cWofo–(

af≈o jftfj/0f / pBf]u ljZn]if0f

External Environment and Industry
Analysis
 jftfj/0f ljZn]if0fsf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Environment Analysis)
 jftfj/0f ljZn]if0f /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf] Ps cleGg cª\u xf] h:n] jftfj/0fLo
tTj÷zlQmx?sf] lgodg / k/LIf0f ub{5 .
 csf]{ cy{df jftfj/0f ljZn]if0f Ps k|lqmof xf] h:n] jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf] Jojl:yt ;"Id
k/LIf0f, cg'udg, k"jf{g'dfg / d"Nofª\sg ub{5 .
 jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fn] kl/jt{glzn, clglZrt / ax'cfoflds -ax'd'vL_ jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf]
cBfjlws ;"rgf pknAw u/fO{ Joj:yfksx?nfO{ /0fgLlts ljrf/ / lg0f{o lng ;xhLs/0f
ub{5 .
 jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fn] ;ª\u7gsf] ;jn / b'j{n kIfx? tyf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?sf] af/]df
hfgsf/L u/fpb5 .
 jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0f ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] nflu lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] .
 jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f ljZn]
ljZn]if0fsf kIfx?
kIfx? (Aspects of Environment Analysis)
Joj;fosf] ;du| jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fnfO{ cfGtl/s / af≈o u/L b'O{ kIfaf6 cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
s= cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f (Internal Environment)
M k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg] (Predictable)
M lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsg] (Controllable)
M ;ª\u7gsf] ;jntf / b'jn
{ tfaf/] hfgsf/L (Strength and weakness)
cfGtl/s
cfGtl/s jftfj/0fsf
jftfj/0fsf tTjx?
tTjx? Components/Elements of Internal Environment)
 ;fª\u7lgs nIo tyf gLltx? (Organizational Goals and Policies)
 ;fª\u7lgs ;|f]t;fwgx? (Organizational Resources)
!= b[Zo ;|f]t;fwgx? (Tangible Resources) M ljQLo ;fwg, ;fª\u7lgs ;fwg, ef}lts ;fwg
@= cb[Zo ;|f]t;fwgx? (Intangible Resources) M dfgjLo ;fwg, gjLgtd ;fwg, VoftLof]Uo ;fwg
 ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf (Organizational Structure)
 ;fª\u7lgs ;+:s[lt (Organizational Culture)
v= af≈o jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f (External Environment)
M k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] (unpredictable)
M lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg] (uncontrollable)
M ;ª\u7gsf] cj;/ / r'gf}tLaf/] hfgsf/L (Opportunity and Threats)
af≈o jftfj/0fsf
jftfj/0fsf tTjx?
tTjx? (Components/Elements of External Environment)
;~rfng
;~rfng÷
rfng÷sfo{
sfo{ jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f b'/÷;fdfGo jftfj/0f
jftfj/0f
pkef]Qmf /fhgLlts jftfj/0f
ck"lt{stf{ cfly{s jftfj/0f
k|lt:kwL{x? ;fdflhs jftfj/0f
ljQLo ;+:yfx? ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f
ljt/s k|fljlws jftfj/0f
;~rf/ dfWod ef}lts÷k|fs[lts÷h}ljs jftfj/0f
>d ;ª\u7g sfg'gL jftfj/0f
ljZj jftfj/0f
af≈o jftfj/0fsf]
jftfj/0fsf] /0fgLlts dxTj
(Strategic Importance of External Environment)
af≈o jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fn] /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgdf v]Ng] e"ldsfx? lgDg 5g\ .
 cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLsf] klxrfg (Identification of Opportunities and Threats)
 ;antf tyf b'an
{ tf lgwf{/0f (Determination of Strength and weakness)
 ultlzntfsf] ;fdgf (Cope Dynamism)
 ljrf/sf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Ideas)
 k|lt:kwf{ds nfesf] klxrfg (Identification of Competitive Advantage)
 /0fgLlts ldnfg (Strategic Fit)
 /0fgLlt th'{df (Strategy Formulation)
 /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog (Strategy Implementation)
 /0fgLlt lgoGq0f (Strategy Control)
 jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf ljlwx?
(Methods of Environmental Analysis

 k]i6n]u ljZn]if0f (PESTLEG Analysis)

 kl/b[Zo of]hgf (Scnario Planning)
 kf]6{/sf] kfFr tTj gd'gf÷cf}Bf]lus ljZn]if0f (Porter's Five Forces
Model/Industry Analysis)
s= k]i6n]u ljZn]
ljZn]if0f (PESTLEG Analysis)
 k]i6n]u ljZn]if0f (PESTLEG Analysis) jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf] Ps k|d'v ljlw xf]
h;cGt/ut ;fdfGo jf j[xt jftfj/0fLo tŒjx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . k]i6n]u ljZn]if0f cGt/ut
lgDg tŒjx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5M
!= /fhgLlts
/fhgLlts tŒjx?
tŒjx? @= cfly{
cfly{s tŒjx?
tŒjx?
 /fhgLlts ;+/rgf  cfly{s of]hgf tyf lgoGq0f kålt
 ;/sf/sf] :yfloTj  df}lb|s gLlt
 s/ k|0ffnL  ljQLo gLlt
 j}b]lzs Jofkf/ gLlt  cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkf/ gLlt
 sd{rf/LtGqsf] agf]6  s[lif, pBf]u tyf afl0fHosf] jt{dfg cj:yf
 ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] dfGotf tyf kålt  Joj;flos rqm
 hgcfjfh  s'n u|fx:y k|jl[ Q
 Joj;fo ;/sf/ljrsf] ;DaGw  Aofhb/
 d'b|f cfk"lt{
 d'b|f:kmLlt
 a]/f]huf/L
#= ;fdflhs
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts
lts tŒjx?
tŒjx? $= k|fljlws tŒjx?
tŒjx?
 ;fdflhs ;+:yfx?  cg';Gwfgdf ;/sf/L nufgL
 ;fdflhs txx?  ;/sf/ tyf pBf]uåf/f s]lGb|t u/]sf] k|ljlw
 ;fdflhs d"NodfGotf  gofF vf]h tyf ljsf;
 hg;+Vof  k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ult
 cfo ljj/0f  k|ljlw cGTosf] b/
 ;fdflhs ultlzntf
 hLjgz}nL kl/jt{g
 sfdk|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f
 pkef]Qmfjfb
 lzIfsf] :t/
%= sfg'gL tŒjx?
tŒjx? ^= h}ljs
ljs tŒjx?
tŒjx?
 ljBdfg sfg'gsf] cj:yf  jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfg'g
 sfg'g lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof  ljsf/ lg?k0f
 ;+nUg ;+:yfx?  zlQm pkof]u
 jftfj/0fLo hgr]tgf
 jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ;d"xx?
&= ljZj tŒjx?
tŒjx?
 ljZj ahf/
 cGt/fli6«o /fhg}lts, sfg'gL cj:yf
 If]qLo tyf ljZjJofkL PsLs/0f
v= kl/b[io of]hgf
hgf (Scenario Planning)
 kl/b[io of]hgf jfx\o jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljlw xf] h; cGt/ut jftfj/0fsf k|d'v
tTjx?sf] kl/jt{g / k|jl[ Qsf cfwf/df kl/b[io lgdf{0f / x/]s kl/j[iodf Joj;foLs ;ª\u7gx?n]
cjnDag ug]{ /0fgLltx?sf] th{'df ul/G5 cyf{t o;df eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ljleGg kl/b[Zox?sf]
ljsf; / x/]s kl/b[Zosf] nflu /0fgLlts of]hgfx?sf] th{d\ f ub{5 .
 kl/b[Zo of]hgfn] ;ª\u7gsf] ;Eefljt eljiosf] k"jl{ rq tof/ u/L jftfj/0fcg'?k ;ª\u7gn] ug]{ sfo{
tyf of]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ kb{5 h;n] jftfj/0faf6 k|fKt x'g] r'gf}tLnfO{ sd ug{ / cj;/nfO{ ;dod}
cfkm\gf] kIfdf Nofpg ;xof]u ub{5 cyf{t ;ª\u7gnfO{ eljiok|lt ;'lglZrt u/fpF5 .
 kl/b[Zo of]hgf ;fdfGotf % jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu tof/ ul/G5 .
 lgDg cj:yfdf kl/b[Zo of]hgf lgdf{0f ul/G5M
 jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g cl:y/, tLj| / czfGt ePdf,
 k|ofKt ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{ sl7gfO{ ePdf,
 ;"rgfn] eljiosf] s'g} ;+s]t glbPdf .
kl/b[Zo of]hgfsf]
hgfsf] ljz]
hgfsf ljziftfx?
]iftfx? (Features of Scenario Planning):
iftfx
 eljiosf] ;Defjgf lrq0f ub{5 (Depicts Future Possibility)
 jftfj/0fLo cl:y/tfdf k|of]u ul/G5 (Used in environmental Volatility)
 k|To]s kl/b[Zosf nflu /0fgLltsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 (Selection of Strategies for each scenario)
 nfdf] cfjlwsf] b[Zo agfpF5 (Builds Longer-term View, 5 years or more)
 af}lås k|lqmof (Intellectual Process)
 zLif{ Joj:yfkg ultljlw (Top Management Activity)
kl/b[Zo of]hgfsf]
hgfsf] k|lqmof (Process of Scenario Planning):
hgfsf
 eljiodf jftfj/0fLo tTjdf cfpg] kl/jt{gnfO{ cg'dfg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L clglZrtfsf] klxrfg ug]{ .
 Joj;fosf] sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] clglZrttfsf] klxrfg ug]{ .
 eljiosf] jftfj/0fLo k|jl[ Q;DaGwL ;Defljt dfGotfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;Defljt kl/b[Zox?sf] cg'dfg ug]{ .
 k|To]s kl/b[Zo cGt/ut ;ª\u7gsf] cj:yfsf] cg'dfg ug]{ .
 k|To]s kl/b[Zo cGt/ut Joj;fonfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] ;|f]t klxrfg ug]{ .
 k|To]s kl/b[Zodf k|lt:kwL{sf] Jojxf/sf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ .
 pRr ;Defljt kl/b[Zox?sf] 5gf]6 ug]{ .
 ;Defljt kl/b[Zo cGt/ut /0fgLltsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
u= kf
kf]]6{/sf] kfFr tŒj gd'gf÷
f÷cf}
cf}Bf]lus
lus ljZn]
ljZn]if0f
(Porter's Five Forces Model/Industry Analysis)
 pBf]usf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ Harvard Business School
professor Michael E Porter n] ljsf; u/]sf] ljlwnfO{ kf]6{/sf] kfFr tŒj gd'gf÷cf}Bf]lus
ljZn]if0f elgG5 . o;nfO{ kf]6{/sf] lx/f (Porter's Diamond) klg elgG5 .
!= gofF k|jzsf]
]zsf] vt/f
zsf vt/f (Threat of New Entrants):
 pRr kF"hL, k|ljlw tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf;lxt pBf]udf k|j]z u/L u|fxsnfO{ clwstd ;Gt'li6
k|bfg ug]{ h:n] ubf{ eO/fv]sf kmd{x?nfO{ r'gf}tL l;h{g x'g] cj:yfnfO{ gofF k|jz
] sf] vt/f elgG5 .
 olb eO/fv]sf kmd{x?n] gofF kmd{sf] k|jz ] df cj/f]w l;h{gf ub{5g eg] o;nfO{ k|jz
] df cj/f]w
elgG5 . gofF kmd{
kmd{sf] k|jzdf
]zdf cj/f]
cj/f]w ug]{ ljleGg tTjx?
tTjx? o;k|sf/
f/ 5g\ .
 7"nf] kl/df0fsf] lskmfotLkg (Economies of Scale)
 k"FhLsf] cfjZostf (Capital Requirement)
 j:t' leGgtf (Product Differentiation)
 ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr (Access to Distribution Channel)
 u|fxs lgi7f (Customer Loyalty)
 k|ltsf/ (Retaliation)
 cg'ej (Experience)
 ;/sf/L gLlt (Government Policy)
@= k|lt:yfkg j:t' jf ;]jfsf]
jfsf] r'gf}ftL
jfsf }tL (Threat of Substitute Product or Services):
 s'g} klg kmd{n] pTkfbg u/]sf] j:t' tyf ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{ cGo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pknAwtfsf
sf/0f eO/fv]sf kmd{x?nfO{ r'gf}tL l;h{g x'g] cj:yfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg j:t' jf ;]jfsf] r'gf}tL elgG5 .
k|lt:yfkgsf ljleGg :j?kx? o;k|sf/ 5g\M
 j:t'åf/f j:t' k|lt:yfkg (Product for Product Substitution)
 cfjZostfsf] k|lt:yfkg (Substitution of Needs)
 df}nLs k|lt:yfkg (Generic Substitution)
k|lt:yfkgsf] vtf/fnfO{ c;/ ug]{ tTjx? o;k|sf/ 5g\M
 k|lt:yfkg j:t'sf] d"No / sfo{;Dkfbglardf ;DaGw (Relative Price Performance of
Substitutes)
 5f]8g\ ] nfut (Switching Cost)
 k|lt:yfkgdf s|]tfsf] OR5fzlQm (Buyers Propensity to Substitute)
#= s|]tfsf]
tfsf] df]
tfsf dfndf]
]ndfnfO{
ndf ]nfO{ zlQm (Bargaining Power of Buyers):
nfO
 s|]tfn] s'g} klg kmd{af6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/bsf qmddf pQm j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] d"No / u'0f:t/df
k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] 5dtfnfO{ s|]tfsf] df]ndf]nfO{ zlQm elgG5 .
 zlQmzfnL s|]tfx? hlxn] klg kmd{sf] nflu r'gf}tL lbG5g\ .
tnsf cj:
cj:yfx?df s|tf
]tf zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ .
 7'nf s|]tf (Large Buyer)
 ljqm]tfsf] pRr ;ª\Vof (Large Number of Suppliers)
 j:t' leGgtfsf] cefj (Lack of Product Differentiation)
 sRrf kbfy{sf] pRr d"No (High Material cost)
 Go"g 5f]8g\ ] nfut (Low Switching Cost)
 d"No ;+j]bgzLn s|]tf (Price Sensitive Customers)
 k5fl8tkm{ PsLs/0f (Backward Integration)
$= cfk"lt{tstf{
{stf{sf] df]
stf dfndf]
]ndfnfO{
ndf ]nfO{ zlQm (Bargaining Power of Supplier):
nfO
 cfk"lt{stf{n] kmd{nfO{ sRrf kbfy{ tyf cfjZos dfn;dfg cfk"lt{sf qmddf pQm sRrf
kbfy{ tyf cfjZos dfn;dfgsf] d"No / u'0f:t/df k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] 5dtfnfO{
cfk"lt{stf{sf] df]ndf]nfO{ zlQm elgG5 .
 zlQmzfnL cfk"lt{stf{ hlxn] klg kmd{sf] nflu r'gf}tL lbG5g\ .
tnsf cj:
cj:yfx?df cfk"lt{tstf{
{stf{ zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ .
stf
 7"nf / Psflwsf/k"0f{ cfk"lt{stf{ (Large and Monopoly Supplier)
 k|lt:yfkgsf] Go"g vtf/f (Low Threat of Substitute)
 zlQmzfnL a|f08 (Powerful Brand)
 5l/Psf s]|tfx? (Fragmented Buyers)
 cufl8tkm{ Plss/0f (Forward Integration)
%= k|lt:kwf{
t:kwfTds
{Tds k|ltålGåtf (Competitive Rivalry):
 Pp6} pBf]u cGt/ut /x]/ ;dfg k|sl[ tsf] j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg u/L Pp6f lglZrt ahf/v08df
cfk"lt{ ug]{ nIo ePsf kmd{x? k|ltålGå kmd{x? x'g . ltg} kmd{x? ljr x'g] k|lt:kwf{Tds cj:yfnfO{
k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltålGåtf elgG5 .
lgDg cj:
cj:yfx?df kmd{
kmdx?ljrsf]
{x?ljrsf] k|lt:
x?ljrsf t:kwf{
kwf{sf] tx pRr /xG5
/xG5 .
 k|lt:kwL{x?sf] pRr ;+Vof (High Number of Competitors)
 k|lt:kwL{x? ljrdf ;Gt'ng (Balance among the Competitors)
 pRr aflxl/g] cj/f]w (High Exit Barrier)
 j:t' leGgtfsf] cefj (Lack of Product Differentiotion)
 Ifdtf pkof]u (Capacity Utilization)
 Go"g jhf/ j[lå (Low Market Growth)
 ljZjJofkL u|fxs (Global Custumer)
 af≈o tTj d"Nofª\sg d]l6«S;
External Factor Evaluation Matrix (EFEM)
 af≈o tTj d"Nofª\sg d]l6«S;n] Joj;fosf aflx/L tTjx?nfO{ cj;/ / r'gf}tL u/L b'O{ efudf
ljefhg u/L Jofj;fon] To:tf tTjx?nfO{ ltgLx?sf] dxTj jf ef/ cg';f/ slt k|efjsf/L 9ª\uaf6
;Daf]wg ul//x]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 .
 af≈o tTj d"Nofª
ofªsg\sg d]l6«S; tof/
tof/ ug]{ k|lqmof
 r/0
r/0f !M d'Vo tTjx?sf]
tTjx?sf] klxrfg (Identification of Key Factors)
o;df Joj;fosf] dxTjk"0f{ * b]lv !) cf]6f aflx/L tTjx?nfO{ cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?sf] ?kdf b]vfOG5 . o:tf
tTjx? Joj;flos ;kmntfsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ .
 r/0
r/0f @M tTjsf]
tTjsf] ef/
ef/ lgwf{
lgwf{/0f (Weight the Factors)
o;df x/]s tTjnfO{ ef/ -dxTj_ k|bfg ul/G5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ tTjnfO{ ! / ;a}eGbf sd dxTjk"0f{
tTjnfO{ ) -z'Go_ ef/ lbOG5 . ;a} ef/x?sf] hf]8 ! x'g'kb{5 .
 r/0
r/0f #M tTjsf]
tTjsf] bhf{
bhf{ lgwf{
lgwf{/0f (Rate the Factors)
o; r/0fdf Joj;fon] afx\o tTjnfO{ u/]sf] ;Daf]wgsf] cfwf/df x/]s tTjnfO{ % b]lv ! ;Ddsf] bhf{ k|bfg
ul/G5 . Joj;fon] pTs[i6 ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]sf] tTjnfO{ % cª\ssf] bhf{ lbOG5 eg] sd ;Daf]wg u/]sf]
tTjnfO{ ! cª\ssf] bhf{ lbOG5 .
 r/0
r/0f $M efl/t
efl/t cª\
cªs\ u0fgf (Calculate Weighted Score)
o;df tTjsf] ef/ / tTjsf] bhf{nfO{ u'0fg u/LG5 .
 r/0
r/0f %M l6Kk0
Kk0fL (Comment/Remarks)
o;df s'g} ljz]if tTjnfO{ 5fGg'sf] sf/0f / o;nfO{ lbOPsf] ef/ / bhf{sf] JofVof ul/G5 .
 r/0
r/0f ^M s'n efl/t
efl/t cªs (Total Weighted Score)
cGTodf k|To]s tTjx?sf] efl/t cª\snfO{ hf]l8G5 . o;n] Joj;fon] aflx/L jftfj/0fLo tTjx?nfO{ slt
k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;Daf]wg ul/x]sf] 5 eGg] b]vfFp5 .
 k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstf (Competitive Intelligence)
 k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstfn] /0fgLlts lg0f{odf k|efj kfg]{ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fLo tTjx? h:t} k|lt:kwL{,
u|fxs, cfk"lt{stf{, ahf/ cflb ;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx?sf] ;ª\sng, ;ª\u7g, ljZn]if0f tyf
ljt/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 k|lt:kwL{ ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstfsf] dxTjk"0f{ cª\usf] ?kdf lnOG5 h;n] k|lt:kwL{ ;DaGwL
;"rgf Pjd\ hfgsf/Lx? h:t} pb]Zo, /0fgLlt, dfGotf, Jojxf/, ;jntf tyf b'jn { tf cflbsf] ;ª\sng,
ljZn]if0f / JofVof ub{5 .
 k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstfn] s]jn k|lt:kwL{x?sf] /0fgLltx?sf] af/]df a'em\g] sfo{df dfq rf;f] /fVb}g . o;n]
;ª\u7gsf Joj;flos ultljlwx?df k|efj kfg]{ ;du| jftfj/0fLo tTjx?sf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{, ;ª\u7Lt
ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ tyf ljt/0f ug]{ dfWod xf] h;n] Joj:yfksx?nfO{ /0fgLlts lg0f{ox? lngdf ;xof]u
ub{5 .
 k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstfsf] d"Vo pb]Zo k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df cfkm\gf] Joj;fonfO{ lhljt /fVg', j[lå tyf
lj:tf/ ug{' xf] . Joj;fosf k|To]s If]qdf a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ tyf lg/Gt/ ?kdf kl/jlt{t afx\o jftfj/0fsf
sf/0f k|lt:kwf{Tds af}låstfsf] dxTj lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 .
 k|lt:
t:kwf{
kwfTds
{Tds af}
aflåstfsf
}låstfsf nflu cfjZos ;rgfx?
"rgfx? ;ªsng
rgfx \sng ug]{ ljleGg ;|ftx?
]tx? o; k|sf/
tx f/ 5gM\
 Joj;flos kqklqsf
 ;fdflhs ;~hfn
 cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg
 ahf/Ls/0f k/LIf0f
 j:t' k'g/fjnf]sg
 ahf/ cg';Gwfg
 k|lt:
t:kwf{
kwfTds
{Tds af}
aflåstfsf]
}låstfsf] dxTjM
låstfsf
 Joj;flos k|jl[ Qsf] ljZn]if0f
 l;sfOsf] ;fwg
 ;antfx?sf] klxrfg
 k|lt:kwL{x?sf /0fgLltx?sf] klxrfg
 /0fgLlts lg0f{odf ;xof]u
 k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe
 /0fgLlts k/LIf0f (Strategic Audit)
 /0fgLlts k/LIf0
k/LIf0f s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;du| /0fgLlts Joj:yfkgsf] r]s hfFr xf] . o;n] d'Vot
;+:yfsf] /0fgLlt, ;fwg tyf ;Ifdtfx? ;fª\u7lgs nIotkm{ pGd'v 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] k/LIf0f jf
hfFr ub{5 .
 /0fgLlts k/LIf0fsf] d"Vo pb]Zo ;du| /0fgLlts Jofj:yfkgsf] sdhf/L / ;d:ofx? kQf nufpb}
o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[lå ug]{ / ;ª\u7gnfO{ lbuf] k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe tkm{ clw a9fpg' xf] .
 /0fgLlts k/LIf0
k/LIf0f cGt/
cGt/ut lgDg tTjx?sf]
tTjx?sf] k/LIf0
k/LIf0f kb{5gM\
 ;fwg k/LIf0f (Resource Audit)
 dxTj z[ªv \ nf k/LIf0f (Value Chain Audit)
 d"n ;Ifdtf k/LIf0f (Core Competencies Audit)
 sfo{;Dkfbg k/LIf0f (Performance Audit)
 ljQLo k/LIf0f (Financial Audit)
 kf]6k{ mf]lnof] k/LIf0f (Portfolio Audit)
 :j6 ljZn]if0f (SWOT Analysis)