9 9 , B r own , 8 9, 90
21 3 D e n t u r e s, l i
a u m n u m , ca s t , 1 47
Dig e st , 1 7 1 , 1 9 7, 1 9 8 art ifi c i a l b o n e P a r é 43
, ,

fi r st se t i n Am e r i can 69
,

Ed u c a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f Am e r i c a , ,

I QS c e ll u l o i d 1 45 ,
’
F a c u l t i e s Asso c i a t i on o f Am e r i c a n c l a s p e d p a r t i a l 5 9 99 , ,

U n iv e r s i t i e s 1 9 3 , g ol d b a se s a n c i e n t 1 42 , ,

fr a t e r n i t i e s 2 2 3 , Fl a gg 7 2 ,

Hyg e i a a p o e m by So ly m a n B r own
, , m o r t i s e pl a t e G a r d e t t e , , 74
90 He m a r d in 1 62 2 , 1 43
Hygi e n e Co u n c il o f N e w Yo r k 1 40 , ivo r y an d b o n e F a u ch a r d
, , 57
I t e m s o f I n t e r e st P u bli sh i n g Co m in C e yl o n , 1 44
p an y , 1 71 p or ce la in i
c on t n u o u s gu m, 1 44,
1 67 I 4S
e d i ci n e , a P r a c t i c a l Tr e a t i se o n v u l c a n it e i n v e n t i o n o f
, , 1 45

( B o n d) , 8 5 woo d e n J a p a n e se 3 3
, ,

L
N ews e t t e r , 9 7 , 1 68 , 1 69 , 2 09 De si r a bo d e , 6 2 , 1 5 0
n o m e n cl a t u r e , 1 9 9 De sm o s,
L
Off i ce a n d a b o r a t o r y , 1 70
’
D i c t i o na r y o f De n t a l Sc i e n ce ( Ha r
Offi c e r s Re se r v e C o r p s , 2 1 2 r i s) , 8 3 a 1 5 9

P r o t e c t iv e Asso c i a t i o n , 1 7 1 , 1 9 6 Di e ff e n d e r f e r , W E 1 48 . .

Su pply Co m p a n 1 98 Di n e ly, Willi a m , 6 7

p r o st h e sis, m a t e r i a u se d i n , 5 8 , 5 9 ls D i o n i s, Pi e r r e , 46
Q u a r t e r ly , 1 70 Di s k s, c o r u n d u m , u se o f , 99
 I N DEX 23 1

Di s t in g u is h e d Se r vi c e Cr oss awa r d e d Ex t e n si o n f o r p r e v e n t i o n ( Bl a c k) ,
d e n t i s t s, 2 2 0, 2 2 1
Do ct o r o f De n t a l Su r g e r y , d e gr e e o f Ex t r a c t i o n o f t e e t h , 3 0, 3 6, 5 3 , 60 7 5 , , ,

1 59 , 1 61, 1 6 5, 1 76, 1 77 1 1 9, 2 04, 2 09

o f M e d i c i n e d e g r e e fi r s t b e s t owe d
, , Ey e s an d t e e t h , r e a t o n of, l i 40
38
il
t t e of, 38 1 59 ,

Do d ge I sr a e l M 1 6 0
, .
,

Dr a ke J a m e s 46, ,

Dr ill s d e n t a l 9 3 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7
, , , , , . S ee F a br y Wil h e l m ( F a b r i ci u s
, Hil d a
a l so En gi n e s d e n t a l , . n us ) , 46
D u b o i s d e C h e m e n t 6 2 63 64 , , , , 75, F a llo pi u s G a b r ie l u s , , 41
I 43 : 1 45 F a rr a r J N 1 5 1, . .
,

D u c h a t e a u 6 3 , 1 43 , 1 45
’
, F a t h e r o f Me d i c i n e , H ipp o c r a t e s , 24
Du n g d r i e d c ows , a ppli e d
, t o t e e t h, 36 o f Mo d e r n Or t h o d o n t i a Ki n g sl e y , ,

1 5 1 .
1 02 , 1 51
Dy e i n g t h e t e e t h bl a c k in Ja pa n , 32 F a u ch a r d Pi e r r e , , 48 , 5 0, 5 2 , 1 1 9, 1 43 ,
r e d i n I n d ia , 3 3 1 47, 1 50
Féd ér a t i o n D e n t a ir e I n t e r n a t i on a l e ,
1 03 , 1 05 , 1 99
Fib r il s d e n t a l 9 3
, ,

Fil e s d e n t a l 5 6
, ,

EA S TMA N, G e o r g e , 2 05 Fi li n g t h e t e e t h 3 2 , , 95 , 1 2 0, 1 32,
De n t a l Di s p e n sa r y, 1 41 , 2 05 1 50
Eb e r s p a py r u s , 2 1 Fill e br ow n Th o m a s, 1 8 0, 1 8 1 ,

Egyp t i a n d e n t is t ry , a n ci e n t , 2 0, 21 , Fill in g s Se e a l so Am a lg a m a n d
.

1 42 G old .

i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , d e n t i s t r y i n , 48 a m a lg a m , 88 , 1 2 6 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 6

El e ct r i c i t y a n d m a g n e t i sm f o r t oo t h ca m p h o r , s u lp h u r a n d m y r r h , 3 7

a ch e , 5 9 ce me n t 1 28
m
,
’
Elm e n s d O d o n t o l o gi e ( Jo u r d a i n ) , 5 8 g0 , 3 8 , 3 9 , 48 , 5 3 ) 9 3 a 9 8 , 1 01 :

El ixi r s f o r t oo t h a c h e , 5 3 1 06, 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 2
Em e t i n i n pyo r r h e a , 1 3 4 in Egyp t i a n m u mm i e s, 2 2 , 1 19
En a m e l m a r g i n s, m a n a g e m e n t o f i n st r u m e n t s f o r 1 3 9 ,

( Bl a c k ) , 1 08 l e a d 3 0 48 5 3 1 1 9
, , , ,

En d a m e b a b u c c a l is , ca u se o f p yo r m a st i c a n d h o n e y 3 4 ,

rhe a , 1 34 M a t e r i a l s P h y s i c a l Ch a r a c t e r s , of

En gi n e , d e n t a l , 1 1 2 , 1 3 5 , 1 3 8, ( Bl a c k) 1 08 ,

1 39 S ee a l so Dr ill s, d e n t a l
. . m e t a l fu s ibl e 1 2 6 , ,

Er a s is t r a t u s, 2 1 pl a st i cs f o r 1 2 8 ,

Esh l e m a n , M B , 2 00 . . pl a t i n u m 1 2 6 ,

Et h e r , su lp h u r i c , d i sco v e r y o f, 1 1 4, s ili c a t e 18 1 28 , ,

1 1 7 , 1 5 44 I 6 7 s ilv e r fo il 1 26 -

Et r u sca n s, a n c i e n t d e n t i st r y , 2 6 , 2 7 , t e r m m e t a lli c-
1 26 ,

1 42 ti n , 53, 1 1 9 , 1 2 6
Eu g e n i e , Em p r e ss, 1 0 1 Fi n g e r t h im ble a n d h a n d b u r s, 1 3 8
Eu s t a c h i u s , B a r t h o l o m e u s , 41 Fi n l e y, M a r k F , 1 97 .

Eva n s, Da n i e l T , 1 46 . Fi sh e r , Willi a m C , 2 1 5 .

Th o m a s W , 1 0 1 , 1 5 1 . Fi t ch , Sa m u e l S , 1 6 7 .

M u se u m a n d De n t a l I n s t i t u t e , Fl a gg , J o si a h , 6 8 , 7 2 , 7 3 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7
J .F , 9 2 , 1 2 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 6 , 1 5 4,
.

Ev o l u t i o n o f B o d ily M o v e m e n t o f
Te e t h ( Ca s e ) , 1 5 3 F o st e r B r ewst e r , 1 1 6, 1 62
Ex a m i n a t i o n f o r d e n t a l p r a ct i ti o n e r s F0 li e l e , d e n t a l , 4 1
i n F r a n ce 50 Fo n z i , 64, 1 43
23 2 I N DEX

Fo r b e s W S 1 6 2
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ca r o u s t e e t h , 38,
Fo r c e p s d e n t a l 3 8
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I S4 s po n ge 1 2 5 , , 1 39
F o r sy t h , G e o r g e He n r y , 2 02 G o l d e n Too t h , st o r y of, 43
G o o d e a r , C h a r l e s, 1 45
fS
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02 , 2 0 4 G oo d y e a r De n t a l V u l c a n i t e Co m
o r sy t h De n t a l I n fi r m a r y , 1 4 1 , 2 02 Pa n Y’ 9 7, 1 46 ’ 1 9 6 ! I 97
F o r sy t h Tu ft s Tr a i n i n g Sch o o l f o r G o r g a s, Fe r d i n a n d J
.

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De n t a l Hygi e n i s t s , 2 0 4 1 80
F o s t e r , M W h il l d i n , 1 0 4
. G o r i t z , J oh a n n Ad o lp h , 5 0
F o u n t a i n c u s pi do r s, 1 39 G r a n t , J C li n t o n , 1 9 8
.

F o u r y e a r p r e d e n t a l c o u r se , 1 9 4
-
G r e e n fi e l d , E J , r oo t i m pl a n t a t i o n
. .
,

Fo x, J o se p h , 1 5 0, 1 5 7 1 48
F r a n kli n , B e n j a m i n , 1 5 8 G r e e k a ppli a n ce s, 2 5
F r a n ce , e x a m i n a t i o n o f p r a ct i t io n e r s G r e e k d e n t i st r y , 2 4 , 1 42
G r e e n wo o d , I s a a c , 6 8
F r a n co P r u ssi a n Wa r 1 0 1
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, I sa a c Jo h n , 6 8 , 7 7
Fra t e r 2 2 5 , JO h n ’74 7 5 , 76 , 8 1 , 1 43 , 1 5 8
,

F r a t e r n it i e s d e n t a l 2 2 3 , , G r i e v e s , C l a r e n ce J , 1 8 5 .

F r e e m a n Ro b e r t Ta n n e r 1 6 5 G r iff o n , ]
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6
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Fr i e s e ll , H E , 2 2 5 . . G u e r h a r d, , 63 , 1 43

F r o g, f a t o f a g r e e n , 3 6 G u e r i n i , V i n c e n zo , 2 2 6 5
’
,

F u mig a t io n s fo r t o o t h a c h e , 3 7 G u e r i n i s H i s t o r y o f De n t i s t r y , 2 2,
F u r n a c e p o r ce l a i n
, , l i 45 1 7 8
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F u r t h e r St e ps i n t he P r o g r e ss o f G u i l d , b a r b e r s a n d su r g e o n s , 3 8
O r t h o d o n t i a (A n gl e ) , 1 53 G u il le m e a u , a c q u e s, 46 , 6 2
G u n n i n g, F s pli n t , 2 0 8
.

G u t t a p e r c h a , u se s o f , 1 2 8 , 1 2 9
-

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G u y s Ho s pi t a l , on do n , d e n t i st r y L
t a u gh t in , 1 5 7
G ADD E S D E N , J o h n , 3 6 G u y d e C h a u li a c , 3 6, 1 1 3
G a g bl o c k i n o r t h o d o n t i a , 1 5 0 G y s i, A lfr e d , 1 46, 1 7 2
L
G a ge , ym a n J , 1 9 6 .

G a l e n , 2 6 , 41 , 42
G a r d e t t e , J a m e s, 7 2 , 7 3 , 74 , 1 43 , 1 5 5 ,
1 5 7 , 2 08
G a r e n g e o t , k e y o f , 49
G a r io t , J B , 1 46 . . HAMILTON , M r , a d v e r t i se m e n t o f 7 0 .
,

G a r r e t so n , J a m e s E , 1 5 5 , 1 6 2 . Ch a r l e s, 1 6 2
’
G a r r e t so n s Or a l Su r g e r y, 1 5 3 Ha n c h e t t , M W , 1 40 . .

G a r r io p o n t u s, 3 6 Ha n d b u r s a n d fi n g e r t h i m bl e , 1 3 8
G e o r gi a St a t e De n t a l So c i e t y , 2 09 Ha n d l e s f o r h o l d i n g d r ill bi t s, 1 3 7
G e r m a n y, d e n t ist r y i n , 40, 2 1 1 Ha r r i n g t o n , G e o r g e F e ll ows, 1 3 8
G i e s, W i lli a m J , 1 7 2 . Ha r r is, C h a pi n A , 48 , 8 1 , 8 2 8 5 9 8 , .
, ,
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1 1 1 58, 1 59 ,
l a n u s) 38 , 1 6 7 , 1 7 5 , 1 76 , 1 77
d i V ig o , 38 Joh n , 8 5
Pl a t e a r io , 3 8 Ha r t z e ll , Th o m a s B , 1 8 5 .

G o d o f M e d i c i n e , IEsc u l a p i u s, 2 4 Ha r v a r d De n t a l Sc h o o l , 9 2 , 1 64, 1 93,

G o l d , c o h e s iv e p r o p e r t i e s o f 9 5 1 2 5 , , , 2 03

I 39 Ha r v a r d Fo r sy t h Pos t g r a d u a t e Sc h oo l
-

cr y st a l , 1 25, 1 39 o f Or t h o d o n t i a , 2 03

e ff e ct s o f, in t e e t h , 1 28 Ha sk e ll , L
P , 1 45 . .

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fo il , co h e s iv e , 1 2 6 H awa ii a n I sl a n d s, n a t iv e s o f , 3 3
23 4 I N DEX

KE E P Na t h a n Co ol e y 9 2 1 6 4
, , , , 1 65 M AC K ALL 9 5 1 5 8 , ,

K e n n i co t t Willi a m H 7 0 1 09 , .
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Ke y En gli sh f o r e x t r a c t i n g 60
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I S4 ’
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G a r e n g e o t s, 49 M a n c h e st e r Ti m e s 1 43 ,

K e y s e r Ern e st W , 1 5 8, . a rs Joh n S 2 09 2 1 0
h a ll, .
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Ki n g , O t t o U , 1 6, 1 7 4, 1 8 4 . M a r t i a l e pig r a m s o f 2 9
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Ki n g sl e y No r m a n W , 1 02 , 1 47,
, . 1 51 M a r yl a n d D e n t a l Co ll e g e 1 00 1 0 5 , ,

Ki r k, Edwa r d C , 1 6, 1 70, . St a t e De n t a l Asso c i a t i o n 9 5 1 1 1 , ,

2 1 3 U n iv e r s i t y d e n t a l d e p a r t m e n t o f
, ,

K n a p p Ja m e s F , 1 80,
. 1 05 , 1 58, 2 25
L
Ko e c k e r , e o n a r d , 8 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 5 4 M e d i c a l Sc h oo l o f, 8 1 , 8 2 , 8 3 ,
K o ch , Ch a r l e s R E , 1 09 . . 1 05 , I S7
H i st o r y o f D e n t a l Su r g e r y by , 67 , M a ssa c h u se t t s De n t a l So c i e t y , 93,
1 09
M e d i c a l So c i e t y , 1 1 8
M a t r i ce s b a n d , , 1 39
vi’ca l 9 9 ce r ,

Ma u ry s g u a r d h o o k s 1 5 0 ,

LAND Ch a r l e s H 1 2 9 1 48
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Le C h i r u r gi e n De n t i st e ( F a u c h a r d ) M e d i c i n e sa c e r d o t a l 1 9 2 5 40 , , , , ,

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2 08 m e n t o f, 1 9 3 , 2 2 3
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, 59 M i c r o Or g a n ism s o f t h e Hu m a n Mo u t h
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et eon , co m p ou n d , 1 1 6, 1 1 7 ( M ill e r ) , 1 03 »

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M i c r os c o p e i n v e n t io n o f 47
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L ibr a ry a t Al e x a n d r i a Egyp t d e , ,
M i d d l e Ag e s d e n t i st r y d u r i n g t h e 3 4
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Li n d e r e r , o se p h, 21 M i n n e so t a U n iv e rsi t y d e n t a l d e p a r t ,

Li t c h , Wil48 u r F,
. 1 , 1 63, 1 71 men t of, 1 93
L l
o ca h i i d a n e st es a n e n t st r i y , 1 54 M ir rors , p o li sh e d st e e l 1 2 0
mou t h , ,

L wy G g 5 6
oe , eor e, 1 is sissi p p i V a ll e y As so c i a t i o n o f
L g Willi m H G
o an, a . .
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on , ra or , 1 1 Mo d e l s pl a st e r i n v e n t i o n o f 5 9
, , ,

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Mo l d s b e e swa x
, , 68
d is a pp e a r i n g , fo r c a st n i g in l a ys ,

1 29, 1 30
M o r g a n He n r y Willi a m
, , 9 8, 1 10
Ro b e r t W , 2 1 0 .

M c C U RD Y , Jo h n
R , 1 69 . Willi a m H e n r 98 , 1 8 0
M c Fa dd e n , H B , 1 85 . . Mo r r i s on d e n t a e n gi n e , 1 3 9
M c Ke llo p s , J H , 2 09. . Mo r t o n , Willi a m T G , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 . .
, 1 1 5,
M cQ u il l e n , J H , 1 6 2 , 1 63 ,
. . 1 69 , 1 79 , 1 1 6, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 1 5 4

1 80 Mou t o n , 58
 I N DEX 23 5

Mo xa , ca u t e r iz a t i o n wi t h by Ch i n e se , O p e r a t iv e De n t is t r y ( Bl a c k) , 1 07
23 h i st o r y o f 1 1 9 ,

M u mm i e s , Egyp t i a n , d e n t i st ry in O r a l D e fo r m i t ie s ( Ki n g sl e y ) , 1 51
m o u t h s o f , 2 2 , 1 1 9 , 1 42 hy 1e n e 1 0 o6 1I 3 2 07

C
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M u r p h y , J L , 1 2 7, 1 2 9 . . il o f a r yla n d 1 1 1
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p r o p h yl a xi s 3 4 9 6 1 0 3 2 0 5 , , , ,

su r ge ry 7 5 1 5 3 2 00 2 1 8, , , ,

O r t h o d o n t i a 5 5 5 9 7 4 1 49 , , , ,
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t e r, 48 O sb o r n e We e d o n E 2 2 0 , .
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u , , , 1 85
3
a m i n e r s , 1 0 4, 1 09 , 1 94

Fa cu l t ie s , 1 00 , 1 05 , 1 06 , 1 1 1 ,

1 9 0, 1 92 , 1 95
De n t a l A sso c i a t io n , 1 0 4, 1 0 5 , 1 09 ,
m , 1 40, 1 56 1 73 , 1 7 4, 1 79, PA P ER bib u l o u s, , f o r d r yi n g ca vi t i e s ,

1 8 0, 1 81 , 1 9 5, 1 98 , 2 00 , 2 01 , 99
2 1 0, 2 1 2 P a py r u s o f Eb e r s 2 1 ,

P r o t e c t ive Asso c ia t i o n 1 9 8 , P a r é A m b r o i s e 42 1 43
, , , , 1 47
Sch o o l o f De n t a l Te ch n i c s 1 09 1 90 , , Pa r m ly El e a z e r , , 1 67 , 1 76
N a t u r a l H i s t o r y o f t h e Hu m a n T e e t h h ia l , 1 5 8
J
a

( Fo x) . 1 57 e v i Sp e a r , 8 8 , 1 77

av a l De n t a l Co r pp s 2 1 1 , P a r k m a n , Dr , i d e n t ifi e d . by de n t a l
e r v e c a ppi n g by Pf a ff 59 , wo r k 9 3 ,

N e r v es i n t e e t h fi r st n o t e d by G a le n , P a r r y Ely 1 6 1 1 6 2
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26 P a st e m u m m ifyi n g 1 3 1
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N e s bi t t , Nor m a n B , 1 49 . P a t e r so n J D 1 8 2 , . .

Ne w d e p a r t u r e cr e e d , 1 2 8 P e a b o d y M u se u m i n l a i d t e e t h i n , , 3 I
L
N ews e t t e r , De n t a l , 9 7 , 1 68, 1 69 P e a l e Ch a r l e s W 9 7
, ,

2 09 P e li c a n ( e x t r a c t i n g i n st r u m e n t ) , 3 8,
N ewt on , Si r I s a a c , 1 58
Ne w Yo r k C o ll e g e of De n t i st r y , 8 9 , P e n n sylv a n i a Asso c i a t io n o f De n t a l
99 , 1 02 Su r g e o n s ,

Ni t r o u s o x id e , a n e st h e si a , 9 6 , 1 1 4, C o ll e g e o f De n t a l Su r g e r y 8 8 1 0 3 , , ,

1 54 1 60, 2 26
N o g u i e , n e r v e b l o c k in by 1 54 U n iv e r s i t y , 1 63 , 1 64
fS
,

N o r t h C a r o li n a De n t a i y
oc e t , 1 00 , d e n t a l d e p a rt m e n t o f, 1 02 , 1 03 ,
1 04 1 93
No r t hwe s t e r n U n iv e r s i t y , d e n t a l d e m e d i ca l d e p a r t m e n t o f , 1 1 4
p a r t m e n t o f 1 08 , 1 09 , P e pys , W H , 1 2 6 . .

N o t e d t e a c h e r s, o r g a n iz e r s a n d i n P e ri n e , G e o r g e H , 2 2 .

ve n t o rs , 98 Pfa ff , P h ilip , 5 9
N o t e s o n O r t h o d o n t i a (An gl e ) , 1 52 Pf o ls p r u n d t , H e i n r i c h v o n , 40
N o vo c a i n , d i sco v e r y o f , 1 5 4 P h il a de lp h i a Co ll e g e o f De n t a l Su r
N u r se , d e n t a l , 1 41 g e ry , 1 0 4, 1 1 0, 1 5 5 , 1 60 ,

P h oen i ci a n d e n t i st r y 1 42 ,

P e i r ce C Newli n
, . 1 63 1 9 2 , ,

P in n e y H B 2 2 4
P io n e e r Am e r ic a n De n t i st s 72
, . .
,

O B TU RATOR S , p a l a t a l , 43 , 5 8 , 7 2 , 1 47 ,

O do n t a g og o n o f l e a d , 2 4 3 0 , Pl a n t o u A A 64 1 2 0 1 43
, . .
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O h io Co ll e g e o f De n t a l Su r g e r y , 8 5 , Pl a t e a r i o G i o v a n n i 3 8 , ,

1 59 . 1 78 Pl a t e s a r t ifi c i a l S e e De n t u r e s
, . .

O liv e r , Ro b e rt T , . 1 6, 2 1 0, 2 2 1 Pl a t i n u m r e st r i c t i o n s o n u se o f 2 1 5
, ,
23 6 I N DEX

Pl a t t F r a n k L 1 8 5
, .
, Re se a r c h I n st i t u t e o f t h e N a t io n a l
Pli n i u s Se c u n d u s C a i u s 3 0 , , De n t a l As so c i a t i o n , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 , 2 1 5
Pl u gg e r s se r r a t e d 1 3 9
, , s c i e n t ifi c , fu n d f o r , 1 7 9 , 1 8 6, 1 8 8

Po r ce l a i n d e n t u r e s o f 1 45
, , Re t a i n e r , r e m o v a b l e 1 53
Po r t e e ca r isso i r ( d e n t a l d r ill ) 1 3 6 , Re v e r e , P a u l , 7 0
Po r t r a i t o f a Yo u n g L a d y i n V e r se Rh a z e s, 3 4
( So ly m a n B ro w n ) 89 , Rh e i n , M L , 1 8 , 1 3 2 , 1 8 4
. .

P r e g n a n t wo m e n Op e r a t io n s o n t h e , Rh i n o pl a st y , a c a se o f , 46
t e e t h o f, 5 3 , 54 . Ri c h a r d so n Jo se p h , 1 5 1
,

P r e li m i n a ry r e q u re me n t s i f de n t a l Ri e t h m u e ll e r , R H , 1 48 , 1 5 4
—
o . .

st u d e n t s, 1 9 2 Ri fle , M a y n a r d b r e e c h lo a d i n g 9 4 ,

P r e p a r e d n e ss L g ea ue o f Am e r i c a n Rigg s J o h n M , 9 6 , 1 1 4 1 1 5 , 1 3 4
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, .
,

De n t i st s , 2 00, 2 1 2 , 2 1 4, 221 Rigg s s d i s e a se , 5 8 , 9 6

P r i c e W e st o n A 1 3 2
, .
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Ri v 1 e r e , a z a r r e , 47
P r i e st s h e a li n g by a
, , re ligi o u s r i t e , Ro bi n so n , A S , 1 7 1 . .

1 9, 2 5 Ro ch e st e r De n t a l Di s p e n sa r y , 1 41 ,
P r i m i t ive p e o pl e s , d e n t i st r y a mo n g , 2 05

31 De n t a l So c i e t y, 2 0 5
P r i n c ipl e s a n d P r a c t i ce o f De n t a l Ro d r ig u e s, B e n j a m i n Ad o lp h , 94
Su r g e r y ( Ha r r i s) , 8 2 Ro e n t g e n , Willi a m K o n r a d , 1 5 5
o f D e n t a l Su r g e r y ( Ko e c k e r ) , 8 7 Ro e n t g e n r a y See X r a y -
.
— .

P r o p h yl a xi s o r a l , 3 4 , 6 1 , 9 6 1 0 3 , 2 0 5 Ro g e r s, Alfr e d P , 2 03
, , .

P r o st h e s i s, n a sa l 48 , M e la n ct h o n , 1 5 9 , 1 6 0
P r o st h e t i c a ppli a n ce s, Ro m a n , i n Ro l e o f Se p si s a n d o f A n t i se p s i s i n
t o m b s a n d u r n s, 2 6 M e d i c i n e ( Hu n t e r ) , 1 49
d e n t i s t r y , 1 42 Ro m a n s, d e n t a l a r t a m o n g , 2 6 , 1 42
pi e c e s, r e m o v a bl e ( He i st e r) , 48 Ro o t c a n a l wo r k , 79 , 1 1 0, 1 3 1 -

P r o s t h o d o n t i a n e w s ch o ol o n , 1 7 2
, Ro o t s, a m p u t a t i o n o f , 1 5 6
Psi O m e g a d e n t a l fr a t e r n i t y , 2 2 3 , i m pl a n t a t i o n o f , 1 48
225 Ro y a l m i n e r a l s u c c e d a n e u m, 1 2 7
P u ll e n , H A , 2 00 . . Ru bb e r d a m , 9 9 , 1 3 4
P u lp d e n t a l , t r e a t m e n t o f , 79 , 1 1 0, Ryff W a l t e r H e r m a n , 40
, ,

1 2 8, 1 31
P u n ch fo r e xt r a ct io n
, , 1 54
P u n ct u r i n g t h e g u m s , fo r t oo t h a c h e ,
23
Pu r l a n d , T , 2 2 . SAC ERD OTAL m e d i c i n e , 1 9
Pu r m a n n , M a t t h i a s G o t t fr i e d , 47 Sa i n t A p o ll o n i a , 2 8
Pyo r r h e a a lv e o l a r i s, 5 8 , 1 3 4, 2 0 3 Sa r a c e n s, 2 1
Sa r co p h a gi , Egyp t i a n , 2 1 , 1 42
Sa t r i cu m , d e n t a l a p pli a n c e fo u n d at
27
Sa v a g e , G e o r g e E , 1 8 2 .

Q UAC K S , 3 9 , 8 0, 1 1 9, 1 49 Sa vill e , M a r sh a ll H , 3 1 .

Sc h a m b e r g , M I , 1 5 6 . .

Sc h a n g e , M M A , 1 5 0 . . .

R EAM E R S , d i a m o n d , 9 8
Re d C r o ss , 2 0 1
Re li e f F u n d o f t h e N a t i o n a l De n t a l
As so c i a t i o n , 1 8 9
Re pl a n t a t i o n o f t e e t h , 3 4, 43 , 6 1
Re s e a r c h Co m m i ss i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l Sc r ibo n i u s La r g u s, 2 9 , 3 6 , 3 7
De n t a l Asso c i a t i o n , 1 86 , 1 8 7, 1 88
Sc h u l t e s, J o h a n n ( Sc u l t e t u s) , 47
Sc h o o l f o r d e n t a l a ss i s t a n t s a n d
m e c h a n i c s, 2 1 8
’
,
Sc h o o l , d e n t a l h ygi e n i st s, 2 04 2 0 5
Sch o o l f o r M ili t a r y De n t a l Su r g e o n s,
2 1 5, 2 1 8
Sc r a p e r s, d e n t a l , A b u l ca s i s, 3 4, 3 5
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