CS270: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

Switches
31st March 2023

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 Content

• Switches
• The CMOS Transistor
• Building Circuits Using Gates
• Class Exercises
• Gates vs. switches
• Conclusion

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 Fuse and Circuit Breakers

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 Fuses

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 Fuse (contd.)

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 Circuit Breakers

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 Circuit Breakes (contd.)

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 Two Main Types of Circuit Breakers

• Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)

• Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)

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 Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
(i) Magnetic Type
• This type of MCB consists of an electromagnet.
• If the current exceeds the rating of the circuit-breaker the
pulling force of the magnet attracts an iron latch which
breaks the electrical contacts.

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Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) (contd.)
• Thermal Type
• This type makes use of the heating effect of electricity on
a bi-metallic strip.
• An increase in current causes the bi-metallic strip to bend
which breaks contact made via a latch mechanism.

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 Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB)
• Residual current circuit breakers work by comparing the current
entering the appliance via the live wire with the current leaving
the appliance through the neutral wire.
• Residual Current Circuit Breakers have the advantage of being
highly sensitive and a very quick response time making them
safe.

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 Revision on Switches
• Electronic switches are the basis of
binary digital circuits
– Electrical terminology
• Voltage: Difference in electric potential

4.5 A
4.5 A
between two points (volts, V) – +
9V
– Analogous to water pressure
• Resistance: Tendency of wire to resist
2 ohms
current flow (ohms, )
– Analogous to water pipe diameter 9V
0V
• Current: Flow of charged particles (amps, A)
– Analogous to water flow 4.5 A
• V = I * R (Ohm’s Law) a

– 9 V = I * 2 ohms
– I = 4.5 A If a 9V potential difference is applied
across a 2 ohm resistor, then 4.5 A of
current will flow.

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 Revision on Switches (contd.)
control
• A switch has three parts input

– Source input, and output “off”

• Current tries to flow from source

input to output source output
input a

– Control input control

input
• Voltage that controls whether that “on”
current can flow
source output
• The amazing shrinking switch input
– 1930s: Relays (b)

– 1940s: Vacuum tubes

– 1950s: Discrete transistor
– 1960s: Integrated circuits (ICs)
• Initially just a few transistors on IC discrete
• Then tens, hundreds, thousands... transistor
IC
relay vacuum tube

quarter
(to see the relative size)

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 Moore’s Law
• IC capacity doubling about every 18 months
for several decades
– Known as “Moore’s Law” after Gordon Moore,
co-founder of Intel
• Predicted in 1965 predicted that components
per IC would double roughly every year or so
– Figure 2 depicts related phenomena
• For a particular number of transistors, the IC
area shrinks by half every 18 months
– Consider how much shrinking occurs in just 10
years (try drawing it)
– Enables incredibly powerful computation in
incredibly tiny devices
– Today’s ICs hold billions of transistors
• The first Pentium processor (early 1990s)
needed only 3 million

Figure 2. An Intel Pentium processor IC

having millions of transistors

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Relating Boolean Algebra to Digital Design
Boolean NOT OR AND
Boole’s intent: formalize x x
algebra human thought Symbol x F F F
y y
(mid-1800s)
x F x y F x y F
Switches For telephone Truth table 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
switching and other 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
(1930s)
electronic uses 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1

Showed application 1 0 0

Shannon (1938) of Boolean algebra y

x y
to design of switch-
based circuits Transistor
x F
x F
circuit F y

x y
Digital design x
0
1 1
• Implement Boolean operators using
transistors 1.8 V
Next slides show how
“1”
these circuits work.
– Call those implementations logic gates. 1.2 V Note: The above OR/AND
– Lets us build circuits by doing math - 0.6 V implementations are
inefficient; we’ll show why,
“0”
- powerful concept 0V and show better ones,
later.
1 and 0 each actually corresponds to
a voltage range

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 Building Circuits Using Gates

– Turn on lamp (F=1) when motion sensed (a=1) and no light (b=0)
– F = a AND NOT(b)
– Build using logic gates, AND and NOT, as shown
– In that case, a first digital circuit is built.

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Exs. 1: Seat Belt Warning
Light System
• Design circuit for warning light
• Sensors
– s=1: seat belt fastened w = NOT(s) AND k
– k=1: key inserted
BeltWarn
• Capture Boolean equation
k w
– seat belt not fastened, and key
inserted
a

• Convert equation to circuit s

Seatbelt
• Timing diagram illustrates circuit Inputs
behavior k
1
– We set inputs to any values 0
1
– Output set according to circuit s a
0
Outputs
1
w
0

time
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Exs. 2: Seat belt warning light extensions
• Only illuminate warning light if
k Belt W a rn

person is in the seat (p=1), p w

and seat belt not fastened a

and key inserted

s
• w = p AND NOT(s) AND k

• Given t=1 for 5 seconds after key inserted. k BeltWarn

Turn on warning light when t=1 (to check
that warning lights are working) p
w
• w = (p AND NOT(s) AND k) OR t s
a

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 Gates vs. switches
Notice
– Boolean algebra enables easy
capture as equation and conversion
to circuit
• How design with switches?
• Of course, logic gates are built from
switches, but we think at level of logic
gates, not switches
w = NOT(s) AND k
1 BeltWarn

0 BeltWarn
s
k w

w
0

k s

1 Seatbelt a

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 Exs.2: Applying DeMorgan’s Law (a + b)’ = a’b’
(ab)’ = a’ + b’

Aircraft lavatory sign • Behavior • Alternative: Instead of

example • Three lavatories, each with sensor (a, lighting “Available,”
b, c), equals 1 if door locked
light “Occupied”
• Light “Available” sign (S) if any lavatory
available – Opposite of
“Available” function
• Equation and circuit
• S = a’ + b’ + c’ S = a’ + b’ + c’
• Transform – So S’ = (a’ + b’ + c’)’
• (abc)’ = a’+b’+c’ (by DeMorgan’s Law) • S’ = (a’)’ * (b’)’ * (c’)’
(by DeMorgan’s
• S = (abc)’ Law)
• New circuit • S’ = a * b * c (by
Involution Law)

Circuit
– Makes intuitive sense
a • Occupied if all doors
Circuit are locked
S a S
b b
c
c

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 Class Exs. 3

Determine if F=ab+a’ is same function as

F=a’b’+a’b+ab, by converting each to truth
table first

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 Circuit Delay and Critical Path
k BeltWarn

p 1 ns
1 ns
1 ns 1 ns a
w
s 1 ns 1+1+1+1+1 = 5 ns
1 ns
1 ns 1 ns 1+0.5+1+1+1+1+1 = 6.5 ns
0.5 ns
t 1 ns 1+1+1 = 3 ns
Critical path delay = 6.5 ns
Hence, circuit’s delay is 6.5 ns
• Wires also have delay
• Assume gates and wires have delays as shown
• Path delay – time for input to affect output
• Critical path – path with longest path delay
• Circuit delay – delay of critical path

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 CMOS
• CMOS: Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor
• Is a technology for constructing integrated circuits
• It is also known as Real-Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile
RAM (NVRAM) or CMOS RAM, CMOS
• It is used in microprocessors, microcontrollers, static
RAM, and other digital logic circuits
• CMOS is an on-board, battery
powered semiconductor chip inside
computers that stores information

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 CMOS (contd.)
• Digital logic circuits
• Static RAM (SRAM)
• Microprocessors
• Microcontrollers

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 The CMOS Transistor
• CMOS transistor
– Basic switch in modern ICs
a
A positive ...attracts electrons here,
voltage here... turning the channel between
the source and drain into nMOS
a conductor 1 0
gate
gate
oxide
IC package
source drain conducts does not
conduct

pMOS
1 0
IC gate
(a)

Silicon -- not quite a conductor or insulator: does not conducts

conduct
Semiconductor

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 CMOS Transistor Analogy

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 Conclusion
• Combinational circuits
– Circuit whose outputs are function of present inputs
• No “state”
• Switches: Basic component in digital circuits
• Boolean logic gates: AND, OR, NOT – Better building block
than switches
– Enables use of Boolean algebra to design circuits
• Boolean algebra: Uses true/false variables/operators
• Representations of Boolean functions: Can translate among
• Combinational design process: Translate from equation (or
table) to circuit through well-defined steps
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 Conclusion (contd.)
• More gates: NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR also useful
• A fuse is made up of a piece of metal that melts
when overheated
• Fuses tend to be quicker to interrupt the flow of
power, but must be replaced after they melt, while
circuit breakers can usually simply be reset.
• A circuit breaker has an internal switch
mechanism that is tripped by an unsafe surge of
electricity,

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 End

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