Solved

UGC Paper
July, 2018
Included

NET/ JRF/Assistant Professor

TOURISM ADMINISTRATION AND
MANAGEMENT
University Grants Commission-National Eligibility Test (UGC-NET)
Junior Research Fellowship & Assistant Professor Eligibility Examination

Previous Years‘ Papers [Solved]

Dr. Sheeba Hamid

Professor (Tourism), PhD, MTA
Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Mr. Sujood
Research Scholar (JRF-Tourism)
Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Bharti Publications
 Copyright © Authors

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any from or by any means,
without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act/activity in relation to this publication may be liable
to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in the book are those of the Author/Authors and not necessarily of the publisher.
Author/Authors is/are themselves responsible for any kind of Plagiarism found in the book and any related issue/issues

First Published, 2018

ISBN : 978-93-86608-68-8

Published and Printed By:

Bharti Publications
4819/24, 3rd Floor, Ansari Road
Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002
Phone : 011-23247537
Mobile : +91-989-989-7381
E-mail : bhartipublications@gmail.com
info@bharatipublications.com
Website : www.bhartipublications.com
 About the Book

This is an immensely valuable compilation of Solved Previous Years’ Papers of UGC-NET for Tourism Administration
and Management which is being specially published for the aspirants of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Lectureship
Eligibility Exam. The book comprises several Solved Previous Years’ Papers of UGC-NET examination on the subject
which are solved by experts. The book will help in understanding the recent trends of examination and also serves as
a standard test of studies and preparation for the examination. The book is highly recommended to improve problem
solving skills, speed and accuracy and help to prepare well by practicing through these papers to face the examination
with confidence, successfully. The experts have worked hand in glove to ensure that the students/aspirants get the best
and exact content through this book. They have put their earnest attempts, learning, and experience to deliver the rigorous
content, the students receive. Keeping in mind the specific requirements of the students and various examinations, the
carefully designed exam-oriented and exam-ready content comes out only after intensive research and analysis. The
experts have embraced the whole new style of displaying the content which is effectively reasonable, leaving behind the
old traditional methods which once used to be the most effective. They have been developing the latest content and
updates as per the needs and requirements of the students.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
On behalf of UGC, the Central Board of Secondary Education holds the National Eligibility Test (NET) for determining
the eligibility of Indian nationals for the Eligibility for Assistant Professor only or Junior Research Fellowship and
Eligibility for Assistant Professor both in Indian Universities and Colleges. CBSE conducts NET in 84 subjects at 91
selected cities of Examination spread across the country. The award of JRF and Eligibility for Assistant Professor both
OR Eligibility for Assistant Professor only will depend on the performance of the candidate in both the papers of NET
in aggregate. However, the candidates qualifying exclusively for Assistant Professor will not be considered for award
of JRF. Candidate appearing in NET should clearly specify in the prescribed Application Form whether they are applying
for both JRF& Eligibility for Assistant Professor both OR only for eligibility for Assistant Professor. Candidates who
qualify the Test for eligibility for Assistant Professor will be governed by the rules and regulations for recruitment of
Assistant Professor of the concerned Universities/Colleges/State Governments, as the case may be.

CONDITIONS OF ELIGIBILITY
Candidates who have secured at least 55% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s Degree OR equivalent examination
from universities/institutions recognized by UGC in Humanities (including languages) and Social Science, Computer
Science &Applications, Electronic Science etc. are eligible for this Test. The Other Backward Classes(OBC) belonging
to non-creamy layer/Scheduled Caste(SC)/Scheduled Tribe(ST)/ persons with disability(PwD) category candidates who
have secured at least 50% marks (without rounding off) in Master’s degree or equivalent examination are eligible for
this Test.

AGE LIMIT AND RELAXATION

i) Junior Research Fellowship: Not more than 30 years as on 01.07.2018. A relaxation up to 5 years is provided to the
candidates belonging to OBC (Non- creamy layer, as per the Central list of OBC available on website: www.ncbc.nic.in)
SC/ST/PwD/Transgender categories and to women applicants. Relaxation will also be provided to the candidates having
research experience, limited to the period spent on research in the relevant/related subject of post-graduation degree,
subject to a maximum of 5 years, on production of a certificate from appropriate authority. Three years relaxation in age
will be permissible to the candidates possessing L.L.M. Degree. A relaxation of up to 5 years is provided to the candidates
who have served in the armed forces subject to the length of service in the armed forces up to the first day of the month
in which the concerned UGC-NET is to be held. Total age relaxation on the above ground(s) shall not exceed five years
under any circumstances.
ii) Assistant Professor: There is no upper age limit for applying for eligibility for Assistant Professor.
 (vi)
SCHEME OF TEST:
i) The Test consists of two papers. Both the papers consist of only objective type questions in two separate sessions
as under:

Session Paper Marks Number of Questions Duration

First I 100 50 Questions all are Compulsory 1 Hour (09:30 A.M. to 10:30 A.M.) IST
Second II 200 100 Questions all are Compulsory 2 Hours (11:00 A.M. to 01:00 P.M.) IST
Paper-I consists of 50 objective type compulsory questions each carrying 2 marks. The questions which will be of
general nature, intended to assess the teaching/research aptitude of the candidate. It will primarily be designed to test
reasoning ability, comprehension, divergent thinking and general awareness of the candidate.
Paper-II consists of 100 objective type compulsory questions each carrying 2 marks which will be based on the subject
selected by the candidate.
NOTE: Paper 3 has been removed from NET from 2018, now paper 2 and 3 syllabus is included in paper 2. Practice
both paper 2 and 3 from past papers.
 SYLLABUS
UGC NET
TOURISM ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT
SUBJECT CODE: 93

Unit – I
Tourist / Visitor / Traveller / Excursionist – definition and differentiation. Tourism recreation and leisure inter-relationship
(s) Tourism components, Elements and infrastructure. Types and typologies of Tourism.
Emerging concepts: Eco / rural / agri. / farai / green / wilderness / country side / special interest tourism.
Tourism Trends: Growth and development over the years and factors responsible therein. Changing market-destination
patterns, Traffic flows / receipt trends. Travel motivator and deterrents. Pull and Push forces in tourism.
Linkages and channels of distribution in Tourism
Tourism Organisation / Institutions: Origin, Organisation and functions of WTO, PATA, IATA, ICAO, FHRAI, TAAI,
IATO and UFTAA.

Unit – II
Concept of resource, Attraction and product in tourism. Tourism products: typology and unique features.
Natural Tourism Resources in India: Existing use patterns vis – a – vis potential with relation to varied landforms (mountains,
deserts, beaches, coastal areas and Islands), Water bodies and biotic wealth (flora – fauna).
Popular tourist destination for land based ( soft / hard trekking, ice skiing, mountaineering, desert safaris, car rallies, etc.
), water based ( rafting, kayaking, canoeing, surfing, water skiing, scuba / snuba diving ) and air based ( para – sailing,
para – gliding, ballooning, hand – gliding and microlighting, etc ) tourist activities. Wildlife – Tourism and conservation
related issues – Occurrence and distribution of popular wildlife species in India. Tourism in National parks, Wildlife
sanctuaries and biosphere reserves (case of Dachigham Corbett / Dudhwa / Kaziranga / Kanha / Gir / Ranthambor /
Mudumalai / Sunderbans / Shivpuri / Manas / Nanda Devi / Valley of flowers reserves). Tourism and nature conservation-
Conflicts, Symbiosis and Synergy.
Cultural Tourism Resources in India: Indian Culture and society. Indian History – Ancient, Medieval and Modern.
Traditions, Customs and costumes: Life style and settlement patterns. Food habits and cuisine. Music, Musical instruments
and Dance forms; Drawing and painting; Craftsmanship.
Religion / religious observances and important pilgrim destinations.
Architectural Heritage-Forts / palaces / other architectural marvels – Location and unique features.

Unit – III
Accommodation: Concept, Types and Typologies, Linkages and Significance with relation to tourism.
Emerging dimensions of accommodation industry – Heritage hotels, Motels and resort properties. Time share establishments.
Hotel and Hoteliering: Origin, Growth and diversification. Classification, registration and gradation of hotels. Organisational
structure, Functions and responsibilities of the various departments of a standard hotel / other catering outlets, viz., bars,
restaurants, fast food centres. In flight catering.
Leading multinational hotel chains operating in India. Public sector in hoteliering business – Role, Contribution and
Performance.
HRD perspective with special reference to India-Requirements, Training facilities, Constraints and Scope.
Fiscal and non-fiscal incentive available to hotel industry in India. Ethical, Legal and regulatory aspects.
 (viii)
Unit – IV
Transportation: Dynamically changing needs and means.
Landmarks in the development of transport sector and the consequent socio – economic, Cultural and environmental
implications. Tourism transport system.
Airlines Transportation: The Airlines Industry-Origin and Growth. Organisation of Air Transport Industry in International
context. Scheduled and non – scheduled Airlines services; Air taxis. Multinational Air Transport Regulations-Nature,
Significance and Limitations. Role of LATA, ICAO and other agencies. Bermuda Convention.
Air Transport Industry in India – DGCA and other key players; Regulatory Framework; Air Corporation Act, Indian
carriers-Operations, management and performance. Marketing strategies of Air India.
Significance of Road Transport in Tourism : Growth and Development of road transport system in India; State of existing
infrastructure; Public and Private Sector involvement; Role of Regional Transport Authority. Approved Travel Agencies,
Tour / Transport Operators, Car hire / Rental companies.
State and inter – state bus and coach network, Insurance provision road taxes and fitness certificate.
Rail Transport Network – Major Railway Systems of World – British Rail, Euro Rail and Amtrak.
Types of special package offered by Indian Railways to tourists – Indrail pass, Palace on Wheels and Royal Orient.
Reservation procedures. GSAs abroad.
Water Transport System in India – Historical past, Cruise ships, Ferries, Hovercraft, River and canal boats, Fly cruise.
Future prospects.

Unit – V
Travel Agency and Tour Operations Business: Origin, Growth and development; Definition, Differentiation and linkages;
Organisation and functions-Travel information counseling, Itinerary preparation, Reservation, Tour costing / pricing.
Marketing of tour packages. Income sources.
Airlines Ticketing: Operational perspectives of ticketing – ABC codes, Flight schedules, Flying time and MPM / TPM
calculation, TIM (Travel Information Manual) consultation. Routine and itinerary preparation, Types of fare, Fare calculation
and rounding – up. Currency conversion and payment modes, Issuance of ticket.
Cargo Handling: Baggage allowance, free access baggage. Weight and piece concept. Accountability of lost baggage,
Dangerous goods; Cargo rates and valuation charges, Automation and airport procedures.
Requirements for setting – up travel agency and tour operations business, Approval from organisation and institutions
concerned. Incentives available in Indian context. Constraints and limitations.

Unit – VI
Marketing: Core concepts in marketing; Needs, Wants, Demands, Products, markets. Marketing management philosophies-
Production, Product, Selling, Marketing and societal perspectives. Economic importance of marketing.
Tourism marketing: Service characteristics of tourism. Unique features of tourist demand and tourism product / Tourism
marketing mix.
Analysis and selection of market: Measuring and forecasting tourism demand; forecasting methods, Managing capacity
and demand. Market segmentation and positioning.
Developing marketing environment, Consumer buying behaviour. Competitive differentiation and competitive marketing
strategies, new product development, product life cycle, Customer satisfaction and related strategies in internal and
external marketing; Interactive and relationship marketing.
Planning Marketing Programs: Product and product strategies; Product line, Product mix, Branding and packaging. Pricing;
considerations, Approaches and strategies. Distribution channels and strategies.
Marketing of Tourism Services: Marketing of Airlines, Hotel, Resort, Travel Agencies and other tourism related services
– Challenges and strategies.
Marketing Skills for Tourism: Creativity – Communication – Self – motivation – Team Building – Personality Development.
 (ix)
Unit – VII
Tourism Planning: Origin, Concept and approaches. Levels and types of tourism planning-Sectoral, Spatial, Integrated,
Complex, Centralized and Decentralized. Product life cycle theories and their applicability in tourism planning, Urban
and rural tourism planning.
Tourism planning and policy perspectives; planning at national, state and regional levels. India’s tourism policies.
Tourism Planning Process : Objective setting, Background analysis, Detailed research and analysis, Synthesis, Goal
setting and Plan formulation, Evaluation of tourism project-Project feasibility study; Plan implementation, Development
and monitoring. Tourism master plan.
Tourism impacts and need for sustainable tourism planning: Socio – cultural, Economic and physical, Tourism carrying
capacity and environmental impact analysis (EIA).
Business ethics and laws – their relevance and applicability in Travel and Tourism industry.
Law and legislation relating to tourist entry, Stay, Departure, Passport, Visa and Health.
Tourist safety and security, Preservation and conservation of heritage environment, Archaeological sites and wildlife.

Unit – VIII
The nature of field techniques; Field techniques and tourism and hotel business; Importance; and Limitations.
Research: Meaning; Types; Trends; and challenges with special reference to tourism and hotel business. Guiding principles
in selection of research problem.
Research Methodology: Meaning; Procedural Guidelines; and Research design.
Field Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis Techniques: Nature, sources of data, Techniques of data collection.
Frequency Distribution: Meanings; Problems and considerations in construction numerical frequency distributions.
Measures of Central tendency and variation.
Correlation and regressions analysis.
Probability and Probability Distributions:
Probability: Meaning; Definition; and sample points and sample space, Events; Conditional probability; Bayes theorem
and probability on large sample space.
Probability Distributions: The binomial model; The poisson model; and Normal distribution.
Sampling and Statistical Testing:
Sampling and Sample Designs: Sampling and reasons for sampling; Theoretical basis of sampling; Basic concepts of
sampling and types of sampling (Random and Non-random sampling ). Central Limit theorem.
Statistical Testing: Formulation and general procedure of testing of hypothesis, One – tail test and Two – tail test.
Parametric and Non-Parametric Testing:
Testing the Hypothesis: Comparison of two population means; Comparison of two population proportions; and Comparison
of two population means and standard deviations.
F – Test, Student’s distribution and Chi – square test.

Unit – IX
Management: Concept, Nature, Process and functions. Management levels, Managerial skills and roles. The external
environment, Social responsibilities and ethics.
Planning: Nature, Purpose, Types ‘and process. Management by objectives strategies and policies. Decision – making,
Process, Tools and techniques. Decision – making models.
Organising: Concept of organising and organisation. Line and staff, Authority and responsibility, Span of control, Delegation,
Decentralization, Conflict and coordination, Organisational structure and design, Management of change. Innovation
and organisation development.
 (x)
Directing: Communication-Process, Types, Barriers and principles of effective communication. Motivation – Theories
and practices, Leadership – Concept, theories and styles.
Controlling: Process, Methods and techniques. Managing international business.
Information Systems: Automation of Manual System, Data Processing stages. Evolution from EDP to MIS.
MIS: Introduction, Definition, Status, Framework of understanding and designing MIS.
Computer Networking: Application of CRS (Computerized Reservation Systems) in travel trade and hospitality sector.

Unit – X

Financial Management and Planning:

Finance: Meaning; Goals; Functions; Importance; and typologies of Finance – Role of financial management, Organisation
goals; Environment; Forecasting and financial planning. Break – even analysis.

Management of Current Assets:

Working Capital Management: Meaning and characteristics of working capital; financing current assets. Cash management,
Receivables management and inventory management.
Management of Fixed Assets; Importance of Capital Budgeting. Analytical Techniques – Non – discounted, Discounted
Techniques.

Financial Structures and Management of Earnings:

Meaning, Difference between financial and capital structures. Determinants of Financial Structure.
Financial leverage and effects of Financial Leverage on Net Income and Shareholders wealth. Financial leverage and
financial planning. Break-even analysis for financial leverage. Dividend Policy, Significance of dividend policy and
different types of dividend policies.
TFCI: Tourism Finance Corporation of India (TFCI) – Aims, Objectives, Organisation and Functions.
Accounting: Preparation of Business Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement and Fund flow statement.
Hotel Accounting.
 CONTENTS
UGC-NET/ JRF/ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
TOURISM ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT

About the Book (v)

Syllabus (vii)

S. No. PAPERS PAGE No.

1 PAPER – II July, 2018 1-20
2 PAPER – II November, 2017 21-30
3 PAPER – III November, 2017 31-45
4 PAPER – II January, 2017 46-55
5 PAPER – III January, 2017 56-70
6 PAPER – II 28 August, 2016 Re-exam (Srinagar) 71-78
7 PAPER – III 28 August, 2016 Re-exam (Srinagar) 79-93
8 PAPER – II 10 July, 2016 94-101
9 PAPER – III 10 July, 2016 102-114
10 PAPER – II December, 2015 115-121
11 PAPER – III December, 2015 122-134
12 PAPER – II June, 2015 135-142
13 PAPER – III June, 2015 143-154
14 PAPER – II December, 2014 155-161
15 PAPER – III December, 2014 162-172
16 PAPER – II June, 2014 173-180
17 PAPER – III June, 2014 181-191
18 PAPER – II December, 2013 192-198
 (xii)
19 PAPER – III December, 2013 199-209
20 PAPER – II September, 2013 210-216
21 PAPER – III September, 2013 217-227
22 PAPER – II June, 2013 228-234
23 PAPER – III June, 2013 235-245
24 PAPER – II December, 2012 246-251
25 PAPER – III December, 2012 252-264
26 PAPER – II June, 2012 265-271
27 PAPER – III June, 2012 272-284