16907889168882 - स्मारिका २०७८

of]Uotf, lgikIftf, :jR5tf
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f
k|yd jflif{sf]T;j
:dfl/sf
@)&* r}q
i
;Nnfxsf/
dfggLo cWoIf lji0f'k|;fb g]kfn
dfggLo ;b:o of]u]G› uf}rg
;+of]hs
dfggLo ;b:o sNkgf nD;fn
;Dkfbs ;d"x
;lrj >L ljgf]b axfb'/ s'Fj/
pk;lrj >L bfdf]b/ ;'j]bL
pk;lrj >L s[i0fk|;fb cfrfo{
clws[t >L l;nf a/fn ;fksf]6f
clws[t >L ;lGbk 9'+ufgf
clws[t >L ;[hgf vgfn
sDKo'6/
clws[t >L nIdLk|;fb kf]v|]n
k|sfzs
u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f, g]kfn
ii
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iv
v
vi
;DkfbsLo
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yf c+uLsf/ u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df
g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fy} k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;+3Lo ;+;bn] P]gåf/f k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g, sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/;DaGwL cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg Pjd\ P]gn] lgw{f/0f u/]sf]
cfwf/ / dfkb08adf]lhd k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / sfo{ljlwsf]
Joj:yf ug{ u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g hf/L e} @)&& r}q !! ut] cfof]u u7g ePsf] xf] .
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lghfdtL ;]jf, ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf pko'Qm pDd]b\‍jf/ egf{ /
5gf}6df :jR5tf / lgikIftf sfod u/L of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub{} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
;Ifd ;'b[9 / ;]jfd'vL agfpg cfof]u k|lta4 5 . cfof]un] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yf
/ cGo k|aGw ldnfO{ l/Qm kbsf] dfu ;ª\sng, k|ltzt lgw{f/0f, kf7\oqmd lgd{f0f, lj1fkg k|sfzg,
lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng, glthf k|sfzg, cGtj{ft{f / l;kmfl/;;Ddsf sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .
cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . o; cj;/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / cfof]usf] e"ldsf;Fu
;DalGwt n]v /rgfx? ;+u|x u/L of] :dfl/sf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . :dfl/sfdf ;+u|lxt n]v /rgfx?
;Da4 n]vsx?sf :jMljrf/x? x'g\ . o;af6 cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{ / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf
ljifodf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] kf7sx?nfO{ s]xL ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5f}+ . :dfl/sf k|sfzg
xfd|f] klxnf] k|of; ePsfn] kf7sx?af6 ;'emfj / ;Nnfxsf] ck]Iff ub{5f} .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+ljwfg Pjd\ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf]
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] dd{ / efjgf cg'?k u7g ePsf] of] cfof]un] nf]s ;]jf cfof]uåf/f
:yflkt cEof;, d'No dfGotf cIf'0f /fVb} hgzlQm egf{, 5gf}6 / l;kmfl/; ubf{ lgikIftf, :jR5tf,
;dfg cj;/, ;dfj]lztf, c;+nUgtf, / uf]klgotf h:tf l;4fGtsf] kfngf u/L k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{
k"0f{t ljZj;gLo agfO{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ub{} of]Uo, ;Ifd, OdfGbf/ hgzlQm leœofO{
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg b[9 ;ª\slNkt 5 . o; sfo{df ;a}sf] ;fy / ;xof]usf]
cfzf ub{5 .
vii
viii
ljifo–;"rL
qm=;+= ljifo k]h g+=
1 cfof]usf] klxnf] jif{, cfufdL r"gf}tL / cj;/ 1
2 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf] ljBdfg cj:yf 12
3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf 17
4 ;fj{hlgs ;]jfM ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfofd 23
5 nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0fsf] Oltxf; / ljsf; 28
6 k|b]zdf k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{GjogM Ps cg'ej 35
7 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pTk|]/0ff 41
8 cGt/ ;/sf/ ;DaGw M g
‌ ]kfnsf] Joj:yf / cEof; 56
9 k|b]zdf /fh:j kl/rfng tyf vr{ Joj:yfkgM ;d:of / ;dfwfg Ps ljZn]if0f 63
10 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df s]xL r'gf}tLx? 73
11 ;+3b]lv kflnsf;Dd ;+3LotfM sfg'g / cEof; 82
12 nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / o;sf Jojxfl/s kIfx? 90
13 rLgsf] ljsf; cg'ej 94
14 The state of Constitution Implementation: in the context of Province 97
15 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / tflnd 103
16 /fhgLlt / k|zf;gM cGt/;DaGw / ck]Iff 108
17 u08sL nf]s ;]jf cfof]u 117
18 k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ult ljj/0f 118
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ix
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cfof]usf] klxnf] jif{,

cfufdL r"gf}tL / cj;/
lji0f'k|;fb g]kfn
cWoIf
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfåf/f lbuf] zflGt, ;'zf;g,
ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] xf] . ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
zf;g Joj:yf c+uLsf/ u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljlzi6 ljz]iftfx?nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
lxhf]sf] s]lG›s[t zf;g Joj:yfdf Ps dfq nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf lyof] . cfh ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cnfjf k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s
;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# wf/f @$@ df g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf
cfof]u / wf/f @$$ n] k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 .
/fHosf] ;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ub{} k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf k|b]zsf] clwsf/df
/xg] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f @ / cg';"lr ^ sf] k|b]z clwsf/ ;"rLsf] qmd;ª\Vof !%
df pNn]v 5 . pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df :jR5tf Pjd\ lgikIftf sfod ug{ cfof]u :jtGq / :jfoQ xf];\
eGg] Wo]on] ;+ljwfg, ;+3Lo sfg'g Pjd\ k|b]z sfg'gåf/f ljleGg ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
kbflwsf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu of]Uotf, l;kmfl/;, lgo'lQm, ;ky u|x0f kbfjlw, kb l/Qm x'g] cfwf/
Pjd\ lghx?sf] kfl/>lds Pjd\ ;]jfsf ;t{ ljlzi6 9ª\un] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf
Joj:yf eP h:t} ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf kbflwsf/Lx?n] kfpg] ;]jf, ;'ljwfsf
nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)^ n] k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 Jooef/ x'g] / o;sf] nflu k|b]z ;efsf] :jLs[lt
cfjZos gkg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{] lgod agfpg] clwsf/ tyf
P]g sfof{Gjogdf s'g} Jojwfg k/]df P]gsf] efjgfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg{] u/L JofVof ug{] clwsf/ klg
cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfgn] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L ljljwtf larsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts P]Soj4tf ;xLi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f
Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{] Wo]on] juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs wfld{s, n}ª\lus lje]b cGTo u/L cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;dfgtf ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dGoflos ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;d[4 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{] ;f]Fr /fv]sf] kfOG5 . /fHosf ;a} cËx?df
h:t} k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g klg ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts 9ª\un] ug{'kg{] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5
/ tbg'?k g} u7g ePsf] klg 5 . cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf] l;nl;nfdf bIf lj1sf] ;]jf lng'kbf{ of]Uotf
/ lj1tf ePsf ;Dej eP;Dd ljleGg ju{ lnË If]qsf] ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf u/fpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~1~
;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{ ;+:s[lt / e"uf]nsf k|ltefx?nfO{ cfsif{0f u/fO{ k/LIffdf clwstd
;xefuL agfO bIf / k|ltefzfnL o'jf leœofpg] ;f]Fr /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd,
lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpFb} /fHoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jf, ;'ljwfdf
hgtfsf] ;dfg / ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt u/L ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf;DaGwL
gLlt x'g] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt Joj:yfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfof]usf] lhDd]jf/L 5 . cfof]u o;k|lt
k|lta4 klg 5 .
sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofofkflnsf Pjd\ ;a} ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ sfg'gL lgsfo / dftxtsf
sfof{nox?n] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf Pjd\ ljleGg efu / wf/fsf k|fjwfgx?sf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft
u/L sfof{Gjog ug{'kg{] cxd bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ubf{ :jR5tf, lg:kIftf sfod
/fvL of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] u/L cfkm\gf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;dfg'kflts,
;dfj]zL / ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ub{} cl3 a9\g'kb{5 . cfof]uaf6 lnOg] lnlvt
k/LIffsf] dfWod efiff ;+3Lo ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf cltl/Qm k|b]z ;/sf/L efiff ;d]t x'g ;Sg]
Joj:yf 5 .
cfof]usf] u7g, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf k|b]z :jo+n] k|b]z sfg'gaf6 ug{ ;Sg] / ;+3Lo
;+;bn] cfwf/ / dfkb08 sfg'gåf/f tf]lslbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . tbcg'?k ;+3Lo ;+;bn]
P]gåf/f k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L ;]jf, k|b]z cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf,
:yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df of]Uotf,
:jR5tf tyf lgikIftf sfod u/L of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|j4{g ub{} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd ;'b[9
/ ;]jfd'vL agfpg] ;DaGwdf cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]sL lbPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg, k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
u7g, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f;DaGwL ;+3Lo P]g Pjd\ tbcg'?k ag]sf]
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)&^jdf]lhd @)&& r}q !! ut] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u08sLsf]
u7g e} sfo{ ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
cfof]usf] u7g;Fu} cfof]usf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf s] s:tf] agfpg] eGg] ljifodf cfof]u kbflwsf/L,
sd{rf/L, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;lrj nufotsf pRr kbflwsf/L Pjd\ ljutdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf
/xL cg'ej cfh{g u/]sf JolQm Pjd\ k|b]z ;/sf/sf k|d'v ;lrj Pjd\ k|b]z ;lrjx?;Fu 5nkmn
Pjd\ k/fdz{ u/L ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0f u/L u/fO{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf
/f=k= k|yd >]0fLsf] ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf gjf}F÷bzf}F txsf clws[t k|d'v /xg] u/L rf/ dxfzfvf / ;ftf}F
/ cf7f}F txsf clws[t k|d'v /xg] cf7 zfvf ;xLtsf] $( hgf clws[t sd{rf/L /x]sf] ;ª\u7g
;+/rgf :jLs[t e} sfo{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn ;lrjnufot #^ clws[t sd{rf/L sfo{/t 5g\ .
;+j}wflgs lgsfox?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLok"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;s"g\ eGg] Wo]oon]
;+j}wflgs lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt P]gx?df P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos lgod agfpg] clwsf/
~2~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
%# df P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]un] cfjZos lgod agfpg ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;fy}
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf %% df P]g sfof{Gjogdf s'g} afwf c8\sfp k/]df P]gsf] efjgfdf k|lts"n gx'g]
u/L cfof]un] To:tf] afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] Joj:yf kfOG5 . of]
Joj:yf cGo k|b]zsf] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]gdf klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+3Lo Pjd\ cGo k|b]zsf]
P]g Pjd\ cEof;eGbf km/s 9ª\un] cfof]usf] lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ / P]gdf afwf Jojwfg k/]df
k|b]z /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L afwf Jojwfg km'sfpg] clwsf/ cfof]usf] k/fdz{df k|b]z ;/sf/df
/xg] Joj:yf P]gdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf kl/dfh{g ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)^^ sf] bkmf
%# / cGo k|b]zaf6 hf/L ePsf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g;Fu tfbDotf x'g] u/L P]g ;+zf]wgsf]
k|lqmof cufl8 a9L ;s]sf] 5 . P]g Pjd\ lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg Pjd\ ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
cEof;nfO{ cTd;ft u/L a}7s ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, sfo{;~rfng lgb{]lzsf, z'Ns lgwf{/0f sfo{ljlw,
vr{ Joj:yfkg sfo{ ljlw, cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L, bIf lj1n] kfngf ug{'kg{] cfrf/;+lxtf
nufotsf b:tfj]h lgdf{0f u/L nfu' ul/Psf] 5 .
k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo txx?sf] cfkm\gf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg'gjdf]lhd
ljleGg ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% sf] pkwf/f -@_
n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;cg';f/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{] sfg'g alg;s]sf] / k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf /xg] ;]jf ;d"x?sf] u7g Pjd\ ltgdf /xg] ;ª\u7g Pjd\ kbx?sf] to e};s]sf] cj:yf
5}g . o;cg';f/ sfg'g aGg ;s]df cfof]un] cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxL k"0f{ ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] /
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] l/Qm kbk"lt{ e} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfngdf ;xhtf x'g] lyof] . ;+ljwfgsf]
;+qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f #)@ sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf
k|jfx ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos Joj:yf ug{]5 / o:tf] Joj:yf u/L of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf avt
;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /x]sf /fi6«;]js / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'gjdf]lhd ;+3 k|b]z /
:yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg ;Sg] cfwf/ ;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_
n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o;} clwsf/sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% hf/L e} tb\cg'?k sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)$ jdf]lhd ;+ljwfg
k|f/De ePsf avt sfod /x]sf sfg'g vf/]h jf ;+zf]wg geP;Dd nfu' /xg] 5g\ eGg] Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 . o;y{ clxn] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL P]g, @)%# / sd{rf/L
;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% sf] cfwf/df k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx e} /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z
tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;]jfsf nflu sfod eP u/]sf] b/jGbLdf ;dfof]hg kl5 klg k"lt{ x'g g;s]df
kbk"lt{sf nflu k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fpg'kg{] Joj:yf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% n] u/]sf]
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~3~
5 . k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g ge};s]sf] cj:yfdf kbk"lt{sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k7fpg
;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . o; Joj:yfjdf]lhd o; cl3 nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; e} kbk"lt{ e} ;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g e};s]kl5 sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf !@
Pjd\ df}h'bf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( tyf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL P]g, @)%# Pjd\ ;DalGwt
lgodfjnL cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu ug{], k/LIff ;~rfng Pjd\ l;kmfl/; ug{] sfd e} /x]sf] 5 .
kbk"lt{sf] ;'?jft ug{'k"j{ k|b]z ;/sf/sf k|d'v ;lrj, ;lrjx? / ljefuLo k|d'vx?;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf
/ sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/L Pjd\ k|zf;sLo k|d'v;Fu er{'cn
dfWodaf6 5nkmn u/L l/Qm kbx?df kbk"lt{ ug{] ;f]sf] nflu dfu u/L k7fpg] ljifodf 5nkmn /
cGt/lqmof u/L ;'emfj lng] sfd ul/of] . sfo{qmddf cfof]usf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/, :jLs[t
b/jGbL, l/Qm cj:yf, hgzlQm ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf ;d:of h:tf ljifo p7]sf lyP . o; cnfjf
;xefuLx?sf tkm{af6 k|b]z ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / :yfgLo txsf] ;ª\u7g tyf
Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0f e} b/jGbL Jojl:yt ge};s]sf], ;dfof]hg ;+zf]wg lg/Gt/ e}/x]sfn] l/Qm kb
olsg ug{ ;d:of /x]sf], ;dfof]hgsf qmddf ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t
b/jGbLn] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x'g g;Sg] ljutdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6
kbk"lt{ ug{] qmddf k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kbdf s] s;/L j9'jf x'g] / casf] dfu x'g] kbsf] k|ltzt
lgwf{/0f e} j9'jfsf nflu 5'6\ofOg] kbdf kbk"lt x'g]÷gx'g] h:tf s'/f p7fOPsf] lyof] . s[lif, kz',
:jf:Yo, OlGhlgol/ª nufotsf l/Qm kbdf s/f/df sfd nufOPsf t/ k|zf;g tkm{sf kbx? l/Qm
x'Fbf lhNnf Pjd\ j8f sfof{nox?df k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf c;xhtf pTkGg ePsf], lhNnf
;b/d'sfdnufot ;'ud :yfgdf /x]sf k|b]zsf dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / :yfgLo txdf b/jGbLeGbf
a9L sd{rf/L ljleGg tj/n] sfo{/t /x]sf], ;dfof]hg e} cfPsf] sd{rf/L sfhdf 3/ kfos jf cfkm"n]
rfx]sf] 7fpFdf hfg] / n}hfg] ubf{ b/jGbL l/Qm gx'g] t/ sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;d:of e} /xg] cflb ljifodf
lh1f;f /fVb} cfof]un] hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f] ljleGg tx / kbsf sd{rf/Lx? l;kmfl/; u/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg
;xh x'g] jftfj/0f agfOlbof];\ eGg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] lyof] . sltko :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/Lx?n]
cfof]un] kbk"lt{ u/]kl5 xfn c:yfoL s/f/df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? s] x'g] eGg] rf;f] ;d]t /fv]sf
lyP .
k|f/De s} jif{ ePklg cfof]usf] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt cg'dfgof]Uo Pjd\ ljZj:t agfpg jflif{s ?kdf
kbk"lt{ x'g] kbx?sf] tx, kbk"lt{sf] lsl;d, dfu k|fKt ug{] dlxgf, lj1fkg k|sfzg ug{] dlxgf / lbg,
lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng, glthf k|sfzg / cGt/jftf{ tyf l;kmfl/; x'g] dlxgf;d]t v'nfO{ jflif{s
sfo{tflns lgdf{0f Pjd\ :jLs[t u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 .
o;;Fu} k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;a} :yfgLo txnfO{ l/Qm kbsf] dfu u/L k7fpg cg'/f]w ul/Psf], dfu ubf{
;dfof]hg e} kb btf{ ePsf] kbnfO{ cfwf/ lng elgPsf] lyof] . o;/L k|b]z ;/sf/ Pjd\ clwsf+z
~4~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
:yfgLo txx?af6 kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu cfs[lt el/ cfof] . kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu k|fKt e};s]kl5 tt\–
tt\;]jf ;d"x ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg'gjdf]lhd kbx?sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg ul/of] . k/LIff
;~rfng ug{ lj1flkt kbcg';f/ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu ;Da4 If]qsf lj1 Pjd\ cg'ej xfl;n
u/]sf JolQmx?sf] ;'emfj Pjd\ k|b]z ;/sf/sf ;Da4 dGqfno, ljefusf] k/fdz{ lnOof] . nf]s
;]jf cfof]un] kbk"lt{sf nflu lgdf{0f u/]sf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ g} d"n cfwf/ lnOof] . k|b]z sfg'g agL
cGo Joj:yf e} g;s]sf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf k/LIffsf] dfWod ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff g]kfnLnfO{
g} tf]lsof] . cfof]udf kof{Kt hgzlQm g/x]sf], ePsf hgzlQm ;j}df cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ej
lyPg . ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xcg';f/ ljleGg If]q / ljwfsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ tt\–tt\ If]qsf] 1fg /
cg'ej ePsf bIf lj1x?sf] ;xof]u lng'kg{] / cfof]un] To;sf] ;+of]hg ug{] sfd u/L bIf lj1sf]
gfd ;ª\sng Pjd\ ljj/0f agfO{ ;"rL lgdf{0f ub{} sfo{ ;~rfng cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txx?af6 k|fKt dfu ;ª\sng e};s]kl5 ;Da4 P]g lgodjdf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f
ug{], lj1fkg k|sfzg ug{] sfd x'Fb} uof] . o;;Fu} bIf lj1sf] ;xof]u lnO{ sRrf k|Zgx? ;ª\sng
ug{] df]8/];g ug{] u/fpg] sfd eP . sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/Ldf b]lvPsf] :jf:Yo If]qsf] hgzlQmsf]
sdLnfO{ dWogh/ u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf tkm{ cf7f}F+ txsf] lrlsT;s clws[t / cGo txdf d"ntM ;'?
txsf] rf}yf] tx Pjd\ kfFrf}F} txsf ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf u/L ()$ kbdf lj1fkg ul/of] . o;df
!))%(% pDd]bjf/x?sf] cfj]bg k|fKt eof] . ljleGg ;]jfsf kfFrf}F} txsf ck|fljlws / k|fljlws
kbx?, :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ;ftf}F txsf clws[t kbx? / :jf:Yo ;]jf gjf}F txsf hDdf %)@ kbx?df
ePsf] bf];|f], t];|f] / rf}yf] r/0fsf] lj1fkgdf (#,^^^ pDd]bjf/x?sf] cfj]bg k|fKt eP . cfj]bsx?
dWo] $% k|ltzt dlxnf / %% k|ltzt k'?if lyP . To;}u/L e'uf]nsf lx;fjn] u08sL k|b]zaf6
!(Ü, k|b]z g+= ! af6 *Ü, dw]z k|b]zaf6 @@Ü, afUdtL k|b]zaf6 *Ü, n'lDjgL k|b]zaf6 !$Ü,
s0ff{nL k|b]zaf6 !&Ü / ;'b'/klZrd k|b]zaf6 !@Ü cfj]bg k|fKt ePsf lyP . To;}u/L xfn;Dd
l;kmfl/; ePsf pDd]bjf/x? dWo] u08sL k|b]zaf6 @(=)(Ü, k|b]z g+= ! af6 %=$%Ü, dw]z
k|b]zaf6 @&=@*Ü, afUdtL k|b]zaf6 &=@&Ü, n'lDjgL k|b]zaf6 (=)(Ü, s0ff{nL k|b]zaf6 (=)(Ü /
;'b'/klZrd k|b]zaf6 !@=&#Ü /x]sf 5g\ .
cfj]bsx?nfO{ ;"rgf Pjd\ hfgsf/L u/fpg j]j;fO6 lgdf{0f u/L cfof]u;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf
hfgsf/Lx? ;+k|]if0f ug{] Joj:yfsf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . cfof]usf ;"rgf, kbk"lt{;DaGwL hfgsf/L,
jflif{s sfo{tflnsf, ljleGg kbsf kf7\oqmd, P]g, lgodfjnL nufotsf ljifox? j]j;fO6df /fvL
qmdzM cWofjlws ub{} pDd]bjf/x?sf] :jLs[t gfdfjnL, k/LIffsf] sfo{qmd, k/LIff s]Gb|, lnlvt
k/LIff glthf, cGt/jftf{ sfo{qmd, l;kmfl/; / l;kmfl/; ePsf] sfof{no cflb j]j;fO6dfkm{t ;DalGwt
;a}nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L l56f] 5l/tf], ;/n, ldtJooL /
k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] kbk"lt{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpg cgnfOg b/vf:t k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L k|of]udf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~5~
NofOof] . o; k|0ffnLaf6 pDd]bjf/x?n] cf–cfkm\gf] 3/ Pjd\ glhssf] ;fOa/af6 ;]jf lnO{ cfkm\gf]
ljj/0f btf{ u/L JolQmut ljj/0fx?, lzIff tflnd, Joj;flos kl/ifb\ btf{ cg'ej nufotsf sfuhft
k|lji6 / cknf]8 u/L cfkm"n] rfx]sf] kbdf b/vf:t lbg] / tf]lsPsf] /fhZj cgnfOg k|0ffnLaf6
g} e'QmfgL ug{ ;Sg], cgnfOg k|0ffnLaf6} cfof]un] b/vf:t :jLs[t ug{], pDd]bjf/n] k|0ffnLaf6 g}
cfkm\gf] E-admit Card -k|j]zkq_ k|fKt ug{] Joj:yf ul/of] . xfn;Dd ljleGg ;]jfsf ;xfos rf}yf]
txb]lv gjf}F tx;Ddsf kbdf ! nfv ($ xhf/ @ ;o ^! b/vf:t cgnfOg k|0ffnLdf k|fKt ePsf]df
b/vf:t ?h' tyf 5fgljg ubf{ ! nfv *! xhf/ ! ;o !@ cfj]bsx?sf] b/vf:t :jLs[t eO{ ;]jf
k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o;n] d'ns'df ePsf ;a} k|b]z / && j6} lhNnfsf cfj]bsnfO{ lgs} ;xhtf
eof] . cfof]usf] Go"g hgzlQmaf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cfj]bsx?nfO{ k/LIffdf ;fd]n u/fpg ;kmntf
k|fKt ul/of] .
cfof]uaf6 Ps} lbgdf (# k/LIff s]Gb|df Ps} ;dodf sl/a @) xhf/ k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff ;~rfng
ul/of] . k/LIffdf s]Gb|fWoIfsf] ?kdf ;+3 / k|b]z Pjd\ :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t /fhkqf+lst låtLo
>]0fLsf pk;lrjx? / k/LIff s]Gb| /x]sf ljBfno Pjd\ dxfljBfnosf k|d'v k|frfo{x?sf] ;xof]u
lnOof] . pks]Gb|fWoIf, ;dGjostf{, lg/LIfs Pjd\ ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lsf] e"ldsfdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf clws[t Pjd\ ;xfos sd{rf/L / sfof{no ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx? vl6P . k/LIffsf] :t/Lotf,
;'lgl:rt u/fpg k|b]z ;/sf/sf k|d'v ;lrj, k|b]zsf ;lrjx?, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L Pjd\ ;'/Iff
k|d'vx?af6 ;'kl/j]If0f ePsf] lyof] . k/LIff s]Gb|sf] ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df Ps lbgdf tLg xhf/;Dd
hgzlQm kl/rfng eP . k|b]zdf sfo{/t ljlzi6 >]0fLb]lv lnP/ ;xof]uL tx;Ddsf sd{rf/Laf6 k|fKt
:jtM:km't{ ;xof]uaf6 cfof]unfO{ k|f/Desf lbgdf g} cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cToGt xf};nf k|fKt
eof] .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf cToflws cfsif{0f ePsf] k|b]z ePsfn] klg oxfF cToflws cfj]bg kg{ ;Sg]
cf+sng u/L pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug{ OMR Machine sf] ;dodf g} aGbf]j:t ul/of] . o;af6
lnlvt k/LIff lnPsf] s]xL ;dodf g} glthf k|sfzg ug{ ;kmn eOof] . clws[t:t/sf] ljifout
k|Zgsf] pQ/k'l:tsf ;DalGwt If]qsf bIf lj1af6 cfof]u sfof{nodf g} k/LIf0f u/fpg] sfd ul/of] .
o;/L cfh;Dd clwsf+z ;xfos :t/sf k|fljlws kbsf] k/LIff ;~rfng u/L lnlvt k/LIffsf]
glthf k|sfzg u/L / l;kmfl/; ;d]t ;lsPsf] 5 .
cfof]u u7g ePsf] cfly{s jif{ sl/a rf/ dlxgfdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfd sf/jLx?sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g sf] bkmf %) df cf=j= ;dfKt ePsf] $% lbgleq k|b]z k|d'v ;dIf k]z
ug{] k|fjwfgjdf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf qmddf cg'e"t u/]sf d"ne"t ljifo Wofgfsif{0f / ;'emfjsf ?kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L ;]jf, k|b]zsf] cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z ;Ël7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf, :yfgLo
~6~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;/sf/L ;]jf tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;Ël7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf hfg k|b]z
;/sf/ / :yfgLo txdf ;/sf/L ;]jf u7g Pjd\ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos P]g, lgod hf/L gePsfn]
kbk"lt{ k|lqmof ;xh ?kdf cufl8 a9fpg sl7gfO ePsf] 5 . xfn sltko :yfgLo txx?n] P]g,
sfg'g lgdf{0f u/L :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;dfof]hg j9'jf u/]sf] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf
cfPsf] 5 . o; k|s[ltsf sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ k/fdz{ lng'kg{] ljifodf k/fdz{ g} glnPsf] cj:yf 5 .
cfof]usf] cfkm\g} hUuf Pjd\ ejg gePsfn] sfof{no ;~rfng nufotsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?
ug{ Jofjxfl/s sl7gfO cfO k/]sf] ljifo Wofgfsif{0f u/fOPsf] 5 .
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)&^ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ / ;f] P]g
sfof{Gjog ug{ afwf c8\sfp k/]df P]gsf] efjgfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg{] u/L cfjZos afwf c8\sfp
km'sfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t cfof]unfO{ x'g] u/L oyfzL3| P]g kl/dfh{g x'g'kg{], k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z
;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf, :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf / :yfgLo ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf u7g /
;~rfng ug{] P]gnufot ;DalGwt cGo P]g, lgodx? oyflz3| hf/L x'g'kg{], :yfgLo txx?n] :yfgLo
;/sf/L ;]jf Pjd\ ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf ;~rfng;DaGwL s'g}klg sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ / tL kbdf s'g}
lgo'lQm, j9'jf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{'k"j{ clgjfo{ ?kdf tf]lsPadf]lhd cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg{]
/ cfof]usf] ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu k|b]z ;/sf/n] kxnsbd lng'kg{] ljifo k|ltj]bgdf ;'emfjsf] ?kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;]jf ;d"xsf] u7g / ;~rfngsf nflu sfg'g lgdf{0f ge};s]sf]n] cfof]unfO{
k"0f{ ?kdf /0fgLlts of]hgf Pjd\ jflif{s sfo{tflnsf agfO{ cufl8 a9\g r'gf}tL 5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg hf/L eP;+u} tLg txsf] /fHo ;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8cg';f/ tLg txs} lgjf{lrt
;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] sfo{sfn k"/f u/L bf];|f] k6ssf] lgjf{rgsf] ;+3f/df /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txsf]
r'gfjsf] ldlt ;d]t 3f]if0ff e} ;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]cg';f/ ;+3Lo ljlQo k|0ffnL klg
sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 . t/ ;d:t /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u / kl/rfngdf OlGhgsf] ?kdf sfd ug{] :yfoL
;/sf/ ;~rfng ug{] ;+oGqsf] vfsf sf]g{] / To;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{] k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf Pjd\ :yfgLo
;/sf/L ;]jf u7g / ;~rfng ug{ sfg'gsf] cefjn] sfo{ ;~rfngdf sl7gfO k/]sf] 5 . s/f/df
/x]sf hgzlQmx?sf] ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf g'xFbf cGof}nsf lar sfdsfh ul//x]sf 5g\ ;dfof]hg e}
cfPsf sd{rf/L cfkm\gf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] af6f] gb]Vbf lg/f; 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf u7g ;~rfng;DaGwL
sfg'gsf] cefjdf ;]jf ;d"x u7g gePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L lg0f{oaf6 c:yfyL b/jGbL l;h{gf
u/L cgfjZos ?kdf c:yfoL s/f/df egf{ ug{] k|j[lQ 5 . csf{]lt/ ;dfof]hg P]gjdf]lhd ;dfof]lht
ePsf b/jGbLsf] l/Qm kbdf;d]t :yfoL kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu gu/L c:yfoL s/f/df /fvL /fVg] k|j[lQ
klg emfFlub} 5 . o;af6 5'6sf/f kfpg oyflz3| sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ h?/L 5 .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf; lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] . j[lQ ljsf;sf] cfzfn] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~7~
nufj a9]/ hfG5 . sfg'gsf] cefjsf] jt{dfg cj:yf cem} nlDab} hfFbf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;]jf/t
sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] 9f]sf jGb e} ;d:t k|zf;gdf gsf/fTdstf a9\b} hfg] vt/f 5 . :yfgLo
txx?sf] cfkm"v';L dgf]dfgL tj/n] P]g kfl/t u/L cfwf/ / dfkb08 ljgf tx j[l4 / j9'jf ug{]
xf]8afhL rNb}5 . o;af6 sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? lar c;Gtf]if pTkGg e} sfo{ jftfj/0f vnaln+b} 5 .
;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf ;dfof]hg ePsf sd{rf/L bjfj / k|efjsf] cfwf/df
;dfof]hg ;+zf]wg Pjd\ ;?jf ug{] k|j[lQ ;dfof]hgkl5 klg lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/
/ :yfgLo txsf lhDd]jf/ txdf /x]sf sd{rf/L slta]nf cfpg] / slt a]nf hfg] eGg] s'/f j]vj/
5g\ . o;} u/L k|b]zsf] ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]zleq /x]sf :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] bfo/f
gtf]sL xr'jf ?kdf csf{] k|b]zsf] jf To:tf] k|b]zsf] :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L ;?jf u/L cfpFbf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;df afwf kg{] / ;+ljwfg sfg'gjdf]lhd kbk"lt{sf nflu pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6
/ l;kmfl/; ug{] lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsf] cfof]usf] clwsf/ If]q;d]t ;+s'rg x'g] b]lvG5 .
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] l/Qm kbdf kbk"lt{sf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{] lhDd]jf/L k|fKt cfof]usf] ;ª\u7g
;+/rgf, hgzlQm, ejg, oGq pks/0f, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkgdf klg plrt Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] s]Gb|, If]q / c~rn u/L ;fljs c~rn ;b/d'sfd;Dd cfkm\gf] ;+oGq ljsf;
u/]sf] 5 . k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g;+u} tL sfof{nox?df sfdsf] rfk sd ePsf] 5 . hgzlQm
k"jf{wf/sf] cfk;L ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / k|b]z nf]s
;]jf cfof]u lar ;dGjo /fvL cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xof]usf] ljsf; ub{} ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf]
;dfj]zL :j?ksf] ;dtfd"ns, ;xeflutfd"ns, k|ltlglwTjd"ns, ;Ifd / ;'b[9 ;]jfd'vL ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g lgdf{0f u/L nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ e/y]u ub{} cufl8 a9\g kg{] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf
5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux? lar ;do ;dodf x'g] ;Dd]ng Pjd\ cfk;L 5nkmn ax; / txfFaf6 hf/L
x'g] 3f]if0ffkq / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 cfk;L ;DaGw ;xof]u sfod e} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbdf egf{
5gf}6df Ps?ktf x'g] Pjd\ ;+ljwfg, sfg'g, :yflkt d'No dfGotf sfod /fVb} of]Uotf lgikIfftf /
ljZj;lgotf yk ;'b[9 x'Fb} hfg] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] /fHo ;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 Pjd\ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL
x]bf{ k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] bfo/f Jofks / a9L 5 . :jefj}n] a9L clwsf/ /
bfo/fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf, ;]jf ;d"x / ltgdf /xg] kb klg a9L g} x'g] 5 . ;ª\VofTds
b[li6sf]0faf6 klg *% j6f :yfgLo tx ePsf] / ltgdf /xg] ;ª\u7g, ;]jf, ;d"x / b/jGbLsf sf/0f
:yfgLo txsf] kbk"lt{ lhDd]jf/L a9L b]lvG5 . d'n's ;+3Lotfdf uO;s]kl5 cfd hgtfn] k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txaf6 w]/} ;]jfsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf 5g\ . tL ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yf ldnfO ;+3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] zf;g k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos
;]jfx?sf] u7g / ;~rfng / ;t{ aGb]hsf ljifodf sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{ l9nf eO;Sof]. oyfl;3| sfg'g
lgdf{0f ug{ ca slQklg l9nfO{ ug{'x'Fb}g .
~8~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] zf;g–k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf u7g, ;~rfng / ;fj{hlgs
;]jfsf ;t{ ;d]t to u/L ;+3Lo sfg'g lgdf{0f e} ;Sg'kg{]df ;+;bdf k|:t't ePsf] nfdf] ;dokl5
;+;bLo ;ldltaf6 kfl/t e} ;+;bdf k'u]sf] ljw]os lkmtf{ lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf
u7g / ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g ;s] k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / ;/sf/L ;]jf
u7g ;~rfng;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0fdf dfu{bz{g / ;xhtf x'g] lyof] . o;af6 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txdf sfo{/t JolQm lglZrt cfwf/ / dfkb08df Ps csf{] txdf hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf eO{ Pscfk;sf]
cg'ej pkof]u ug{ / tLg txsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lar cfk;L ;DaGw, ;xLi0f'tf / ;fd~h:otf
clej[l4 u/fpF5 . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lar ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj / ;dGjosf] l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df ;DaGw ljsf; ug{ yk ;xhtf k|fKt x'G5 .
xfn ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf >]0fL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . df}h'bf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gaf6 sfo{ ;~rfng
ug{ ;+3 ;/sf/ / nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ Tolt ;d:of k/]sf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k
;dfj]zL rl/qsf] ;]jf u7g / kbk"lt{;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f ePsf] 5}g . k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf]
df}h'bf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf txut k|0ffnLsf] ePsfn] df}h'bf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, lgodjdf]lhd ;]jf, ;d"x
;~rfng / kbk"lt{df k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx / k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ sl7gfO k/]sf] 5 . ;+3sf]
sfg'g kv{]/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lghfdtL ;]jf, ;/sf/L ;]jf u7gsf] sfg'g gagfO{ a:bf clgZrosf]
cj:yf nfdf] ;do /xL sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/ s'l07t x'g'sf ;fy} cfd hgtfnfO{
k|jfx ug{] ;]jf ;+s'rg x'g] cj:yf b]lvG5 . o:tf] cj:yf nfdf] ;do /xL /xg' plrt x'Fb}g . o;y{
xfn tx k|0ffnLnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf Joj:yf;Fu
;fdGh:otf x'g] u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{' h?/L 5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jf P]g kfl/t ePkl5 tb\cg'?k kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lghfdtL
;]jf Pjd\ ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, ;]jf ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] u7g Pjd\ ltgdf /xg]
kbsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] / tb\cg'?k l/Qm kbdf kbk"lt{ ug{ cfof]unfO{ ;xhtf k|fKt x'g] / cGttM
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;an / ;Ifd x'Fb} hfg] cj;/ l;h{gf x'g] 5 .
;+ljwfg, ;+3Lo sfg'g / k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL kf/bzL{, ljZj;gLo ;Ddflgt ;+:yfsf]
?kdf ljsf; ug{ cfof]un] cfjZos ;'wf/sf sfdx?k|lt lg/Gt/ nfUg' kg{] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu
cfof]un] cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/Lsf ljifodf k|b]z ;/sf/ :yfgLo tx / ltgdf lgjf{lrt
Pjd\ lgo'Qm kbflwsf/L sd{rf/L k]zfljb\ Pjd\ ;/f]sf/ / rf;f] /fVg] ;a};Fu k|ToIf k/f]If ;+jfbsf
dfWodaf6 sfo{;"rL tof/ u/L cufl8 a9\g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf ;+:yfut ug{] qmddf /x]sf] of] ;do cfof]usf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf
gljgtd hu a;fpg of]ubfg ug{] cj;/ xf] . cfof]un] ;+ljwfg sfg'gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;fdflhs
Gofodf cfwfl/t ;d[4 ;dtfd"ns ;dfh :yfkgfsf nflu zf;g k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug{] :yfoL
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~9~
;/sf/df ljleGg If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf dlxnf, blnt, lkl58Psf] If]qsf Ifdtfjfg k|ltefnfO{
leœofpg e/dUb'/ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{} hfg'kg{] cfjZostf 5 . pgLx?sf] ;xeflutf a9fpg ljleGg
cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ljleGg dGqfno, sfof{nosf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\ cg'udg ug{] Ps dxŒjk"0f{
lhDd]jf/L cfof]udf lglxt 5 . ;+ljwfg, sfg'g Pjd\ cfof]un] tf]s]sf] sfo{ljlw, lgb{]lzsf cg'?k
sfd eP u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\, :jLs[t b/jGbLdf kbk"lt{ ug{ dfu ul/Psf] 5 5}g jf c:yfoL jf s/f/df
sfd nufO{ /x]sf] 5, sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f ubf{ j9'jf, ;?jf, k|f]T;fxg ubf{ jf
ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ cfof]usf] ;xdlt k/fdz{ lnO{ sfg'gjdf]lhd eP u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\\ eGg] s'/fsf]
lgu/fgL /fVg] lhDd]jf/L klg cfof]unfO{ /x]sf] 5 . ;do ;dodf cg'udg lg/LIf0f e} s}lkmot b]lvPdf
;Rofpg nufpg] jf /2 ug]{, tfn's lgsfodf sf/jfxLsf nflu l;kmfl/; u/L k7fpg] u/]df dfq cfkm"
cg's"n sfg'g agfpg], j9'jf ug{] jf c:yfoL jf s/f/df egf{ ug{] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;lsG5 .
o;af6 k|ltef / Ifdtf ePsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;]jfdf cfsif{0f / k|f]T;fxg x'G5 / cfof]uk|lt ul/df /
;Ddfg a9]/ hfG5 .
cfof]un] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] /Iff ug]{, k|j4{g ug{], k|f]T;fxg ug{] / o;sf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ Watchdog sf]
?kdf sfd ug{'k5{ . clxn]b]lv g} of] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ uxg / k|efjsf/L agfpg] cj;/ cfof]unfO{
5 . o;y{ ;'? sfo{sfnb]lv g} lg/LIf0f, cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos 5 .
pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf nflu k/LIff ;~rfng ug{], lgo'lQm, j9'jf tyf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{
ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] tT;DaGwL ;]jfsf ;t{ aGb]h;Fu;DaGwL sfg'gdf
kl/dfh{g, ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvPdf ;'emfj lbg], k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;]jfnfO{ ;Ifd / ;'b[9
agfpg Pjd\ tL ;]jfk|lt cfsif{0f a9fpg cg';GwfgfTds / k|j4{gfTds sfo{x? ug{], ljleGg ;]jf /
kbsf nflu of]Uotf / kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f ug{], k/LIf0f ljlw to ug{ cfjZos sfo{ lhDd]jf/L ;Dkfbg
u/L of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ h?/L 5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;]jf
k|jfxsf] hu a;fpg] ;do ePsfn] klg cfof]usf] cxd e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf] Ps jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . o; cjlwdf cfof]un] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu ;+:yfut
k|jGw, sfg'gL Joj:yf, sfo{;Dkfbgsf l;4fGt / cfwf/x? to ub{} cfjZos Go"gtd k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f
u/L kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu ;ª\sng, k|ltzt lgwf{/0f, lj1fkg, k/LIff ;~rfng / glthf
k|sfzg Pjd\ l;kmfl/; ug{] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . o;/L cfof]un] cfkm"nfO{ ;+:yfut ub{} sfo{ ;~rfng ug{]
sfd u/L cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . cfpFbf lbgx?df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 / l;kmfl/;df dfq l;ldt g/xL k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txdf /xg] ;]jf ;d"xsf] u7g ;~rfng / To;af6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg]
;Ifd k|zf;g ;+oGq agfO{ ;]jfk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cfsif{0f agfpg ;do ;dodf cg';GwfgfTds /
k|j4{gfTds sfo{x? ;d]t ug{] u/fpg] ug{'k5{ . qmdzM cfof]unfO{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lghfdtL,
~10~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ljsf; ug{] Pp6f Think Tank sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{' h?/L
5 . o;sf] nflu cfof]un] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u Pjd\ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?, k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f
k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno nufot;Fu cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf 1ftf cg'ejL k|zf;s Pjd\ af}l4s JolQmTjx?af6 cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L u/fO{ lghfdtL
Pjd\ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf gofF gofF 1fg, ;Lk / k|ljlw leœofpg sfd ug{] tkm{ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ t6:y / ;bfrf/o'Qm agfpgsf ;fy} /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/fli6«o If]qdf
cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ljsf;, v'nfkg pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;]jf k|jfxdf pTs[i6tf
xfl;n ug{ u/fpg k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ;d]t cfof]usf] Wofg hfg'kb{5 .
hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ub{} ;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
;d[4 agfpFb} ;dtfd"ns, ;d'Ggt ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu sfg'gL /fHo, nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfk|lt
b[9 ;+slNkt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . o:tf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] dfWodåf/f k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf] zflGt, ;'zf;g ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] cfsf+Iff k"/f u/fpg cfof]usf] dxŒjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
/x]sf] 5 . k|b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / ;]jfd'vL agfpg cfof]u sl6a2 /xL /xg]5 .
o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf kf/ nufpg] cj;/ cfof]unfO{ 5 . ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] tLg txsf]
/fHo ;+/rgf / /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 cg'?k u7g ePsf] cfof]usf] ;fy{stf o;}df g} lglxt 5 .
o;af6 ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL ;kmn / ;an agfpg ;3fp k'Ug] ck]Iff ug{
;lsG5 . k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnf Pjd\ ;a}sf] oyf]lrt ;xof]u x'g ;s] cfof]u
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;kmn x'g]df ljZj:t 5' .

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~11~
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf] ljBdfg

cj:yf
sNkgf nD;fn
;b:o
d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfdf k|j]z u/];Fu} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$$ df

Joj:yf ePjdf]lhd u08sL k|b]zdf klg lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L ;]jf, k|b]z cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf,
k|b]z ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf, :yfgLo txsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf pko'Qm
pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{] lhDd]jf/L / p2]Zo;xLt u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g ePsf] xf] . cfof]usf]
d'Vo sfd :jR5 Pjd\ lgikIf 9ª\uaf6 k/LIff ;~rfng u/L of]Uo / bIf pDd]bjf/x?sf] vf]hL ug{'
xf] . lgikIf / Jojl:yt?kdf k/LIff ;~rfng ug{' cfkm}df dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] eg] k/LIff lngsf nflu
cfwf/ to ug{' jf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{' cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . kf7\oqmdnfO{ g} k/LIffsf] d"n
cfwf/ :tDe dfgL cfof]un] dfu ;ª\sng ;Fu;Fu} kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f k|lqmof k|f/De u/]sf] 5 .
kf7\oqmd zAbsf] k|of]u pGgfO;f}+ ztflAbaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(!* df Franklin Bobbit n]
The Curriculum gfds k':ts k|sfzg u/];Fu} kf7\oqmdsf] ljrf/ If]q dxŒjk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] kfOG5 .
kf7\oqmd nIo k|flKtsf nflu lgdf{0f ul/g] l;sfO of]hgf xf] . h;df l;sf?n] l;Sg'kg{] 1fgsf
If]qx? / l;sfO cg'ejx?nfO{ ;d]6\b} d"Nofª\sgsf cfwf/x? ;d]t ;dflji6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . kf7\oqmd
l;sf? bf}8g] wfjg dfu{ xf] . h;df bf}8]/ l;sf?n] ck]lIft rfxgf k"/f u/]sf x'G5g\ . kf7\oqmd
;fdflhs kl/j]z, bfz{lgs cfwf/ Pjd\ dgf]j}1flgs kIfx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/G5 . l;sf?sf lglDt
cfjZos kg{] 1fg, l;k Pjd\ wf/0ff lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;d;fdlos
1fg Pjd\ kl/jt{gnfO{ cufFNb} kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f x'g ;s]df /fi6« / ;dfhsf rfxgf k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .
kf7\oqmd ;dosf ult;Fu} b]zsfn, kl/l:ylt, ;fdflhs rfxgf cfjZostf, /fhg}lts cj:yf Pjd\
cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]znfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL lgdf{0f x'gkb{5 -lgp/], @)&!_ . kf7\oqmdsf] rfl/qLs/0fn]
ablnbf] 1fg / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjut u/fpFb5. kf7\ooqmd ljifo / ljifoj:t'sf] ?kdf
dfq geO{ p2]Zo, cg'ej, of]hgf, rfxgf Pjd\ cfjZostfx?sf] kl/k"lt{sf] ;fwg aGg ;Sg'kb{5 .
kf7\oqmddf /flvPsf l;sfOsf cfofdx? / p2]Zox?n] JolQm, /fi6« / ;dfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{
k"/f ug{ ;Sg] agfpg'kb{5 . kf7\oqmdaf6 ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotfsf ;fy
ljifo lj1x?;Fusf] 5nkmnaf6 kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 -zdf{ / zdf{ @)&)_. kf7\oqmd bfz{lgs,
;}4flGts, dgf]j}1flgs Pjd\ j}wtf / dxTjsf] cfwf/df lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ck]lIft pknlAw
xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g .
~12~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg dflysf ;}4flGts cfwf/x? Pjd\ ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf
lgdf{0fflwg kf7\oqmdx?nfO{ cfwf/ dfGb} k|fb]lzs 1fg / ;"rgfx? yk u/L l;sf?nfO{ k|fb]lzs 1fg
eg{] p2]Zon] ljifo lj1x?;Fu 5nkmn Pjd\ cGt/lqmof ub{} kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwf{Tds
k/LIffsf nflu kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ ljBfno jf ljZjljBfnox?df cWofkg/t kf7\oqmd;Fu klg
tfbDotf ldnfpg'kg{] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Sg] kf7\oqmd agfpg ;dsfnLg
;dfh / ablnFbf] kl/j]zsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{' h?/L x'G5 . ;dfh, bz{g / dgf]lj1fgsf]
ulx/f] cWoog / ;+of]hgaf6 dfq ;fGble{s kf7\oqmd aGg ;S5 . Jojxf/jfb, ;+1fgjfb Pjd\
dfgjtfjfbsf] cWoogaf6 ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f u/L kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df o;n] bIf
Pjd\ ;Ifd hgzlQm tof/ eO{ sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 -g]kfn, @)&)_ .
log} s'/fx?nfO{ dWogh/ u/L xfnsf] cj:yfdf u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|fljlws Pjd\
k|zf;lgs tkm{ ljleGg ;]jf ;d"xsf rf}yf], kfFrf}F}, ;ftf}F, cf7f}F+ / gjf}F txsf kf7\oqmdx? lgdf{0f u/L
k/LIff ;DkGg u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] o; jif{ lgdf{0f u/L :jLs[t
ul/Psf kf7\oqmdx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ -cfof]u, @)&*_ .
gjf}“ txsf kf7\oqmd
!= :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn hg/lni6 ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
@= :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn Nofj 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;d"x, hg/n d]l8sn Nofj 6]Sgf]nf]hL pk;d"x, gjf}
-(_
#= :jf:Yo ;]jf, Kofyf]nf]hL ;d"x hg/n Kofyf]nf]hL pk;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
$= :jf:Yo ;]jf, 8df{]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx sG;N6]06 8df{]nf]lh:6
%= :jf:Yo ;]jf, Kofyf]nf]hL ;d"x, dfOqmf]afof]nf]hL -AofS6«f]nf]hL_ pk;d"x, gjf}F -(_
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf, /]l8of]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
&= :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8l;g\ ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx sG;N6]06 hg/n lkmlhl;og
*= :jf:Yo ;]jf, Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}F tx
(= :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;fO{lsof6«L ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!)= :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;h{/L ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx, cyf{]k]l8s ;h{g
!!= :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;h{/L ;d"x hg/n ;h{/L pk;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!@= :jf:Yo ;]jf, cA:6«]l6S; tyf ufO{gf]sf]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!#= :jf:Yo ;]jf, k]l8ofl6«S; ;d"x, k]l8ofl6«s d]l8l;g\ pk;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!$= :jf:Yo ;]jf, k=x]=P= ;d"x, gjf} -(_ tx,
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~13~
!%= :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG:k]S;g\ ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx

!^= :jf:Yo ;]jf, hg/n x]Ny ;le{;]h ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!&= :jf:Yo ;]jf, hg/n gl;{Ë ;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
!*= :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;a} ;d"x, ;a} pk;d"x, gjf}F -(_ tx
;ftf}“ txsf kf7\oqmd
!= :jf:Yo ;]jf, ljljw ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ tx, afof]d]l8sn OlGhlgo/ kbsf] kf7\oqmd
@= :jf:Yo ;]jf, klAns x]Ny gl;{ª -sDo'lg6L gl;{ª_ ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ txsf] kf7\oqmd
#= :jf:Yo ;]jf, lkmlhof]y]/fkL ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ txsf] kf7\oqmd
$= :jf:Yo ;]jf, kmfd{];L ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ txsf] kf7\oqmd
%= :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn Nofj 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ txsf] kf7\oqmd
^= :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG;k]S;g\ ;d"x, ;ftf}F+ txsf] kf7\oqmd
cf7f}“ tx
!= d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo ;]jf, h=x]=;= ;d"x, cf7f}F+ tx -k|b]z÷:yfgLo tx_ sf] kf7\oqmd
kf“rf} txsf kf7\oqmd
!= :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} tx, x]Ny cl;:6]G6 jf ;f] ;/x,
@= :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, kfFrf}F} tx , Nofa 6]lSgl;og
#= :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} tx, klAns x]Ny g;{
$= :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} tx :6fkm g;{
%= :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b slj/fh, kfFrf}F} tx
^= :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} tx, /]l8of]u|fkm/
&= :jf:Yo, ljljw, kfFrf}F} tx, Pg]:y]l;of ;xfos
*= ljljw, kfFrf}F} tx, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/
(= lzIff, lzIff k|zf;g, lg/LIf0f, kfFrf}F} tx, k|fljlws ;xfos
!)= s[lif, dT:o÷nf=kf]=P08 8]=8]=,÷e]6]l/g/L, kfFrf}F} txsf
!!= s[lif, kfFrf}F} tx, k|fljlws ;xfos
!@= Ol~hlgol/Ë, l;len ;d"x, kfFrf}F} tx, ;a OlGhlgo/
~14~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
!#= cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf, tYofÍ ;d"x, kfFrf}F} tx tYofÍ ;xfos
!$= Gofo÷k|zf;g -PsLs[t_ ;]jf, sfg'g÷;f=k|=÷n]vf÷cf=n]=k= ;d"x, kfFrf}F} tx, ;xfos
rf}yf] txsf kf7\oqmd
!= vf=kf=;=6]=, OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len ;d"x, :oflg6/L pk;d"x,
@= cl;:6]G6 ;j–OlGhlgo/, OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len ;d"x,
#= gfoj kz' ;]jf k|fljlws, s[lif ;]jf, nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= ;d"x,
$= gfoj kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlws, s[lif ;]jf, e]6]l/g/L ;d"x,
%= gfoj k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, KnfG6 k|f]6]S;g, Pu|f]gf]dL, xl6{sNr/, Pu[= PS;6]G;g, :jfon
;fOG; / Pu[=Osf]=P08 dfs{]l6ª ;d"x
^= c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG;k]S;g\ ;d"x,
&= c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo ;]jf, klAns x]Ny gl;{ª ;d"x,
*= Nofa cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]=Nof=6]= ;d"x, h=d]=Nof=6]= pk;d"x,
(= j}B, :jf:Yo ;]jf, cfo'j{]b ;d"x, hg/n cfo'j{]b pk;d"x,
!)= ljljw ;]jf, rf}yf] tx, ;xfos dlxnf ljsf; lg/LIfs
!!= ljljw ;]jf, rf}yf] tx, ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/
!@= Ol~hlgol/Ë, ;e{], rf}yf] tx, cldg
!#= k|zf;g ;]jf, ;f=k= / n]vf ;d"x, rf}yf] tx, ;xfos
kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f sfo{ ;xh / ;/n sfo{ x'Fb} xf]Og lsgls lxhf]sf cfjZostfsf cfwf/df tof/
ul/Psf] kf7\oqmdn] cfhsf cfjZostf / ;d:of tyf ef]lnsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg]
cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] 1fg lbg b'O{ u'gf, /ft rf} u'gfsf] b/n] j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf]
5 . ljZjsf] s'g} s'gfdf l;lh{t 1fgsf] lj:tf/ x'g Ps ;]s]G8 nfUg] cj:yf 5}g . k|ljlwsf sf/0f
l;Sg] / l;sfpg] z}nLdf lta| kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf]
vfsf tof/ ug{' cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . kf7\oqmd b'/b[li6 /fv]/ lgdf{0f ug{'kg{] ljifoj:t' xf] . kf7\oqmd
l;sfOsf] of]hgf ePsfn] o;af6 eljiodf sfo{x? k|efljt x'g] ub{5 . ljlzli6s[t ;do ;fGble{s
kf7\oqmdn] ck]lIft rfxgf k"/f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o;sf] lg/Gt/ lgdf{0f Pjd\ kl/dfh{g cfjZos
dflgG5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~15~
;Gbe{ ;"rL
lgp/], w'|ak|;fb -@)&!_ kf7\oqmd cEof;, sf7df8f}+}M Sj]:6 klAns];g k|f=ln=
zdf{, lr/~hLjL / zdf{, lgd{nf -@)&)_ kf7\oqmd / cEof;, sf7df8f}+}M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/
g]kfn, Zofd -@)&)_ kf7\oqmd of]hgf / cEof; sf7df8f}+}, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/, k|f=ln=
kf}8]n, uf]ljGbk|;fb, 9sfn k'isn / hf]zL /d]zrG› -@)^(_ kf7\oqmd / d"Nofª\sg, sf7df8f}+}M
z'esfdgf k|sfzg
P]g, -@)&^_ nf]s ;]jf P]g, kf]v/fM u08sL k|b]z

~16~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf

k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] e"ldsf
of]u]Gb| uf}rg
;b:o
k[i7e"ld
b]z / hgtfsf] ;jf]{kl/ lxt / sNof0f x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs dfldnfsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu lgjf{rgaf6
cfPsf hgk|ltlglw / ;/sf/ -/fhgLlt1_ af6 ag]sf ;fj{hlgs gLlt tyf sfg'g lgjf{rgaf6 gcfPsf
/fHosf k|zf;s tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fd"lxs ;xsfo{af6 sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{ g} /fHosf] k|zf;g
cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g (Public Administration) xf] eg]/ a'em\g] ul/G5 . nf]stflGqs Joj:yf
jf k|0ffnLdf hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw / hgk|ltlglwaf6 ag]sf] ;/sf/n] hgsNof0fsf/L
/fHo ;~rfngsf] gLlt / sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{] / To:tf gLlt / sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog /fHosf] ;/sf/ /
;/sf/L lgsfosf sd{rf/L ;oGq cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 ug{] ljZjJofkL k|rng xf] . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] /fhgLlt1 / hgtf lar k'nsf] sfd ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf sd{rf/LtGqaf6 /fgLlt1n]
agfPsf] gLlt / sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] sfo{sf] cltl/Qm To:tf gLlt / sfg'g lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{df
k]zfut lj1sf] x}l;otdf /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfj lbg] / d:of}bf ug{] sfo{ ;d]t x'g] ub{5 .
t;y{ sd{rf/LtGqsf] cefjdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g rNg / ;/sf/sf] p2]Zo klg k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf]
nflu sd{rf/LtGq cToGt} of]Uo, lgikIf, ;Ifd / ;]jfd'vL x'g h?/L x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffaf6 5gf}6 eO{ cfpg] sd{rf/Lx? a9L of]Uo, lgikIf, ;Ifd
/ ;]jfd'vL x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf s'g} klg ;/sf/ o:tf sd{rf/Lx? ;+nUg /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
dfWodaf6 g} gful/snfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff / zflGt ;'/Iff
Pjd\ cdgrog sfod u/]/ cfkm\gf] p2]Zo xfFl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'G5 . nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf hgk|ltlglw
/ ;/sf/ ;do ;dodf km]/abn eO/xg] / slxn] slxn] t s]xL ;do ;/sf/ g} aGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
;d]t k'Ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xfFSg] sd{rf/LtGq -lghfdtL, ;}lgs, k|x/L / cGo
;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/L_ h:tf];'s} cj:yfdf klg :yfoL /lx/xg] x'Fbf sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/
klg eGg] ul/G5 . sd{rf/LtGq sfg'gjdf]lhd dfq rNg] xFbf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
tyf kl/rfng ug{] alnof] / c;n P]g, lgodsf] Joj:yf x'g'sf] ;fy} of]Uo, lgikIf, ;Ifd / ;]jfd'vL
sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{] alnof] / ;'b[9 ;+:yfut k|0ffnL x'g' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zff;gdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cfjZostf
;fj{hlgs k|zff;gsf] sd{rf/LtGqsf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L ;/sf/ jf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfon]
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~17~
g} egf{, 5gf}6 / lgo'QmL ug{] k'/fgf] k|rng ljZjsf s]xL b]zdf cem} /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L
lgsfo :jod\n] cfkm\gf nflu rflxg] sd{rf/L cfkm} egf{, 5gf}6 / lgo'QmL ubf{ :jR5tf / lgikIftf
sfod ug{ ufxf{] kg{], of]Uo, lgikIf / /fd|feGbf d]/f jf xfd|f JolQmx? 5gf}6 x'g] / c;+Vo of]Uo tyf
;Ifd JolQmx? klg 5gf}6 x'g] cj;/af6 jlGrt x'g] cj:yf Psflt/ ;[hgf x''g] / csf{]lt/ To;/L
egf{ ePsf sd{rf/L b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdfeGbf cfkm"nfO{ egf{ ug{]k|lt g} a9L pQ/bfoL x''g] l:ylt
cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjfgf a9L x'G5 . oL s'/fx?nfO{ b[li6ut u/]/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf nflu cfjZos
sd{rf/L ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/L lgsfosf ;DalGwt lgsfon] egf{, 5gf}6 gu/L ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]keGbf
aflx/L If]qsf] s'g} :jtGq ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 egf{, 5gf}6sf] sfd ubf{ a9L of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmx?
dWo]af6 klg of]Uotd / pTs[i6 JolQmx?nfO{ leœofpg ;Dej x'g] b]vG5 . o;}sf nflu ljZjsf
w]/}h;f] nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L egf{, 5gf]6 ug{] lhDd]jf/L
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf] 5'§} :jtGq ;+:yf jf ;+j}wflgs lgsfonfO{ lbP/ of]Uotf k|0ffnL (Merit
System) sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] kfOG5 . oxL cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ g]kfnn] klg
lj=;+= @))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut]b]lv nf]s ;]jf cfof]u (Public Service Commission) :yfkgf
u/]/ To;nfO{ ;+a}wflgs ljsf;qmd;Fu} Ps :jtGq ;+a}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf ;+:yfut Pjd\ ;'lb[9
ub{} nluPsf] 5 . lsgeg] :yfkgfsfnb]lv &) jif{ kf/ u/]/ xfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
;+ljwfg k|bQ sfo{If]qleq /xL cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf of]Uotf (Merti), lgikIftf (Impartiality),
:jR5tf (Fairness), ;dfg cj;/ (Equal Opportunity), ;dfj]zL (Inclusiveness), låcGw
(Double Blind), kl/ro z"Gotf (Ideneity Musking), c;+nUgtf (Non- Involvement), /
uf]kgLotf (Confidentiality) h:tf l;2fGtx?nfO{ bfofF afofF gu/L cjnDjg ug{ ;kmn ePsf]
5 . To;}n] g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf ljleGg ljifo jf If]qdf sfd ug{] ;fj{hlgs lgsfox?dWo] cfd
hgdfg;n] ;a}eGbf a9L lgikIf, k|efjsf/L, e/f];fof]Uo cyf{t\ kx'Fr / eg;'gsf] cfwf/df grNg]
;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ?kdf lrGg] g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]u xf] eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
:yfkgfsfnb]lv cfh;Dd v]n]sf] lgikIf e"ldsf / hgdfg;n] b]vfPsf] o; ;+:yfk|ltsf] ljZjf; /
e/f];f d'n's ;+3Lotfdf uPkl5 u7g ePsf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?n] sfod ub{} cl3 a9\g ;Ifd
x'g'kg{] 7"nf] r'gf}tL 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg;DaGwL
Joj:yf
g]kfndf lj=;+= @)&@ df ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 d'n's
PsfTdsaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx
-ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psfn] oL x/]s txsf] clwsf/ If]qx? s] s:tf] x'g]
eGg] ljifo klg ;f]xL ;+ljwfgsf] /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 cGtu{tsf] cg';"rLx?df Joj:yf ul/Psf]
~18~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
5 . h;cg';f/ ;+3sf] clwsf/ cg';"rL–% df pNn]lvt ljifodf, k|b]zsf] clwsf/ cg';"rL–^ df

pNn]lvt ljifodf, ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL–& df pNn]lvt ljifodf, :yfgLo txsf]
clwsf/ cg';"rL–* df pNn]lvt ljifodf / ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/ cg';"rL–(
df pNn]lvt ljifodf lglxt /xg] pNn]v 5 .
/fHosf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g kl/rfng;DaGwL clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf ;+3sf] cg';"rL–% df ;+3Lo
lghfdtL ;]jf -k//fi6« ;]jf;xLt_, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, ;]gf, s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an,
/fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;xLtsf ;+a}wflgs lgsfo Pjd\ cfof]ux?, :jf:Yo
;]jf -gLlt, dfkb08, u'0f:t/ tyf cg'udg / s]Gb|Lo c:ktfn tyf k|lt:yfg;DaGwL_ h:tf ljifox?
/flvPsf] 5, k|b]zsf] cg';"rL–^ df k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g,
:jf:Yo ;]jf / k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf ljifox? /flvPsf] 5 / :yfgLo txsf] cg';"rL–* df
:yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg ljifo /flvPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cf–cfkm\gf]
clwsf/ ;"rLdf /x]sf ljifodf sfg'g agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg'?k ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rLdf kg{] sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg
/ ;~rfng;DaGwL ljifosf nflu cfjZos k|d'v P]g, lgodx? h:t}M ;+3df ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g tyf ;+3Lo k|x/L P]g / oL P]gsf cfwf/df k|b]zdf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / k|b]z k|x/L P]g,
:yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf P]g, cflb agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . oL
sfg'gL Joj:yf gxf]pGh]n;Dd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf tTsfn sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / kl/rfngsf]
sfd g/f]lsof]; eGgfsf nflu ;+3af6 sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% / sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg÷ldnfg
dfkb08, @)&& Pjd\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ldnfg;DaGwL Joj:yf @)&& hf/L
eO{ ;f]xLjdf]lhd tt\–tt\ txdf cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL lgwf{/0f / b/jGbLcg';f/ sd{rf/L
;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ x'Fb} sd{rf/L v6g ktg ug{] u/fpg] sfo{ xfn;Dd klg rn]s} b]lvG5 . ;fy} :yfgLo
;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ hf/L eO{ :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d]t sfd sf/jfxL
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf
;+3df /xg] ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/Lx?sf] egf{, 5gf}6sf] sfo{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ug{] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cGtu{tsf] wf/f @$$ df k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;DaGwL
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h;df k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg], k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd xg] / ;+3Lo ;+;bn] sfg'g agfO{ cfwf/ / dfkb08
lgwf{/0f ug{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;} cg'?k ;+3Lo ;+;bn] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -cfwf/ /
dfkb08 lgwf{/0f_ P]g, @)&% hf/L uof{] / ;f]xL cfwf/ / dfkb08sf] kl/lwleq /xL ;ft j6} k|b]zdf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~19~
;DalGwt k|b]z ;efaf6 k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g th{'df eO{ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] -k|b]zsf]
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf_ u7g eP/ sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;a} k|b]zdf ag]sf] k|b]z
nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]gdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L ;]jf, k|b]zsf]
cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf, :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;+ul7t
;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] kbdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6df :jR5tf tyf lgikIftf sfod u/L of]Uotf
k|0ffnLnufot nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cjnDjg u/]sf l;2fGtx?nfO{ cjnDjg / k|j4{g ub{} k|b]z /
:yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zff;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;b[9 / ;]jfd'vL agfpg k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff ;~rfng
u/L pko'Qm sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{] / sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL;DaGwL k|lqmofdf k|b]z
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / tt\–tt\ ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf lgsfox?nfO{ /fo k/fdz{ lbg] h:tf sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
o;/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zff;gnfO{ ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / ;]jfd'vL agfpg] e"ldsf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] kfPsf]
5.
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / o;sf] c;/
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] r'gfjkl5 5flgP/ cfPsf hgk|ltlgwx? / ag]sf ;/sf/n] cf–cfkm\gf] txdf
cfjZos ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yfkg nueu ug{ ;s]sf] eP tfklg ;+3df ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
;+3Lo k|x/L P]g, k|b]zdf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / k|b]z k|x/L P]g / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf
P]g cem} agfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ckjfbsf] ?kdf ;+3df k|x/L ;dfof]hg P]g hf/L eP tfklg sfof{Gjog
x'g g;s]sf] / dw]z k|b]zn] cfkm\gf] k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g hf/L u/] tfklg /fd|/L sfof{Gjogdf
cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% / sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg÷ldnfg dfkb08, @)&&
Pjd\ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ldnfg;DaGwL Joj:yf @)&& sfof{Gjogdf NofOP klg
w]/} ljjfbx? cfO/x]sf] cyf{t\ k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ljifon] w]/} ;d:of tyf
hl6ntf v8f u/]sf]n] k|b]z ;/sf/x?n] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]gnfO{ s'/]/ ga;L k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g agfpg]tkm{ cu|;/ xF'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] :yfgLo txx?n] :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf P]g agL g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf cfkm\gf sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf Joj:yfnfO{
cfwf/ glnO{ sd{rf/L;DaGwL P]g agfO{ j9'jf;DaGwL sfo{ ug{]tkm{ nflu k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; k|sf/sf
sfg'gL Joj:yf xF'bfx'Fb} klg xfn;Dd k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos sd{rf/Lsf] k"0f{ ?kdf k"lt{ x'g
g;Sg' / o;sf] nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg' kg{] l:ylt /xg', ;+3af6 ;dfof]hg eP/ cfPsfx?
;DalGwt k|b]z jf :yfgLo txdf a:g'eGbf km]l/ ;+3df g} kms{g' jf ;+3tkm{ kms{g rfxg] k|j[lQ b]lvg',
cfk"m sfo{/t /x]sf] k|b]z jf :yfgLo txk|lteGbf ;+3tkm{ g} a9L pQ/bfoL x'g' sfo{/tx?nfO{ klg
~20~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;+3n] l56f] l56f] kl/jt{g jf ;?jf ul/lbg', k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;+3af6 ;dfof]hg eO{ cfPsf /
:yfgLo txdf klxn]b]lv g} sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, ;d"xsf] ;+/rgf, j[lQ ljsf; -vf;u/L kbf]Gglt_
sf] dfu{ -career path_ / ;?jf nufotsf ;t{ tyf ;'ljwf s] s:tf] x'g] eGg] s'/fx? c:ki6
jf j[lQ ljsf; cj?4 x'g'sf] ;fy} o:tf sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fli6«o lstfa vfgfdf cWofjlws
gxg', cbfntdf ph'/Lx? kl//xg' h:tf sf/0fx?af6 k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L kl/rfng tyf
Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ cToGt} ;d:ofu|:t tyf hl6n aGb} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf
cfjZos sd{rf/L k"0f{ ?kdf k"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] jf ;dfof]hg ePsf sd{rf/L klg ;+3df lkmtf{ eO{ kb
l/Qm xg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu b/jGbL adf]lhdsf kbx?dWo] l/Qm kbx?df k"lt{ ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] ;DalGwt k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dfu u/]/ k7fpg] sfo{ l56k'6 ?kdf afx]s
;s];Dd gu/L To:tf kbx?df a? c:yfoL jf ;]jf s/f/df cfkm\gf dfG5]x? lgo'lQm u/L sfd rnfO{
/fVg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 .
dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofx?sf] c;/sf] ?kdf k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf of]Uo, bIf,
;]jfd'vL / ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gk|lt k|lta4 k]zfut sd{rf/Lx?sf] sdL ePsf] cyf{t\ sd{rf/L ;oGq
cToGt} sdhf]/ /x]sfn] k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cf–cfkm\gf] txdf clwsf/If]q leqsf cfjZos sltko
sfg'g cem} agfpg g;s]sf], ;/sf/ tyf hgk|ltlglwx?n] ;]jf-;'ljwf vf]Hg] tyf a9fpg], cfkm\g}
lgjf{rg If]qdf ;s];Dd a9L of]hgf kfg{], hyfefjL vr{ ug{] h:tf k|j[lQsf] Go"gLs/0f x'g g;s]sf],
;fj{hlgs ;]jf /fd|/L k|jfx x'g g;s]sf], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ug{ w]/} afFsL /x]sf], e|i6frf/hGo
lqmofsnfk tyf a]?h' a9\b} uPsf] h:tf ljs[ltx? lj:tf/ x'Fb} uO/x]sfn] cfd hgdfg;df ;+3Lo
Joj:yfdf eO/x]sf] vr{sf] t'ngfdf pknlAw Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] eGb} ;+3Lotf dfly g} k|ZglrGx v8f
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;'emfj tyf ;f/f+z
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;+3Lotf cg's"n ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{] qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:of
/ ljs[ltx?nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;j{k|ydtM ;+3n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nufotsf P]g tTsfn hf/L ug{
h?/L 5 . t/ ;+3n] ;f] P]g agfpnf / To;}sf cfwf/df k|b]zx?n] tbfg's'n P]g agfpFb} hfpFnf egL
nfdf] ;do;Dd kv{]/ ga;L cfkm\gf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg{] k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nufotsf cGo
;/sf/L ;]jf P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg h?/L 5 . :yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf
;DaGwdf :yfgLo Joj:yflksf cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@^ df ……:yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/
;"rLdf pNn]lvt -cyf{t cg';"rL–* df pNn]lvt ljifoM :yfgLo ;]jf Joj:yfkgsf]_ ljifodf
cfjZos sfg'g agfpg ;Sg] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] wf/f @@& df sd{rf/L / sfof{no;DaGwL
cGo Joj:yf k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;cg';f/ :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/L
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~21~
Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo txn] cfkm} sfgg agfpg] jf ;DalGwt k|b]zn] agfPsf] sfg'gnfO{ dfGg]
eGg] låljwf b]lvG5 . o:tf] l:yltdf :yfgLo txsf] ;/sf/L ;]jf P]g s;n] agfpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf
k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] If]qleqsf :yfgLo txx?;Fu tTsfn 5nkmn u/]/ lg0f{o u/L ;f]xLjdf]lhd ug{
h?/L 5 . o;sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf x/]s k|b]zn] cf–cfkm\gf] cGtu{tsf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf;DaGwL
sfg'gsf] nflu æsd{rf/L / sfof{no Joj:yf -cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f_ P]gÆ tTsfn} agfO{ ;f]xL
cfwf/df :yfgLo txx?n] æsd{rf/L / sfof{no Joj:yf;DaGwL P]gÆ agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofpFbf klg
pko'Qm xg] h:tf] nfU5 .
o;/L dfly pNn]lvt sfg'gx? lgdf{0f ePkl5 dfq k|b]z / :yfgLo txx?n] cfkm\gf sd{rf/L b/jGbLsf
l/Qm kbx? k"lt{sf nflu ;DalGwt k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]df k"0f{ ?kdf dfu u/]/ k7fpg] / k|b]z nf]s
;]jf cfof]ux?n] klg kbk"lt{sf] sfo{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{] sfo{x? Jojl:yt / ;+:yfut x'Fb}
hfg] 5 . o;f] x'g ;s] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf k|b]z ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/k|lt pQ/bfoL of]Uo
/ ;Ifd sd{rf/Lx?sf] k"lt{ eO{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/n] klg cfkm\gf To:tf sd{rf/LtGqsf]
;xof]udf ;+3Lotfsf] dd{ / efjgfcg';f/sf] gLlt, sfg'g, of]hgf / sfo{qmd agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd
x'g]5g\ . t;y{ k|b]zsf] :jtGq ;+j}wflgs ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf
cfof]ux?n] cf–cfkm\gf] k|b]z / :yfgLo txx?df cfjZos of]Uo / ;Ifd sd{rf/Lx? k|lt:kwf{Tds
k/LIffåf/f lgikIf ?kdf 5gf}6 u/L k"lt{ ul/lbP/ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zff;gnfO{ ;Ifd,
;'b[9 / ;]jfd'vL agfpg / g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpm k'¥ofpgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] nflu k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?n] klg cfkm\gf] k/LIff ;~rfng / pDd]bjf/
l;kmfl/z;DaGwL k|d'v sfo{ k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -;+3Lo_ n] :yfkgfsfnb]lv xfn;Dd
cjnDjg u/]sf kl/:s[t l;2fGt / dfkb08nfO{ cjnDjg ug{] u/L h;/L sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 To;df Ps OGr klg tndfly gu/L, a? cem} To;df O6f yKb} cfd gful/ssf] ljZjf; / e/f];f
cfh{g ub{} cl3 a9\g h?/L 5 .

~22~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;fj{hlgs ;]jfM ;fj{hlgs

Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfofd
8f= bfdf]b/ /]UdL
;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
/fHo / hgtf larsf] ;DaGwsf] cleJolQm x'g] k|d'v dfWod ;fj{hlgs
;]jf xf] To;}n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;j{;'netf /fHosf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;fj{hlgs
Joj:yfkgsf] clt g} dxŒjk"0f{ cfofd klg xf] . /fHosf] o;} ljlzi6 bfloTjsf] cfwf/df /fHo /
hgtfsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] x'G5 . o;y{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx /fHo / hgtf ljr e]6 x'g] ;+ud
:yn xf] . o;} ;DaGwsf] sf/0fn] /fHosf] klxnf] bfloTj ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{]
/x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|s[lt Jofks, ljljwtfo'Qm, 5'6\ofpg gldNg] x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf
d"ntM nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] ;]jf k|jfxsf pk/f]Qm cfwf/zLnf
cg'?ksf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kg{] ub{5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] :t/n]
;/sf/sf] nf]slk|otfsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{] ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf bIftf / k|efjsfl/tfsf]
:t/n] ;'zf;gsf] ;xL cj:yfsf] lrq0f u/]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ckl/xfo{ /
cfjZosLo c+u xf] . o;y{ hgtfk|lt k|jfx ug{' kg{] ;]jf ;'ljwfx? ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] k|zf;lgs
;+oGqsf] kl/rfngaf6 ug{] ub{5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|jfxsf] d"ne"t :yfoL ;+oGq tyf hg
cfsf+Iffx?nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu hgtfaf6 k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt u/L ;/sf/ ;dIf k'¥ofOlbg] ;Djfxssf]
?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf clt g} dxŒjk"0f{ /xg] ub{5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qx?
;/sf/ hgtfsf ;a} ck]Iffx? k"/f ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ c+u xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] cjwf/0ffn]
hgtfsf ue{b]lv lrxfg ;Ddsf ;a} cfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxsf ;+oGqåf/f k"/f ul/g'
kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg ;]jfx? kg{] ub{5g\M
lzIff
:jf:Yo
ljB't
cfktsfnLg ;]jfx?
cfunfuL lgoGq0f
OGwgsf] pknAwtf
b}lgs pkef]usf k"jf{wf/x?
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~23~
zflGt ;'/Iff
k|x/L ;]jf
;~rf/ ;]jf
oftfoftsf ;]jfx?
kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg
hgtfsf b}lgs cfjZostf;DaGwL cGo ;]jfx?
k|mf]:6 / ;'lnefgsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|f?k
k|mf]:6 / ;'lnefgn] ;]jf k|jfxsf d"n If]qx?nfO{ ljleGg cf7 ;d"xdf ljeflht u/]sf 5g\ / tL
;]jfx?sf] pknAwtfsf] k|f?knfO{ ;+/lIft ;]jf k|jfxb]lv ljsf;d"ns ;]jf k|jfxsf] >]0fLdf af+8]sf
5g\ . ltgLx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .
hgtf klxnf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t ;]jf k|jfx ;+/rgf / ;]jf k|jfx ;'wf/ of]hgf
;]jf k|jfx ;+/rgfdf ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;}4flGts kIf, gLlt, ;]jfsf] lsl;d, pkef]Qmfsf] tx, ;]jf
pknAwtfsf] ;+/rgf, ;]jf k|flKtsf tl/sf , ;]jfsf] nfut, ;]jf k|flKtsf ;do / ;]jf k|jfxsf] :t/
nufotsf ljifox? kb{5g\ . ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;+/rgfn] ;]jf / pkef]Qmf larsf] b'/L sd u/fpg' kb{5
cyf{t\ ;]jfdf hgtf jf pkef]Qmfsf] ;xh kx'+r x'g' kb{5 , ;]jf k|flKtsf k|lqmof / lgodx? kf/bzL{ x'g'
kb{5 . ;]jfsf] pknAwtfn] nfut, u'0f:t/ / ;dok|lt Gofo ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] of] lgwf{l/t
;+/rgfn] ;]jf k|jfxdf hgtfaf6 k|fKt ;Gt'li6 jf ;]jf k|jfxdf lelqPsf pbLodfg cjwf/0ffx?sf]
;Gbe{df ;]jf k|jfx ;'wf/ of]hgf sfof{Gjog x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . o;y{ ;]jf k|jfx ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; /
tbg'?k ;fdlos ?kdf ;]jf k|jfx ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof x'g\ . ;du|df
;]jf k|jfx ;+/rgf / ;]jf k|jfx ;'wf/ of]hgfn] afyf] k]n]sf] hgtf klxnf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df
kl/0ft ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
;]jf k|jfxdf ;xhtf , kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTj sf nflu gful/s a8fkq / ljB'tLo zf;g
;]jf k|jfxsf] ;+oGq hlxn] klg ;]jfu|fxL d}qLo x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . of] cj:yfsf] k|Tofe"ltsf
nflu ef}lts ?kdf hgtfsf] glhsdf ;+:yfut kx'+r x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .ef}lts kx'+rdf klg ljljw
cj/f]wx? /xg ;Sb5g\ cyf{t\ ef}lts kx'+rnfO{ Psftkm{ ;]jf k|jfxdf ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/]/
kmf/fd k]z ug{], ;]jfsf] dfu ug{], /sd a'emfpg] h:tf sfo{x? ;]jfu|fxLn] ;]jf k|jfxsf] :yndf wfpg'
kg{] k|lqmofsf] cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;]jfu|fxLs} ef}lts pkl:ylt x'g' kg{] cj:yfdf ;"rgf
k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] sfuhftsf] ;ª\sng, cGt/zfvf sfuhftsf] k|df0fLs/0f, ljleGg kbflwsf/Lx?af6
:jLs[lt k|bfg h:tf w]/} ;do nfUg] u/]sf k|lqmofTds kIfx?nfO{ Psn ;]jf ljGb'af6 5f]6f] ;dodf
~24~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . ;]jf k|jfxsf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ cfofd eg]sf] ;]jfsf] pknAwtfdf
k|lqmofut, ;dout, ;do / d"Nosf nfutaf/] ;]jfu|fxL cgle1 /xg' jf kf/blz{tfsf] k|Tofe"lt
x'g} kb{5 . o;sf] nflu Jojxfl/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo / ljZj;gLo kf/bzL{ ;+oGqsf] ?kdf gful/s
a8fkq jf ;]jfu|fxL a8fkq sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"rgfk|ljlwo'Qm / gful/s a8fkqsf] Joj:yfn]
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;xhtf , kf/blz{tf / pQ/bfloTjsf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] x'G5 .
;]jf k|jfxdf t6:ytf ;xLtsf] k|lta4 bIftf
k|zf;goGq ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ ;/n ;xh emGem6d'Qm / k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;xh ;+oGq ePsfn]
hgtfsf] cledt / rfxgfnfO{ sfo{?kdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
x'G5 . k|zf;goGqsf] k|efjsfl/tf, r':ttf , k|lta4tf / t6:ytfn] hgcledtsf] ;Rrf sb/ x'g
;Sb5 . ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf kx'+r / ljgf e]befj ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pkef]usf] clwsf/
t6:y k|zf;lgs ;+oGqaf6 dfq ;+ej 5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/tf , ;]jfu|fxL d}qLo ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttf, k|Zg ug{] / hfgsf/L lng kfpg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt k|lta4 k|zf;lgs
;+oGqaf6 ;+ej x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;sn] x/]s txdf /fhg}lts t6:ytf k|bz{g ub{} ;]jf k|jfxdf
k|lta4tf, sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf / cfkm\gf] ljlzi6tf / bIftfsf] s'zn k|bz{g ug{' kg{] x'G5 .
o; ;Gb{df k|zf;gsf] bfloTj t6:ytf ;xLtsf] k|lta4 bIftf sf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{' xf] .
k|zf;sx? of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf pkh ePsfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{nfO{ ljlwsf] cfj/0faf6 ;'/lIft /fvL ;]jf
k|jfxdf hg k|z+;f k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] kf]Vt of]4f aGg ;Sg' kb{5 . ljifut lj1tf / :yfoL ;/sf/sf]
x}l;otn] k|zf;goGqn] /fhgLltk|lt t6:ytf b]vfpb} ;]jf k|jfx / ;/sf/L gLlt sfof{Gjogdf df
;sf/fTds of]ubfg sf] lglDt ;bf ;j{bf tTk/ / k|lta4 /xg' g} jf:tljs ?kdf t6:ytf ;xLtsf]
k|lta4 bIftf xf] .
k|zf;sLo ;lqmotfdfkm{t k|lta4tf
k|zf;goGq ;/sf/sf] d"n ;xof]uL / sfo{sf/L ;+oGq xf] . :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /x]/ k|zf;goGqn]
;/sf/sf gLlt lgodsf] sfof{Gjog, ;/sf/ ;dIf cfPsf hgtfsf rfxgf, ;/sf/n] hgtf ;dIf
k'¥ofpg' kg{] ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;/n / ;xh t/Lsfn] k'¥ofpg' o;sf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] . o;sf] nflu
sd{rf/Lx?df ;/sf/L gLlt / sfo{qmdk|lt ckgTjaf]w x'g' cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/L gLlt / sfo{qmd
k|ltsf] ckgTjaf]w, :jfldTj u|x0f, sfof{Gjogdf tbf?stf / b[9 OR5fzlQm, dgf]jno'Qm efjgfsf]
Jojxf/ut canDag g} k|lta4tf xf] .
k|zf;g lj1, Joj;flos, Ifdtfjfg JolQmx?sf] ;d"x tyf /fHosf] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . o;} sf/0fn]
;/sf/L gLlt lgdf{0f sfof{Gjogdf k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] dxTjk"0f{{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;sLo
;lqmotfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg o;} kl/jt{gdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . k|zf;g lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ -/fhgLlt_ / ;]jfu|fxL
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~25~
-hgtf_ larsf] ;DaGw ;]t' xf] . o;y{ k|zf;lgs ;+oGq hlt k|efjsf/L x'G5 TolQ g} ;/sf/ t
hgtf larsf] ;DaGw c;n x'g] ub{5 / oxL c;n ;DaGwn]g} ;/sf/sf] lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{]
ub{5 . o;} sf/0fn] g} s'g} klg b]zsf] ;/sf/ Toxfsf] k|zf;g oGqsf] /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ul/Psf]
xf] . k|zf;g oGqsf] ;sf/fTds k"j{ ;lqmotf - k|f] PlS6eg];_ n] /fhgLlt1n] cfkm"n] kl/sNkgf
u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{ gLltlgod / k|lqmofsf cfj4 u/fP/ hgtfn] cg'e"lt ug{] u/L sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;S5g\ eg] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf hg ck]Iffsf] ;Daf]wg eof] ePg / To;df s] s:tf ;'wf/sf
cfjZostf 5 eGg] s'/fsf k[i7 kf]if0f k|fKt e} To;nfO{ cfufdL lbgsf] sfo{of]hgfdf kl/dfh{g jf
;dflxt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;sf/fTdstf ;xLtsf] lgikIf / ;lqmo k|zf;lgs ;+oGq c;n zf;sLo
k|0ffnLsf] ;Djfxs xf] .
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jfdfkm{t hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]lxtf
lgikIftf, t6:ytf, ;bfrfl/tf, kf/blz{tf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d"ne"t Go"gtd ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . oL
ljz]iftfx?sf] k|efjsf/L pkl:yltn] g} ;Ifd k|zf;gsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5 / oL ljz]iftfx?sf] Go"g
pkl:ylt jf IfoLs/0fn] ;du| zf;sLo ;+oGqdfly g} c;Gt'li6 pTkGg x'g hfG5 . /fHo ;+oGqk|lt
hgtfsf] ckgTjaf]w sfod ug{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf /xG5 of] e"ldsfsf]
k|efjsfl/tfn] cfd hgdfg;df ;/sf/k|lt ljZj;gLootf j[l4 e} hg ckgTjo'Qm lbuf] ;/sf/aGg
;Sb5 .
hg cfsf+Iffsf] pRr tx
ljZjJofkLs/0f, lzIff, ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] tLj| ljsf;n] hg cfsf+Iffsf] tx klg pRr ?kdf a9]sf]
5 o; ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] sfo{Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf / ;an pkl:ylt ;fj{hlgs dfldnfsf]
Joj:yfkgdf clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . oL leGg kl/j]zdf cfk"mnfO{ cg's'lnt u/fpFb} hfg / ;+3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnLnfO ;'b[9, dhj't, hgd}qLo agfpgsf nflu l;h{gzLn, Joj;flos / ;bfrf/o'Qm ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g ;fdlos cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&%_, ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, ;'zf;g / ljsf;, sf7df8f}+}M P]Zjo{ k|sfzg .
/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&%_, g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf cj;/ / r'gf}tLx?, sf7df8f}+}M P]Zjo{ k|sfzg .
/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&&_, k|zf;gdf Jofj;flostf / ;bfrfl/tf, sf7df8f}+}M 1fgHof]lt a'S; P08
klAns];g .
/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&&_, zf;sLo k|aGw k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}+}M cIf/f+s k|sfzg .
/]UdL, bfdf]b/ -@)&&_, zf;g k|0ffnL / ;fj{hlgs dfldnfsf] Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}+}M cIf/f+s
~26~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|sfzg .
Subhash Bhatnjgar, Public Service Delivery: Role of Information and
Communication Technology in Improving Governance and Development Impact,
ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 391, March 2014
Service delivery in difficult environments: the case of Nepal, Department for
International Development: Policy Division Asia Policy Division Nepal country
office (Jeremy Armon, Chris Berry, Debi Duncan with Rebecca Calder, Susan
Clapham, Mark Harvey), August 2004
Shailendra Giri, Subarna Shakya, ICT and Service Delivery Mechanisms in Civil
Service of Nepal, IJCSMC, Vol. 7, Issue. 4, April 2018, pg.47 - 52
Anria Van Zyl, The Importance of Stakeholder Engagement in Managing
Corporate Reputations, International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable
Development 7(1):46-60, January 2013
Allison Hendricks, The importance of stakeholders: identifying and prioritizing
stakeholder engagement, 24 August 2020, https://simplystakeholders.com/the-
importance-of-stakeholders/

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~27~
nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf dgf]j}1flgs

k/LIf0fsf] Oltxf; / ljsf;
8f= vu]Gb| k|;fb ;'a]bL
lrkm ;fOsf]nf]lh:6, nf]= ;]= cf=
;f/f+z
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] afx|f}F jflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ 5gf}6 ljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{} n}hfg / k/LIf0f
k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; ug{sf lgldQ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k/LIf0f k|ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg
dxfzfvf -dgf]j}1flgs dxfzfvf_ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGo1fg / ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifosf
cltl/Qm k/Dk/fut cfO=So'= k/LIf0f ljlwnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{] 9ª\un] pQm k/LIf0fsf] 7fpFdf Reasoning
Test ;'?jft uof{] h:t}M Verbal Reasoning, Nonverbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning ,
Managerial k|zf;lgs k/LIf0f nfu' uof{], h;sf] k|efj g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/LIf0f ljlwdf ;d]t ;f]xL
k|s[ltsf] k/LIf0f k|ljlw Second Lieutenant df cg's"ng ul/of] .
o;/L ;g\ !(^^÷)^& -lj=;=@)@$÷)@%_ b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn hf] ck|fljlws tkm{
dfq nfu' ePsfdf sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df k|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
5gf}6sf] qmddf ;d]t ;g\ @)!%÷)!^ -lj=;+= @)&@_ b]lv nfu' ul/of] . Psychometric k/LIf0fsf
ljlwx? leœofpg] qmddf Air traffic controller k|lzIffyL{ 5gf]6df, To:t}u/L g]kfn cg';Gwfg
ljefudf ToxfF rflxg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu k'/fgf] rln/x]sf] k/LIf0f ljlwdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;g\ @)!^
/)!&b]lv / g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;g\ @)@) df assessment center methodology sf s]xL ljlwx?
ljleGg r/0fsf] cWoog kZrft\ sfo{ ljZn]if0f / ;Ifdtf k/LIf0f kZrft\ k|x/L lg/LIfs / ;xfos
k|x/L lg/LIfsdf nfu' ePsf 5g\ .
ljqmd ;+jt @))* ;fn c;f/ ! ut] sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{sf lgldQ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] gftfjfb,
s[kfjfbaf6 d'Qm eO{ sd{rf/L 5gf]6 ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @))* jdf]lhd :jtGq ;+j}wflgs
lgsfosf] ?kdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
k|d'v sfo{ eg]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg kbx?df pDd]bjf/sf] l;kmfl/; ug{' /x]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg
cj:yfdf g]kfndf s]xL ;Lldt pRr 3/fgfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?n] dfq k9\g kfpg] u/L Pp6f b/af/ xfO{:s'n
/ lqrG› sn]h sf7df8f}+}df cjl:yt ePsf] a]nfdf k9]n]v]sf JolQmx? cToGt} Go"g dfqfdf lyP .
To:tf] cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug{] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ;f]xL adf]lhdsf ljlwx?
agfpg'kg{] lyof] .
sd{rf/L 5gf}6sf] If]qdf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo (United Kingdom) Pp6f df]8nsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof],
~28~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lsgls lj=;=@))& ;fneGbf s]xL cufl8;Dd British East India companydfkm{t ef/t
pklgj]zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] eg] g]kfndf /f0ff zf;sx?sf] j]nfot;Fu ;';DaGw /x]sf] x'gfn]
sd{rf/L 5gf]6df klg j]nfotsf] k|efj kg{' :jfefljs} lyof] . k|yd ljZjo'4 / bf];|f] ljZjo'4df w]/}
g]kfnLx? j]nfotsf] ;}lgsdf egf{ ul/Psf lyP, pQm ;dotfsf j]nfotsf] k|efj p:sf cf}klgj]lzs
d'n'sx? / cf;kf;sf b]zx?df kg{' :jfefljs} lyof] . ;f]xLadf]lhd j]nfotsf] 5gf]6 k|0ffnL / ;f]
k4ltx?sf] km}nfj6 ;+;f/el/ g} ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm k|efjsf kmn:j?k nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf ;d]t
pQm j]nfotL df]8nsf] k|efj egf{ 5gf}6df ePsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .
j]nfotsf] df]8ncg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf ;fOsf]nf]lh:6 b/jGbL /fVgsf lgldQ cfof]un] ;j{k|yd
lj=;= @)!* ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ Pp6f kqfrf/ uof{] . o;}u/L laqmd ;Dat @)@# ;fndf /Iff
dGqfnon] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ Pp6f kq n]Vof], h;df -tTsfnLg_ zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cljl5Gg
¿kdf Pshgf ;fOsf]nf]lh:6sf] b/jGbL egf{ 5gf]6df cfjZos kg{] ePsfn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf
b/jGbL /xg]u/L sfdrflxF g]kfnL ;]gfsf] egf{ 5gf}6df g} /xg] u/L nf]s ;]jfsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
b/jGbL /fVb} k7fO lbgsf] lgldQ cg'/f]w u/L kqfrf/ uof{]. nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] pQm k|:tfjnfO{
:jLsf/ uof{] lsgls rf/ kfr jif{ cufl8 g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;fOsf]nf]lh:6 kb l;h{gf ug{sf
lgldQ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kqfrf/ ul/;s]sf] lyof] .
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lj=;+=@)@# ;fndf km]l/ cg'/f]w ub{} k'gM csf{] kq k7fof]
h;df dgf]lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ tx pQL0f{ u/]sf] t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf /xg] u/L z}lIfs of]Uotf ;d]t
tf]sL j]nfotsf] k|lzIf0fdf Psjif{ /xg] Joxf]/fsf] kqfrf/ uof{] . o;clw ;ª\u7gsf] cfjZostfnfO{
dx;'; u/L ;ft jif{;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] dgf]j}1flgs kbsf nflu kqfrf/ u/L/x]sf] cfkm\gf]
jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] b]vfpF5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] afx|f}F jflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ 5gf}6 ljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{} n}hfg / k/LIf0f
k|ljlwsf] lg/Gt/ ljsf; ug{sf lgldQ nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k/LIf0f k|ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg
dxfzfvf -dgf]j}1flgs dxfzfvf_ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . j:t'ut k|Zgx?sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;,
tYof+s ljZn]if0f / cg';Gwfgsf sfo{, / k/LIff k|0ffnLdf j:t'ut k/LIff k|0ffnL leœofpg k|lzlIft
dgf]j}1flgssf] b/jGbL dfu]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)@#÷)@$ df kbk"tL{ x'guof] / ;fOsf]nf]lh:6sf]
kbk"lt{sf] ;'?jftsfndf -klxnf] dgf]j}1flgssf] ?kdf dfwj axfb'/ l;+x k|a]z x'g'esf] lyof]_ g}
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL sd{rf/L 5gf}6df j:t'ut k|Zg ;xLtsf] k/LIff k|0ffnL ;'?jft uof{] .
pQm j:t'ut k|Zgdf cfwfl/t k/LIf0f k|0ffnL /fhkq cg+lst rf}yf] tx b]lv /fhkqf+lst bf];|f] tx;Dd
nfu' eof] . o;sf cltl/Qm dgf]j}1flgs dxfzfvfsf] sfo{x?df ;fdfGo 1fg, lx;fa, k~rfot,
;fd"lxs 5nkmn, ljefuLo sfo{ / e"uf]n h:tf ljleGg ljifo If]qx?sf] kf7\oqmd ljZn]if0f / tof/L
ug{] ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lyof] .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~29~
k|f/lDes ;dodf dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0f

cfof]usf] @) cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bgn] b]vfPcg';f/ ;'?df dgf]a}1fgLs 5gf}6sf ;fwgx?sf] ?kdf
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfO= So'=, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn, ;d"x jfbljjfb h:tf k/LIf0f ;'?jft uof]{ .
;g\ !(*^ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] j:t'ut k/LIff k|0ffnLdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;xL, unt 5'6\ofpg], ;d"xsf]
hf]8f ldnfpg] u/L ax'j}slNks pQ/ ePsf] k|Zgkqdf cfwfl/t /x]/ 5gf}6 k|0ffnL kl/dfh{g uof{] .
To;}u/L dgf]j}1flgs k/LIf0f, ;fd"lxs 5nkmn / psychometric k4lt pNn]v ul/of] hf] jflif{s
k|ltj]bg ;g\ !(*^ df pNn]v 5 .
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] @(cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ k/LIf0f k|ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg
dxfzfvf -dgf]j}1flgs dxfzfvf_ n] ax'j}slNks pQ/ 5gf}6sf nflu k|To]s k|Zgsf] ljZj;gLotf /
j}wtf ;d]tsf] ljlzi6 9ª\un] k|yd k6s ljZn]if0f ;'? uof{] , lsgls pQm ;dodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]
Macintosh microcomputer ( 512 K. B.) d]l;g leœofPsf] lyof], h;n] tYofÍx?sf] ljZn]if0f ug{
cg';Gwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . #@ cf} jflif{s k|ltj]bgcg';f/ cfof]un] dgf]j}1flgs tyf JolQmTj
k/LIf0fsf nflu cfO= So'= ;d"x 5nkmn, tfls{s k|:t'lt, / cGtjftf{ h:tf ljifo ;dfj]z ub{} /x\of] .
Pjd\ l/tn] ljqmd ;Djt @)%&÷@)%* tfsf ljZj kl/j]zdf cfw'lgs k/LIff k|0ffnLx? ;'?
eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf dgf]j}1flgs dxfzfvfn] ;fdfGo1fg / ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifosf cltl/Qm k/Dk/fut
cfO.So'. k/LIf0f ljlwnfO{ kl/dfh{g ug{] 9ª\un] pQm k/LIf0fsf] 7fpFdf reasoning Test ;'?jft
uof{] h:t}MVerbal Reasoning, Nonverbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning , Managerial
k|zf;lgs k/LIf0f nfu' uof{], h;sf] k|efj g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k/LIf0f ljlwdf ;d]t ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] k/LIf0f
k|ljlw second lieutenant df cg's"ng ul/of] .
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ultzLntf / lhDd]jf/L pRr sfo{ ;Dkfbg clej[l4 ug{' cfjZos /x]sfn] k/LIf0f
k|ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfn] pko'Qm 9ª\un] pDd]bjf/x?sf] ;IfdtfnfO dfkg ug{sf
lgldQ ;g\ @)!@b]lv ljleGg ;flxTox? cWoog tyf ljleGg lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ / 5nkmn /
cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ;'? uof{] . h;sf] kmn:j?k ESP; Enabling State Program of Nepal -hf]
;fg]kfdf sfof{no lyof]_ sf] ;xof]udf pQm vf]hd'ns sfo{df ;xhLs/0f x'g uof] . nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] k/LIf0f k|ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfsf] g]t[Tjdf yflnPsf] pQm cleofg:j¿k
pQm kl/of]hgfdfkm{t nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf xftn] k/LIf0f ul//x]sf] j:t'ut pQ/k'l:tsfnfO{ Optical
Marking Reader Machine vl/b u/L dfG5]n] k/LIf0f ug{] 7fpFdf j:t'ut k/LIffsf pQ/ k'l:tsfx?nfO{
d]l;gåf/f k/LIf0f ug{] sfo{ k|f/De u/fof] .
Psychometric ljlwdf k|j]z
~30~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;g\ @)!# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf dgf]j}1flgsx?n] ef/tdf uO{ psychometric ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f
lnP/ cfO;s] k5fl8 ;g\ @)!$÷)!% df Assessment Center Methodology sf] cled'vLs/0f
sfo{qmd sf7df8f}+}df ;~rfng ul/of] . pQm sfo{qmddf lghfdtLnufot ljleGg Ph]G;L tyf ;/sf/L
lgsfosf ;xefuLx?nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L o;sf] cf}lrTotfsf] af/]df cjut u/fpg] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{
;DkGg eof] . ;Ifdtf k/LIf0f / psychometric k/LIf0f ;'?jft / To;sf] bIftf clej[l4 ug{ nf]s
;]jf cfof]un] cfkm\gf] hgzlQmnfO{ To;kl5 klg ljleGg ;Dks{ ;"qsf] cfwf/df ljleGg sfo{qmdx?
k6s–k6s ;~rfng ug{] tyf ljleGg ljb]zL lgsfox? / cfof]hgf;+u ;dGjo / ;Dks{ u/L To;af6
lnPsf] ;xof]u tyf cg'ej cfbfgk|bfgsf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL ck|fljlws
tkm{ / jg ;]jf tkm{sf] ;Ifdtf klxrfg ug{sf lgldQ ;j{]If0fsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ul/of] . ;Ifdtf
;j{]If0fsf] sfo{qmd kZrft\ ldlxg 9ª\un] ToxfFaf6 k|fKt tYof+snfO{ ljleGg r/0fdf ljZn]if0f u/L
To;nfO{ ;Ifdtfdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L pgLx?sf] dfkg / d"Nof+sgsf] If]q klxrfg ul/of] . h;sf] sf/0fn]
k/LIf0f k|ljlwsf] If]qdf xfn df}h'bf ljZjdf rln/x]sf k|rlnt ljlwx?sf] cg';/0fn] o; If]qsf]
k/LIff k|0ffnLdf blIf0f Pl;ofd} ;/sf/L If]qsf] xsdf g]kfn Ps sbd cufl8 a9]sf] k|i6 5 .
pQm k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df Assessment Center Methodology nfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] gLltut
?kd} cg';/0f ub{} n}hfgsf] lgldQ cf=a= @)&!÷)&@ -;g\ @)!^_ df :jLs[ltk|bfg ul/;s]kl5
cfof]usf kbflwsf/L tyf dgf]j}1flgsx?n] o; ;DaGwdf yk ljleGg cWoog cjnf]sg u/]sfn]
o; ljlwdf ljZj:t x'g d2t k'/fof] . gofF ljlwcg';f/ tTsfn hgzlQm ljsf; ug{sf nflu nf]s
;]jf cfof]u k/LIf0f k|ljlw kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvfn] ck|ToIf 9ª\un] Ps lsl;dn]
Ifdtf xfl;n u/]sf / ;DalGwt If]qdf cg'ej a6'ln;s]sf ljåfgx?nfO{ ljleGg r/0fdf ;DalGwt
If]qsf] tflnd k|bfg uof{], h;sf] kmn:j?k ;g\ @)!& df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] /fhkqf+lst k|yd
>]0fLdf s]z -dfldnf_ k|:t'tLs/0f / /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLdf ;g\ @)!* df In Basket Exercise
gofF k/LIf0f ljlwsf ?kdf cjnDjg uof{] . pQm k/LIf0f ljlwx? ;+1fgfTds If]qsf] k/LIf0fsf] ;fy
;fy} Jofjxfl/s kIfsf] k/LIf0f ug{df a9L pkof]uL dflgG5g\ t/ k/LIf0f ;fdu|L eg] pQm k/LIf0fsf]
ulx/fOnfO{ a'em]sf bIf JolQmx?af6 ug{' h?/L x'G5 . o;l/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] pQm ljlwx?nfO
Pp6f c+zsf] ?kdf dfq leœofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 cem} o;leqsf w]/} sfo{x? ug{ afFsL /x]sf] eg]
5b}5 .
o;/L ;g\ !(^^÷)^& -la=;=@)@$÷)@%_ b]lv ;'? ul/Psf] ;fd"lxs 5nkmn hf] ck|fljlws
tkm{ dfq nfu' ePsfdf sfo{ ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df k|fljlws tkm{sf /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6sf] qmddf ;d]t ;g\ @)!%÷)!^ (la= ;= @)&@ )b]lv nfu' ul/of] .
o;}u/L sfo{ ljZn]if0f, ;Ifdtf ;j{]If0f, cWoog cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df ljleGg k/LIf0fsf ljlwx?
;do;fk]If k|ljlw;Fu ;'xfpFbf] cfw'lgs o'usf] tslglssf] ljsf;n] dfu]cg';f/ ;"rgf k|ljlwdf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~31~
ePsf cb\e'tk"0f{ ljsf;sf] ;Fu;Fu} k/LIf0f ljlwx?nfO{ ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ub{} /xg' kg{] cfjZostfnfO{
dx;'; u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;f]xLcg';f/ sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf sf/0f ;fu'l/Psf] ljZj / ltgLx?sf] ;fdgfug{ tYok/s j}1flgs k4lt
x?nfO{ cjnDjg ug{' k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefjsf sf/0f r'gf}tL klg TolQs} 5 .
1fgfTds k/LIf0feGbf Jofjxfl/s k/LIf0fnfO{ dxTj lbFb} hfg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . 1fg, l;k /
dgf]j[lQsf] k/LIf0fn] p;sf] sfo{ k|ltsf] nufj sfo{ ug{] tTk/tf , lgikIftf / gofF s'/fnfO{ l;Sg tyf
cfkm"df cleof]hg ug{;Sg] ?lr klg dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] x'gfn] ;f] s'/fn] ;]jf k|jfxdf /rgfTdstfsf]
;Defjgf 5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpF5 h;sf] k/LIf0f ubf{ g} JolQm leq Tof] Ifdtf /x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg]
s'/f x]g{ ;lsG5 . lap /fd|f] ePg eg] h;/L pTkfbgdf c;/ k5{, To;}u/L x/]s JolQm dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\
t/ pQm JolQm pQm kb / ;]jf ;d"xsf] nflu cyjf sfdsf nflu slQsf] pko'Qm 5 eGg] s'/f ;'?s}
k/LIf0fdf p;sf] cGtlg{lxt u'0fnfO{ k/LIf0f ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/]sf] Pp6f nfdf]
;dosf nflu ePsf] x'gfn] p;sf] lg/Gt/ ;]jfn] ;/sf/sf] j:t', ;'ljwf tyf ;]jf ljt/0fn] hgtfnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg{] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf] x'gfn] o;df cToGt} uDeL/ eP/ k/LIf0fsf ljlwx?
cjnDjg ug{' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
s'g} klg k/LIffn] pDd]bjf/sf] s] k/LIf0f ug{ / lsg ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ljifodf ;DalGwt ;:yf hfgsf/
x'g'kb{5 . ;'? ;'?df lgikIftfsf nflu ;'? ul/Psf] k/LIff ca Tof] ;+u;u} sfo{;Dkfbgsf] z}nL,?rL
/ dgf]j[lQ ;xLtsf] Jojxf/fTds kIfsf] k/LIf0f h?l/ 5 . ljåfg eP/ dfq x'b}g, p;df ug{] tTk/tf
klg Tolts} x'g'kb{5 gq To;sf] s] sfd< sf]lx 6\jLg 6fj/df cfqmd0f ug{ kfOn6 l;s]sf 5g\ eg]
sf]lx ;f}vsf nflu t sf]lx kl/jf/ / cfkm\gf] hLljsf kfh{gsf] nflu kfOn6 ag]sf 5g\ . ;l6{lkms]6
tLg hgf s} 5 t/ To;df xfdLn] 5fGg ;Sg' kof{]. ;jf/L rfns cg'dlt kq lnPsf ;a} ef8fsf
;jf/L ;fwg gs'bfpg ;S5g\ eg] h:t} s'g} ;l6{lkms]6 jf cg'dlt kq x'g' dfq p;sf] of]Uotf xf]Og,
k|of]hg d'Vo ljifo xf] . s;}n] s;}nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' lg:jfy{ xf] of lglxt :jfy{ xf] of] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo
xf] . ;xof]u g} dfks xf]Og . ca k/LIf0fdf oL s'/fsf ;Gbe{ hf]l8g' kb{5 . ljZjdf ljleGg gof gof
ljlwx? lelqPsf]df g]kfndf klg s]xL ljlwx? leœofO{ ;lsPsf] 5 .
Psychometric k/LIf0fsf ljlwx? leœofpg] qmddf Air traffic controller k|lzIffyL{ 5gf]6df ,
To:t}u/L g]kfn cg';Gwfg ljefudf ToxfF rflxg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu k'/fgf] rln/x]sf] k/LIf0f
ljlwdf kl/dfh{g u/L ;g\ @)!^÷)!& b]lv / g]kfn k|x/Ldf ;g\ @)@) df assessment center
methodology sf s]xL ljlwx? ljleGg r/0fsf] cWoog kZrft\ sfo{ ljZn]if0f / ;Ifdtf k/LIf0f
kZrft\ k|x/L lg/LIfs / ;xfos k|x/L lg/LIfsdf nfu' ePsf 5g\ . o;/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;xof]udf ;'/Iff lgsfox?nufot ljleGg ;+:yfx?df sfo{x? cufl8 a9fOPsf]
5 . g]kfndf s]xL ;+:yfx?n] nfu' u/]sf cfw'lgs ljlwx? hf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIf0f k|ljlw
~32~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
kf7\oqmd tyf cg';Gwfgdf dxfzfvfsf] ;xof]udf nfu' ul/Psf 5g\ hf] lgDg k|sf/ 5g\ .
g]kfn cg';Gwfg ljefu (NID):
1. Psychological Test (Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Word Association Test
(WAT) & Self-Description Test (SDT),
2. Group Test (Group Discussion),
3. Presentation (Presentation).
g]kfn k|x/L (Nepal Police):
1. Critical Analysis,
2. Situational Travel Time,
3. Incident Report writing,
4. Simulation/work sample.
Civil Aviation Academy, (CAA):
jfo';]jf k|lti7fgn] ;g\ 2010/011b]lv Air Traffic controller kbdf tfls{s k/LIf0f h:t}M Verbal
Reasoning, Non-Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning and Spatial reasoning test
;dflxt uof{] .
g]kfn xjfO;]jf lgud (Nepal Airlines Corporation, (NAC)
NAC n] ;g\ 2012/13b]lv lgDg lnlvt Aptitude Test x? Sr. Captain, Captain, Jr. Captain
and Sr. Co-Pilot sf nflu ;'? uof{] .
1. Mental Abilities
1.1 Verbal Reasoning
1.2 Numerical Reasoning
1.3 Spatial Reasoning
1.4 Logical Reasoning
2. Situational Judgment
3. Memory
3.1 Registration
3.2 Recall after
3.3 Recent Memory
3.4 Remote Memory
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~33~
s'g} klg k/LIf0fsf ljlwx? nfu' u/L;s]kl5 / ltgLx?n] h'g s'/fsf k/LIf0f ug{' kYof{] pQm s'/fnfO{
lg/Gt/ ?kdf dfkg / d"Nofª\sg ub{} /xg' kg{] x'G5 . lg/Gt/ dfkg / d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf / k|fKt ul/Psf
k[i7kf]if0f cfwf/df ljlwx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ub{} n}hfg'kg{] x'G5 .JolQmsf] 1fg dfq k/LIf0f gu/L pgLx?sf]
Jojxf/fTds kIfsf] k/LIf0f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . h'g s'/fsf nflu xfn j}1flgs k4ltx?sf] ;'?jftL
r/0fdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .of] ;+qmd0fsfndf ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ultnfO{ la:tf/}
a9fpg' h?/L 5 . tfls ef]lnsf lbgdf cfOkg{] r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ of] hgzlQm ;Ifd / ;an
x'g]5 . ;a} s'/f] hfg]sf lgk"0f /]l8d]6 sd{rf/Lx? o;n] gk7fpg klg ;S5 t/ cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] k/Dk/f
p2]Zo, nIo, b"/b[li6 / sfdsf/jfxL x?;Fu kl/lrt agfO{ bIftf clej[l4 u/fpg ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] .
h;n] ubf{ hgtfsf sfdsf/jfxL nlIft ju{;Fu k'¥ofpg] ljt/0f ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ sd{rf/Ln] g}
;DkGg ub{5g\, ;+;f/sf c? k|f0fLeGbf dfG5] s[ltd Jojxf/df klg cfkm"nfO{ k]z ug{] x'bf dfG5]sf]
k/LIf0f cfkm}df sl7g 5, o;y{ ;f]xLjdf]lhd dgf]j[lQ af]s]sf 1fg ePsf l;ko'Qm sd{rf/L 5gf}6
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lg/Gt/ cfkm\gf k/LIf0fsf ljlwx?df ;do;fk]If ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ub{} n}hfg'
cfjZos 5, o;}df ;a}sf] d"n rfxgf,hfg ck]Iff / d'n'ssf] ;Dj[l4 ufFl;Psf] 5 .
Bibliography -u|Gy;"rL_
https://www.123test.com/assessment-center-method/
https://hr-guide.com/Selection/Methods_Assessment_Centers.htm
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/hrm/performance-management/assessment-center-
tools-and-procedures-performance-management/86960
https://psc.gov.np/assets/uploads/files/PSC_Strategic_Plan_2075_Final.pdf
http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/ Interim Constitution of Nepal, 1951
PSC Annual Reports (Various years like, 12th, 20th, 27th, 29th, 32nd)
Subedi, khagendra Prasad Article, karmachaari pariksan maa Assessment Center
Gorakhapatra Dainik,published date 2074/2/2B.S. (May16,2017)
Subedi, khagendra Prasad Article, chhanaut bidhimaa In Basket exercises Gorakhapatra
Dainik,published date 2075/9/18B.S. (January2,2019)

~34~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|b]zdf k|zf;lgs ;+3Lotfsf]

sfof{GjogM Ps cg'ej
/fdk|;fb cfrfo{
k|b]z ;lrj
ljifo k|j]z
hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cfef; dx;'; ug{ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] :jfldTjefj u|x0f ug{ ;Sg] u/L /fHosf]
k'g;{+/rgf;xLt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 jif{ k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x? ;+ljwfgjdf]lhd lqmofzLn 5g\ . ltgLx? cfkm\gf] kfFr jif{] sfo{sfnsf]
pQ/fw{df cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx larsf] ;DaGw ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj /
;dGjosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf Psn / ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rLx? ;"rLs[t ePsf 5g\ . ;femf ;"rLdf k/]sf
sltko ljifox? k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+3Lo sfg'gn] cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
u/]jdf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf 5 . cem} klg s]xL ;+3Lo sfg'g th{'df x'g g;Sbf k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf sfo{x? k|efljt eO/x]sf 5g\ . To; dWo]sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sfg'g ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf
P]gsf] th{'df x'g g;Sg' xf] . of] P]gsf] cefjdf k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t tyf gofF lgo'lQm x'g]
sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfngdf hl6ntf pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% sf] pkwf/f -#_ df k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\, ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/
sfo{kflnsfn] cfkm\gf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ sfg'gjdf]lhd ;]jfx?sf] u7g /
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5g\ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@& df ufpFkflnsf /
gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L / sfof{no;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd x'g] 5 egL pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . otf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df k|b]z
lghfdtL ;]jf jf :yfgLo ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'g agfpFbf sd{rf/L 5gf}6, egf{, lgo'lQm, ;?jf, j9'jf,
cfr/0f / ljefuLo ;hfosf ljifodf ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt /
dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] egL ;+3Lo sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pk/f]Qm ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ s]nfpFbf k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf x'g] sd{rf/L 5gf}6, egf{,
lgo'lQm, ;?jf, j9'jf, cfr/0f / ljefuLo ;hfosf ljifodf ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] to u/]sf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / dfGotfsf cfwf/df dfq k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th{'df ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
b]lvG5 . cfh ;a}sf] rf;f] / rrf{sf] ljifo oxL g} 5 . ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th{'df x'g g;Sbf
k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th{'df x'g ;s]gg\ jf th{'df eP/ klg sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]gg\ .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~35~
of] u08sL k|b]zsf] dfq geP/ ;ft} k|b]z / &%# :yfgLo txsf] ;femf ;d:of xf] . o;af6 k|zf;lgs
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg / kl/rfngdf dfq ;d:of
k}bf ePsf] 5}g, ;+3Lotfsf] c ‌ f}lrTotf dfly k|Zg p7fpg]x?sf nflu Pp6f cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo aGg
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
gful/sn] k|fKt ug{] cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug{], k|fKt eO/x]sf ;]jf ;'ljwf g36fpg],
;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{], ;Gt'lnt k|fb]lzs ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff Jojxf/df nfu'
ug{], :jzf;g / :jfoQtfsf] ljsf; ug{], clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Gt'lnt afF8kmfF6 ug{],
sfo{z}nLdf nf]stflGqs cfr/0f / cEof;nfO{ kfngf ug{] h:tf k|fylds p2]Zo /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf;Fu
hf]l8P/ cfPsf lyP . oL p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ cfjZos kg{] gLltut Joj:yf, ljQLo Joj:yfkg tyf
;f] sf] afF8kmfF8, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, k|ljlw pkof]u h:tf cfwf/e"t Joj:yf x'Fb} cfPsf klg
5g\ . t/, oL ;a} Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfngdf ;+nUg x'g] dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ oyf]lrt ¿kdf k|of]u /
kl/rfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . of]Uo, Ifdtfjfg / pT;flxt sd{rf/Laf6 dfq} ck]lIft p2]Zo k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . ;+3af6 ;dfof]hg eO{ cfPsf jf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; eO{
cfPsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ d]/f] ;]jf ;t{;DaGwL sfg'g s] xf] < j[lQ ljsf; s;/L x'G5 < d}n] kfpg] ;]jf
;'ljwf s:tf] x'G5 < h:tf cfwf/e"t ljifodf ;d]t cGof]ntf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cGof]ntfsf
lar To:tf] sd{rf/Laf6 s:tf] lsl;dsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsPnf < Ps k6s of] ljifodf
;a} kIf uDeL/ x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .
k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;d]6\g' kg{] ljifox?
;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTotf k'li6 ug{, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;d[l4, ljsf; / ;'zf;g sfod
/fVg of]Uo, ;Ifd / pTk|]l/t k|zf;lgs Joj:yf cfjZos kb{5 . ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL bfloTj k"/f ub{}
;/sf/n] to u/]sf] jflif{s ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog u/L gful/sdf /fHosf]
k|Tofe"lt Pjd\ e/f];f :yflkt ug{ :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|zf;g ;+oGqaf6 dfq} ;Dej 5 .
o;sf] ljsNkdf w]/} rrf{ / cEof; ug{ vf]lhP klg Tof] ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5}g . ctM ljBdfg
Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L sfo{;Dkfbg :t/ p7fpg' g} clxn]sf nflu pko'Qm ljsNk dfGg ;lsG5 .
o;sf nflu of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t, /fhg}lts ¿kdf t6:y, k|b]zsf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf
/xg], ;]jfsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ :yflkt x'g], Jofj;flos rl/q sfod /xg], j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/sf]
;dfg pknAwtf, lglZrt ;'ljwf / j]tgdfgo'Qm, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|lt ;dlk{t, gful/sk|lt lhDd]jf/ /
hjfkmb]xL, sfg'gåf/f ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt h:tf cfwf/e"t rl/q k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th{'df
ubf{ ;d]l6g' kb{5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfossf] ¿kdf Pp6f sd{rf/LnfO{ sfo{If]qdf v6fpFbf p;sf] ;]jfk|ltsf] ;dk{0f
efj lsg sdhf]/ aGb} uPsf] 5< ;]jfk|lt ;dk{0f x'g p;nfO{ s] n] /f]s]sf] 5< oL / o:t} k|s[ltsf
~36~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|Zgx?nfO{ ldlxg ¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsPg eg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|ltsf] gful/s
ljZjf; km]l/ klg u'dfpg ;Sg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . ctM of] ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn eO{ 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{df k'Ug' k5{ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug{ of] Pp6f /fd|f] / pko'Qm cj;/ klg xf] .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cfwf/e"t rl/qsf] ;+Zn]if0f ubf{ xfdLn] cEof; / cjnDjg ul/Fb} cfPsf]
sd{rf/LtGq s] k"0f{ ¿kdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 t < nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] 5gf}6 k|lqmof /
s]xL j9'jf k|0ffnLdf afx]s ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf cGo tx / If]qdf of]Uotf
k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLnfO{ :yflkt ug{ g;Sbf ;?jf,
j9'jf, ;]jf;'ljwf, b08-hl/jfgf, k'/:sf/ nufotsf ljifox? cem} klg … kfF8] khgL ’ df cfwfl/t
5G, o;df ;'wf/ x'g h?/L 5 .
l;4fGttM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ /fhg}lts ¿kdf …t6:y… :jLsf/ ul/P klg Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf j[lQ
ljsf;, cj;/sf] afF8kmfF6, ;]jf k|jfx, b08-k'/:sf/ h:tf ljifodf :jfy{ ;d"x / x:tIf]ksf sf/0f
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] rl/q ljs[t aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . /fhg}lts ¿kdf t6:y eP/ sfd u5{' eGg]
jftfj/0f cem} aGg ;s]sf] 5}g, of] lttf] t/ oyfy{ cj:yf xf] . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg
ug{] k|0ffnL :yflkt gx'Fbf;Dd ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/ ;Dej b]lvFb}g. ;fy}, 6«]8 o'lgogsf]
cfjZostf / cf}lrTotfsf] ljifodf klg uDeL/ ax; / 5nkmn eO{ ;fy{s lgisif{df k'Ug'kg{] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/df …sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg’ nfO{ sl8sf] ¿kdf cyf{t\ ;'wf/leqsf] ;'wf/sf
¿kdf ;d]t lng] ul/G5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg ;xL, oyfy{k/s / j}1flgs x'g] xf] eg] k|0ffnLleq x'g]
;?jf, j9'jf, kb:yfkg, tflnd, cWoog, b08–;hfo, cj;/sf] ljt/0f h:tf k|zf;lgs ljifox?
cfkm}+ ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfG5g\ . sfd u/] klg gu/] klg Pp6} d"NofÍg x'g] xf] eg] lsg sfd ug{] < ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/df of] Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg ag]sf] 5 . cem v/fa cfr/0f, sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj, ;]jf
/ gful/sk|lt u}/lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx? k|z+l;t, k'/:s[t / ;'/lIft /xg] kl/kf6Ldf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPg
eg] :jfledfgL, Odfgbf/ / cfkm\gf] st{Jok|lt ;dlk{t sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfdf l6sfO{ /fVg ;Dej b]lvFb}g.
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdWo] s'g} txsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ csf{] txsf] ;dfg ;]jfsf] l/Qm
b/jGbLdf j9'jf jf k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdfkm{t kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg ug{] jf gug{] <
k|b]zleq cGt/ :yfgLo tx ;?jf x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L ;Daf]wg ug{] < ltgsf] cfly{s bfloTj
s;/L / s;n] Joxf]g{] < kbsf] btf{ sxfF / s;/L ug{] < h:tf ljifodf ;d]t 3gLe"t 5nkmn u/L
olsg x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .
sfo{lhDd]jf/L / sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gt'ng
;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L, clwsf/ / bfloTj k"/f ug{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] k|of; /
k|oTgdf cfjZos kg{] gLlt tyf sfg'g th{'df, ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, ;ª\u7g lj:tf/, ah]6 tyf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~37~
hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x? ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . ;ª\VofTds ¿kdf tt\–tt\ ljifodf /fd|} k|ult x'Fb}
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . a9\bf] gful/s ck]Iff k"/f ug{ To:tf ljifosf] cem} lj:tf/ / j[l4 ug{' h?/L ;d]t
b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn / ;femf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L
afF8kmfF6 u/L ltgsf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f u/L tL clwsf/nfO{ ;–;fgf lqmofsnfkdf ljefhg ul/Psf]
5 . To;af6 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ / sfo{If]q s] slt xf] :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! sf] v08 -v_ (^) df ;+3Lo PsfO lar lhDd]jf/L, ;|f]t;fwg / k|zf;gsf]
;fem]bf/L ub{} ;'dw'/ / ;xof]ufTds ;DaGwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{] eGg] /fHosf] gLlt to ePsf] 5 .
pNn]lvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf sd{rf/Lsf] kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg ubf{ ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lar ;xof]u / ;dGjosf] cfjZostf af]w u/fpF5 . t/, To:tf] ;xof]u / ;dGjo
b]lvg] u/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ sfo{ lhDd]jf/L, sfo{af]em jf sfo{If]q g} xf] . o;}sf
cfwf/df sfg'g lgdf{0f, ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg tyf ah]6 Joj:yfkg ug{] ul/G5 .
cyf{t\ sfo{af]em, sfo{lhDd]jf/L / cf}lrTotf ;d]tsf cfwf/df ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL l;h{gf ug{]
ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #)@ df k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ;+ljwfg
k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t /fi6«;]js sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg'gjdf]lhd ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]jdf]lhd sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% hf/L u/L
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf] cg'kftdf k|b]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ afF8kmfF6 ul/Psf]
ah]6 / sd{rf/L lar ;Gt'ng ldn]sf] b]lvFb}g eg] ptf ;+3nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] ah]6 / sd{rf/Lsf] ;ª\Vof
pNn]vgLo b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] lhDd]jf/Ljdf]lhd ;+3LotfnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{
;|f]t;fwgsf] kof{Kttf x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . lhDd]jf/L Psflt/ ;|f]t;fwg csf{]lt/ eof] eg] ;Gt'lnt,
;dGoflos ljsf; x'g g;Sg] dfq x}g ;/sf/x? lar åGå a9\g ;S5 / gful/sdf c;Gtf]if k}bf x'g
;S5 . t;y{, lhDd]jf/L / ;|f]t;fwg lar ;Gt'ng x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 .
yk ePsf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbLsf] j}wflgstf
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% sf] bkmf # sf] pkbkmf (!)) df sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg eO{
;s]kl5 k|b]z ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo txn] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf jf b/jGbL yk36, x]/km]/
jf kl/dfh{g ug{ ;Sg] tyf ;DalGwt k|b]z jf :yfgLo txaf6 cg'/f]w eO{ cfPdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
cfjZos ;xof]u ug{]5 eGg] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL k|b]z / :yfgLo txx?n] ;ª\u7g
tyf Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0f u/L yk ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ / gful/s ;]jfnfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfpg o:tf ;ª\u7g
;+/rgf / b/jGbL yk x'g'nfO{ cGoyf dfGg ;lsFb}g. k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 kl5Nnf] rf/ jif{df ylkPsf
;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbLsf] Plss[t clen]v e]l6Fb}g t/, ltgLx?sf] ;ª\Vof lgs} g} x'g ;S5 . o;/L
~38~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
ylkPsf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbLx? sfo{lhDd]jf/L, sfo{af]em, cfjZos / cf}lrTotfsf cfwf/df g}

ylkPsf x'g\ t < ;dfof]hg kZrft\ ;ft j6f k|b]z / &%# j6f :yfgLo txdf s] slt ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf
/ b/jGbL ylkP / ltgLx? s'g lgsfodf btf{ ePsf 5g\ < ltgLx?sf] kbk"lt{sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < oL
/ o:tf k|Zgx? lgs} uDeL/ / dggLo b]lvG5g\ . kl5 yk ePsf ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbLdfly sfg'gL
k|Zg v8f ePsf] 5 . kb btf{ g} gePkl5 k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{sf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg
klg ;lsPsf] 5}g . Psflt/ tL ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL ;+3df btf{ x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\\ eg] csf{lt/
k|b]zdf btf{ ug{] sfg'gL cfwf/, ;+:yfut Joj:yf / ljQLo bfloTj jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf klg b]lvFb}g.
sy+sbflrt o:tf b/jGbLdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ cg'/f]w u/L cfof]uaf6 kbk"lt{sf nflu
l;kmfl/; eO{ lgo'lQm ePdf To;sf] bfloTj s;n] af]Sg]< eGg] ljifodf ;+j]bgzLn k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;do k|b]zdf efua08fsf cfwf/df ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf -dGqfno / lgsfo / sfof{no_ / b/jGbL
yk ug{] k|lt:kwf{ g} b]lvG5 . lxhf] Pp6f zfvf, dxfzfvfsf ¿kdf /x]sf lgsfonfO{ dGqfnosf ¿kdf
lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 . clg ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j{]If0f u/L lagf cf}lrTotf / cfwf/df ;ª\u7g
;+/rgf / b/jGbL yk x'Fb} hfFbf ltgsf] j}wflgstf / eljio s] xf]nf< sfdsf nflueGbf JolQmsf
nflu ;ª\u7g ;+/rgf / b/jGbL l;h{gf x'b} hfFbf xfdL sxfF k'luPnf / o;n] l;h{gf ug{] bfloTj s'g
;|f]taf6 jxg xf]nf < o;n] xfd|f] k|zf;lgs l;4fGt, d"No / ;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ sxfF k'‍¥ofpnf<
;d:ofsf] rfª nfu]kl5 o;sf] ;dfwfg s;/L lgl:sPnf< a]nf 5Fb} tLg} txsf ;/sf/ Ps 7fpFdf
a;L ;dfwfg vf]Hg' kg{] b]lvG5 .
lgisif{
nf]stGqdf ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/If0f u5{ eg] sd{rf/Ln] klg nf]stflGqs d"NonfO{
cfTd;fT ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . hgd'vL k|zf;gaf6 dfq} ;'zf;g / nf]stGqn] j}wtf k|fKt ub{5g\ . casf]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] gful/s ;]jf dfq x}g nf]stGqsf] nfef+z ;d]t ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] If]qdf :yflkt kl5Nnf ljrf/ / l;4fGtn] klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf gful/s OR5f / lxtdf
cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ egL cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ / sfg'gL /fHonfO{ cfTd;fT ub{} j}wflgs
;/sf/ / hgk|ltlglwnfO{ ;xof]u / ;dy{g ug{' Jofj;flos sd{rf/Lsf] wd{ xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ :jR5, ;Ifd, lgikIf, kf/bzL{, e|i6frf/d'Qm, hgpQ/bfoL / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg] dfu{
lgb{]zs ;+sNk u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL ;a} ck]Iff k|fKt ug{ of]Uo, ;Ifd, k|lt:kwL{ / pT;flxt sd{rf/Laf6
dfq ;Dej b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] k|i6 sfo{ ljj/0f agfpg], ;f]xL ljj/0fsf
cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rs to ug{], ltg} ;"rssf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg dfkg ug{] / ;Dkflbt
sfdsf cfwf/df j[lQ ljsf; / ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] k|0ffnL ljsf; ug{ ;s] dfq k|zf;lgs
;+3Lotfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;S5 . o;sf] nflu k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] th{'df ubf{ ;Da4
;a} kIfsf] Wofg hfg h?/L b]lvG5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~39~
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&%
ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfosf] j]e;fO6df /flvPsf k|sfzgx?
ljleGg kqklqsf, cgnfOgdf k|sflzt n]v, /rgfx?

~40~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf pTk|]/0ff

hogf/fo0f cfrfo{
k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, sf:sL
ljifo k|j]z
;/sf/n] gLlt, ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; lgdf{0f / gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug{] d"n sfo{ ub{5 h;sf] sfof{Gjog
ug{] ;+oGq eg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] /fHo k|bQ clwsf/ pkof]u u/L ;fj{hlgs
gLlt k|jfx, ;]jf k|jfx, ljsf; lgdf{0f / gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug{] sfo{ ug{] xf] . oL sfo{ ug{ / gful/ssf]
clwsf/sf] k|jfx cem k|efjsf/L xf];\ eGg] x]t'n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ljleGg pkfox?åf/f pTk|]l/t
ug{] ul/G5 h'g df}l›s / cdf}l›s tTjsf] ¿kdf a'em\g] u5f{}F .
dflg; k[YjLsf] pTs[i6 >[hgf ePsfn] o;n] cfkm\gf] / cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu
ljleGg ;fdflhs lqmof / k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] u5{ . ca|fxd df:nf] nufotsf cg';Gwfgstf{x?n]
dflg;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfb]lv k"0f{ ;Gt'li6sf] ljleGg dgf]bzfnfO{ /fd|/L JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
ljleGg kof{j/0fLo l;4fGt / pTk|]/0ffsf cGo l;4fGtn] dflg;nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{] pkfo, o;sf] dgf]bzf,
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf o;sf] k|of]unfO{ k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ / To;}cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] kl/rfng
u/L ljleGg b]zdf pTs[i6 ;]jf k|jfx / ;d[lå xfl;n u/]sf cg]sf} pbfx/0f 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ j}1flgs / k|efjs/L agfpg lj ;+ @)!# kZrft\ cys k|of; ePsf
5g\ tfklg kl5Nnf] ;do g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ dfof t stf xf] stf b':dg 7fGg] /fhgLlts
;+/rgfsf] sf/0f pTk|]/0ffsf] ljifo n]vgdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . tyflk lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( /
lgodfjnL sf k|jfwfgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f, df}lb|s / u}/–df}lb|s k|f]T;fxg, b08, k'/:sf/,
Ifdtf ljsf;sf k|fjwfg, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt u/]sf]n] Jojxf/df sd} eP klg sfg'gL
?kdf lghdtL ;]jfsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg k|]l/t eg] u/]sf] 5 .
cem xfd|f] ;fd' ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gog, gful/ssf] ljsf; / ;d[låsf] rfxgfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;+3Lo
lghfdtL, k|b]z lghfdtL tyf :yfgLo ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljZjsf gjLg cEof;, l;4fGt, ;f]+r
cg'?k yk pTk|]l/t ug{] ;'gf}nf] cj;/ 5 .
sd{rf/LtGq larsf] lje]b, nfe / cj;/ ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf, /fhgLlts x:tIf]kh:tf cg'Tk|]/0ffsf
cEof; slDtdf ca k|b]z lghfdtL / :yfgLo ;]jfdf ca g/x'g\ / ;'gf}nf] eljio lgdf{0fdf pTk|l/t
sd{rf/LtGqsf] :yfkgf xf]; eGg] cfd rfxgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ h?/L 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~41~
kl/efiff
pTk|]/0ff eGgfn] dflg;sf] o:tf] cfGtl/s OR5f, cfsf+Iff jf p2]Zo xf] h;sf] k|flKtsf nflu dflg;
s'g} sfo{ ug{ cu|;/ / pT;flxt x'G5 . s'g} klg sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ pgLx?sf] cfkm\gf] tf]lsPsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg ug{] hf];, hfFu/ tyf xf};nf a9fO{ sfo{k|lt k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] / pTkfbsTj a9fpg] sfo{nfO{
g} pTk|]/0ff elgG5 . To;}n] 5f]6f]dfeGbf dflg;nfO{ s'g} sfd ;DkGg u/fpg, cem bIftfk"j{s ;DkGg
ug{ u/fpg p;nfO{ xf}:ofpg] sfo{ xf] .
;ª\u7g / pTk|]/0ff
;ª\u7g cfkm}df ;fd"lxs sfo{ xf] h;df lglZrt p2]Zo, lglZrt sfo{, ;d"lxs lxt, ;femf nIo /
c;n g]t[Tjsf] ;+of]hg x'G5 . ;do;Fu} ;ª\u7gsf] sfo{, k2lt, z}nL, nIo, ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|s[lt,
gful/sd}qL, hjfkmb]lxtf, k|efjsfl/tf, kl/0ffdd'vLh:tf ;fdfGo Joj:yfksLo l;2fGtdf ;d]t ;'wf/
ul/g' kg{] x'G5 .;ª\u7gsf x/]s ;b:ox?sf] e"ldsf km/s eP klg Wo]oo Pp6} x'G5 t;y{ ;ª\u7gdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/LdWo] s'g} Ps JolQm ;d]t cg'Tk|]l/t eof] eg] ;ª\u7gn] k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .
;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0f lglZrt p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu, lglZrt ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u u/]/ lglZrt ;dodf,
lglZrt hgzlQmsf] andf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ul/G5 . ;dofg's"n ;ª\u7g / o;sf] sfo{ kl/jt{g x'g]
/ qmdz ;'wf/ ub{} hfg' kg{] x'G5 t/ ;'wf/ cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] pTk|]/0ffsf ljljw pkfoåf/f
kl/jt{g / sfo{;DkfbgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 To;}n] t pTk|]/0ffnfO{ Joj:yfksLo l;4fGtdf
;ª\u7gsf] d'6' dflgG5 .
gful/s tyf ahf/sf] cfwg'lstf / dfu;Fu} ;ª\u7gsf] nIf, bfo/f, Ifdtf, gLlt, sfo{qmd / hgzlQm
;d]t kl/jt{g x'g] / of] cfkm}df hLjGt tyf rnfodfg /xg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;dofg';f/ kl/jt{g
ub{} hfg' kg{] x'G5 . sltko ;ª\u7gx? ;dfofg's"n kl/jt{g x'g] ;s]gg\ eg] o;n] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj
;+s6df kf5{ h:t} x'ns ;]jf–cfw'lgs o'udf h;/L ljB'tLo dfWood / ;fdflhs ;+hfnsf] olt
hj/h:t pkl:ylt eof] ls o;n] x'nfssf] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf] sfo{ lr¶Lkq, 8fFs ;]jfnfO{
nueu lj:yflkt u/L lbof] . dflg;n] o;sf] pkof]u ug{ 5f]8]sf 5g\ t/ af]lemnf] eP klg ;ª\u7gsf]
;+/rgf oBlk 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ dx;'; u/fpg] ;+oGq sd{rf/LtGq g} xf] . o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngsf
dfWodaf6 dfq of] ;Dea x'G5 . /fhgLlt1n] sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ b'Zdg 7fGg], sfg'gjdf]lhd ubf{ ;d]t
g6]/]sf] dfGg] k|j[lQ df}nfpb} uPsf] / k|b]z ;/sf/sf ;+/rgf ;d]t k|efjsf/L / j}1flgs ?kdf :yfkgf
ul/g'sf] ;f6f] cgfjZos ?kdf af]lemnf] x'b} uPsf] kfOG5 t;y{ o:tf sfo{nfO{ ;dod} ;Rrfpg
cfjZos b]lvG5 .
pTk|]/0ffsf] d"n sfo{ ;ª\u7gsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 g} ePsfn] o;df sfo{/t dfgj ;+;fwgn] pTkfbsTj
~42~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lbg ;ª\u7g, ;+/rgf / dfgj :jefjnfO{ cfw'lgstfdf g9fn];Dd o;sf] hLjgsf] cy{ /xb}g h;/L
8flj{gsf] l;4fGt Survival of the fitest 5 . ljZjdf k|efjsf/L /x]sf ;ª\u7gx? ;dfg's"n
kl/jt{g gx'bf nf]k ;d]t ePsf 5g\ . h;n] k|lt:kwf{df v/f] pqg k|oTg u/] To:tf] ;ª\u7gx?
cfw'lgs ;]jf / k|efjsfl/tfsf] sf/0f ;+;f/e/ k|lt:kwL{ eP/ sfo{ u/L /x]sf klg 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs ;ª\u7gx?n] lghL Joj:yfkg;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{' kg{] x'G5 h;sf] lg0f{o k|lqmof, Joj:yfksLo
k|lqmof, p2]Zod"nstfn] lghL If]q ;fj{hlgs If]qeGbf cAan aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;df s]jn cfw'lgs
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u / Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ dfq} xf]Og TofF sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] pTk|]/0ff xf] . ;ª\u7g
;~rfng ug{] cfTdf ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ePsfn] pgLx?sf] ;]jf, ;'ljwf, ;DaGw, kf/blz{tf,
cfTd ;Ddfg, ;'/Iff, k|lt:kwf{, sfo{ jftfj/0f, sfo{ bjfj, sfo{ ;+:s[lt, g]t[Tj / g}ltstfsf ljifox?
hf]l8G5g\ .
g]t[Tj / pTk|]/0ff
;fdfGotM nIo pGd'vtf (Goal Approach), dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg (Human Resources
Approach), cfGtl/s k2lt (Internal Process Approach), k|0ffnL ljsf; (System Approach)
/ /fhgLlts ljlw (Political Approach) ;ª\u7g ;'wf/sf ljlw x'g\ . o;df ;ª\u7gsf] nIo, p2]Zo,
sfo{, ljlwk2ltdf nf]stflGqs cEof;, ;d"xsfo{, ;femf nIo, ;ª\u7gsf] ;+:s[lt, dfgj;+;fwgsf]
plrt Joj:yfkg, pko'Qmtf, sfo{ ;/nLs/0f, lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, JolQmeGbf k|0ffnLdf cfj4tf, ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0f, sfo{ ;Gt'li6, pTk|]0ff, ;+/If0f, d"No dfGotf, g}ltstf, pQ/bfloTj / nIo pGd'vtfh:tf ljifo
x'G5g\ . hf] c;n g]t[Tjaf6 dfq} ;Dej x'G5 .
;'wf/ ;lhnf] x'bF}g . ;'wf/sf ck]Iff;Fu} r'gf}lt, cj/f]w, ljjfb, nfut / c;kmntfsf] ;+efjgf /xG5
To;}n] ;fdfGotM ;'wf/sf sfo{df sd}n] xft xfN5g\ . ;fy}, ;'wf/ tTsfnsf nflu dfq} xf]Og, o;sf]
bLuf]kgfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . t;y{, ;'wf/sf nflu c;n g]t[Tjsf] cfjZos k5{ . ;'wf/sf ;fdfGo
r/0f x'G5g,- ;d:osf] klxrfg (Diagnosis), kl/jt{gsf] ;do (Reform Moment), nIo s]lG›t
( Focus), uGtJo (Destination). ;a} s'/f Ps} k6s / ;f/e"t kl/jt{g qmflGtsf/L sbd x'G5 t/
;ª\u7g ;'wf/ lg/Gt/ k|lqmof ePsfn] d"n ;d:of, ;'wf/sf ;xL ;do, cfjZos ;'wf/sf If]q s]lG›t
x'g] / ;du|df ;'wf/sf ck]Iff to ug{] sfo{ ul/g' k5{ .
;'wf/sf nflu ;d:ofsf] klxrfg (Change gap), ;'wf/sf nflu tof/L (Readiness), ;'wf/sf
pko'Qm ;do (Opportunity) / ;'wf/fTds g]t[Tj (Reform Leadership) sf] cfjZostf kb{5 hf]
pTk|]l/t g]t[Tjaf6 dfq} ;Dej 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~43~
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff

;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf ljifodf ;lbof}b]lv cWoog cg';Gwfg ePsf 5g\ . j}1flgs
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLb]lv v'Nnf ;/sf/sf cjwf/0ff To;}sf pkh x'g, h;n] gful/sk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTj,
;ª\u7gdf sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ff, k|efjsf/L zf;sLo k|0ffnL, kf/bzL{ / k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] jsfnt
u/]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;ª\u7gdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] ljifodf s]xL Joj:yf
ePklg ;du|df ;fª\u7lgs pTk|]/0ffsf] ljifo eg] vf;} Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf ¿kdf df}lb|s / cdf}lb|s u/L ;a} k|sf/sf pkfox?sf] sfg'gL k|aGw 5 en} o;sf]
Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ xf]:.
g]kfndf cfw'lgs lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'¿jft @)!# ;fndf ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)!# kZrft\
ePsf] dflgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ePb]lv g} sd{rf/L pTk|]/0ffsf ljifodf k|fyldstf kfpFb}
cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf cfof]u, sfo{bn tyf :jb]zL
tyf ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf jf JolQmx?sf] ;xof]u ;'emfjx? k|fKt ePsf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= @))*
df u7g ePsf] Pg=Pd=a'rsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]ub]lv g} lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf pkfox?sf]
l;kmfl/; ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6Ík|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]un] lghfdtL
;]jf P]g @)!# th{'df ug{]b]lv ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, k|zf;sLo sfo{ lgoldt ug{] P]g h:tf y'k|} sfdx?sf]
;'?jft u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 j]bfgGb emfsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)@%-@)@& / e]ifaxfb'/
yfkfsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u @)#@ n] klg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;+/rgfdf
w]/} sfdx? u/]sf] lyof] . @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf
u7g ePsf] pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+/rgfut, Jofjxfl/s tyf sfg'gL
;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]/ ;]jfnfO{ yk cfsif{s / Jofjxfl/s Pjd\ Jojl:yt agfpg] pkfox? l;kmfl/;
u/]sf] lyof] . o; cfof]usf l;kmfl/;x? sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ sfof{Gjog ;ldlt;d]t u7g
u/]sf] lyof] .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLdf /x]sf k|fjwfg
kbk"lt{df lgZkIftf
lghfdtL ;]jfdf kbk"lt{ :jtGq Pjd\ :jfoQ ;+j}wflgs nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] ePsfn] lghfdtL
;]jfnfO{ k|ltli7t / ul/dfdo agfPsf] 5 . lj;+ @))* ;fndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePb]lv
jt{dfg;Dd lgikIf / of]Uotfsf cfwf/df dfq lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;n] klg
lghfdtL ;]jfk|lt dfG5]sf] cfsif{0f a9]sf] kfOG5 . lgikIf / of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t kbk"lt{ Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f ljlzi6 Joj:yf xf] eGg' cTo'lQm gxf]nf .
~44~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
kb >[ª\vnf
lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;Ë7gfTds ;+/rgf / b/jGbLsf] sfg'gåf/f g} k|fjwfg / :j¿k lglZrt ul/Psf]
5 . >]0fL ljxLgb]lv d'Vo ;lrj;Ddsf] kb ;f]kfg, /fhkqflÍt / /fhkq cglÍt >]0fLx?df kb /
b/jGbLsf] juL{s/0f, lglZrt b/jGbL dfq kbk"lt{ ul/g] sfg'gL k|fjwfg, kbflwsf/sf] Joj:yf cflbn]
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lglZrt, ;'/lIft tyf kf/bzL{ agfPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLnfO{ pTk|]/0ffsf] Pp6f lglZrt
;+:yfut tyf tyf clj/n ;|f]t dfGg ;lsG5 .
;dfof]hg P]g @)&% df /x]sf s]xL k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf b'ljwf /x] klg k|:tfljt ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jf P]gdf kb >[vnfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 h;n] lghfdtL ;]jf / o;sf] kb >[ª\vnf
/ pTk|]/0ffsf l;4fGtnfO{ hLjGt /fvf]; .
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfsif{0f ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff klg xf] . st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf ePsf sfd sf/jfxL
:jo+ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|lt/Iff ug{], sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug{k"j{ nf]s ;]jfsf] ;xdlt
rflxg] h:tf k|fjwfgn] o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, sd{rf/LnfO{ ;kmfOsf] dgfl;a
dflkmssf] kof{Kt df}sf glbO{ gx6fOg] k|fjwfg klg ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt xf] . lghL ;]jfdf ;]jf
lg/Gt/tf Joj:yfkssf] thljhLdf /xg] t/ oxfF :jo+ /fHosf] ;]jf ePsfn] klg o;sf] ;'/Iff /
;Ddfg /fd|f] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgo'Qm x'Fbf tTsfn nfu' /x]sf] tnj, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo
;'ljwf;DaGwL ;]jfsf ;t{x?df sd{rf/Lsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ kl/jt{g gul/g] k|fjwfg klg 5 .
;dfof]hg P]g kZrft\ ;dfof]hg ePsf /fi6« ;]js / :yfgLo txdf /x]sf s]xL :yfgx?df k|zf;sLo
clws[t / /fhgLlts g]t[Tj lar ;dGjo Pjd\ :jfy{sf] sf/0f ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff eP klg sfo{ jftfj/0fsf]
cefjdf ;]jf / pTk|]/0ffsf] efj sdhf]/ x'b} uPsf] eg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
;?jf, j9'jf / lhDd]jf/L
lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] x/]s /fi6« ;]jssf] nIf b]zsf] d'Vo ;lrj aGg] x'G5 . o;sf] nflu
lglZrt ;t{x? kf/ u/]df tNnf]af6 dflyNnf] v'l8\snf] r9\g kfOG5 . To;} u/L v'Nnf, k|lt:kwf{sf]
dfWodaf6 ;d]t dflyNnf] kbsf] 9f]sf v'Nnf x'gfn] ;Sg]n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df dflyNnf] j[lQ
to ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fdfGotM !),!@ jif{leq Pp6f kbaf6 csf{] kbdf j9'jf x'g clxn]sf] cj:yfn]
5.
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf / j9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ Pp6f lglZrt gLlt / dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
ug{] k|fjwfg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] ljz]if j9'jfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} kbdf a;]/ sfd u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] Go"gtd dfkb08 k"/f u/]kl5 :jtM j9'jf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~45~
x'g] o; k|fjwfgn] sd{rf/LnfO{ yk pT;fx / pmhf{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t} Pp6} kbdf nfdf] ;do;Dd
sfd u/]/ cjsfz x'g nfu]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ Ps dlxgf cufl8 ljz]if kb l;h{gf u/L dflyNnf] kbdf
j9'jf u/]/ ;f]xLcg';f/ ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf 5 .
a9'jf k|0ffnL of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf ;DkGg ul/g] ePsfn]
ljZj;gLotf / j}wtfdf z+sf ug{] 7fpF Go"g /xG5 . tyflk ;?jf j9'jfsf lgodx? ldlrg] u/]sf], cfkm"
lgs6 sd{rf/LnfO{ cfsif{s 7fpFdf ;?jf u/]sf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf k|fjwfgnfO{ k"jf{u|xL
9Ën] ldr]sf] cf/f]k lbgk|lt lbg a9\b} uPsf] u'gf;f] kfOG5 . s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L glbO{sg
b'O{ dlxgfeGbf a9L /fVg kfOFb}g. t/ sltko sd{rf/LnfO{ ljgf lhDd]jf/L dlxgf}F;Dd /flvPsf 36\gf
;bfaxf/ kfOG5 .
;dfof]hg eO{ tNnf] txdf uPsf /fi6« ;]jssf] xsdf ;¿jfsf k|fjwfg :ki6 gx'Fbf To:tf /fi6« ;]jfsf]
;]jf ;t{ / ;'/Iffsf k|Zgx? cg'Ql/t 5g\ . ;dfof]hgn] ;?jfsf] j[lQky gagfpbf lghfdtL ;]jf
P]gdf /x]sf] b]z a'em\g] / ;]jf ug{] cj;/nfO{ v'DRofPsf] kSs} 5 kmn:j¿k :yfgLo ;]jfdf k|j]zLsf]
¿lr klg gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
tnj eQf, rf8kj{ tyf cGo ;'ljwf
sd{rf/Ln] ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;do, >d, a'l4 tyf o'lQmsf] Ifltk"lt{ xf] . cfsif{s tnj eQfsf]
;'ljwf pTk|]/0ffsf nflu ;zQm / dxQ\jk"0f{ dfWod xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jt{dfg tnj eQfnfO{
lgjf{xd'vL dflgG5 . ;dfg kbsf nflu ;dfg tnjsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t of] Joj:yf sfdcg';f/
tnjeGbf klg kbcg';f/ tnj Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf 5 . k|To]s jif{ d"No ;"rLsf cfwf/df dxFuLnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL tnj j[l4nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf cy{ / ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;lrj
;b:o /x]sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] k|To]s tLg jif{df /fhZj j[l4
b/, b/jGbL ;ª\Vof, ljut tLg jif{sf] d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df tnj eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg
u/L tnjdfgsf] l;kmfl/; ub{5 . jflif{s tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ tyf Ps dlxgf a/fa/sf] yk tnj rf8kj{
vr{sf] ¿kdf k|bfg ug{] k|fjwfg 5 .
t/ ;fs{ /fi6«d} sdhf]/ tnjdfg ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ¿kdf xfd|f] ;]jf bh{ 5 . cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ;d]t ug{ g;Sg] u/L ul/Psf] tnjeQfn] df}lb|s pTk|]/0ffnfO{ k|jå{g ug{ ;Sb}g.
sd{rf/L ;~rosf]if tyf gful/s nufgL sf]if
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tnjaf6 bzk|lt /sd s6fO{ Tolt g} /sd ;/sf/af6 yk u/L sd{rf/L
;Gro sf]ifdf hDdf ug{] Joj:yf 5 . ;~rosf]ifaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;t{cg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] ljleGg
cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ C0f ;'ljwf lemSg kfpg] Joj:yfn] pgLx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;'/lIft
~46~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
eljiosf] ;'lglZrt ug{ 6]jf k'u]sf] 5 . To:t} gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] Joj:yfn] klg sd{rf/Lsf] eljio
;'/lIft ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .
of]ubfgdf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff nufotsf cfw'lgs k|0ffnLn] ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf gj
k|j]zLnfO{ b'ljwf / lje]bh:tf] agfP klg qmdzM of] ljifo ;fdfGoLs/0f x'g] 5 .
sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]if
;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox?df sfd ubf{ ;]jfu|fxLaf6 cg'lrt nfe lnPsf] eGg] obfsbf ;'lgg] tyf
lbgk|lt lbg a9\bf] dxFuLsf] sf/0fn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] kl/jf/sf] Go"gtd cfjZostfnfO{ klg tnj eQfn]
;Daf]wg gu/]sf] dx;'; u/L @)^$ ;fnb]lv lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf g} sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]ifsf]
:yfkgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, kl/0ffd tyf k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df k|f]T;fxg
ug{ of] sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf /fhZj a9fpg eG;f/ ljefu / sfdsf rfk x'g]
cGo lgsfodf k|f]T;fxg eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
ljbf;DaGwL ;'ljwf
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ slDtdf ;ft k|sf/sf ljbfsf] ;'ljwf lbOPsf]
5 . e}k/L / kj{ ljbf, 3/ ljbf, lj/fdL ljbf, k|;'lt / :ofxf/ ljbf, lsl/of ljbf, cWoog ljbf /
c;fwf/0f ljbf cfbL lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljbfx? x'g\ . c;fwf/0f ljbf afx]s c¿ ;a} ljbfsf] tnj
kfOG5 . ;fy} a]tnjL ljbfsf] ;'ljwfsf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfdsf d"NofÍg u/L @)%^ ;fnb]lv k|To]s jif{ lghfdtL lbj;sf] pknIodf
;jf{]Ts[i6 lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ Ps hgfnfO{, pTs[i6 lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ bz hgfnfO{ / lghfdtL
k'/:sf/ tL; hgfnfO{ k|bfg ug{] u/L o:tf] k'/:sf/nfO{ tLg ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm
jif{df k|To]s lhNnfaf6 Ps hgf tyf k|To]s dGqfno, ;lrjfno, cfof]u jf ;f] cGt/utsf ljefu
/ sfof{noaf6 Ps hgf pTs[i6 sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/L gub k'/:sf/ lbg] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ lghfdtL ;]jf k'/:sf/ o;sf] ;'¿jftaf6} ljjflbt 5 . ;jf{]s[i6 kfpg sl7g b]lvPsf] of]
k'/:sf/sf] cf}lrTo / k'/:s[t x'g]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;Ddfg / ljz]if sfo{ s]xL gb]lvPsf] s;n] kfpg] /
s;n] gkfpg] 5'§fpg sl7g 5 .
k|b]z ;/sf/x?n] klg k|b]z :yfkgf lbj;sf] lbg k|b]z sfof{nodf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
k'/:s[t ug{] cEof; ;'? u/]sf] 5 . o;n] kSs} klg tNnf] txdf ;d]t sfo{ ug{] lghfdtL sd{rf/L
pTk|]l/t x'g] 5g\ . o;nfO{ ljjfb/lxt / cfkm\gf] cf;]kf;]df ;Lldt gagfpgtkm{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg
h?/L 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~47~
ladfsf] Joj:yf
sd{rf/Lsf] efjL hLjgsf] ;'ljwf / ;'/Iffsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf] ljdf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{] Wo]oon]
;fjlws hLjg ljdf sf]if :yfkgf ug{] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ljdf jfkt k|To]s
dlxgf lk|ldod /sd pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf klg 5
cjsfzkl5sf] ;'ljwf
sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/ %* jif{ k'u]kl5 / ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] eP kfFr jif{sf] kbfjlw k"/f u/]kl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz
x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng] csf{] Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf /flhgfdf / :j]lR5s cjsfzsf]
;'ljwf klg 5 . aL; jif{ ;]jf cjlw k'u]df lgj[lQe/0f tyf ;f]eGbf sd ePdf ;]jfcjlwsf] cfwf/df
/sd lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lgj[Q sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf klt jf kTgLn] cfwf /sd kfpg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . c;dy{ sd{rf/Ln] ;ft jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw yk u/L lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] u/L cjsfz lng
kfpg] 5g\ . ;]jfdf /xFb} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf kl/jf/nfO{ Ps nfv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF Psd'i6 kfpg]
Joj:yf 5 .
cf}ifwL pkrf/ vr{ tyf lghfdtL c:ktfn
lj/fdL k/]sf] cj:yfdf afx|b]lv PSsfO; dlxgfsf] tnj a/fa/sf] /sd cf}iflw pkrf/ ug{sf nflu
;/sf/n] Joxf]g{] Joj:yf 5 . hflu/af6 cjsfz kfpg] a]nf;Dd tf]lsPsf] /sd vr{ gePdf Psd'i6
afFsL /sd e'QmfgL kfpg] Joj:yf 5 . s8f /f]u nflu tf]lsPsf] /sdn] pkrf/ ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;/sf/n] cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df yk /sd klg kfpg ;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/L / pgsf
kl/jf/nfO{ ;x'lnot b/df pkrf/sf nflu lghfdtL c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:yf
ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf cGo sf/0fn] ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf jf cGo ljefuLo ;hfo kfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] d'2f
x]g{ k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .ljefuLo ;hfo kfPsf sd{rf/Ln] d'2f ug{ kfpg'nfO{
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] Pp6f gd'gf dfGg ;lsG5 . tyflk
cwLsfz+ d'2f Gofokflnsfdf hfg] ePsfn] o;sf] k|Tofe"lt cem} x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf :jLsf/ ug{}
k5{ .
6«]8 o'lgog
lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg / ;]jf ;t{sf b[9 aGg ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg /fhkqflÍt t[tLo
>]0fL;Ddsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
sltko cj:yfdf ;]jf ;'ljwf / k|f]T;fxgdf ul/g] e]befjaf6 ;'/lIft dx;'; u/]sf 5g\ . t/ xfsfxfsL
~48~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
/fhgLlts bnsf eft[ ;ª\u7gsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{] 6«]8 o'lgogn] ;fj{hlgs lxt, ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL /
;]jf ;'wf/dfeGbf ;?jf / /fhgLlts ;+/If0fdf sfd u/]sf] s'/f n's]sf] 5}g . o;n] sltko cj:yfdf
pTk|]/0ffeGbf ;]jf ljs[ltsf] sf/0f aGg]df ;r]t x'g cfjZos 5 . o;sf] k|of]u gful/ssf] k|ToIf
;]jf k|jfx x'g] u/L gx'g] tkm{ ;r]t x'b} k|b]z / :yfgLo ;]jfdf o:tf k|fjwfg ;lRrg cfjZos 5 .
lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
sfof{no ;dodf sd{rf/Lsf afn aRrfnfO{ :j:ys/ x]/ljrf/ ug{ xfnnfO{ ;'ky lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|
sf] :yfkgf l;+xb/jf/df u/]/ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 .o;af6 lzz'sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s cj:yfsf]
;Gt'lnt ljsf; t x'G5 g} ;fy;fy} vf; u/L dlxnf Pjd\ b'j} hgf sfddf /x]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if
/fxt ldn]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ slDtdf k|b]z txdf lj:tf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
glthfd"ns sfo{tfnLsfsf] Joj:yf
lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLn] @)%) ;fnb]lv g} k|To]s sfof{no k|d'vn] dftxtsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{
ljefhg :ki6 v'Ng] u/L jflif{s sfo{tflnsf agfpg' kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{tflnsf df sfdsf lj:t[t
ljj/0f, kl/df0f, nfut / ;dofjlw :ki6 v'nfpg' kb{5 . o; af6 sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] j:t'lgi7
d"NofÍg x'G5 . t/ ;ª\u7gsf] glthf z"Go eP klg sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgaf6 ;f]lx sfof{nosf
sd{rf/Ln] !)) k|ltzt c+s kfpg] lj8Djgf 5 .
cWoog tyf k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf
sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmTj ljsf;, Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf;sf nflu tflnd tyf cWoogsf] ;'ljwf / df}sf
;/sf/n] k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . j[lQljsf; / kbf]Ggltsf nflu cfjZos kg{] o:tf tflnd :jb]z tyf
ljb]zdf ;d]t ;xefuL x'g kfpg] k|fjwfg 5 t/ o;sf] pkof]u / Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+Íg u/L sfo{;Dkfbgdf
cfj4tf ug{ cem} ;lsPsf] 5}g .
lghfdtL ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf / ;'wf/
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yfsf] ljifodf vf;} cWoog ePsf] t
kfOFb}g t/ ePsf s]xL cWoogx?n] ;d]t sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] tx 36\bf] / d"nt df}lb|s pTk|]/0ffsf]
ljifodf Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf ;fdfGo k|fjwfgx?sf] OdfGbfl/tfsf]
;fy sfof{Gjog ug{] xf] eg] klg ;]jfsf] ;fv / sfo{jftfj/0f >[hgf x'g] lyof] t/ To;df s;}sf] Wofg
uPsf] kfOFb}g.
;?jf j9'jf
vf;df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf;DaGwL sfg'gdf k|ofKt Joj:yf ePklg o;sf] Jofjxfl/s sfof{Gjog
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~49~
sdhf]/ 5 . Psflt/ ;]jf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt / ;?jf, j9'jfsf k|fjwfg :ki6 5g\ csf{]lt/ lghfdtL
;]jf ;a}eGbf cl:y/ 5 . kb:yfkg u/]sf] :yfgdf b'O{ jif{ sfd ug{'kg{] k|fjwfgnfO{ 7f8} ldr]/
s;}nfO{ xKtf lbgd} ;?jf ug{] / s;}nfO{ Ps} :yfg aiff{}F ;?jf x'g gkg{] cj:yfn] o;sf] :yfloTjsf]
k|fjwfgnfO{ s;/L pTk|]/0ffsf] cfwf/ aGnf oIf k|Zg oxL xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodfjnLsf
k|fjwfgsf] cIf/; kfngf u/] ;?jf cfkm}df pTk|]/0ffsf] cfwf/ aGg] 5 . k|b]z ;]jfdf ;?jfnfO{
kf/bzL{ / cg'dfg of]Uo agfpg ;dod} kxn ul/g' kg{] 5 .
Go"g tnj eQf
lghfdtL ;]jfdf tnjeQfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ nfdf] cEof; / ljleGg ;dodf tnj cfof]u;d]t ag]sf
lyP / ;a}sf] cfzo Go"gtd hLjgofkgdf ;xof]u k'Ug] tnj lbg' kg{] g} lyof] t/ tL cfof]u ag] dfq
;'emfjsf] vf;} sfof{Gjog ePg . d"ntM Cost of leaving, to maintain minimum cost of living,
cost of living with minimum standard, and standard of living oL ljifox? qmdzM ;Daf]wg
ug{ cfjZos 5 .
j]tgef]uL o;sf] d"n rl/q xf], hf] Ps hgf sd{rf/Lsf] cfwf/e"t hLjg ofjgsf] cfwf/ aGg' k5{ .
x/]s jif{sf] jh]6 efif0fdf sd{rf/Lsf] tnj 7"n} rf;f] x'g] u5{ / afFRg k'Ug] tnj ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{
;+ejtM ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbf sl7g sfo{ klg oxL x'g] u5{ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf x/]s tLg jif{df ahf/
d"NonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ tnj ;'ljwf a9fpg] k|fjwfg 5 t/ o;sf] s'g} j}1flgs cfwf/ ljg} s[kf u/]/
Ps xhf/ a9fof} eg]/ jfrg ug{] rng ;/sf/sf] /x]sf] ljlbt} 5 .
;fob g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts rl/q / o;sf] lghfdtLk|ltsf] Jojxf/nfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] of] ;]jf
;/sf/sf] cª\u xf]Og ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b'Zdg xf] / o;sf] IfoLs/0faf6 dfq /fhgLlts clei6 k"/f
x'G5 eGg] r]t kfOG5 . ;?jfdf bn, jfb, cfkmGt, ;]jf ;'ljwfdf lbg}x'Gg eGg] efjgf, cfkm\gf]
c;kmntfsf] sf/0f oxL sd{rf/LtGq xf] eg]/ ;/sf/af6 ljbf x'g] / ;/sf/sf] dGqL aGbf;fy ;a}eGbf
klxnf sd{rf/LnfO{ ufnL ug{] / cfb]z lbg] k|rng ca cgf}7f] /x]g . o:tf] s[ofsnfksf] /fhgLlt
/ sd{rf/Llarsf] ;DaGwn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff s'/f syf dfq x'g] cj:yfdf 5 . Minimun
living standard x'g] u/L tnjeQfsf] Joj:yf ul/Pdf ;fob e|i6frf/sf] cGTo, ;]jf k|jfxdf bIftf,
k|efjsfl/tf / cfTd;Ddfgsf] a9f]Q/L x'g] 5 .
JolQm
dflg;sf] cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] :jefj x'G5 . ¿lr km/s km/s x'G5 . pTk|]/0ffsf] cfwf/ klg km/s km/s
x'g;S5 . :jefjlkR5] dflg;sf cfsf+Iff km/s x'g' :jefljs x'G5 . o;}n] s'g cfwf/df JolQm
pTk|]l/t x'G5 o;} eGg ;lsG5 . oxfF df:nf]sf] l;4fGtnfO{ klg ;xh :jLsf/ ug{}kg{] klg x'b}g .
~50~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
pgn] eg]sf] h:tf] qmdzM pTk|]/0ffsf] >[ª\vnf ;a}df nfu' gx'g ;S5 . To;}n] JolQmsf] a'emfO{,
;LdfÍg, cfWoflTdstf, r]tgf, Ifdtf, dgf]bzf, ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;DaGw, ;ª\u7g;Fusf] ;DaGw,
sfo{jftfj/0fh:tf ljifon] JolQmsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf / pTk|]l/t dg lgwf{/0f u5{ t;y{ JolQmnfO{
sfd ug{ pTk|]l/t x'g] u/L ;ª\u7g;Fu cfj4 ug{' kg{]df g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;ª\u7gdf JolQmut
dgf]bzf, nIo, sfo{, Ifdtf, ;Lk, ?lrh:tf Joj:yfksLo u'0fnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] kfOb}g .
bhf{d"ns ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] sf/0f dflyNnf] / tNnf] kblarsf] leGgtf, Jofjxfl/s sl7gfO, a9L
cf}krfl/stf, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf c;dfg ljt/0f / kx'Fr, zlQmsf] km/s cEof;, /fhgLlts x:tIf]tksf]
sf/0f zlQm >[ª\vnf cj¿åtfh:tf ljljw kl/j]zaf6 JolQm :jo+ pTk|]l/t x'g] cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf
sdL 5 . To;} u/L JolQmut dxTjsfª\Iff, c:j:ys/ k|lt:kwf{, ;fj{hlgs sfof{no klg x'g] / gx'g]df
ljeQm x'g'n] ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;fª\u7lgs nIfeGbf JolQmut kmfObfsf] cfwf/df kl/rfng
x'g] cj:yf 5 .JolQm k|yd ;To xf] o;sf] pkof]usf] jftfj/0f g} pTk|]/0ffsf] k|yd cfwf/ xf] .
;ª\u7g
;ª\u7gsf] ;+:s[lt, sfo{jftfj/0f, ;b:ox?larsf] ;DaGw, g]t[Tjz}nL, Joj:yfksLo Ifdtf, ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] k|ofKttf, ;ª\u7gsf] gLlt, ;ª\u7gsf] zlQm ;DaGwh:tf ljifon] sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] cj:yf
lgwf{/0f ub{5 ‍t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fª\u7lgs ;antf, ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf ;ª\u7g lar ;|f]t,
;fwg / zlQmsf] ;fdfgtfsf ;jfnx? Wofg glbbf lhNnf tx, :yfgLo tx, sfof{Gjog txeGbf zlQm
cfh{g ug{] ;ª\u7gdf sd{rf/L hfg ¿lr /fVg] ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ ;]jf k|jfx cj?4 x'g] / s]Gb|df
cg'Tkfbs sd{rf/L y'lk|g] cj:yf cfp5 . ;dfof]hg P]gsf] sfof{Gjog / o;n] >[hgf u/]sf ;d:of
klg o;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] . cfh :yfgLo txdf w]/} sd{rf/L x'gkg{]df ;+3df, cem l;+xb/jf/ s]lGb|t x'g]
cj:yf cfPsf] 5 h;sf] pbfx/0f xf] @$) :yfgLo tx k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tljxLg /x]sf] gofF
klqsf b}lgssf] ;dfrf/ . pTk|]/0ff / ;fª\u7lgs l;4fGtsf b[li6sf]0faf6 ;dfof]hg NofOPsf] eP
ljBdfg ;d:of /xg] lyPg . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] g} JolQm s:tf] agfpg] lgwf{/0f ub{5 t;y{ ;ª\u7g g}
pTk|]l/t x'g / hLjGt agfpg' k5{ .
kof{j/0f
;fob g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;a}eGbf a]jf:tf ul/Psf] ljifo sfo{ kof{j/0f klg xf] . sfo{
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ gful/s, ;/sf/, u}/;/sf/L If]q ;a}sf] ;dfg rf;f], ;'wf/df xft]dfnf], sfo{
;xhLs/0f cfjZos x'G5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ untaf6f]df nufpg] sfo{df gful/s klg bf]ifL b]lvG5 .
kfnf] s'g{ gkg{], cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] nflu 3'; v'jfpg p2t x'g] t/ sfd geP gfgfy/L cfIf]k nufpg],
/fhgLlts bjfjaf6 sfd lng vf]Hg], ljrf}lnofdfkm{t ;]jf k|jfx u/fpg vf]Hg] oL k|j[lQ hxfFtxL
Jofks 5 h;sf] l;wf c;/ cfd dflg; hf] kx'Fr aflx/ 5g\ pgLx?nfO{ k5{ . Pp6f ;fdfGo 36gf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~51~
Ps lbg d s'g} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] gful/stf zfvfsf] 9f]sfdf ;xhLs/0f xf];\ eg]/ plePsf]
lyP . Pshgf JolQm cfP/ dnfO{ of] kmf/ddfly /flvlbg' xf];\ d}n] ldnfpF5' eGof] . d}n] s] ldnfpg'
x'G5 t eg]kl5 p;sf] hjfkm lyof] …lrof kfgL’ . clg d}n] p;nfO{ leq af]nfFP / zfvfdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/LnfO{ nf} logn] dnfO{ 3'; lbg] /] slt lnpmF eg] kl5 pm eml:sof] / …;/L’ eGof] . clg d}n]
p;nfO{ 5'§} nfOgdf /x]sf aRrf;xLtsf dlxnf, a[å j[åf -h;nfO{ 5'§} ;]jf / k|fyldstf lbg] u/L
k|aGw ul/Psf] 5_ nfO{ b]vfP/ lognfO{ 5f]8]/ tkfO{nfO{ ;]jf lbpmF t < ca To:tf] ulNt e'n]/ gug{';\
eg] kl5 …;/L’ eGb} af6f] ttfof] . ;fob w]/} nfh nfUof] xf]nf p;nfO{ . of] pbfx/0fn] ;+ejt ;'zf;g
sfod ug{ kof{j/0fsf] slt dxTj 5 eGg] k|i6 xf]nf .
sfo{ kof{j/0f, sfo{ ;+:s[lt, sfo{ Jojxf/n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s;/L ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo;Fu cfj4
ug{] eGg] dxTj /fVb5 . t;y{ kof{j/0fLo cj:yf s:tf] 5, a'emfO{ s:tf] 5, r]tgfsf] tx s:tf] 5,
;+urgfut ;antf s:tf] 5 oL ljifon] klg JolQmnfO{ pTk|]l/t jf cg'Tk|]l/t agfpg ;Sb5 . g]kfnsf]
ljBdfg cj:yf oxL gsf/fTds kl/j]zaf6 u'h|sf] 5 h;sf] kl/0ffd g} gs/fTdstfsf] vf]hL x'G5 .
o;y{, k|]ddo sfo{ jftfj/0f g} cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] h;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ IfoLs/0f x'gaf6
hf]ufp5 .
o;} u/L ;g\ @)!* sf] cGTolt/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ljsf; lgof]un] u/]sf] cWoog / ljsl;t l;4fGtn]
bLuf] ljsf;sf nIf k|fKt ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ k|]ddo agfpg' kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . cfh;Dd
o;sf] ;'wf/sf k|of;sf] gfddf o;nfO{ olt IfoLs/0f ul/of] ls of] ca ef/ y]Ug ;Sg] cj:yfdf
5}g . sd Ifdtf, sd pTk|]l/t, sd a]tg, sd ;'ljwf t/ ;a} sfdsf efu jxg ug{' kg{] cj:yfnfO{
;'wf/ o;n] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 h;nfO{ New Public Passion gfd lbPsf] 5 . of] l;4fGtn]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf s]xL lj/f]wfef; -Paradox_ nfO{ phfu/ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf b]lvPsf lj/f]wfefifx?
Doning more with less motivated staff : :ki6 5 o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf hgzlQmx?nfO{
1fg, ;Lk, j[lQ ;'lglZrttf, ;Ddfg h:tf s'/fsf clej[l4 u/L yk pTkfbsTj a9fpg e"ldsf v]Ng'
kg{]df sd pTk|]/0ff cyf{t\ IfoLs[t efjgfdf hgtfsf c;Lldt cfsf+Iff k"lt{ ug{ k/]sf] 5 h;sf]
sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jsx? Efficiency Trap df kg{] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 .
Undermine the Public Service Ethos: g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts k|hftflGqsL/0f;Fu} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
dfg db{g ug{] / /fhgLlts ;jf{]Rrtf :yflkt ug{] k|rng a9]/ uof] . k~rfotsfndf sd{rf/LtGq
zf;gsf] s]Gb|df lyof] eg] tTkZrft /fhgLltleq / sd{rf/LtGq zf;gaf6 aflx/ /flvb} cfof] h'g
cfh ko{Gt a9\b} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs cfnf]rgfsf] ljifo agfOPsf] 5 o;nfO{ rfx] /fhgLlts
xf]; jf ldl8ofaf6. o;sf] c;n sfo{dfly sd} Wofg lbg] / unt sfo{sf] bf]if ;a} / /fHo ;+oGqsf]
~52~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
sdhf]/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf] eGg] efjgf gful/sdf ;d]t k}bf u/fOPsf] 5 hf] cg'Tk|]/0ffsf] sf/0f klg
xf] .
Trust and Public Service : rfx] gful/s x'g rfx] /fhgLlt1 o;nfO{ ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0fsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfaf6 ljZjf; kfpg] cfwf/ o;sf] sfo{, k|lqmof, ;]jf
k|jfxsf] tf}/ tl/sf, sfo{z}nL, sfo{ 9fFrf, ;fª\u7lgs 5l/tf]kgfaf6 xf] t/ of] ;a}sf] ;fFrf] /fhgLlts
;+oGqdf /xG5 . nf]stGqsf] ljt/0f ug{] u/L o;sf] ;jntf ;Ifdtf k|efjsfl/tf, /fhgLlt /
sd{rf/LtGqlarsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ul/g' k5{ . t/ ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f / gful/s ;]jfsf] dfGotf
ljkl/t o;sf] lelq / jflx/L b'j} jftfj/0f cg's"n b]lvb}g.
Intrinsic motivitation of Public Service: k|fs[lts ¿kd} dflg;sf] :jefj km/s km/s x'G5 .
JolQmsf OR5f cfsf+Iff cfjZostf km/s km/s x'G5g\ . pTk|]/0ffsf ljleGg l;4fGtn] klg :jLsf/
u/]sf] ljifo s] xf] eg] dflg; km/s sf/0fn] pTk|]l/t x'G5g\ . df:nf]sf] zf/Ll/s cfjZostf, ;fdflhs
cfjZostf, cfTd;Ddfgsf] cfjZostfsf >[ª\vnf x'g jf kof{j/0fLo l;4fGtsf cfgf}krfl/s
;DaGwsf] ljifo dflg;n] cfkm\gf] cfTd;DdfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] x'G5 . cem nf]stflGqs zf;g
k|0ffnLdf gful/s ;jf{]Rrtfsf] ljifosf] k"lt{ ug{ :jo+ ;fj{lhlgs ;ª\u7gdf sfo{/t hgzlQmsf]
;Ddfgsf] ljifo ha;Dd :yfg kfpb}g ta;Dd pTk|]l/t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;Dej b]lvb}g. o; tkm{
g]kfnsf] /fHo k|0ffnL k"0f{tM pbfl;g 5 .
g]kfndf pTk|]/0fsf] cj:yf, o;sf] sf/0f, ;fª\u7lgs ;+/rgf / cfjZostfsf ljifox? vf;} dxTj
lbP/ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/df lgwf{/0f x'g] cEof; 5}g . s'g JolQm s'g kbsf] nflu of]Uo
5, s;sf] s] ;Lk, bIftf / Ifdtf 5 Tof] emg cfFsng x'g] ljifo g} /x]g. bn, jfb, cf:yf, ljrf/,
;DaGwsf cfwf/df e"ldsf jf kb kfpg] / pGglt x'g] kl/kfl6 /x];Dd :j-pTk|]l/t x'g] jfx]s jfx\o
jftfj/0f ;xof]u b]lvb}Fg . hgzlQmnfO{ sfo{ pGd'v ug{ pTk|]l/t agfpg] d"n tTjx?sf] vf]hL u/L
cfjZos kxnsbdL lng hlt l9nf] eof] TolQ g} cg'Tkfbs ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] af]em ylkb}F hfg]5 .
pTk|]l/t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nflu ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|fjwfg / ;d]l6g' kg{] ljifox?
;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf / :yfgLo ;]jfsf] sfg'gL k|efj, d"No dfGotf / l;4fGt
:yflkt ug{] ePsfn] tNnf] txdf sfd ug{] sd{rf/Lsf] ;d]t j[lQ, ;]jf, ;'ljwf / nfesf] ;dfgtfdf
Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . ljutsf sfg'gL k|fjwfgdf ePsf / ul/Psf sdhf]/ k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+3Lo lghfdtL
;]jfdfkm{t ;Rofpg cfjZos b]lvG5 . P]gdf ;fdfGotM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLsf k|fjwfgsf
;fy} b]xfosf ljifox? ;+3Lo g]kfn / o;sf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljifodf :ki6 Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
i. lghfdtL ;]jfsf] d"NoM t6:ytf, Joj;flostf, sfg'gL k|lta4tf, kf/blz{tf, lgZkIftf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~53~
ii. lghfdtL ;]jfsf l;4fGtx?M /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, jof{j/0fLo

iii. lghdftL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfM ;+3Lo lghfdtL, k|b]z lghfdtL / :yfgLo ;]jf / o;sf] ;d"xx?sf]
k|fjwfg
iv. lghfdtL ;]jf / /fhgLltlarsf] ;DaGwM sfo{d"nstf, sfo{ :ifK6tf, sfo{ut ;Ldf, sfg'gL
k|fjwfg
v. lghfdtL ;]jfx?larsf] cGt/;DaGwM txut, j[lQut, sfo{ut, ;+/rgfut, gLltut, ;ª\u7gfTds
vi. lghfdtL ;]jfsf] pTk|]/0ffsf cfwf/ / pkfox?M :ki6 j[lQky, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] lglZrttf,
sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df d"Nof+sg, sfo{jftfj/0f, cfw'lgstf, sfo{;+:s[lt, g]t[Tj ljsf;
vii. ;dfof]lht sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkgM j[lQ, ;]jf ;'ljwf, ;dfgtf, Ps?ktf, ;Ddfg
lg:sif{
cGtdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ldof]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;du| ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ug{]
/ ;/sf/sf] b]lvg] d'xf/ klg oxL ;]jf ePsfn] o;sf] pTk|]/0ffn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .
of] gLlt sfof{Gjog dfq x}g gLlt lgdf{0fstf{ klg xf] . ;"rgf, cg'ej, lj1tf, of]Uotfsf] sf/0f
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf lalzi6 of]ubfg / e"ldsf klg 5 t/ klg ;]jfsf ;fdfGo :yflkt l;4fGtsf]
k|of]udf ;d]t sdL, /fhgLlt / sd{rf/Llarsf] z+sfsf] ;DaGw, cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] cefj, j[lQ
k|0ffnLdf clglZrttf, 1fg;Lk / of]Uotfsf] ;fGble{s ljsf;sf] sdL, sfo{jftfj/0f / ljZjf;df
IfoLs/0f, /fhgLlts ckgTj x|f;, x:tIf]ksf/L gLlt, ljrf/df ljeflht ;ª\u7gsf] sf/0f g]kfnsf]
lghfdtL nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 tyflk lgZkIf 5gf}6, ;]jf ;'/Iff,
clwsf/sf] pkof]u, dfg;Ddfg, :yfoLTjsf] cj:yfn] cem} ;]jfdf pTk|]/0ff ar]v'r]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf /fHosf] ;]jfsf] xf] / of] /fHosf] ljsf; nIo k"/f ug{ g} :yflkt ul/g] ePsfn]
o;df /x] ePsf lj/f]wfef;sf] cGTo u/L ljZjf;do / k|]ddo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] :yfkgf cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
Atkinson, J.W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.
Civil Service Act, 2049 and Regulations 2050 with amendmends. Nepal Kanoon
kitab Bikash Samiti, Kathmandu
Escaping the Efficiency Trap—and Finding Some Peace of Mind.. The Wall Street
Journel- By Oliver BurkemanAug. 6, 2021 11:12 am ET
Farwell, L., & Weiner, B. (1996). Self-perception of fairness in individual and group
~54~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 867-881.
Lennox, James, “Darwinism”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
(Fall 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.
edu/archives/fall2019/entries/darwinism/>.
Madsen, K. B. 1974. Modern theories of motivation: A comparative metascientific
study. John Wiley & Sons
New Public Management. 2018. to New Public Passion Restoring the intrinsic
motivation of public officials’. UNDP. www.undp.org
Theory of Motivation by Abrham Maslow,
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York:
Springer Verlag.
Weiner, B. (1992). Human motivation: Metaphors, theories, and research. Newbury
Park, CA.: Sage.
Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social
conduct. New York: Guilford.
Weiner, B., & Kukla, A. (1970). An attributional analysis of achievement motivation.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 1-20.
Weiner, B., Graham, S., & Reyna, C. (1997). An attributional examination of
retributive versus utilitarian philosophies of punishment. Social Justice Research,
10, 431-452.
cfrfo{ hogf/fo0f -@)&&_ ;ª\u7gdf g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsf . sd{rf/L, g]kfn sd{rf/L o'lgog ;+3,
s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .
zdf,{ d'/nL k|;fb -@)$&_ jt{dfg tnj :s]n;Fu hf]l8Psf k|Zgx?, k|zf;g, jif{ @@, cÍ !,
k"0ff{Í %( sflt{s @)$&, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, sf7df8f}+} .

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~55~
cGt/ ;/sf/ ;DaGw M ‌g]kfnsf]

Joj:yf / cEof;
OGb' l3ld/]
;x;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ ljleGg txdf ljefhg u/]/ zf;g ;~rfng ug{] k|rng
/fHosf] pTklt;u} ePsf] kfOG5 . /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ s'g} Ps lgsfo jf txdf dfq /fv]/ zf;g
;~rfng ubf{ To:tf] lgsfo jf JolQm lg/s'+z x'g] tyf /fHosf] clwsf/ / ;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u x'g]
;DefjgfnfO{ x]/]/ g} /fHosf] zlQmnfO{ ljleGg txdf ljefhg u/]/ /fHo ;~rfng ul/G5 .
cGt/;/sf/ ;DaGwn] ljz]if u/]/ /fHosf] zlQmsf] ljefhg ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf] cl:tTj /
ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf] sfo{;~rfngdf cGt/lge{/tf tyf låkIfLo ;DaGw /xg] ljifonfO{ :jLsf/
ub{5 . o:tf] ;DaGw vf; u/]/ ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf qmddf x'g] c;dfGh:otf, Over
Lap , bf]xf]/f]kgf sd ug{ tyf hgtfsf] glhssf] lgsfo jf txnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu
sfod ul/G5 . o:tf] ;DaGwsf nflu ljleGg b]zn] ljleGg k|sf/sf k|lqmof, ;+/rgf, lgod, tyf
;+:yfut dfWodx?sf] Joj:yf u/L cGt/lqmof tyf låkIfLo ;DaGwnfO{ hLljt /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
h'g;'s} zf;g k|0ffnL ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos o:tf] cGt/;DaGwn] sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu
OGwgsf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 . o;y{ ;/sf/larsf] ;DaGw x/]s ;/sf/sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{;~rfngsf]
u|Lh -Lubricant_ xf] , hLjGt cEof; xf] . o:tf] cEof; ;+ljwfg ,sfg'g tyf k|of]u åf/f kl/rflnt
x'G5 . o:tf] ;DaGw k/Dk/fut ?kdf cf}krfl/s tyf ;+:yfut dfWodaf6 dfq ;~rflnt x'G5 eGg]
dfGotf lyof] t/ ljZjJofkL zf;gsf] cEof;n] ubf{ o:tf] cGt/;DaGw cgf}krfl/s tyf ‍cf}krfl/s
dfWodsf] k|of]uaf6 :yflkt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
l;4fGtx?
;xof]u
/fHosf zlQmsf] af8kmfF8 Watertight x'g g;Sg] tyf ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf sfo{x? Ps cfk;df
cGt/lge{/ tyf cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf x'G5g\ . sltko sfo{x? ;/sf/x?n] k|efjsfl/tf tyf bIftfsf
nflu ;+o'Qm ?kdf ug{' kg{] kg{] xG5 . To;}n] ;/sf/ ;/sf/ larsf] Ps cfk;sf] ;DaGw t zf;g
;~rfngsf] Ps dfWod xf] of] nIo xf]Og, nIo t hgtfsf] ;jf{kl/ lxtsf] xf] . To;}n] h'g;'s} zf;g
k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf Ps txsf] dfq ;+nUgtfj6 ;Dej gx'g] ljifo gf}nf] xf]Og .
~56~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;xcl:tTj
ljleGg txsf ;/sf/x? Ps ;du| k|0ffnL leqsf cjojx? x'g . o:tf cjojx?sf] cl:tTj
Ps cfk;df ufFl;Psf] x'G5 . s'g} Pp6f cjojsf] dfqsf] k|efjsfl/tfn] ;du|tfdf k|efjsfl/tf
Nofpg ;Sb}g . ;a}n] ;a}sf] cl:tTj :jLsf/ ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq ;j}sf] enf] / lxt x'G5 .
Ps csf{sf] sfo{If]qsf] ;Ddfg / :jLsfo{tf hlt hlt j9fpg ;lsG5 Tolt g} ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf]
k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ;lsG5 .
;dGjo
cfk;L ;dGjoaf6 g} ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf ljleGg ultljlwdf ;fdGh:otf tyf k|efjsfl/tf
sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] ;dGjo ;Dks{ tyf :yflkt ljlwaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dGjo ljgf ljleGg
txsf sfo{x? PsfÍL ?kdf ;~rfng ubf{ sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf hgtfx? ;d]t c;fdGHo:otfdf
kg{ hfG5g\ . ;dGjonfO{ u/]/ b]vfpg] :y"n ljifoeGbf klg cg'e"lt / cfk;L ljZjf;sf] s;Ldf /x]/
x]g{ ;lsG5 . of] o:tf] ljifo xf] h;n] ;w} / ;a} txdf 7f8f] tyf ;dfgfGt/ ;DaGwdf lg/Gt/tf
rfxG5 . cGt/;DaGwdf /Qm;~rf/ ug{] dfWod eg]s} cfk;L ;dGjo xf] .
cfofdx?
7f8f] ( Vertical) cGt/;DaGw txut ?kdf (dflyb]lv tn / tnb]lv dfly x'g] ) sfod x'G5 . of]
;DaGwdf txut?kdf ul/G5 . o;df To:tf ljifosf] lardf ;DaGw ul/G5 hf] b'O{ txsf] ;/sf/
larsf] ;DaGw / ;xsfo{n] ;dfwfg x'G5g\ . c? ;dfg :t/df ;dGjo ug{] cfjZostf /xb}g .
;dfgfGt/ ( Horizontal) (;dfg txsf ;/sf/ lar) ljleGg ultljlwdf ;dfg :t/sf ;/sf/ larsf]
sfo{ ;DaGw / ;dGjo cfjZos /xG5 . ;dfgfGt/ ;DaGw 7f8f] cGt/;DaGw t'ngfdf ;xh ?kdf
ug{ ;lsG5 .To:tf k|sf/sf cGt/;DaGwsf nflu klg ljleGg gLlt tyf ;+/rgfx?sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
If]qut cGt/;DaGw ( Sectorial) s'g} Ps txsf] s'g} ljifout If]qdf csf{ txsf] ;/sf/sf] jf ;dfg
txsf] ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo cfjZos kg{] x'G5 o:tf] cj:yfdf If]qut ;DaGw sfod ug{'
kg{] x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] Joj:yf
g]kfndf cGt/ ;/sf/ ;DaGwsf] rrf{ ;+l3otf kl5 ul/Ptfklg o:tf] cGt/;DaGw PsfTds zf;g
k|0ffnLdf ;d]t ;fGble{s lyof] / /xG5 . PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLdf h:tf] ;+3Lotfdf ljleGg txsf
;/sf/sf] ;DaGw ;f]kfgdf cfwfl/t tyf s'g} Ps ;/sf/ s'g} ;/sf/sf] cGtu{t gx'g] dfGotfn] ubf{
o:tf] ;DaGw ;+3Lotfdf a9L rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;ljwfgn] ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf] Psn tyf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~57~
clwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof ;femf clwsf/sf If]qdf ;/sf/ larsf] cGt/;DaGw ljgf
s'g} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g dfq xf]Og k|foM c;Dej 5 t/ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf Psn
clwsf/sf ljifo / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cEof;nfO{ x]bf{ Psn clwsf/sf If]qdf ;d]t cGt/;DaGw
lagf Psn clwsf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g /x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . xfnsf] l:ylt x]bf{ g]kfndf ljleGg
;/sf/sf lardf cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ?kdf cGt/;DaGw sfod ug{] k|of; ePsf] blvG5 .
cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx?, sfg'gL k|fjwfgx?, cf}krfl/s ;+/rgf, k|zf;lgs Joj:yf
cflbnfO{ cGt/ ;DaGwsf] dfWodsf] ?kdf k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 eg] cgf}krfl/s ?kdf jftf{,
5nkmn, e]63f6, cGt/lqmof, ;~rf/ dfWoddf cGt/jftf{, 6]lnkmf]g, kmf]/dx?sf] u7g, e|d0f cfbfg
k|bfg cflb h:tf dfWodnfO{ a9L k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 .
cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/x?
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg Pjd\ sfg'g tyf ljleGg cEof;nfO{ xfn;Ddsf] l:yltnfO{ lgofNbf o;sf] cfwf/
x?nfO{ ;fdfGotof o;/L ljZn]sif0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+j}wflgs tyf /fhg}lts ;DaGwdf /x]/ x]bf{ wf/f @#! df ;+3Lo sfg'g g]kfne/ / k|b]z sfg'g
k|b]ze/ jf cfjZostfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'g} If]qdf dfq nfu' x'g] / k|b]z sfg'g cfjZostfcg';f/
k|b]zsf] s'g} If]qdf dfq nfu' x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;+3 / k|b]z larsf] Joj:yfksLo cGt/;DaGwsf]
?kdf x]/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f @#@ df tLg txsf] ;DaGw ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj, ;dGjosf] l;4fGtdf
cfwfl/t /xg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 t/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf / k|b]zx? lar ;dGjo
sfod ug{'kg{] ljifodf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ cfb]z lbg ;Sg] / o;/L lbPsf] cfb]z kfngf ug{'
kg{] u/L s]xL k|ltaGwfTds Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
o:t} u/L wf/f @## df Ps k|b]zn] csf{] k|b]zsf] sfg'g jf Goflos Pjd\ k|zf;sLo lg0f{o jf
cfb]zsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u, cfk;L rf;f]sf] ljifodf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg, hFxf a;]sf] afl;Gbf eP
klg To:tf afl;GbfnfO{ ;'/Iff / ;dfg ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg' kg{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
;+;bsf] dflyNnf] ;bgdf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] hgk|ltlglwn] r'g]sf k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf 5
h;n] ubf{ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf k|ltlglwsf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/df ;d]t lx:;f /x]sf] 5 . cGt/;DaGwsf]
nflu o;nfO{ alnof] cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
k|zf;lgs tyf ljsf; of]hgfsf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/nfO{ x]bf{ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf]
nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;+oGq tof/ ul/lbg] u/L ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z nf]s
;]jf cfof]u k|b]zsf] Psn clwsf/ If]qdf /x]sf] ePtf klg k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgfsf] nflu
cfjZos dfkb08 ;+l3o ;+;bn] agfpg] u/L ;ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] klg ;+l3otfdf
sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu /xg' kg{] ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf aLr ;d?ktf tyf ;fDgHo:otfsf
~58~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] ljsf;sf nflu
:yfgLo txsf] sd{rf/L k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 5gf}6 x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
:yfgLo txsf] ljsf; gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;+3Lo tyf k|b]zsf] ljsf; of]hgf;Fu tfnd]n x'g'kg{], k|b]z
tyf ;+3Lo of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf :yfgLo txn] ;dGjo tyf ;xof]u ug{'kg{], :yfgLo txsf] jflif{s
jh]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'df ug{sf nflu k|b]z tyf ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] dfu{bz{g tyf /fli6«o tyf k|b]zsf]
k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t eO{ :yfgLo txn] cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'
kg{] u/L jh]6sf] l;lnË k7fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
ljQLo ;DaGwdf /x]/ x]bf{ ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo clwsf/ ;"rLsf ljifodf / cGo ljlQo clwsf/sf
ljifodf gLlt dfkb08 tyf sfg'gx? agfpg] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txn] jh]6 agfpg] ldlt ;+3Lo
P]gjdf]lhd x'g] u/L Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx tyf k|b]zaf6
:yfgLo txn] ljleGg cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] (ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg, ;;t{ cg'bfg, ljz]if cg'bfg,
;dk"/s cg'bfg) Joj:yfn] ljQLo cGt/lge{/tf tyf cGt/;DaGwnfO{ alnof] jgfPsf] 5 .
k|b]z tyf :ygLo txn] th{'df ug{] cly{s tyf ljQLo gLlt, cfo ;ª\sng tyf cfosf] hDdf ljlw,
cg'bfg vr{, n]vf tyf vr{ ljlw ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfg'g tyf gLltjdf]lhd x'g] u/L Joj:yf u/]/
Plss[t lx;fa tyf ljQLo ljj/0f tof/ ug{ ;lsg] u/L ljlQo cGt/;DaGwnfO{ yk Jojl:yt ul/Psf]
5.
;DaGwsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ ljleGg txsf clwsf/sf ljifodf ljjfb
ePdf ;dfwfg ug{ ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; u7g ug{] tyf ;+3 / k|b]z tyf k|b]z k|b]z lar pTkGg x'g
;Sg] /fhlglts ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu wf/f @#$ cGt/ k|b]z kl/ifb u7g ug{] k|fjwfg /x]sf]
5 . o;df k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf u[x dGqL – ;b:o g]kfn ;/sf/sf cy{dGqL – ;b:o
;DalGwt k|b]zsf d'VodGqL – ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx (;dGjo tyf cGt/;DaGw ) P]g, @)&& n] k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lar jf
k|b]z k|b]zleqsf] PseGbf a9L lhNnfleqsf :yfgLo tx lar ;dGjo jf cGt/;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{sf nflu k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] u7g ug{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 o;df d'VodGqL – cWoIf, k|b]z
;/sf/sf] cfly{s dfldnf;DaGwL ljifosf] sfo{If]q /x]sf] dGqL- ;b:o, k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s
dfldnf;DaGwL ljifosf] sfo{If]q /x]sf] dGqL - ;b:o, k|b]z ;/sf/sf] k|d'v ;lrj – ;b:o, k|b]zleqsf
ufpF sfo{kflnsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIf, gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'v / lhNnf ;dGjo
;ldltsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'v dWo]af6 slDtdf Ps ltxfO dlxnf;xLt ;dfj]zL l;4fGtjdf]lhd k|To]s
lhNnfaf6 Pshgfsf] b/n] d'VodGqLn] tf]s]sf JolQm – ;b:o k|b]z d'VodGqLsf] sfof{nosf ;lrj-
;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o;} u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlarsf] ;dGjo tyf cGt/;DaGw Jojl:yt
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~59~
ug{ /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] u7g ;d]t ug{] u/L ;f] P]gn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;df k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{dGqL- ;b:o g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqL – ;b:o
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[xdGqL- ;b:o g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+3Lo dfdnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL – ;b:o
k|b]z ;/sf/sf d'Vo dGqLx?- ;b:o k|ltlglw ;efsf] ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;+3Lo
;+;bsf] ;b:o - ;b:o ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIf, gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf cWoIf jf
pkk|d'v / lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'vsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtjdf]lhd
k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf slDtdf ltghgf dlxnf;xLt k|To]s k|b]zaf6 Pshgfsf] b/n] ;fthgf – ;b:o
/xg] u/L P]gn] :yfoL ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:t} u/L cGt/;DaGwsf] ;/rgfut Joj:yfdf
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf cGt/;/sf/ ljQLo kl/ifb,
ljifout ;ldlt tyf cfjZostfcg';f/ /fli6«o ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt;d]t cGt/;DaGw
sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;+oGq x'G5 .
sfof{Gjogsf] s;Ldf x]bf{
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ clxn] g} cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifo / o;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ d"Nofsg ug{' Tolt Gofo
;+ut gxf]nf . t/ laxfgLn] lbgsf] ;+s]t ub{5 eg] h:t} s]xL ;+s]tx? cfO;s]sf 5g\ . ;fdfGotofM
o;/L x]bf{ g]kfndf cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfsf] k|of]uaf6eGbf cgf}krfl/s ;DaGw / cGt/lqmofaf6
cGt/;DaGwsf cfofdx? cufl8 a9]sf] cg'e"lt w}/}n] u/]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df ljZn]if0f ubf{
s]xL ‍cf}krfl/s pknlJwx? ePsf 5g\ . h;df ;femf clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLsf]
sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f k|ltb]g tof/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . cGt/;/sf/ ljQLo Joj:yfkg P]g, :yfgLo ;/sf/
;~rfng P]g . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx (;dGjo tyf cGt/;DaGw ) P]g
h;df ;DaGwsf cfwf/ tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf], ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] ;+ljwfgsf]
dd{cg';f/ k'gM ;+/rgf tyf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg, ljleGg s/ ;ª\sng, /fh:jsf] jf8kmfF8 tyf
cg'bfgx?sf] Joj:yf, cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfx?sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/;/sf/ ;DaGw M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
jf:tjdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'gx?n] Joj:yfkg ug{
;s]sf 5}gg\\ jf k|zf;lgs cGt/;DaGwsf] cfjZostf g} ;Dem]gg\ . sfnfGt/df k|zf;gsf] cGt/
;DaGwsf] cfjZostfn] kSs} klg g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjgdf cefj vl8\sg] 5 / l9n} eP
klg o;sf] Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 . ;dfGotofM cGt/;/sf/ ;DaGwdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] e"ldsfnfO{
xfnsf] k|of]usf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/df o;/L ljj]rgf ug{ ;lsG5 . h;df ;"rgfsf] cfbfg k|bfg,
;dfgfGt/ txdf cgf}krfl/s ;DaGwsf] ljsf;, ljleGg ;+/rgfx?sf] j}7s tof/L tyf k|ltj]bg,
;"rgf tyf tYox?sf] ;ª\sng, /fhg}lts kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;dodf g} ljleGg txdf p7]sf jf p7\g
~60~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;Sg] d'2fx?sf] hfgsf/L, cfj4tf tyf ;ª\u7g k|ltsf] k|lta4tf ljleGg cgf}krfl/s kmf]/dx?df
cfj4tf tyf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg, If]qflwsf/ cg's"nsf gLlt tyf sfg'gsf] d:of}bf ;dodf g}
ug{] If]qflwsf/ / ;dGjosf] ;DaGwdf ;do ;dodf /fhg}lts kbflwsf/L;Fu 5nkmn ug{] cflb
Joj:yfnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
s]xL d'4fx?M
x/]s txsf] ;/sf/n] dx;'; u/]sf] hNbf]aNbf] ;d:ofsf ?kdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg /x]sf] 5 .
hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ;a}eGbf vl8\sPsf] tyf k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txn] x/]s
kmf]/dx?df p7fPsf] ljifo xf] . ;a} k|b]zdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g eP tfklg ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf
P]g aGg g;Sbf k|b]zx?n] ;d]t k|b]z lghfdtL P]g th{'df tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf ;d]t u7g ug{
;ls/x]sf 5}gg\\ h;n] ubf{ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?n] k"0f{ ?kdf sfd ug{ kfO/x]sf] 5}gg\\ s]xL k|b]z
nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?n] k|fljlws ljwfsf / ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/L dfq egf{ ug{] k|lqmof yfn]sf 5g\ .
nfdf] ;dob]lv k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x?
cj?4 ePsf 5g\ . :yfgLo txx? sd{rf/L cefjnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] k|d'v sf/s dflg/x]sf 5g\
/ rfx] cg'?k ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .
;+3Lo ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf b/jGbL ;+/rgf tyf kbx? / ;+ljwfg k|bQ
If]qflwsf/ lar s'g} tfnd]n g/x]sf] ljifo p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .csf{]lt/ ;+3Lo ;/sf/ eg] k|b]z tyf
:yfgLotxn] ;[hgf u/]sf b/jGbL tyf kbx?nfO{ btf{ gu/]/ u}/sfg'gL /x]sf] elg/x]sf] 5 .
;femf clwsf/sf ljifodf sfg'g gaGbf sltko cfjZos sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug{ gkfP/ k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txx?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf cf}nf 78\ofpg] cj:yf cfPsf] eg]/ xf/u'xf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
o;}u/L k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] df}lns cfjZostf tyf of]hgf / jh]6 larsf] tfbfTDotf gePsf]
ljifo Psflt/ 5 eg] ;|f]t lagfsf of]hgf x:tfGt/0f u/]/ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf cw'/f of]hgfx?
o;} cnkq k/]sf 5g\ . ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo of]hgfsf] juL{s/0f gu/]sf] sf/0fn] of]hgfdf
bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b'?kof]u j9]sf] u'gf;f] cfO/x]sf] 5 . a]jfl/;] of]hgfsf] ;ª\Vof j9]sf]
5 . sfd / ;|f]tsf] ;DaGw, cg'bfgsf] c+z, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]j[lQ, PsLs[teGbf If]qut / :yfgut
dgf]j[lQ, ;du|eGbf ;+:yfut ;f]rfO, d a:bf;Dd eGg] efjgf, ;DklQ tyf bfloTjsf] x:tfGt/0f, Pp6f
ejg agfpg;d]t hUufsf] nflu jiff{} s'g{' kg{] tyf w]/} ;+:yf tyf ;dfgfGt/ ;ª\u7g agfpg] xf]8jfhL
rn]sf] 5 .
oL / o:tf ljifon] g]kfnsf] ;+3Lotfsf] nflu ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf cGt/;DaGwsf cfwf/x?
tyf P]gn] sNkgf u/]sf ;DaGwsf cfwf/x?sf] k|of]udf xfdL st} r'ls/x]sf t 5}gf} eGg] ljifo
cg'dfg nufpg s'g} lj1tfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h:tf] nfUb}g .cfjZostfn] dflg;nfO{ cfkm\gf] g}lts
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~61~
;Ldf gf£g jfWo u/fpFb5 eg] h:t} ljleGg txsf ;/sf/sf nflu cGt/;DaGwsf] dfWodaf6 ul/g]
sfo{ lhDd]jf/Lsf ljifodf ;dodf g} ;a} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? kl/rfng u/]/ lgsf; lgsfNg] tkm{
a]n}df k|of; ul/Pg eg] st} dflg;nfO{ ;Ldf gf£g afWo eP h:t} ;/sf/x? klg st} o:tf] cEof;df
nfUg] lbg gcfcf];\ eGg dfq ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@
Xiongdi .Lin,”The New Vision of the Adjustment of the Intergovernmental Relation:
From Rank System Pattern to Network Pattern”,2007
Mbuthi .G,” Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Case Study of its Application
to Intergovernmental Disputes in Kenya”,2019
Walts Rl,” Comparing Federal Systems, Institute of Intergovernmental Relation,”2008
Edwards T,” Key challenges of improving intergovernmental relations at local sphere: a
capacity building perspective,” 2008

~62~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|b]zdf /fh:j kl/rfng tyf vr{

Joj:yfkgM ;d:of / ;dfwfg Ps ljZn]if0f
pQ/s'df/ vqL
;x;lra, g]kfn ;/sf/
k[i7e"ld
nf]stGqsf] nfef+z hgtf ;dIf glhs uP/ ljt/0f ug{] d'Vo p4]Zon] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg'¿k
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cg'z/0f u/]jdf]lhd ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/ / ;femf clwsf/sf]
ljifodf ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLdf :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L tLg txsf] -;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_
;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf tof/ eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] klg em08} rf/ jif{ JotLt eO;]s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rLdf pNn]lvt Psn clwsf/ / ;femf clwsf/x?nfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 x'g] u/L
g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . clxn] ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] klg rf/
jif{ JotLt ePsf] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg'¿k /fh:j kl/rfng tyf vr{ Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbe{df eP
u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] ;dLIff u/L b]lvPsf sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ;'wf/ ub{} cufl8 a9\g'kg{] ;do
cfO{;s]sf] 5 .
k|b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg, ljQLo Joj:yfkg, /fh:j ;ª\sng, cg'bfg Joj:yfkg,
/fh:j jfF8kmfF8 To;sf] pkof]u, cfly{s ljsf;, k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cNksflng / bL3{sfnLg vr{
Joj:yfkg ug{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgjdf]lhd ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg'?k 5'§} lgsfo/;+/rgf cfly{s dfldnf
tyf of]hgf dGqfnonfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/af6 xfn;Dd rf/ cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 :jLs[t
eO { sfof{Gjogdf NofO{;s]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ;ft j6} k|b]zx?af6 ;|f]tsf] k|flKt,
ljlgof]hg, jfF8kmfF8 / vr{ tyf ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] sfo{ klg eO/x]sf] 5 .
k|To]s jif{ jflif{s ah]6df dxTjsf+IfL cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx? ;|f]tn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L 5g{] k|j[lQn]
k|b]zdf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ yk r'gf}tL b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . clxn] Psftkm{ ;+3df :yflkt ;+/rgfx?sf]
gSsn ub{} Pskl5 csf{] ;+/rgf k|b]zdf ;d]t :yfkgf ug{] sfo{ tLa| a9]sf] 5 eg] csf{] tkm{
/fhgLlts efue08f ldnfpg dGqfno jf cGo ;+/rgf yk ug{] k|j[lQn] ubf{ ;f]xLcg'¿k sd{rf/Lsf]
b/jGbL / ;ª\Vof yk x'Fbf rfn' vr{ qmdzM cfsfl;bf] 5 / of] qmd s]xL jif{ kl5 emg sxfln+bf] x'g]
b]lvG5 . kmn:j¿k hgtfsf] glhs uP/ ;]jf ljt/0f u/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;eGbf
rfn' vr{sf] clgjfo{ bfloTj e'Qmfg ug{ d} k|b]zsf] ;|f]t ;Lldt x'g uO{ k|b]z ;/sf/ cf}lrTo dfly
g} k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~63~
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yfM

g]kfndf ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogdf cfP kZrft\ tLg txsf] ;/sf/, 5'§f5'§} clwsf/, ;femf
clwsf/, ljQLo x:tfGt/0f, /fh:j afF8kmfF6 tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf cg'bfgx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ s]xL
;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ljleGg cg';"rLx?,
!= cg';"rL–% df ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rL,
cg';"rL–^ df k|b]zsf] clwsf/ ;"rL,
cg';"rL–* df :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ ;"rL,
cg;"rL–& df ;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/ ;"rL,
cg';"rL–( df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rL,
@= /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u P]g, @)&$ / lgodfjnL, @)&^
#= cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$
k|:t't ;+j}wflgs sfg'gL / gLltut Joj:yfsf] clwgdf /xL ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;|f]t kl/rfng
tyf vr{ Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L of] n]vdf d"ntM k|b]z;Fu hf]l8Psf ljifox?df hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 .
k|b]zdf ;|f]tsf cfwf/x?M
!= ljQLo x:tfGt/0f dfkm{tsf] ;|f]t kl/rfngM
k|b]zsf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] nflu xfn ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg, /fh:j afF8kmfF6 / /f]oN6L tyf ;+3Lo
;/sf/af6 ljQLo x:tf/0fdfkm{t ;;t{, ;dk"/s / ljz]if cg'bfgdfkm{t ;|f]t Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf]
5.
ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfgM
g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]z / :yfgLotxsf] vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:j Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df /fli6«o
k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z / :yfgLotxnfO{ ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg
ljt/0f ug{] ub{5 .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt cg'bfg / cfkm\gf] ;|f]taf6 p7]sf] /fh:jnfO{ k|b]zn] k|b]ze/sf :yfgLo
txsf] vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:j Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t
tyf ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]zn] :yfgLotxnfO{ ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg ljt/0f ug{]
ul/sf] 5 .
~64~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
/fh:j afF8kmfF6M
/fh:j afF8kmfF6 cGtu{t d"No clej[4s/ / cGtMz'Nssf] afF8kmfF6 ug{] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf]df
g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z / :yfgLotx lar d"No clej[l4s/ / cfGtl/s pTkfbgaf6 p7]sf] cGtMz'Ns
/sd ;+3Lo ljefHosf]ifdfkm{t qmdzM g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z / :yfgLotxnfO{ ;Q/L, kG„ / kG„
k|ltztsf b/n] afF8kmfF6 u/L ;|f]tnfO{ Joj:yfkg ul/b}F cfPsf] 5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L afF8kmfF6M
k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 /f]oN6L /sd g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z / :yfgLotx lar Psd'i6 ¿kdf ljefHosf]ifdf
hDdf u/L ;f]xL sf]ifdfkm{t ¿kdf afF8kmfF6 u/L jflif{s ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 .
;;t{ cg'bfgM
g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]z jf :yfgLotx jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfcg';f/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]un] tf]ssf] cfwf/jdf]lhd k|b]z tyf :yfgLo
txnfO{ ;;t{ cg'bfg k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;;t{ cg'bfg k|bfg ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;t{ tf]Sg ;Sg] / o:tf] ;t{ k|b]z / :yfgLotxn] kfngf
;d]t ug{'kb{5 . o;}u/L k|b]zn] klg :yfgLotxnfO{ ;;t{ cg'bfg k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
;dk"/s cg'bfgM
g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL s'g} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dk"/s cg'bfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;dk"/s cg'bfg k|bfg
ug{] cfwf/ lgDgjdf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
s_ of]hgfsf] ;defJotf,
v_ of]hgfsf] nfut,
u_ of]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmn jf nfe,
3_ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] ljQLo tyf ef}lts Ifdtf tyf hgzlQm,
ª_ of]hgfsf] cfjZostf / k|fydLstf .
o;}u/L k|b]zn] klg sfg'gjdf]lhd :yfgLo txnfO{ ;dk"/s cg'bfg k|bfg ub{5 / o:tf] cg'bfg
of]hgfsf] nfe nfutsf] cg'kftdf k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if cg'bfgM
g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgDg p2]Zo /fvL k|b]z :yfgLotxaf6 ;~rfng x'g] s'g} vf; of]hgfsf nflu
ljz]if cg'bfg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~65~
s_ lzIff :jf:Yo vfg]kfgL h:tf cfwf/e"t ;]jfsf] ljsf; / cfk"lt{ ug{],

v_ cGt/ k|b]z jf cGt/ :yfgLo txsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug{],
u_ cfly{s ;fdflhs jf cGo s'g} k|sf/n] lje]bdf k/]sf] ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] pTyfg jf ljsf;
ug{] .
o;}u/L k|b]zn] :yfgLo txnfO{ k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd ljz]if cg'bfg k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf]
5.
o;/L k|fKt cg'bfgx? k|b]zdf ;|f]t Joj:yfkgs] nflu xfnsf] ljQLo x:tfGt/0f cGtu{t k|b]znfO{
k|fKt x'g] ;;t{ cg'bfgaf6 ;~rflnt cfof]hgf zL3| ;DkGg u/L ;;t{ cg'bfgnfO{ qmdzM x6fpFb}
ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfgsf] c+zdf j[l4 ug{' kb{5 .
@= k|b]zsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngM
;+ljwfgcg'¿k k|b]z ;/sf/sf] Psn clwsf/ / ;femf clwsf/ ;"rL cGtu{tsf ;|f]tsf] vf]hL u/L
;|f]t ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]tfklg clxn];Dd k|b]zx?af6 gu0o ¿kdf dfq cfGtl/s
;|f]t kl/rfng u/]sf 5g\ . xfn k|b]zsf] cfGtl/s /fh:jsf] nflu of]ubfg ug{] k|d'v ;|f]tx?
b]xfojdf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ª\sng tyf ljlqm z'Ns -bxQ/ axQ/ z'Ns – 9'Ëf, lu6L, afn'jfsf] pTvgg tyf
ljlqm z'Ns_
;jf/L ;fwg s/
3/ hUuf /lh:6«];g s/
dgf]/~hg s/
lj1fkg s/
ko{6g z'Ns
s[lif cfodf nfUg] s/
k|b]zsf] ;+/rgf gofF ePsf] tyf cfGtl/s ;|f]t ;ª\sng ug{] cEof; klg ;'¿jftL r/0fd} ePsfn]
k|b]zsf] s/ ;ª\sng ug{] Ifdtf / s/ k|zf;g b'a} sdhf]/ x'Fbf cfGtl/s ;|f]t cfzfltt ¿kdf
;ª\sng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o;}u/L cfkm}df s/ ;ª\sng ug{] Ifdtf / s/ k|zf;g cem} sdhf]/
ePsf] :yfgLotx;Fu ;d]t lge{/ /xg'kg{] sfg'gL Joj:yfn] ubf{ cfGtl/s ;|f]t Hofb} Go"g dfq
;ª\sng ePsf] 5 . k|b]znfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;|f]tdWo] ;jf/L ;fwg s/ / s[lif cfodf nfUg] s/sf]
xsdf k|b]zn] ;f7L k|ltzt lng] / :yfgLotxnfO{ rfln; k|ltzt afF8kmfF6 ug{] sfg'gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 eg] cGo ;|f]tsf] xsdf :yfgLotxn] ;f7L k|ltzt / k|b]znfO{ rfln; k|ltzt jfF8kmfF6
ug{] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
~66~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;ª\sng / ljlqm z'Ns Pjd\ jg k}bfj/dfdf k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] eP klg ;ª\sng
ug{ Ifdtf tyf If]qflwsf/sf] :ki6tf gePsfn] Hofb} gu0o ¿kdf dfq k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . k|fs[lts
;|f]t ;ª\sng tyf ljlqm z'Ns vf;u/L 9'+uf, lu6L / afn'jfsf] pTvgg / lalqm z'Ns :yfgLo
txaf6 ;ª\sng x'g] :yfgLo txn] ^) k|ltzt /fVg] / k|b]znfO{ $) k|ltzt lbg] u/L Joj:yfkg
eO/x]sf] 5 .t/ of] ;|f]tsf] ;xL k|flKt / pkof]u x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . Psftkm{ of] ;|f]tsf] htfefjL
pTvggn] ubf{ k|fs[lts jftfj/0f ljgf; eO{ k|sf]k pTkGg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{]tkm{ /fhgLlts
cf8 / ansf] e/df s]xL ;Lldt JolQmx?sf ks8df r'xfj6 x'g uO{ Go"g z'Ns dfq k|fKt x'g]
u/]sf] 5 .
;jf/L ;fwg s/ ;ª\sng ug{ k/Dk/fut k4lt tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] e/kbf{] k|of]u ug{ g;lsPsf]n]
ubf{ Psftkm{ s/ ltg{]x?sf nflu l9nf;':tL / emGeml6nf] k4lt tyf csf{]tkm{ r'xfj6 / ljs[lt
/ lj;+ult b]lvPsf 5g\ .
ko{6g z'Nssf] xsdf klxnf] b'O{ jif{ sfo{If]qdf cndn eof] eg] kl5Nnf jif{x?df of] If]q
sf]le8–!( n] k|ToIf k|efljt eO{ w/f;foL g} aGof] . ko{6g z'Ns ;ª\sng g} x'g ;s]g .
o;}u/L 3/ hUuf /lh:6«];g s/ klg ;xL d"NofÍg gx'g] tyf sf/f]jf/ d"Nodf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns
;ª\sng gug{] k|j[lQn] ubf{ oxfF klg r'xfj6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd s[lif cfodf nfUg] s/
;'¿jft g} ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] dgf]/~hg / lj1fkg s/sf] ;'¿jft;Dd ePsf] 5 / o;sf] c+z
Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] 5 .
k|b]zsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfngdf ug{'kg{] ;'wf/x?M
k|b]zsf] cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfngsf nflu ;jf/L ;fwg s/af6 x'g] r'xfj6 / emGeml6nf]
k|lqmofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ cgnfOg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L cgnfOg k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;ª\sng ug{]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] . o;}u/L oftfoft If]qsf] ;jf/L ;fwg s/, z'Ns ;ª\sngnfO{ Jojl:yt
agfpg] . 6«flkms b08, hl/jfgf k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvn x'g] Joj:yf ug{] .
3/hUuf /lh:6«];g z'NsnfO{ sf/f]af/ d"Nodf x'g] Joj:yfsf nflu k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug{] /
sf/f]jf/ d"Nodf sf/f]jf/ gug{]nfO{ s8f sf/jfxL ug{ gLltut Joj:yf ug{] .
/fh:j ;ª\sng ug{] sfof{nox?nfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf nIo tf]Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'sf] ;fy} oftfoft
/ dfnkf]t sfof{nox?df /fh:j r'xfj6 lgoGq0fsf nflu k|f]T;fxgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
:yfgLo txaf6 ;ª\sng x'g] ;femf If]qflwsf/sf s/,z'Ns -gbLhGo, vfgLhGo, df6f]hGo
kbfy{sf] pTvgg tyf ljqmL_ af6 k|fKt x'g] cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg] . o:tf]
z'NsnfO{ oyfy{k/s agfO{ r'xfj6 /f]Sg dfkb08sf] kfngf / cg'udgnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] .
jg k}bfj/af6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf] klxrfg / kl/rfngdfkm{t k|b]zsf] ;|f]t a9fpg] .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~67~
s[lif cfodf s/ nufpg sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{] .

:yfgLo:t/df /]l8of] / 6]lnlehg / ;~rf/ dfWod btf{ gjLs/0f z'Nsdf Wofg lbg] .
ko{6g / kbofqf z'Ns, jg tyf jgk}bfj/ tyf pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ub{} /fh:jsf] cfwf/
a9fpg] .
;/sf/L ;DklQ -;jf/L ;fwg, OSo'kd]G6 cflb_ sf] lnnfd, ef8f cflbaf6 k|fKt x'g] cfosf]
vf]hL ug{] .
dgf]/~hg s/ / lj1fkg s/sf] bfo/f / b/nfO{ Jojl:yt u/L cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] cfwf/ a9fpg] .
k|b]zsf] vr{ Joj:yfkgM
k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ah]6 vr{sf] k|d'v ;|f]t eg]sf] ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] ljQLo x:tfGt/0f g} xf] .
k|b]zaf6 x'g] vr{ Joxf]g{] ;|f]tdf sl/j () k|ltzteGbf a9L ;+3af6 ljQLo x:tfGt/0fdfkm{t k|fKt
x'g] ub{5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg, /fh:j afF8kmfF8 tyf /f]oN6L / ljQLo
x:tfGt/0fdfkm{t ;;t{ cg'bfg, ;dk"/s cg'bfg, ljz]if cg'bfg Pjd\ ;xnufgLdfkm{t k|b]zdf ;|f]t
k|flKt eO/x]sf] 5 .rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( df ;ft j6} k|b]zsf] ljlgof]hg / vr{ Joxf]g{] ;|f]tsf]
tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
k|b]zut ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f -? nfvdf_
k|b]zx?sf] k|b]z k|b]z afudtL u08sL n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b"/ klZrd
hDdf
vr{sf ;|f]tx? g+ ! g+ @ k|b]z k|b]z k|b]z k|b]z k|b]z
ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f *%^&* &#(#$ &*%() &$@@* *)@%& !)!$@! *%$$) %&(%$*
cg'bfg
/fh:j jfF8kmfF6 (*!^^ (&#*( !)!(#! &(@&) ((#$& &$$&& &(^*^ ^#)@^^
/ /f]oN6L
cfGtl/s /fh:j $)(&& @*((! @!%)!) $(*@& *#^@^ ^))) !)*#) $#%@^!
ljljw @@^!# &@%)) (!))) $!))) &)%)) !@($@^ ^&)&& $($!!^
;;t{ cg'bfg %(^&& %%&%@ &(#$^ $!*$# ^@#)# #(*&& $!(## #*)&#!
;dk"/s cg'bfg !!^$* #$^( %&$* *&#^ &@!^ *!#% !@@($ %&@$^
ljz]if cg'bfg %(## %*&( %%*$ %$() ^#$( ^!#) ^!#% $!%))
s"n hDdf #@$^(@ ##&(!$ %&&@)( #))#($ $)(%(* #^%$^^ #)##(% @^!*^^*
;|f]tM k|fb]lzs ah]6 @)&*÷&(
k|b]z ;/sf/sf] k|d'v vr{ Joxf]g{] ;|f]t eg]s} ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 ljlgof]hg x'g] /sd xf] . sl/j ¿
@^! ca{ ljlgof]hgdf em08} ¿ %* ca{ ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg /x]sf] 5 eg] sl/j ¿ $* ca{ ljQLo
~68~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
x:tfGt/0f -;;t{, ;dk"/s / ljz]if cg'bfg_ dfkm{t k|b]zdf hfg] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L /fh:j afF8kfF6 /
/f]oN6L jfktsf] sl/a ¿ ^# ca{ cg'dfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k|b]zx?sf] cfkm\gf] cfGtl/s cfo hDdf
sl/a ¿ $# ca{ sf] xf/fxf/L dfq cg'dfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dflysf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/
;a}eGbf a9L ah]6 ljlgof]hg jfudtL k|b]zdf ePsf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd u08sL k|b]zdf ljlgof]hg
ePsf] b]lvG5 .o;}u/L cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfngdf klg jfudtL k|b]zn] em08} ¿ @! ca{ %) s/f]8
cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf Go"g s0ff{nL k|b]zn] ¿ ^) nfv dfq cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .
of] cfs+8fn] klg s] b]lvG5 eg] k|b]zx? ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+3s} k/lge{/tfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
Psftkm{ hgtfsf] k|b]z ;/sf/k|lt 7"nf] ck]Iff 5 eg] csf{] tkm{ ;|f]tsf] Go"gtf / dxTjsf+IfL ljsf;
cfof]hgfx?n] hgtfx?df lg/fzf pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
k|b]z ;/sf/ r':t / 5l/tf] ;+/rgfaf6 ljsf; sfo{qmdx? lnP/ hgtfsf] glhs hfg' kg{]df ;+3sf]
gSsn ub{} gofF gofF ;+/rgf agfO{ /fhgLlts lgo'lQm ug{] k|j[lQ xfjL x'Fb} uPsfn] ubf{ ljsf; vr{
qmdzM 36fpFb} k|zf;lgs / cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf vr{ a9fpg' kg{] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
k|b]zsf] vr{ Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx?M
ljlgof]hg bIftfsf] cefjM cfof]hgf 5gf}6, k|fyldsLs/0f, nfe nfut ljZn]if0f, ;DefJotf
cWoog, hgzlQmsf] pknAwtf tyf ck]lIft pknlAw cfFsng gu/L cfof]hgf/sfo{qmddf ah]6
ljlgof]hg ug{] k|j[lQ .
cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g tyf kl/kqsf] kfngf gu/L ljifout dGqfnon] sfo{qmd ;+zf]wg :jLs[lt
gu/fO{ tyf /sdfGt/ gu/L e'QmfgL ug{] k|j[lQ /x]sf] .
k|b]zsf] cfo;|f]tsf] Ifdtf / ljifout dGqfnosf] ah]6 ;LdfeGbf a9L ;|f]t ;'lglZrt u/L 7"nf]
;ª\Vofdf jx'jifL{o cfof]hgfx?df ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{] k|j[lQ /x]sf] .
ah]6 th{'df ubf{ ljQLo x:tfGt/0fdfkm{t k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg / cfGtl/s ;|f]t cg'dfg dxTjsf+IfL
/fVg] k|j[lQ /x]sf] t/ nIocg'?k k|fKt gx'Fbf ljlgof]hgcg'¿k vr{ ug{ ;|f]tdf rfk k/]sf] .
;|f]tsf] cf+sng g} gu/L ;|f]t ;'lglZrt ul/Psf jx'jifL{o vl/b ;Demf}tfaf6 l;lh{t bfloTjnfO{
e'QmfgL ug{ ;|f]t Joj:yf ug{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] .
:yfgLo txnfO{ ljQ x:tfGt/0fdfkm{t k|bfg ul/Psf] cg'bfgsf] vr{sf] oyfy{ ljj/0f k|fKt ug{
tyf :yfgLo txdf /fh:j kl/rfng / cg'bfg vr{sf] cBfjlws k|ltj]bg ;dodf k|fK‍t ug{ ;d]t
g;lsPsf] .
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;;t{ cg'bfgaf6 x:tfGt/0f ePsf cw'/f cfof]hgfx?nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg ;+3af6
kof{Kt ah]6 Joj:yf gePsf]n] sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf cfof]hgfx?sf] ;do / nfut qmdzM a9\b}
uPsf] ;fy} pQm cfof]hgfx?sf] e'QmfgL ug{ ;d]t r'gf}tL /x]sf] .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~69~
cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qut tYofÍ ;ª\sng tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] ;du| ljZn]if0f
k|0ffnLsf] cefj /x]sf] .
cfof]hgfsf] slG6Gh]G;L vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw / dfkb08 gagfO{ cfof]hgfsf] l;lh{t bfloTjdf
ljlgof]lht /sdn] e'QmfgL lbg ;|f]tsf] cefj eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf slG6Gh]G;L /sdaf6 cGoq
cfof]hgfdf vr{ ug{] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] .
k|b]zdf sd{rf/L cfjf; ;'ljwf;DaGwL :ki6 sfg'gL Joj:yf geP klg cfjf; k|of]hgsf] nflu
;d]t 3/ef8fdf lnO/x]sf] .
cfjZostfeGbf a9L On]S6«f]lgs OlSjKd]G6 tyf ;jf/L ;fwg vl/b ug{] k|j[lQ /x]sf] .
/fh:j, ah]6 Pjd\ n]vf;DaGwL ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] tyf o:tf k|0ffnLx?df Ps
cfk;df cfj4tf gePsf]n] ah]6 th{'df, vr{, n]vf / ljQLo ljj/0f k|flKtdf ;d:of /x]sf] .
ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfgsf] t'ngfdf ;+3 ;;t{, ;dk"/s / ljz]if cg'bfgsf] vr{ sd ug{] k|j[lQ
a9]sf] lsgls oL cg'bfgx?df s]xL lglZrt dfkb08 / k|lqmofx?sf] kfngf ug{'k5{ .
g]kfn ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo txsf] If]qflwsf/ ePsf] jf pQm txn] vr{ Joxf]g{] If]qdf ;d]t k|b]zn]
cfof]hgf / sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f] ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] .
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLotxaf6 NofO{Psf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, cg'bfg nufotsf sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t
Pp6} JolQm jf ;+:yf nfefjlGjt x'g] u/]sf] .
k|b]z cGt/utsf :yflkt sfof{nox? / lgsfox? klg Plss[t ;]jf lbg] u/L -h:tf]_ l;+rfO{,
vfg]kfgL, ;8s, ;x/L ljsf; eGbf gofF sfof{no vf]n]/ vlr{nf] k4ltcg'¿k :yfkgf ug{] k|j[lQ
/x]sf] .
k|b]znfO{ cfjZos P]g, lgod, sfo{ljlw, lgb{]lzsf, dfkb08 th{'df x'g g;s]sf] / th{'df ePsf
klg cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt x'g] ;dodf dfq th{'df ug{] k|j[lQ /x]sf] .
cfof]hgfx?sf] u'0f:t/Lotf k/LIf0f ug{] k|0ffnL gx'g' .
cfly{s sfo{ljlw;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnLjdf]lhd vr{sf] dfkb08sf] kfngf gug{] gu/fpg] .
k|b]zsf] ljQLo cg'zf;g / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ /x]sf] .
sdhf]/ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL tyf cfof]hgf / sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfsf] cg'udg Pjd\
pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg ug{] k|0ffnLsf] cefj /x]sf] .
casf] af6f]
k|b]zsf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf ug{'kg{] ug{'kg{] ;'wf/M
cfly{s ldtJolotf tyf ljQLo cg'zf;gsf nflu cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g,
~70~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lgodfjnL th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .

of]hgf, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd th{'df lbUbz{g, 2076 jdf]lhd cfof]hgf/sfo{qmd 5gf}6 k|0ffnL
cjnDjg ug{] .
;]jf k|jfx, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng x'g] If]qsf nflu dfq gofF ;+/rgf, sfof{no,
cfof]hgf / sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{] .
k|fb]lzs / /0fgLlts dxTjsf jx'jifL{o tyf cGo cfof]hgf / sfo{qmd 5gf}6 ubf{ ;|f]tsf]
cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;+3 -k|b]z tyf k|b]z-:yfgLo tx lar ;xnufgL / nfut ;fem]bf/Ldf
dfq cfof]hgfx? ;~rfng ug{] .
;fj{hlgs vr{df ldtJolotf, u}/ah]6/L tyf cgfjZos vr{x? s6f}tL u/L ljQLo cg'zf;g
sfod ug{] / ljQLo pQ/bfloTjsf] kfngf ug{] .
k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ jiff{tsf] ;do;Dd k'Ug glbg k|yd q}dfl;sleq 7]Ssf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{
;DkGg ug{] / k"FhLut vr{ c;f/ !% leq ul/;Sg] u/L vl/b of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] .
s'n ah]6sf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ dfq jx'jifL{o vl/bsf] bfloTj e'QmfgL ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
cfly{s jif{sf] lar tyf clGtddf sfo{qmd ;+zf]wg tyf /sdfGt/ ug{ gkg{] u/L ah]6 k|:tfj ug{]
/ cfly{s sfo{ljlw sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug{] .
k|To]s jif{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] ;|f]t cg'dfg ubf{ oyfy{ / j:t'lgi6 ¿kdf ug{] .
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] bfo/f a9fpg gofF gofF ;|f]tsf] klxrfg ub{} /fh:j nIo tf]Sg] -pBf]u, jg, ko{6g
tyf oftfoft nufotsf If]qx?df_ .
vr{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos sfo{ljlw, lgb{]lzsf, dfkb08 th{'df ug{'kg{] eP klxnf]
q}dfl;sleq / P]g th{'df ug{'kg{] eP bf];|f] q}dfl;s leq th{'df ug{] .
ah]6 lgoGq0f, /f]Ssf / ;dk{0fsf nflu ul/Psf] lgb{]zgsf] k"0f{ kfngf ug{] .
ah]6 ;Ldf -l;lnª_ leq /x]/ cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] k|:tfj ug{] .
k|To]s sfof{non] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL th{'df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{] .
cfof]hgfsf] slG6Gh]G;L vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw / dfkb08 to u/L nfu' ug{] .
k|b]zdf ;|f]tsf] rfk / vr{sf] bfloTj al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf sfof{nosf] nflu clt cfjZos ejg
afx]s sfg'gL Joj:yf gePsf] 3/ ef8fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ gLltut Joj:yf ug{] .
k|b]z dftxtsf sfof{nox?sf] rn crn ;DklQsf] Joj:yfkg ug{] u/L gLltut Joj:yf ug{] .
lgisif{M
g]kfndf ;+3Lo k|0ffnL nfu' eP kZrft\ tLg txsf] ;/sf/ ag]kl5 cfly{s tyf ljQLo cg'zf;gsf]
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~71~
kfngf, vr{ k|0ffnL, k|ltj]bg / clen]v Joj:yfkg, /fh:j jfF8kmfF8 / cfGtl/s /fh:j kl/rfng,
cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, cfGtl/s C0f tyf j}b]lzs ;xfotf Joj:yfkg nufotsf ljifox?sf] ljifodf
;dLIff ug{] ;do cfO;s]sf] 5 . k|b]zx?df cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g tyf
lgodsf] th{'df Pjd\ sfof{Gjog u/L cfly{s cg'zf;g, ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/
uDeL/ gePsf] u'gf;fx? cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . Psftkm{ k|b]zsf dGqfnox?df ;+3af6 sfhdf uPsf
sd{rf/Lx? k|zf;sLo g]t[Tjdf ePsf] sf/0f ckgTjaf]w ePg eGg] u'gf;f] k|b]zsf /fhgLlts
g]t[Tjaf6 cfpg yfn]sf] 5 eg] csf{]tkm{ cfkm" cg's"n gLltut sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L ;|f]t ;'lglZrttf
lbg], cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmd zlQm / eg;'gsf] cfwf/df ljsf; sfo{qmd n}hfg] k|j[lQn] ubf{ k|b]zdf
;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] ;fy} ljQLo tyf cfly{s cg'zf;gsf] kfngf ug{ ;d]t r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] 5 .
rfn' cfly{s jif{ @)&*÷&( sf] s"n ah]6nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] k|b]zx?dfkm{t sl/j ¿ @^!
ca{eGbf a9L ljlgof]hg ePsf] b]lvG5 . vr{sf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ut cfly{s jif{df ljlgof]hgsf] &)
k|ltzt klg vr{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;|f]t kl/rfng tkm{ x]bf{ k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfkm\gf] ;|f]t Hofb} Go"g ePsf] / ;|f]tsf] nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu
k/lge{/ /xg' k/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|b]zsf nflu gofF gofF ;|f]tsf] klxrfg Pjd\ vf]h u/L ;|f]tn] wfGg ;Sg]
cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx?nfO{ dfq sfof{Gjogdf gn}hfg] xf] eg] k|b]zsf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkg r'gf}ltk"0f{ aGg]
lglZrt 5 . t;y{, g]kfndf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] em08} rf/ jif{ JotLt eO ;s]sf] ;Gbe{df
xfn;Ddsf] cj:yfaf/] 5nkmn tyf ;dLIff ug{'sf] ;fy} lj1 ;xLtsf] ;xof]udf Ps pRr:t/Lo
cfof]u jf ;ldltaf6 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLotxsf] If]qflwsf/, /fh:j kl/rfng tyf vr{ Joj:yfkgdf
b]vf k/]sf ;d:of, bf]xf]/f]kgf / sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ldlxg ¿kdf s]nfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj lnO{
cfufdL uGtJo to ug{ clt cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)&$
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u P]g,@)&$
cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g,@)&^ tyf lgodfjnL,@)&^
cfly{s jif{ @)&*/&( sf] cfo Joosf] ljj/0f
& j6} k|b]zsf] cf j @)&*/&( sf] cfo Joosf] ljj/0f
k|b]zsf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] ;DaGwdf k|sflzt n]v /rgf .

~72~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / g]kfnsf

;Gbe{df s]xL r'gf}tLx?
/d]zs'df/ s];L
;x ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/
;f/f+zM /fhgLlt / cfd gful/ssf lar ;DaGw;"qsf] sfd ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] ub{5 . /fhgLlts pb\3f]if jf gLltx? sfof{Gjog u/L cfd hg;d'bfosf] ;/sf/ k|ltsf]
k[i7kf]if0f jf ljZjf; ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] :ki6 kfb{5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g
;du| /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] Ps lx:;f ePsf] xF'bf o;df ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, cfly{s, cfGtl/s,
jfx\o ;a} ;Gbe{x?sf] k|efj /xg] ub{5 . cfd gful/ssf ck]Iff ;Daf]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn]
ljleGg ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] 5 . o:tf cfGtl/s tyf jfx\o r'gf}tLx?sf]
klxrfg / ljZn]if0faf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf cfufdL sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .
k[i6e"ldM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;fdfGo cy{df ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf ljifosf] Joj:yfkg,
;fj{hlgs dfldnf tyf nIo k|flKtsf nflu ul/g] lqmofsnfk / /fhgLltsf] dxŒjk"0f{ lx:;fsf
?kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ o;df /x]sf b'O{ zAbsf] ljZn]if0faf6 klg lrGg] ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs zAbnfO{ lrgfpFbf cfd gful/ssf] ;/f]sf/ x'g], ;a}sf] pkof]u jf ;fdflhs kmfObf x'g],
;dfg ?kdf ;a}nfO{ pknAw x'g] / lje]b ug{ g;lsg] eGg] a'lemG5 . o:t} k|zf;g zAbn] Joj:yfkg,
k|aGw, ;]jf, lhDd]jf/L nufotnfO{ a'emfp5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fhgLltzf:qsf] Ps lx:;f /x]sfdf
kl5Nnf ;dodf /fhgLltnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg / k|zf;gnfO{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg /fvL 5'6\6}
ljlzi7 ljwfsf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf c7\7fO;f}+ /fi6«klt p8/f]
ljN;gn] ;g\ !**& P:;] cg klAns P8ldlg:6«]zg n]v n]v] h;af6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ 5'6\6}
ljwfsf ?kdf x]g]{ qmd ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;g\ !(&);Dd cfOk'Ubf klg
/fhgLltzf:q, Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g ljifo ljwfdf cGt/ cfa4 ?kdf x]l/GYof] . To;kl5 eg] ljsf;
k|zf;g, t'ngfTds k|zf;g, gofF ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g x'Fb} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] cfhsf] ?k u|x0f u/]sf]
5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;+u} ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ljt/0f, gjLg k|zf;g Joj:yfkg, ;d;fdlos
cWoog, j}lZjs k|zf;g h:tf ljifox? k|an ag]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lgolGqt ?kdf x]g]{ jf Jofks ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug]{ eGg]af/] ax; x'g]
ub{5 . ;+s'lrt cjwf/0ffaf6 x]bf{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ lglZrt sfo{ tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;Ldf
leq /xL ul/g] lqmofsnfk dfq lng] ul/G5 eg] Jofks jf Plss[t b[li6n] x]bf{ ;/sf/ ;+nUg x'g]
;a} lqmofsnfkx?sf] Joj:yfkgsf] hf]8 g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g xf] elgG5 . h]h:tf juL{s/0fnfO{
cfwf/ dfg] tfklg ;/sf/ / ;/sf/sf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~73~
x]g]{ b[li6sf]0fdf w]/} xb;Dd ;xdt x'g ;lsG5 . ;/sf/n] ef]u]sf hl6ntf, cl:y/tf, u'gf;f tyf
ck]Iffsf vf8nx? ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf klg ;d:of / r'gf}tL ag]/ /x]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfM ;/sf/ s] s:tf ljifodf ;+nUg /xg] eGg] s'/f ljleGg
cfwf/x?df lge{/ ub{5 . zf;g k|0ffnL, cfly{s ljsf;, hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/, ;/sf/sf] gLlt OToflb .
;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf zf;g k|0ffnL;+u ;DalGwt /xG5 . ;fdfGotof ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf zflGt, ;'/Iff /
l:y/tf, ;Ldf /Iff Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL ljifodf s]lGb|t /xg] ub{5 . To:t}
cfly{s l:y/tf tyf ;fdflhs Gofo, jfx\otf ;Daf]wg Pjd\ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k|lt:kwf{ / u'0f:t/,
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f nufotsf ljifodf klg ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf x'g]
ub{5 . ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xg]] sfo{If]qnfO{ osLg ?kdf pNn]v ug{ g;lsPtfklg ljleGg cEof;sf
cfwf/df ;/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf b]xfosf If]qdf /xg] u/]sf] x'G5 .
• /fli6«o gLlt lgwf{/0f, k|fyldsLs/0f tyf sfof{Gjog,
• /fli6«o cl:dtfsf] /Iff, :jb]z / ljb]zdf g]kfnLsf] lxt ;+/If0f,
• ;DklQ dflysf] :jfldTj ;+/If0f,
• lghL jf ;fd'bfosf] nufgL cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] tyf cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/ ;+/rgfsf If]qx?,
• cfGtl/s jf jfx\o ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ljsf;, Gofo / ;dfgtf / dfgjflwsf/,
• cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yo / ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf sNof0fsf/L sfo{x?,
• lghL If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] Psflwsf/ lgoGq0f ug]{
• cGo If]qaf6 ;fdfGotof ;Dkfbg x'g g;Sg] h:tf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, k|fs[lts >f]t lgodg,
cg';Gwfg h:tf sfo{x?
• gLlt th'{dfsf lglDt ;"rgfk|flKt, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{x?
• k|lt:kwf{ k|a4{g, lgodg / lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfo{x? .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;/sf/sf] Jofks ;+nUgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L
If]qsf] ljsf; ub}{ Jofks df}lns xsx?sf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?df ;a}h;f]
If]qdf ;/sf/sf] ;xhsf/L e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf lj:tf/ ;Gbe{df
;+3Lo :j?k cGtu{t tLg tx -:yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3_ sf ;/sf/x?sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L klg g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] ljeQm u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] lglb{i6 ;/sf/L lhDd]jf/LnfO{ jf:tljstfdf
?kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u ub{5 .
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gM g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfw'lgs :j?k k|hftGq :yfkgf /
k|zf;lgs sfg'g lgdf{0fkl5 dfq :ki6 ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{g / To; kl5 ;'? ul/Psf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf kxn, ;/sf/sf sfo{If]q / dGqfno ljefhg,
~74~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
ah]6 th'{df / of]hgf lgdf{0fsf cEof; Pjd\ k|zf;lgs sfg'gx? lgdf{0fsf] z'?jftaf6 ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg] sfd ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ km/s km/s b[li6sf]0faf6
x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qsf lx;fjn] sd{rf/L k|zf;g, ljQLo k|zf;g, cfly{s tyf
lhlG; k|zf;gnufot If]qut ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ;/sf/sf c+usf lx;fjn] Gofo k|zf;g,
;+;bLo k|zf;g, ;+j}wflgs c+u;DaGwL / ;fdfGo k|zf;g u/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} ;+3Lo,
k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo k|zf;g, ljsf; k|zf;g / ;fdfGo k|zf;g, lghL / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, cfGtl/s
/ jfx\o k|zf;gnufot cGo k|sf/df klg ljefhg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;+3Lotf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gM g]kfndf lj;+= @))$ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg'g gfds
;+ljwfgb]lv @)&@ ;fn;Dd cfOk'Ubf;Dd ^* jif{sf] cGt/fndf ;ftj6f ;+ljwfg cEof;df cfO{
;s]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lo nf]stf+lqs u0ftflGqs d'n'ssf
?kdf lrgfPsf] 5 . o;eGbf cl3 g]kfndf cEof; ePsf] PsfTds :j?ksf] zf;g k|0ffnLaf6
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lotf :yfkgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo gful/snfO{ ;xh
;]jf k'¥ofpg' klg xf] . ;fljssf] PsfTds /fHo ;+/rgf kl/jt{gsf] ts{ klg :jfoQ, ;femf ;/sf/
lgdf{0fsf ;fy} hgtfnfO{ glhsaf6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg' klg xf] . ;+3Lotfn] zf;gdf ;xhtf, ;lGgs6tf /
;dGjofTdstf dfq lb+b}g a? hl6ntf, k|lt:kwf{ / bf]xf]/f]kg klg y'kfg]{ ePsfn] ;hutf ckgfpg
TolQs} h?/L b]lvG5 . ;+3fTds zf;gdfkm{t tLg txsf ;/sf/ ;+/rgf, tbg'?ksf sfo{lhDd]jf/L,
;xsf/L ;+3Lotfsf l;4fGt o;sf] ljz]iftf /x]sf 5g\ . Pp6f ;+3Lo ;/sf/, ;ft k|b]zdf ljeflht
k|b]z ;/sf/ / &%# OsfO{sf ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf /x]sf :yfgLo txx?dfkm{t ;/sf/sf gLlt
tyf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjogdf hfg] u/]sf] 5 . kx'Fr, ;dfj]zLs/0f, :jzf;g / ljsf; ;+3Lo zf;g
k|0ffnLsf Wo]oo dflgPsf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf b[li6n] gofF zf;g k|0ffnLdf sfg'gL cfwf/x? km/flsnf ePsf 5g\ . :jfoQtf
/ :jzf;gsf] cEof;sf] ;xhtf 5 . hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|0ffnL / >f]tsf] Jofkstf klg 5 .
o;sf] ;fy;fy} Jofks hg ck]Iff, >f]t / Ifdtfsf] l;ldttf, lhDd]jf/Lsf] c:ki6tf / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf,
sfg'g / dfu{bz{gsf] l/Sttf h:tf ;d:of klg sfod} 5g\ . ;+3Lotf nfu' eP;+u} Jofks hgck]Iff
;Daf]wg ug{ tbg'?ksf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tf ck]lIft 5 . lk|lG;kn ckm ;lA;l8of/L
/ slDKnd]G6/L cg'?k clwsf+z sfo{ lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txdf lgIf]lkt /x]sf / ;dGjosf/L ;+3Lo
PsfOsf ?kdf k|b]z ;/sf/ lqmofzLn /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . gjLg zf;g k|0ffnL, hgzlQmsf] Go"gtf /
k"jf{wf/sf] sdL h:tf r'gf}tLx? ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ef]uL /x]sf] 5 . k|zf;lgs
b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf} vlr{nf] k|zf;g, ax';/f]sf/sf åGb, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, >f]tsf] l;ldttfn] klg
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf s]xL ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cl:tTj / rl/qnfO{ a'emfpg ljleGg ljz]iftfx?
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~75~
cl3 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kd} k|o'Qm x'g] zf:qLo ljz]iftfx?sf] cltl/Qm gofF Joj:yfksLo
cfofdn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lrgfpg yk ljz]iftfx?sf] l;h{gf tyf kl/dfh{g ul/lbPsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljz]iftfsf ?kdf h]/fN8 O{= sfO8gn] ;ftj6f rl/qnfO{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
tL x'gÙ
• ckl/xfo{tf -hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf lqmofsnfkdf k|zf;gsf] ckl/xfo{tf x'G5 . _,
• cf}krfl/s zlQm jf an k|of]u ug]{ clGtd clwsf/,
• k|fyldstfk"0f{ sfo{x? ->f]tsf] ;Lldttfsf sf/0fn] ;d]t_,
• t'ngfTds 7"nf] / ax'p2]ZoLo ;ª\u7g,
• /fhgLlts lgb]{zg,
• gfKg g;lsg] p2]Zox? /
• cTolws jf Jofks hgck]Iff .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ cGo ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df klg klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ljz]iftfx?df
;/sf/sf] :yfoLTj, :yfkgfsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ / Jofj;flostf k|d'v 5g\ . To:t} t6:ytf, of]Uotf
k|0ffnL, u}/ ;}lgs rl/q / j[lQ ;f]kfg klg ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf rl/q /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] k|d'v Wo]oo jf nIodf ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{', ;/sf/sf] :yfoLTj / lg/Gt/tfsf
nflu / ;/sf/sf] cl:tTj /Iff ug'{ k|d'v ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ;/sf/ / gful/ssf lardf ;]t'sf]
;DaGw :yfkgf ug{', /fli6«o ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZos bIf hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ / Joj:yfkg ug{',
;/sf/sf ;a} c+u tyf cjojx?sf] ;dGjo ug{' / /fli6«o cfTd;Ddfgsf] /Iff ug'{ klg ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gsf] Wo]oo /x]sf] x'G5 .
lghfdtL ;]jf / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gM g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / lghfdtL ;]jf Ps cfk;df
cGt/;DalGwt ljifosf ?kdf k|o'Qm x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] ;fd"lxs
k|oTg, ;/sf/sf c+u;+u ;DalGwt, ;/sf/L sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs sfg'gsf] lj:t[t sfof{Gjog,
lghL k|zf;geGbf s]xL leGg / ;/sf/sf c+ux?n] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{x?sf] Joj:yfkg eGg] a'lemG5
eg] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gleqsf] Ps k|d'v ;+/rgf dflgG5 h;df ;}lgs jf k|x/L
;]jfeGbf leGg cGo ;]jfnfO{ lrlgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ;}Go ;]jf / hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt
kbflwsf/L jfx]ssf] ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ lrgfpg j]nfotdf ;g\ !*%$b]lv ug{ yflnPsf] kfOG5 .
zflAbs ?kdf To;a]nfb]lv Jojx[t ePtfklg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfTds ljsf; To;eGbf lgs}
cufl8b]lv g} eO/x]sf] lyof] . hxfF ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf n'6 k|yf -:kf]O{n l;:6d_ cl:tTjdf lyof]
Toltv]/g} cyf{t\ ;qf}F ztfJbLdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'¿jft eO;s]sf] lyof] . o; cGtu{t k|lt:kwf{df
cfwfl/t k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/L 5flgg] kl/kf6L ljsf; ul/of] . cd]l/sfdf
~76~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
jr{Zj /x]sf] n'6 k|0ffnLsf] sf/0f /fi6«klt h]D; P= uf/lkmN8sf] xTof ePkl5 ;g\ !**# df k]G8N6g
P]gcGtu{t lghfdtL ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g eO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf lgikIf 5gf}6sf] k|lqmof k|f/De eof] /
;g\ !(#( df :yfgLo tx;Dd of]Uotf k|0ffnL cEof;df cfof] .
g]kfndf eg] /f0ffsfnLg ;dod} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+/rgfut k|f?k b]lvP klg lj= ;+= @))& sf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 dfq lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf egf{,
;]jf ;t{;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf / ljefuLo ;hfonfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ lj=;+= @))* df nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)!# df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+s k|;fb cfrf{osf] cWoIftfdf
u7g e} k|zf;sLo k'g{u7g of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'emfjx?sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]
hu a;fpg]] sfddf d4t k'Ug uof] . lj=;+= @)!# df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lghfdtL ;]jf P]g th'{df
u/L nfu' ul/of] . k|hftGqsf] k'gM :yfkgf kZrfot lj=;+= @)$* df pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u
u7g eO{ ;'emfj k|fKt ePklg o;sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt ck]Iffs[t 9ª\udf x'g ;s]g . lj=;+= @)$(
df gofF lghfdtL ;]jf P]g NofOof] . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf cfP ;+u} *^ xhf/ lghfdtL / !& xhf/
:yfgLo ;]jfsf sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg u/L ;+3df $% xhf/, k|b]zdf !^ xhf/ / :yfgLo txdf %& xhf/
sd{rf/L b/jGbL sfod ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;]jf k|jfx M
;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ cGt/;DalGwt ?kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;/sf/;+u
gful/sx?sf ck]Iff w]/}eGbf w]/} /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL ck]Iff ;Daf]wg ug{ / ;fj{hlgs gLltsf]
sfof{Gjog ug{ klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] e"ldsf cfjZos x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf eGgfn] ;fdfGo
cy{df ;/sf/L ;+nUgtfdf pknAw x'g] ;]jf eGg] a'lemG5 . vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, lzIff h:tf k"jf{wf/
;]jf xf]pg\ ls :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xs k|j4{g ug]{ ;]jf g} lsg gxf];\, zflGt ;'/Iff
sfod ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf xf]cf];\ jf ;a} ;d'bfosf] ;+:s[lt ;Daw{g ug]{ g} lsg gxf]cf]; oL ;a}
;/sf/ ;+nUg x'g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lrGg o;sf] s]xL ljz]iftf
jf cfwf/x? s]nfpg ;lsG5 h:tf], c:k:o{tf, :jfdLTj cx:tfGt/0f, kl/jt{gzLntf, If0feª\u'/tf
/ ckfy{Sotf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . To;} u/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;/n / Ps?k ;]jf ge}
ljljwtfo'Qm ;]jf xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf cd"t{, cljefHo / ce]B k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ;dfg k|sf/sf] ;]jf
;dfg ?kdf pknAw x'g], ;dfg kx'Fr / c;~roL k|s[lt klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf ljz]iftf x'g . ;/sf/
/ hgtfnfO{ hf]8\g] ;DaGw ;]t'sf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ lnOG5 . ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf
;/sf/dfkm{t clgjfo{ ;]jf, ;z'Ns jf lgz'Ns ;]jf, k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;]jf ljz]if jf Plss[t ;]jf
u/L ljleGg k|sf/df ljefhg u/]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf d'Vo tLg stf{x?df klxnf] ;/sf/ h;af6 ;]jf k|jfxsf] gLlt lgdf{0f
x'G5 bf]>f] dfWood jf sd{rf/L h;dfkm{t ;]jf k|jfx x'G5 / t]>f] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf h;n] ;]jf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~77~
lng] ub{5g\ x'g\ . To:t} ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf dfWodx?df klxnf] ;/sf/sf OsfO{x?Ù s]Gb|Lo
jf k|fb]lzs ;/sf/, bf]>f] cw{ ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? t]>f] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx? / rf}yf] lghL If]qnfO{ lnOG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf gLltut kIf, sfof{Gjog kIf /
k[i7kf]if0f kIf sf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5 .
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf s]xL r'gf}tLx?M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Wo]oo klg ;du| d'n'ss} Wo]oo cg'?k
;d[l4, l:y/tf, clwsflws gful/ssf] ;Gt'li6 / ljsf; g} xf] . nf]sk|Lo ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f, clwsflws
;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f, zf;sLo k|0ffnL ;'wf/ tyf k|ljlwsf] pkof]u klg o:t} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ g} s]lGb|t /xG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ck]lIft k|efjsfl/tf
xfl;n ug{ ljleGg r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ef]u]sf s]xL
k|d'v r'gf}tLx?df,
s_ ;'zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf / e|i6frf/sf] ;Gbe{M g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ef]u]sf] k|d'v
;d:of ;'zf;gsf] ;jfn g} xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ x'g', e|i6frf/hGo s;'/df
;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;+nUgtf 36\g g;Sg' / hjfkmb]xL zf;g k|0ffnL k|j4{g ug{
g;Sg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Pslt;f}+ k|ltj]bgcg';f/
cf=a=)&&.&* df gofF !$,$@% / k'/fgf] aSof}tf ;d]t @@,^@% j6f ph'/Lx? sfod /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] cG7fpGgf}+ k|ltj]bgcg';f/ sfg'gjdf]lhd afx]s ;+3Lo
;/sf/sf] $$ ca{ ;d]t u/L hDdf !)$ ca{ a]?h" sfod b]lvG5 . To:t} ljZjJofkL e|:6frf/
uf]r/ ;"rssf cfwf/df g]kfn ;g\ @)@! df s"n ## c+s;xLt !*) /fi6« dWo] !!& cf}+
:yfgdf b]lvPsf] 5 . oL ;a} ;"rsaf6 g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{]{ sfo{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
v_ bLuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fM jt{dfg ljZj jftfj/0fLo ljgfz / To;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ;+s6sf
sf/0f hf]lvddf /x]sf] 5 . bLuf] tyf cfFkm}df wflgg] / eljiosf k':tfsf clwsf/df s'g} x:tIf]k
gu/L ug]{ ljsf; cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . bLuf] ljsf; jt{dfgsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ eljiosf
k':tfsf Ifdtfdf ;Demf}tf gu/L ug]{ ljsf; xf] . cToflws k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dfusf sf/0f
hyfefjL hldgsf] pTvgg\, r]tgfsf sdLsf sf/0f Knfli6s, ljiffbL tyf sfa{ghGo kbfy{sf]
pkof]u, cAojl:yt a;f]af;, jgh+unsf] ljgfz h:tf kIfx?df oy]i6 Wofg k'Ug g;Sbf
eljiosf k':tfsf] clwsf/ xgg x'g] dfq x}g k|f0fLx?sf] nf]k, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|fs[lts
k|sf]k h:tf b'Mvb eljio lglDtb} 5g\ . o; kIfdf jt{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;hu / ;Ifd x'g
h?/L 5 .
u_ ;+3Lotf sfof{GjogM nfdf] PsfTds zf;gsf] cEof; kl5 g]kfndf tLg txsf ;/sf/ ;xLtsf]
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cEof; ePsf] 5 . ;+3Lo k|0ffnLnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f, kxF'r, :jzf;gsf
~78~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lx;fjn] :jLsf/ ul/Psf] eP tfklg ax';/sf/sf] ;+nUgtf, >f]t ;fwgdf cu|flwsf/sf] ;jfn,
>f]tsf] Go"gtf / sfo{If]qut bf]xf]/f]kgf h:tf hl6ntf ;Fw} /xL /xg] b]lvG5 . uPsf kfFr jif{eGbf
a9L ;do;Dd klg sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg', cfjZos sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g g;Sg', ;/sf/
x?sf ljr cgfjZos k|lt:kwf{ r'lng' h:tf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf dfWodaf6
;Daf]wg ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . cfTdlge{/tfeGbf k/lge{/tf a9\g', tf/Gtf/ ;/sf/ kl/jt{g x'g' / ;fwf/0f
vr{ r'lnFb} hfg' h:tf s'/fn] g]kfndf ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog klg Ps r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
3_ Go"g dgf]ano'Qm hgzlQmM ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf hgzlQm hLjGt dfWod xf] . hlt;'s} pTs[i6
gLlt lgdf{0f u/] klg, h:tf] ;'s} plrt ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/] klg lhDd]jf/ JolQmsf] nufj /
dgf]jn pRr geP;Dd gLltnfO{ jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft ug]{ sfo{ cw'/} /xG5 . jt{dfg ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;gn] cfw'lgs gful/sx?nfO{ t ;]jf k'¥ofp5 g} o;sf] ;fy} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
k|lt:kwf{ sfod ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . ;"rgfdf a9LeGbf a9L kx'Fr k'¥ofpg' k/]sf] 5 . hgzlQm cfk"lt{,
ljsf;, kl/rfng / l/6]g ug{ cToGt cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . sfo{/t hgzlQm klg Psbd Go"g
Hofnfdf sfd ul//x]]sf] cj:yfn] pTk|]/0ffsf] :t/ klg Hofb} Go"g b]lvG5 .
ª_ ax';/f]sf/sf] ;+nUgtfM ;fljssf] k|zf;g ;+/rgfeGbf jt{dfg cj:yf yk ljljwtfk"0f{ /
hl6n klg 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] afx'Notf 5 . lghL If]qsf] ljsf;, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] lj:tf/, ljZjJofkLs/0faf6 l;lh{t cj;/x?, ax'txsf ;/sf/sf] ;dGjo
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] ug'{ kb{5 . cfd gful/sx?df ljsf; ePsf] hgr]tgf :t/, juL{s[t gful/s
;dfh / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;d]tsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ Pp6f cfofd / b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq
ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsFb}g . Ps kIfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFbf csf]{ kIf dsf{df kg{ ;Sb5 o:tf] cj:yfdf
;Gt'lnt gLlt lgdf{0f / ;Gt'lnt ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
r_ nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0fM nf]stGqsf] k|flKt cfkm}df ;fWo xf]O{g of] t ;d[l4sf]
ofqfsf] Ps kxnsbld dfq xf] . nf]stGqn] pGgt, Gofok"0f{ / ljj]sL ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf
ub{5 . nf]stGq hLjg Jojxf/ klg xf] . k/Dk/fut ;+/rgf nf]stGqsf ljkof{; x'G5g\ .
;fdflhs Gofo, dfgjclwsf/ / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;xLtsf] nf]stf+lqs d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft
u/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~rfng ug'{ klg Ps r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 .
5_ /fhgLlts l:y/tfM g]kfndf ljut ;ft bzssf] /fhgLlts Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] /fhgLlts
l:y/tf lj/n} b]Vg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLlt a;]{lg h;f] ;/sf/ kl/jt{g, k|To]s bzsdf
/fhgLlts k|0ffnL kl/jt{g, ;+j}wflgs c+ux?sf] cndn / cfGbf]ngaf6 u'h|]sf] 5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf zflGt, l:y/tf, ljsf; / hgck]Iff ;Daf]wg ug]{ j}slNks ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs
k|zf;g cl3 ;g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . cl:y/ /fhgLlts cj:yfdf gLltut lg/Gt/tfsf] cefj, zf;gdf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~79~
ckgTjsf] sdL / ljsf; of]hgfx? cnkq kg]{ l:ylt /xG5 .

h_ O ueg]{G; / k|ljlw ljsf;M ef}lts ;'v ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/ ;+u} lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
r/d ljGb'df k'u]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns b'/L, ult tyf b'u{dtf l;ldt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|jfxsf ;Gbe{df klg cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 lz3|, osLg / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx
x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;zLn d'n'ssf nflu ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf o:tf k|ljlwsf]
klxrfg, pkof]u, ljsf; / lj:tf/ klg 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
cGtdf ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf cfwf/df x]g{ ;lsG5 . cfly{s
ljsf;, l:y/tf, gful/s ;Gt'li6 / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx h:tf ;"rsaf6 ;du| zf;sLo z}nL /
k|zf;lgs tl/sf d"Nof+sg ug{ ;lsG5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf w]/} kIfx? cGt/lge{/ / cGt/;DalGwt
klg 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] b'|tt/ ljsf;sf] ofqfdf w]/} cj/f]w / r'gf}tLx? b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ul/jLsf] df}h'buL, clzIff tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] Go'gtf
h:tf sl7gfOx?sf lglDt /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] pTs[i6tf plQs}
cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ jt{dfgdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?sf]
klxrfg u/L kxnsbldsf ;fy oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?
• bz/y wdnf / cof{n nId0f cof{n-;Dkf_ -@)&)_ zf;g k|0ffnL / ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg,
sf7df8f}+}, lgxfl/sf k|sfzg .
• clwsf/L, ;'/]z -@)&)_, zf;g k|0ffnL, sf7df8f}+}, sl/o/ sfplG;ln+u ;]G6/ .
• d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy,-@)^&_ /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?, sf7df8f}+}, ;f]kfg dfl;s .
• e6\6/fO{, Zofds'df/ ;+ @)^^ s]xL k|zf;lgs lgaGwx? ;f]kfg dfl;s sf7df8f}+} .
• k|zf;g klqsf, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+} ,
• kf]v/]n, s[i0fk|;fb -@)&@_,/fHo hgk|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs dfldnf,Pds] klAn;;{,sf7df8f}+} .
• lqtfn, zf/bfk|;fb -@)&^_, ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjM cjwf/0ff / k|of]u, gjLgtd k|zf;lgs
b[li6sf]0f ;f]kfg dfl;s, sf7df8f}+} .
• kf08], o'j/fh,-@)^!_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs sfo{sf] Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}+} ljBfyL{
k':ts e08f/ .
• vgfn, /fhg-@)^#_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgM ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL, sf7df8f}+}
;f]kfg dfl;s .
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$(, sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt aa/dxn sf7df8f}+} .
~80~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
• lqtfn, zf;bfk|;fb -@)^(_, ;'zf;g k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;, sf7df8f}+} ;f]kfg dfl;s .
• Acharya, Madhu Raman (2015), Business of Bureaucracy, Vidhyarthi Pustak
Bhandar Kathmandu.
• Caiden Gereld E, (1971), The Dynamics of Public Administration, Hinsdale,
Ellinois Dryden Press US.
• Goel, S.L. (2003), Advanced Public Administration, New Dwlhi, Deep and Deep
Publication.
• Pradep Sahani and Etakula Vayunandan (2012), Administrative Theory , New
Dwlhi, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd.

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~81~
;+3b]lv kflnsf;Dd ;+3LotfM

sfg'g / cEof;
an/fd l/Hofn
k|d'v k|zf;lso clws[t, kf]v/f d=g=kf
ljifo k|j]z
g]kfnsf] zf;g k|0ffnL lxGb'ljlwzf:qaf6 ;'? eO{ s'nLgtGqLo k|0ffnL x'Fb} /fhtGqfTds :j?kdf
nfdf] ;do;Dd /x\of] . k|hftGq / nf]stGqsf] ljZjJofkL gjLg cjwf/0ff;Fu} ljut ;Q/L jif{b]lv
ljleGg sfnv08df k|hftGqsf nflu cfGbf]ngx? eP . ;Lldt k|hftGq, k~rfotL k|hftGq, ax'bnLo
k|hftGq x'Fb} xfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq;Dd cfOk'Ubf hgtfsf] ;lGgs6 zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf
;+3Lotf / :yfgLo :jzf;go'Qm ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5 . b]z tLg txsf] ;+3Lo
;+/rgfdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] jt{dfg sfg'gL k|aGw / o;sf] cEof;n] j:t'tM cfd gful/ssf]
hLjgdf k/LlIft ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'/Iff, sNof0f / ljsf;sf] pxfkf]x ca ljZn]if0f ug{] kxn'df
cfOk'u]sf] 5 .
;+3Lotfsf] ljBdfg sfg'gL k|aGw
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @#@ df ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlarsf] ;DaGw
;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj / ;dGjosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf
lgldQ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf Psn / ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rL ;xLtsf
cg';"rLn] :ki6 cfwf/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@^ df cg';"rL ( * / cg';"rL ( (
adf]lhdsf ljifodf :yfgLo txn] sfg'g agfpg ;Sg] / o:tf] sfg'g agfpg] k|lqmof k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd
x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf 5 . s]Gb|df h:t} k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;d]t sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yfljsf/ljwflosf
/ cfly{s sfo{k|0ffnLsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng :yfgLo
;l~rt sf]ifdfkm{t ug{'kg{] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @@( df ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] ;l~rt sf]ifdf :yfgLo
?kdf k|fKt x'g] /fh:j / dflyNnf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt x'g] cg'bfg / :yfgLo txn] lng] C0f /sd hDdf
eO{ ;|f]t kl/rfng x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
:yfgLo txsf] clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yf sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx lar ;xsfl/tf,
;xcl:tTj / ;dGjonfO{ k|j4{g ub{} hg;xeflutf, pQ/bfloTj, kfl/blz{tf ;'lglZrt u/L ;'ne /
u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx ug{ tyf nf]stGqsf nfex?sf] ;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zL / Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L
sfg'gL /fHo / bLuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff cg'?k ;dfhjfbpGd'v ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds
zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ hf/L
~82~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gcg';f/ ;a} :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . of] P]gn] :yfgLo
txsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjlws, jflif{s / ljifo If]qut of]hgf agfO{ nfu' ug{'kg{] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
of]hgf th{'df ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] gLlt, nIo, p2]Zo ;do;Ldf / k|lqmof cg's"n
x'g] u/L ;'zf;g, jftfj/0fd}qL, afnd}qL / hnjfo' cg's"ng, ljkb Joj:yfkg, n}ª\lus / ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf cGt/;DalGwt ljifox?nfO{ Wofg lbg'kg{] u/L ljljw sfg'gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
cGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ n] ;+3Lotfsf] dd{cg'?k tLgj6} txsf ;/sf/sf] ljQLo
Joj:yfkg, ;~rfng / ;Gt'ngsf] sfof{GjogzLntfnfO{ Olª\ut u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z tyf
:yfgLo txsf] /fh:jsf] clwsf/, /fh:j afF8kmfF8, cg'bfg, C0f, ah]6 Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs vr{,
tyf ljQLo cg'zf;g;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ of] P]gn] k|ofKt cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txn]
s/ tyf u}/s/ nufpg ;Sg], ;+3af6 ;ª\sng x'g] /fh:jx?nfO{ ;+3Lo ljefHo sf]ifdf, k|b]zaf6
;ª\sng x'g] /fh:jnfO{ k|b]z ljefHo sf]ifdf / :yfgLo txn] k|fKt ug{] /sd ;DalGwt :yfgLo
;l~rt sf]ifdf hDdf u/L afF8kmfF6 ug{] k|fljlws / sfg'g cfwf/ o; P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
:yfgLo txsf] vr{sf] cfjZostf / /fh:jsf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg, s'g}
ljz]if of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;;t{ cg'bfg, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL s'g} of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;dk"/s
cg'bfg / g]kfn ;/sf/n] s'g} p2]Zo /fvL :yfgLo txaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] s'g} vf; of]hgfsf nflu
ljz]if cg'bfg lbg;Sg] Joj:yf o; P]gn] u/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u P]g, @)&$ n] /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]unfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx lar / k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx lar lglZrt cfwf/ / 9fFrfdf /fh:jsf]
afF8kmfF6 ;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|b]z /
:yfgLo txnfO{ / k|b]zn] :yfgLo txnfO{ k|rlnt sfg'gjdf]lhd ljQLo ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg / ;;t{
cg'bfg l;kmfl/; ug{] lhDd]jf/L cfof]unfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
cfly{s sfo{ljlw tyf ljQLo pQ/bfloTj P]g, @)&^ df :yfgLo ;l~rt sf]ifsf] ;~rfng tyf
Joj:yfkg, ah]6 th{'df, lgsf;f tyf vr{, n]vfª\sg, k|ltj]bgnufot cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ Jojl:yt
u/L ljQLo Joj:yfkgnfO{ lhDd]jf/, kf/bzL{, glthfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg, cfly{s :yfloTj sfod
ug{ / cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ lgoldt tyf Jojl:yt ug{] nufotsf ljQLo cg'zf;gsf] sfg'gL k|aGw
ul/Psf] 5 .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlarsf]
cGt/;DaGw ;xsfl/tf, ;xcl:tTj, ;dGjo / kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf] cfwf/df Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx -;dGjo / cGt/;DaGw_ P]g, @)&& hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . o;
P]gn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] tLg txsf ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{, ;dGjo / ;xcl:tTjnfO{
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~83~
oyfy{ w/ftndf Nofpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogdf dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf] o; P]gsf s]xL
k|d'v Joj:yf o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5GM
• s'g}klg txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] cltqmd0f gug{],
• ;+3Lo sfg'g;Fu aflemg gx'g],
• /fli6«o gLlt jf k|fyldstf cg's"n x'g] / To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;3fp k'Ug],
• nfut, lbuf]kgf jf ;]jf k|jfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf b[li6n] :yfgLo txaf6 ubf{ pko'Qm x'g]
ljifodf ljrf/ ug{'kg{],
• sfof{Gjog kIfdf bf]xf]/f] gkg{] u/L :yfgLo txsf] e"ldsf /xg],
• :yfgLo:t/df x'g] ;]jf k|jfx / ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo, pkef]Qmf lxt, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf]
u'0f:t/ ;DaGwdf :yfgLo :t/df x'g] lgodg tyf hgr]tgf clej[l4 :yfgLo txaf6 jf
:yfgLo sfg'gjdf]lhd x'g],
• ;femf clwsf/;DaGwL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL ( sf ljifodf ;+3Lo jf k|b]z sfg'g gag]sf]
cj:yfdf :yfgLo tx :jod\n] cfjZos sfg'g agfpg jf ;f] ljifodf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg],
• :yfgLo txleq kg{] / :yfgLo txaf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] cfof]hgfsf] th{'df, ah]6 Joj:yf /
sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;+3Lo sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08sf cfwf/df ug{],
• ;+3 / k|b]zsf ;DalGwt ljifosf sfo{If]q /x]sf] dGqfnodf tyf :yfgLo txlardf ;dGjo
sfod u/L gLlt tyf of]hgf sfof{Gjog / ljsf; lgdf{0f nufotsf sfddf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg
ljifout ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/L If]qut gLlt sfg'g / of]hgf th{'df ubf{ k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf]
k/fdz{ lng],
• of]hgf gLlt / sfo{qmddf Ps?ktf, lg/Gt/tf / u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{ / sfg'g, gLlt /
/0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;dGjo ug{] .
:yfgLo tx ;+:yfut Ifdtf :jd"Nof+sg sfo{ljlw, @)&% n] :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd /
k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ ;+3Lotf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu sfof{Gjog txdf k|i6 cfwf/ l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo
txsf] sfo{k|lqmof / pknlAw x?sf] af/]df n]vfhf]vf u/L ;an / b'a{n kIfx?sf] klxrfg ug{,
ljsf; tyf ;'zf;gdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/Lx?sf] hfgsf/L lng, cfjlws ;dLIffsf nflu cfwf/
k|fKt ug{ / ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf] lardf t'ngfof]Uo ;"rsx? th{'df u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds
;'wf/df cu|;/ u/fO{ :yfgLo txnfO{ ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg / k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt
agfpg sfo{ljlwn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o;n] :yfgLo txdf zf;sLo k|aGw, ;ª\u7g
tyf k|zf;g, of]hgf Joj:yfkg, ljQLo Pjd\ cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx, Goflos
sfo{;Dkfbg, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ nufotsf ljleGg bzj6f :jd"Nof+sgsf ljifoIf]qdf ;"rs lgwf{/0f u/L
~84~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
/]l68 k4lt cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 .

;dk"/s tyf ljz]if cg'bfg / ;xnufgL;DaGwL sfo{ljlwn] ;d]t :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng ul/g]
cfof]hgf / sfo{qmd klxrfg u/L /fli6«o cfof]hgf a}+sdf ;dfj]z ug{] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
;"of{:t sfg'gsf ?kdf cfPsf] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&$ n] ;+3LotfnfO{ sfo{?kdf ?kfGt/0f
ug{sf nflu k|b]z / :yfgLo tx;Dd sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgsf] cfwf/ l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . ;+ljwfg /
lgjf{rg /fhgLlts k'g;{+/rgfsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ ePh:t} hg;]jfdf w]/} lqmofzLn x'g'kg{] tNnf txsf
;/sf/df ;a} txsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 3'nldn u/fO{ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog ug{ k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf
?kdf of] sfg'g Ps sf]z]9'+uf ePsf] dfGg'kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %, ^, &, * / ( sf] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] Psn tyf ;femf
clwsf/sf ;"rLsf] sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f k|ltj]bgn] k|i6 ?kdf k|To]s clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lsf] s];|f
s];|f cnUofO{ ;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf ptfg{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
;+3Lotfsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof;
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;+3df k|wfgdGqL;lxt ;+3df a9Ldf kRrL; hgf dGqL /x]sf]
dlGqkl/ifb u7g x'g] Joj:yfcg';f/ ;f]df ga9\g] u/L dGqfnox?sf] ljGof; ul/Psf] 5 . z'?jftL
r/0fdf k|b]zdf ;ft j6f dGqfno /xg] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xLjdf]lhd sfo{ ePsf] lyof] . xfn a9\g] qmd
b]lvPsf] 5 .
xfn b]zdf s]Gb|df Ps ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k|b]zdf ;ft k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txdf ;ft ;o lqkGg
:yfgLo ;/sf/ u/L s'n ;ft ;o Ps;¶L ;/sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo txdf ufpFkflnsf:t/df kfFrb]lv gf} j8f;Dd / gu/kflnsf txdf gf}b]lv k+}tL; j8f;Dd /xg]
sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/ ljGof; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
g]kfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ePkZrft\ @)&$ ;fndf tLg} txsf] lgjf{rg eof] . j8f;/sf/b]lv
;+3;Dd lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf eof] . o; lardf k|d'v sfg'gL k|aGw klg ul/P. :yfgLo tx
kG„jif{b]lv hgk|ltlglwljxLg lyof] . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] gofF cEof; ;'?jft eof] . s]Gb|sf] lj:tfl/t
xftx? s]Gb|Lo :t/df dfq /xg afWo eP . k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgfsf ?kdf sd{rf/L ;d]t tLg j6}
txdf ;dfof]hg ePsf 5g\ . o;lardf s]Gb|df cEo:t /fhLlts g]t[Tj tyf sd{rf/L / k|zf;lgs
If]qdf ;d]t s]Gb|Ls[t ;f]Fr /xg' :jefljs cj:yf /x\of] .
;xsf/Ld"ns ;+3Lotfsf] An' lk|G6sf ?kdf g]kfndf lgM;[t ;+ljwfgsf cg';"rLn] ;+3nfO{ cjlzi6
clwsf/ lbPsf 5g\ . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;d]t clwsf/ k|rngdf ;xcl:tTj / :jfoQtf k|fKt
u/]sfn] oL txsf ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] d}bfgdf c;n cWofo ;'?jft ug{] cj;/
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~85~
k|fKt ePsf] 5 . of] zf;sLo / ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;g / ljsf; kxndf
kl/jt{gsf] dx;'; u/fpg] nf]stflGqs cj;/ klg xf] .
ljutsf ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?n] cfd gful/ssf nflu /fhgLlts r]t a9fOlbPsf 5g\ . hgtfnfO{
zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;}4flGts ljs[ltn] ubf{ ;]jf k|efjsfl/tf / Jojl:yt ljsf;sf kxnx? lgjf{w x'g
g;s]sf] dfGotfnfO{ k6s k6s ;dsfnLg /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] 5fk kf/]sf] cfef; x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s
kl/jt{gsf cj:yfdf hgtf cl3 cfpF5g\ . ;doqmddf pxL g]t[Tj zf;sLo :j?kdf bf]xf]l//xG5 .
tyflk cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / hgtfn] dx;'; ug{] u/L gjLg zf;sLo
pkl:yltn] tflTjs kl/jt{gsf] ;+s]t glbPsf] xf] ls eGg] b]lvG5 . o;lardf ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf;
lgdf{0fsf If]qdf w]/} ;'wf/ ePsf 5g\ t/ dx;';of]Uo 5}gg\ .
;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] of] sfnv08df ePsf Jofjxfl/s cEof; o; k[i7e"lddf ofbu/ x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . o;n] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] jf Tof] ;~rfng ug{] / k4lt agfpg]
kfqdf ;'wf/ ug{] xf] eGg] ljifodf ljifb\ dLdf+zfsf] dfu ub{5 . s]xL cEof;x? ;sf/fTds b]lvG5g\ .
;+3Lotf sfof{GjognfO{ Jofjxfl/s s;Ldf x]bf{ s]xL cg'ej / cg'e"lt rrf{ ug{ nfos b]lvG5g\ .
tNnf] txb]lv g]t[Tj ljsf;sf] /+ud~r v8f ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/, ;bg / Goflos cEof; tnjf6}
;'?jft ePsf] 5 . d]nldnfk s]Gb| / Goflos ;ldltn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . dflyNnf
txsf PsfO sd / tNnf PsfOx? w]/} aGg] sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs åG4 / j}/efj Go"g
x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . zf;g;Qfdf ;xeflutf aflSnb}+ uPsf] 5 . hgtfsf] r]tgf:t/ a9L/x]sf] 5 .
;]jf k|flKtsf nflu yk ;xhtfsf] l:ylt 5 . :yfgLo tj/df cfjZos ljsf; of]hgfsf] klxrfg, dfu
/ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfd hgtf hfu?s / ;Ifd x'g ;s]sf 5g\ . ljsf;sf kxn ;a} s'gf sGb/fdf
k'u]sf 5g\ . af6f], s'nf], k}gL, ;fF3', 9n tyf gfnf lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/L ah]6 ePsf] dx;'; hgtfn]
u/]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo txsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cg'e"lthGo cEof; ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{sf] lj/f]wfefifo'Qm
t/ ;+of]hgsf/L cWofo xf] . ljutdf hgk|ltlglwsf] tf]s cfb]zdf rn]sf] l;kmfl/; / ;fgfltgf
ljsf;sf sfo{ kl5Nnf] ;do ljlw / k|lqmofcg';f/ ;'? ePsf 5g\ . t/ :yfgLo ?kdf k|zf;lgs,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, lzIff, :jf:Yo nufotsf ;]jfd"ns sfo{ / k"jf{wf/ nufotsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{ ;Dkfbg klg TolQs} k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf 5g\ . o;n] Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 ljsf;df clg
;]jf k|jfxdf l;nl;nf gldn] tfklg ljefuLo sfo{ lhDd]jf/L tf]sL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
h] eP klg g]t[Tjsf] Wofg s]df hfg] / s]df k|fyldstf lbg] eGg] ljifon] of]hgfa4 ljsf; / ;]jf
k|jfxdf cjZo k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
kflnsf;Ddsf ;+3Lotfsf cEof;x? w]/} ;'wf/sf ck]Iffdf /x]sf 5g\ . cg'ej / cg'e"lt cfufdL
~86~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lbgdf dfu{bz{g x'g] lglZrt 5 .

;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/lDes cj:yf ePsfn] cem}klg :yfgLo tx;Dd ;+3sf PsfO /lx/x]sf 5g\ .
;]jf ;~rfng / ljsf; lgdf{0fdf Ps}rf]6L tnsf ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf gx'g], /fi6«sf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 tyf
;'zf;gsf nIo k|fKt gx'g] / hgtfdf ;/sf/sf] l/Qmtf dx;'; x'g glbg s]xL ;do;Dd of] ;fGble{s
xf] tyflk ;fljssf] ;+/rgfx? / :j?kx? TofUg cem}klg ;+3Lo ;/sf/ tof/ 5}g . jf:tjdf ;+3Lo
;/sf/ gLlt, of]hgf / dfu{bz{g agfpg] tx xf] . of] sfg'g lgdf{tf Pjd\ gLltlgb{]zg tx klg xf] . k|b]z
tx ;dGjo Pjd\ ;xsfo{ ug{] / dftxtsf :yfgLo txsf] sfd sf/jfxL / k|lqmofdf ;xhLs/0f ug{]
tx xf] . :yfgLo txn] dflyNnf ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgb{]zgdf ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ sfdofj agfpg] / Jojl:yt
sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ eGg] Joj:yf / cGt//fli6«o dfGotf 5 . sfg'gdf ;d]t o;}u/L k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 .
oyfy{df gLltut Pjd\ sfof{Gjog tx km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf ;]jf k|jfx tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf
ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{ Jojl:yt xg' ;S5g\ . o;sf] kfngf Jojxf/df eg] Go"g b]lvG5 .
sfo{;Dkfbgdf / sfo{ut Ps?ktfdf lj:tf/} cEo:t gx'~h]n / Ifdtf ljsf; gx'~h]n ;+3Lo
;/sf/sf] gLltut dfu{bz{g, lbzflgb{]zg / sfo{;~rfng ug{' dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . t/ sfg'gL ?kdf Ps}
k|s[ltsf sfddf bf]xf]/f] kg{] u/L ul/Psf k|aGwn] ca ljsf; k|lqmof / ;]jf ;~rfngdf b'ljwf x'g]
b]lvPsf] 5 . gLltut ?kdf /xg'kg{] PsfOx? Pskl5 csf{] u/L ;dfg sfddf ;+3 / k|b]zn] :yfkgf
ul/Psfn] sfddf ;xhLs/0f xf]Og ls c;fd~h:otf b]lvG5 . :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ sfof{nox?, ;8s /
;x/L k"jf{wf/sf PsfOx?, s[lif e]l6g/L nufotsf ;a} PsfOx? pxL sfd / p2]Zosf nflu ;dfgfGt/
?kdf :yfgLo lhNnfdf :yfkgf eO/x]sf 5g\ . :ynut ?kdf kl/of]hgfsf] cfsf/ / sfo{If]q
ljZn]if0f ug{] xf] eg] klg ;|f]tsf] dfq bf]xg x'g] clg kl/0ffd /fd|f] gx'g] c/fhs l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/L
;DklQsf] pkof]u jf o;df agfOg] ;+/rgfdf cj;/ s';L{sf] xf]8afhL ;j{q JofKt /x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;fj{hlgs k"jf{wf/, ko{6g, pmhf{, pBf]u nufotsf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf
vf8n k'g{ 7"nf / w]/} cfof]hgfx?sf] ;~rfng x'g' ;xof]uL l;4 x'g] ePtfklg of]hgfa4, Jojl:yt
ljsf; k|lqmof tyf sfo{;~rfngdf of] sfo{ a9L vlr{nf] t 5b}+5, glthfd"ns ;d]t x'g ;Sg] b]lvGg.
o;n] ;|f]t ;fwgdf c;dfgtf / c;Gt'ng klg NofPsf] 5 .
;+3Lo dGqfnox? tNnf] txsf sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;d]t s]lG›t ePsf] kfOG5 . sfo{If]q :yfgLo
txdf g} x'g] ePsfn] :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/n] cfkm\gf] k|fyldstfsf sfo{dfeGbf dGqfnosf sfo{qmd
;~rfng / pxL k|s[ltsf ljljw sfddf clNemg'kg{] l:ylt 5 . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] ah]6 tyf
sfo{qmdsf] ;fd~h:otf u/fO{ ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{] Joj:yf u/] tfklg k|foM sfddf bf]xf]/f]kgf /
;|f]tsf] ef/ ylkPsf] l:ylt 5 .
:yfgLo txsf ;/sf/sf] ;~rfng / sfo{;Dkfbg k|b]z sfg'gjdf]lhd x'g] elgP tfklg oyf;dodf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~87~
dfu{bz{g sfg'g aGg g;Sbf sltko :yfgLo txn] cfFkm} sfg'g agfO{ sfo{ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;+3Lo
sd{rf/L P]g gx'Fbf :yfgLo ;/sf/tkm{sf sd{rf/Lx? ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf P]gcg';f/ g} kl/rflnt 5g\ .
lgo'lQm, ;]jfsf ;t{ tyf cjsfz ;Ddsf sfo{ tby{jfbdf rln/x]sf 5g\ .
k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txdf ljsf;sf cfjZostf w]/} 5g\ t/ ;|f]t ;Lldt 5 . k|fyldstfsf] cefj 5 .
ljsf; afF8\g] rng ;j{q 5 . ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd hgk|ltlglwsf] clwsf/sf] ljifo x'G5 . hgtfsf]
;]jfk|lt cem}klg :yfgLo g]t[Tj ;+j]bgzLn eO;s]sf] b]lvb}+g.
hgck]Iff / sfg'gjdf]lhd ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{] ljifon] k|fyldstf kfPsf 5}gg\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
sfo{ lj:t[tLs/0f k|ltj]bgcg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{], ;f] cg'?k sfo{;Dkfbg ug{] nufotsf
sfo{sf] oyfy{ cj:yf ;dLIff x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
tnsf ;/sf/n] ;+3Lo ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg ug{], sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfOk/]sf gLltut / sfo{qmdut ;d:of
/ r'gf}tLsf] ;dfwfg dfu ug{] tyf cGo :yfgLo txx?;Fu sfo{ut Pstf / ;xsfo{ z"Go k|foM 5 .
;+3sf w]/} ljz]if sfo{qmdx? ljleGg :yfgLo ;/sf/x?df ;~rflnt ePsf 5g\ . t/ tL sfo{qmdsf]
;fd~h:otfsf nflu g t ;+3sf dGqfnon] kxn u/]sf] kfOG5 g t :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfk;df 7f];
kl/0ffdsf nflu ;dGjo u/]sf 5g\ .
dflyNnf txsf ;/sf/n] ;fgf cfof]hgfdf /dfpg] / :yfgLo ;/sf/x? cfkm\gf] IfdtfeGbf 7"nf
sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ pBt x'g] u/]sf s}og pbfx/0f 5g\ . o;n] g]kfns} of]hgfsf]
nfdf] cEof; / o;sf] stf{nfO{ luHofPsf] h:tf] nfU5 . ljQLo ;'zf;g / ljlgof]hg s'zntfnfO{
t kl5Nnf ah]6 k|0ffnL / of]hgf b:tfj]hn] la;{]sf] efg x'G5 . 3f]if0ffkqdf ul/Psf k|ltj4tf
/ w/ftnLo oyfy{tf km/s x'g] lgolt s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddn] ;fIffTsf/ u/]s} ljifo x'g\ .
ljt/0fd'vL / nf]slk|o x'g] nfn;fn] b]zelQm, ;'zf;g, ;d[l4 / ljsf;sf kxnx? kmut d[ut[i0ff
aGg k'u]sf 5g\ . kl/of]hgf k|d'vsf] :yfloTj / ljsf;sf gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf geP/ xf] jf nfe /
nf]esf cjojn] k|0ffnL / Joj:yfnfO{ lht]/ xf] ;a} txdf ljsf;sf] ;dfg / ;Gt'lnt cEof; x]g{
k':tfGt/0f g} s'g{'kg{] h:tf] b]lvG5 .
s]xL ljrf/0fLo kIfM
;+3Lotfsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ ;+ljwfgn] lgb{]z u/]sf] ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTjnfO{
d"t{ ?k lbg / o;sf] cfwf/df ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;d[l4 / ljsf;
Pjd\ ;'zf;gdf of]ubfg lbgsf nflu s]xL ljrf/0fLo kIfnfO{ b]xfojdf]lhd lnkLa4 ul/Psf] 5 .
gLlt of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug{] tx / lgsfox? km/s km/s x'g'kb{5 .
• ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf nflu dfu{bz{s sfg'gx? cljnDa lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 .
~88~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
• sfo{If]qut ?kdf clwsf/x?sf] bf]xf]/f]kgf jf cltqmd0f gx'g] ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 .

• ljleGg txsf lgsfo / ;+:yfx?sf] clwsf/sf] r]t k|i6 x'g'kg{] / Ifdtf ljsf;df Wofg
lbg'kb{5 .
• ;]jf k|jfx / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] pWj{ufdL txut e"ldsf
;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{df s]lG›t x'g'kb{5 t/ k|lt:kwL{ x'g'xF'b}g.
• ;+3Lotfsf] ;'Gb/tfsf ?kdf /x]sf ;dtnLo txx? lar k|lt:kwL{ / kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .
• ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf c;dfgtf / c;Gt'ng x'g'x'Fb}g.
• ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;a} lqmofsnfk k|0ffnL Pjd\ of]hgfdf cfwfl/t / Jojl:yt x'g'kb{5
gls tby{jfbL .
• ;a} txdf ljsf;, cg';Gwfg / zf]wnfO{ clgjfo{ ;t{ agfOg'kb{5 . o;df k|fl1s Pjd\
lj1tfsf] ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 .
• sfg'gsf l5› vf]Hg] / lghTjk"0f{ Jojxf/sf] /fhgLlts / sfg'gL ?kdf cGTo x'g'kb{5 .
• cy{tGqdf / ;]jf k|bfos lgsfox?df ljrf}lnof k|j[lQsf] cGTo x'g'kb{5 . pBdzLntf
/fhgLlt1 / ;]jfk|bfos ;a} txsf ;/sf/df ckl/xfo{ 5 .
• ;+3Lotfsf] plrt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+3 / k|b]zn] sfo{qmd tyf sfo{ut PsfOx?nfO{ cf–
cfkm\gf] tx / clwsf/df ;Lldt ug{'kb{5 .
• ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txx?df ;Dkfbg x'g] x/]s sfo{df bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg] tyf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
ug{] ;Ifd ;+oGq :yfkgf x'g'kb{5 .
cGTodf, ;+3Lotfsf] ;kmn cEof;sf nflu r':t sfg'gL k|aGw ckl/xfo{ 5 . tLg j6} txsf
ldtJooL ;/sf/sf] ljGof; x'g ;s]g eg] of] k|0ffnL b]zn] wfGg ;Sb}g . of]hgfa4 / Jojl:yt
ljsf; lgdf{0f k|lqmof ckgfPdf sfo{qmddf bf]xf]/f]kg gcfpg] / ;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'g] lglZrt 5 .
hgtfsf] ;lGgs6 ;/sf/L PsfOaf6 hgd}qL ;]jf k|jfx, ;fdflhs ;]jf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ePdf
;+3Lotfsf] cfTdfg'e"lt hLjGt x'g]5 . b]zsf] df6f] ;'xfpFbf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf sl6a4 eO{ lhDd]jf/
/ hjfkmb]xL g]t[Tj, pQ/bfoL hgk|ltlglw, ;]jfefjk"0f{, Jofj;flos / g}ltsjfg sd{rf/LtGqaf6
;+3Lotfsf] cEof; Jojxf/df g} ;fy{s / cy{k"0f{ x'g]5 .

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~89~
nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf k|Zgkq

lgdf{0f / o;sf Jojxfl/s kIfx?
bfdf]b/ ;'j]bL
pk;lrj, k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf, k|b]z k|x/L ;]jf, k|b]zsf] cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf, k|b]z
;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jf, :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf :jR5, lgikIf
tyf kf/bzL{ k/LIff k|0ffnL / dfkb08sf cfwf/df pko'Qm hgzlQm 5gf}6 u/L l;kmfl/; ug{] d'Vo
lhDd]jf/L k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf pNn]lvt If]qdf cfjZos bIf
/ u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQm 5gf}6sf nflu sfg'gL cfwf/sf ?kdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)&^,
u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)&*, k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb{]lzsf
@)&* d'Vo ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . P]gsf] bkmf @( df cfof]un] ;~rfng ug{] ;j} k|sf/sf k/LIff
;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg{] k|Zgkq lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g tf]lsPjdf]lhd x'g]5 egL pNn]v
ePsfdf lgodfjnLsf] kl/R5]b–$ df k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f tyf k/dfh{g;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L lgb{]lzsfsf] kl/R5]b–% df k|Zg lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g cGtu{t ljifout tyf j:t'ut k|Zg lgdf{0f
/ kl/dfh{g;DaGwL Joj:yf eP cg'?k k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g u/L cfof]usf k/LIffx? ;~rfng
x'b} cfPsf 5g\ .
cfof]uaf6 :jLs[t kf7\oqmdsf cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] kbdf v'nf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffdf ;fd]n ePsf pDd]bjf/x?sf] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng u/L pgLx?sf] Ifdtf hfFr ug{]
sfo{df ljifout tyf j:t'ut k/LIff lng] k|fjwfg 5 . pDd]bjf/x?df /x]sf] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg, ;Lk,
Ifdtf / bIftf h:tf kIfx?sf] oyfy{k/s d"NofÍg u/L pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/; ug{] lg0ff{o lng
k|Zgkq g} d'Vo ;fwg ePsfn] k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgkqx? pko'Qm, j}w, Pjd\ ljZj;gLo x'g' h?/L
5 . kf7\oqmdn] lglb{i6 u/]sf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t c;n k|Zgkqsf] lgdf{0f / k|of]un] dfq ;xL /
jf:tljs glthf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf u'0f:t/Lo hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{ x'g'sf] ;fy}
cfof]uk|ltsf] ljZj;lgotf a9\b} hfg] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g ;Sb}g .
k|Zgkq tof/ ubf{ s] k/LIff lng], s;sf nflu k/LIff lng], s'g ljifo / If]qdf k/LIff lng], s;/L
k/LIff lng] / slxn] k/LIff lng] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] ul/G5 .k/LIffsf] ljifoj:t'n]
k/LIffyL{x?af6 JoQm x'g] k|ltlqmof dfkg ug{] p4]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . lnlvt k/LIffsf nflu d'Votof
ljifout jf j:t'ut k/LIff k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/G5 . ljifout k|Zgsf] dfWodaf6 lnOg] lnlvt
k/LIffaf6 k/LIffyL{x?df /x]sf] 1fg, hfg]sf], j'em]sf] / l;s]sf] cfwf/df ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{] Ifdtf,
ljifoj:t' k|ltsf] cy{k"0f{ ljZn]if0f, ;+Zn]if0f / d"NofÍg ug{] ;Lk jf Ifdtfsf ;fy} ljifoj:t' k|ltsf]
~90~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
wf/0ff, ;+ul7t ?kdf k|fKt x'g] d'No dfGotf;xLt p;n] JoQm ug{] k|ltlqmof Pjd\ ljrf/, j'l4 /
ljj]ssf cfwf/df l;h{gfTdstf / df}lnstf k|bz{g sfo{nfO{ dfkg ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|Zgkq tof/
ug{' kb{5 . k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdn] ljifout tyf j:t'ut b'j} k|sf/sf k|Zgkq tof/
u/L lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] k4tL cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . /fhkq cg+lst k|fljlws kbx?df
j:t'ut k/LIf0f cGtu{tsf] ax'j}slNks k|Zg Pjd\ /fhkqf+lst k|fljlws kbx?df kf7\oqmdn] lglb{i6
u/]jdf]lhd g} ljifout tyf j:t'ut k|Zgkq k|of]u u/L k/LIffyL{x?sf] d"NofÍg ug{] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf]
5 eg] k|zf;lgs kbx?df ljifout tyf j:t'ut b'j} k|sf/sf k|Zgkqsf cfwf/df lnlvt k/LIff lng]
Joj:yf cg'?k k/LIff ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljifout k|Zg cGtu{t nfdf] pQ/ ck]Iff ul/Psf k|Zg / 5f]6f] pQ/ ck]Iff ul/Psf k|Zgx? /xg
;Sb5g\ . nfdf] pQ/ ck]Iff ul/Psf] k|Zgn] k/LIffyL{nfO{ lj:t[t pQ/ jf k|ltlqmof JoQm ug{], JofVof
ug{] tyf cfkm\gf] df}lns ljrf/ JoQm ug{] clwstd :jtGqtf x'g] u/L k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . o:tf
k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf k/LIffyL{x?n] cfkm\gf ljrf/x? JofVofTds ?kdf cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] lsl;dsf
j0f{gfTds k|Zg, t'ngfTds k|Zg, kIf jf ljkIfdf cfkm\gf] ljrf/ cleJoQm u/L sf/0f / k'i6\ofOF lbg'kg{]
lsl;dsf k|Zg, k/LIffyL{x?n] cfkm\gf] lghL wf/0ff k|:t't ug{] cj;/ lbO{ :jtGq ljrf/ cleJoQm
ug{'kg{] lsl;dsf k|Zg, s'g} 36gf / jf:tljstfnfO{ k'li6 ug{sf nflu sf/0f / c;/ pNn]v ug{'kg{]
lsl;dsf k|Zg, a'emfO Pjd\ k|of]u ug{] IfdtfnfO{ hfFRg 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] lsl;dsf k|Zg / ;d:of
;dfwfg;DaGwL k|Zg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 . ljifout k|Zgsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ nfdf] pQ/sf k|Zgx?sf] clgjfo{
pQ/ lbg'kg{] u/L Ps b'O{j6f df}lns ljrf/ / :jtGq cleJolQm hfFr ug{] k|Zgx? / cGo ;a} ;+lIfKt
pQ/fTds k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|Zgx? ljifout x'g] eP klg ltgnfO{ ;Lldt kfg{ :jtGq cleJolQm hfFRg] k|Zg eP klg To;sf]
lglZrt ;Ldf x'g'kb{5 . ljjfbf:kb, ax'cy{ nfUg] / c:ki6 k|Zg ;f]Wg' x'Fb}g. k|Zg;Fu} ufFl;P/
cfpg] k"/s k|Zgx? Ps csf{];Fu k"0f{ ?kdf ;DalGwt x'g'kb{5 . k/LIffyL{sf] l;h{gfTds k|ltef,
df}lnstf hfFRg] / lglb{i6 ul/Psf] tx, ;]jf, ;d"xsf] kf7\oqmd / ;f]sf] p2]ZonfO{ cfwf/ dfgL
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] ;doleq pQ/ lbg ;lsg] lsl;dsf k|Zgx? ;dfj]z ug{'kb{5 . k|Zg lgdf{0fstf{n]
ljZj:t ;|f]tnfO{ dfq ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{'kb{5 . kf7\oqmddf tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xLcg';f/ /
gtf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf kf7\oqmdsf] ;a} PsfO jf v08af6 ;dfg'kflts lx;fan] k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 .
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ ;fdfGotof Jofjxfl/s kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5
eg] v'nf tkm{sf nflu ;}4flGts kIfdf s]lG›t eO{ k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 . k|Zg k/LIffsf] >]0fLcg';f/
ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg;xLt JolQmsf] l;h{gzLntf / df}lns Ifdtf dfkg ug{] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . Pp6}
k|Zgdf 6'qm] k|Zgx? ePsf] eP k|To]s 6'qm] k|Zgsf] cÍef/;d]t 5'6\ofO{ kfFr cÍef/;Dd ePsf k|Zg
lgdf{0f ubf{ pQ/ tof/ u/L ;+nUg u/Llbg' kb{5 . bz cÍef/ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~91~
k|Zgn] ck]Iff u/]sf] ;Defljt a'Fbfut pQ/sf] ;f/;+If]k ljifoj:t'x? s] s] x'g\ ;f] ;d]t ;+nUg u/L
s'g s'g ljifoj:t' ;d]6\bf slt cÍ k|bfg ug{] eGg] s'/f;d]t k|i6 5'6\ofO{ k|Zg;fy pQ/s'l~hsf ;+nUg
u/L k7fpg' kb{5 . clws[t:t/ gjf}F, bzf}F / P3f/f}F txsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ rf/j6f
ljifoIf]qx?df s]lG›t /x]/ pQ/ n]Vg'kg{] x'Fbf pQm k|To]s rf/ ljifo If]qdf s] s] ljifoj:t' -pQ/_
;d]l6g' kb{5, To;sf ;Defljt a'Fbfx? pNn]v u/L rf/j6} ljifo If]qsf] cÍef/ ljefhg;d]t ul/lbg'
kb{5 . 5f]6f] pQ/ cfpg] ljifout k|Zgx? lgdf{0f ubf{ ;Lldt jf ;+lIfKt pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgx? ;f]Wg],
;fdfGotof k|To]s k|Zgsf nflu a/fa/ ;do nfUg] k|Zg ;dfj]z ug{], ax'cy{ gnfUg] u/L ;/n / :ki6
efiffsf] k|of]u ug{], k|Zgx? s'g} Pp6f ;+1fgfTds txsf] dfq g/fvL Go"gb]lv pRr txsf] ;+1fg dfkg
ug{] lsl;daf6 ;dfj]z ug{' pko'Qm dflgG5 .
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmddf j:t'ut k|Zg cGtu{t ax'j}slNks k|Zg ;f]Wg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . j:t'ut ax'j}slNks k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ k|Zgsf] k|ZgfTds c+z cy{k"0f{ / :ki6 ?kdf hjfkm vf]Hg]
cyf{t\ k|ZgfTds x'g'kg{], k|Zgdf cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/Lx? x'g'kg{] / hjfkm ;+lIfKt / :ki6 x'g'kg{],
k|Zgx?sf] Psdfq l7s jf ;a}eGbf pko'Qm hjfkm x'g'kb{5 . o;df k/LIffyL{nfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf
em'Sofpg] lsl;dsf] hjfkm x'g'x'Fb}g . k|Zg / o;sf] j}slNks hjfkmx? lar Jofs/0fLo tfbfTDotf
x'g'kb{5 . ;se/ gsf/fTds k|Zg ;f]Wg' x'Fb}g . Ifdtf hfFRg k/]df dfq gsf/fTds k|Zg ;f]Wg'kb{5 /
gsf/fTds jfSof+znfO{ /]vflª\st (Underline) ug{'kb{5 . k|Zgsf ;Dk"0f{ ljsNk :jLsf/of]Uo x'g'kb{5,
Psbd gldNbf] ljsNk /fVg'x'Fb}g. k|Zg / ;xL ljsNk larsf] zflAbs Ps?ktfn] hjfkmnfO{ ;Í]t
ug{'x'Fb}g. ljsNksf] nDafOn] ;xL hjfkmaf/] ;Í]t ug{'x'Fb}g. k|Zgdf clglZrt ljz]if0f / lqmofljz]if0f
h:t} w]/}h;f], s'g}, sf]xL, k|foM slxn]sfxLFh:tf jfSof+z k|of]u ug{'x'Fb}g. ljsNkx? cÍ cyjf
;dosfnsf] ?kdf eP o;nfO{ lglZrt qmdfg';f/ /fVg'kb{5 . clt ljlzi6 tyf :d/0f zlQm hfFRg]
k|Zgx? h:t}M JolQm jf :yfgsf] gfd, ldlt h:tf k|Zgx? dfq ;f]Wg'kb{5 . ;xL hjfkmx? ;fdfGotofM
;Dk"0f{ ljsNkx?df ;dfg cg'kftdf ljt/0f ul/g' kb{5 . ax'j}slNks k|Zg cGtu{t vfnL 7fpF eg{]
k|Zg /fVbf d'Vo zAb g} lemSg'kb{5 / o;sf] Psdfq ;xL hjfkm x'g'kb{5 . k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf]
tx, p;n] ;Dkfbg ug{'kg{] sfd tyf lhDd]jf/L;+u ;DalGwt 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfnfO{ Wofg lbg'sf ;fy}
k|Zgdf pko'Qm lqmofkbsf] k|of]u ug{] ug{'kb{5 . l56} k'/fgf] x'g] jf ;fGble{stf g/xg] lsl;dsf k|Zgx?
;f]Wg'x'Fb}g . ;fdfGotof ;xh:t/sf k|Zg kRrL; k|ltzt, dWod:t/ krf; k|ltzt / pRr:t/ kRrL;
k|ltzt x'g] u/L k|Zg ;dfj]z ug{'kb{5 .
pNn]lvt cfwf/x?nfO{ Wofg lbg ;s]df u'0f:t/Lo k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . u'0f:t/Lo k|Zgkqsf
ljz]iftfx?df k"0f{, ;+lIfKt, lglZrt / :ki6, :ki6 ;"rgf Pjd\ lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg],jf:tljs / Jojxfl/s,
kf7\oqmdsf] p4]Zoåf/f lgb{]lzt, ;Dk"0f{ kf7\oqmd ;d]l6Psf], k|Zgsf a9L k|sf/ ;dfj]z ePsf],;do
ljefhgdf Wofg lbOPsf], cÍ ljefhgdf j}1flgs cfwf/ ckgfOPsf], k|Zgsf] sl7gfO:t/ ldn]sf],
~92~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg], k|Zgdf pQ/sf] ;+Í]t / ;'/fs gePsf], ;j} lsl;dsf k/LIffyL{sf nflu pkof]uL,
n}lËs tyf ;f+:s[lts lje]b emlNsg] k|Zgx? ;dfj]z gePsf], k|Zgn] s'g} hft, efiff, wd{ / If]qdf
lje]b gu/]sf], k|Zgx? ljlzi6 k|sf/sf ePsf, k|Zgx? ljZj;gLo, j}w ePsf] tyf ;/naf6 hl6n
qmd cflb kb{5g\ .
u'0f:t/Lo k|Zgkq lgdf{0fsf nflu lglb{i6 cfwf/ / lgb{]zgx? eP klg cfof]uaf6 lnOPsf k/LIffsf
k|Zgkqx?sf] 9fFrf, sfuhsf] u'0f:t/, k/LIffy{LnfO{ lbOg] lgb{]zg, k|Zgkqsf] ;fOh, k|Zgkq 5kfOdf
Jofs/0fLo z'4tf, cIf/sf] ;fOh, kf7\oqmd ;d]l6P g;d]l6Psf] kIf, k|Zgx?sf] pko'Qmtf, k|Zgdf zJb
/ jfSosf] agf]6, n}lËsd}qL efiffsf] k|of]u h:tf kIfdf k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] cg';/0f ub{} k/LIffyL{sf]
d"NofÍg;DaGwL ;}4flGts cfwf/ Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfx? / ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lbOPsf
gd"gf k|Zgkq Pjd\ ;f]lwPsf k|ZgkqnfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL ;'wf/ ub{} nluPsf] 5 . k|Zgkq lgdf{0f,
5kfO{ / tLgsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{] k|d'v cfwf/ cfof]usf P]g, lgod / lgb{]lzsf g} x'g tyflk o;s}
kl/lwleq /x]/ yk ;'wf/ ub{} k/LIffyL{d}qL u'0f:t/Lo k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug{' clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .
o;sf] nflu k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / kl/dfh{g;+u ;DalGwt kIfx?sf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|fKt
;'emfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] sfg'gL k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg' kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
lzIffdf dfkg tyf d"NofÍg, l;4fGt tyf sfo{ljlw– :jod\ k|sfz ha/f, rG›jxfb'/ >]i7 / ls/0fdfg
/l~htsf/ .
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g @)&^
u08sL k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL @)&*
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb{]lzsf @)&*

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~93~
rLgsf] ljsf; cg'ej

k|bLk bf]/ª\uf
n]vf clws[t, k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
;g\ @)!& sf] cu:6b]lv @)!( sf] h'nfO;Dd l5d]sL ldq/fi6« rLgsf]
Shanghai df cWoog ug{] cj;/ ldNof] . @ jif{sf] cWoogsf] qmddf d}n] ef]u]sf] / b]v]sf]
rLg sNkgf u/]sf]eGbf w]/} km/s /x\of] . rLg hfg'eGbf cufl8 dgdf p7]sf sf}t'xntfnfO lj:tf/}
oyfy{df cg'jfb u/]sf knx? ;fRr}g} clj:d/0fLo 5g\ . $) jif{sf] 5f]6f] cjlwdf rLgn] u/]sf]
ce"tk"j{ pknJwLnfO{ dfgj Oltxf;df g} Men made miracle eGbf km/s kb{}g . vf; u/]/ s[lifsf]
cfw'lgsLs/0f, k|ljlw / k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw la:tf/ tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf rLgn]
u/]sf] k|ult g]kfn h:tf c? ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?sf] nflu cg's/0fLo 5 .
rLgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ glhsaf6 cWoog ug{]x?n] Tolt a]nfsf] lrlgofF hgtfsf] bogLo cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs :t/af6 clxn]sf] cfly{s x}l;ot / cfw'lgs ;Eotf;Dd cfOk'Ug'nfO{ ;kgfaf6 lapFlemP
h:t} dfGb5g\ . ;/sf/af6 b'O{ lk; kfp/f]6L kfpg nfOg a;]sf], slt /ftx? ef]s} ;'t]sf], vfnL
v'§f / kmf6]sf n'uf nufP/ :s'n hfg' k/]sf] cj:yfaf6 clxn]sf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ug lrlgofF
hgtfx?n] w]/} ;ª\3if{ ug{'k/]sf] s'/f lrlgofF k|f]km];/x?n] cg'ej atfO/xFbf d h:tf ul/a b]zaf6
k9\g hfg]sf] dg klg l5ofl5of x'GYof] / pgLx?sf] d]x]gt / ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;fRr} g} Xbob]lv Salute ug{
dg nfUYof] . Ps cj{ rfln; s/f]8 hg;ª\VofnfO{ g cfh vfg] s'/fsf cefj 5 g t a:g] jf; /
nufpg] n'ufsf] g} . s[lifdf cfd'n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . s[lifdf Jofj;foLs/0f ePsf] 5 . ofGqLs/0f
ePsf] 5 . pTkfbsTj a9]sf] 5 . ahf/Ls/0f ;/n ePsf] 5 . cem dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t s[ifssf] ;Ddfg
ePsf] 5 . s[lif k]zfsf] dof{bf a9]sf] 5 . s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgsf;L ug{ cfh rLg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
rLgsf] csf{] rdTsf/sf] If]q xf] k|ljlw / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; xf] . rLgsf k|l;4 cj{klt Hofs dfn] ;g\
!(() tfsf cd]l/sfdf hfFbf klxnf] k6s sDKo'6/ b]v]/ cfZro{ dfg]df lyP . Tolta]nf;Dd rLgdf
sDo'6/ lyPg t/ cfh k|ljlwsf] ljsf;df rLgn] cd]l/sfnfO{ k5fl8 kfl/;Sof] . rLgn] 5G g]6js{
nGr u/L 6G sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ul//xFbf cd]l/sfn] 5G df cg';Gwfg ul//x]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf]
ljsf;n] cfh lrlgofF hgtfsf] b}lgsL w]/} ;xh agfOlbPsf] 5 . E-wallet, digital currency,
transportation card, e-shopping, e-ticketing，Mobile Apps h:tf k|ljlwn] hLjg:t/ ;xh
dfq agfPsf] 5}g . o;n] t cfly{s ck/fw, e|i6«frf/, rf]/L tyf 7uL h:tf ljifox?nfO klg
Go"gLs/0f ul/lbPsf] 5 . ;'/Iff cj:yf Tolts} dha'b 5 . k'?ifn] eGbf dlxnfn] a9L ;'/lIft dx;';
u5{g . tkfOsf] s'g} ;fdfg slxst} 5'6\of] eg] klg Tof] x/fpFb}g . ls t Tof] k'ln;sf]df hfG5 ls t
~94~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
ToxL /xG5, s;}n] rf]b{}g . ;a} 7fpFdf CC Camera h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . oftfoftsf] If]qdf klg rLgsf]
pknAwL x]g{ nfos 5 . PSk|]; xfOj]x?df / tLj| ultdf u'8\g] /]ndf ofqf ubf{sf] dHhf g} a]Un} 5 .
ljZjdf ePsf yf]/} sDo'lgi6 d'n's dWo] rLg klg Ps xf] . t/, cfhsf] rLgsf] sDo'lgHd w]/} v'nf
/ cfw'lgs e};s]sf] 5 . vf; u/]/ ;g\ !(&* df tTsfnLg b]ª ;fcf] lkªn] cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf
/ pbf/ cy{ gLlt g} cfhsf] rLgsf] k|ultsf] Bf]ts xf] . clxn]sf /fi6«klt ;L lhglkª ;g\ @)!#
df ;Qfdf cfPkl5 k'/fgf] /]zdL dfu{nfO{ Jo'FtfP/ Connectivity la:tf/ ug{ ;'?df One Belt One
Road (OBOR) / kl5 gfd kl/at{g u/L Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)dfkm{t Plzof, o'/f]k /
clk|msf x'b} Nofl6g cd]l/sf hf]8\g] / Jofkf/ la:tf/ ;Fu} cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{] rLgsf] ljrf/df
ljZjsf !^) eGbf a9L d'n's ;xdt e};s]sf 5g\ . rLgn] olt w]/} cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw la:tf/
ul/;Sof] ls ca s'g} klg d'n's rLg;u ;DaGw laufg{ rfxFb}g .
Jofkf/sf] If]qdf t rLg ljZjsf] Ps gDj/ /fi6« g} xf] . To;}n] t rLgnfO{ cfhsn Factory of the
world klg elgG5 . rLgdf pTkfbg gx'g] ;fdfg ;fob} xf]nf / rLgsf] ;fdfg gk'u]sf] b]z klg ca
la/n} e]l6Pnf . ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] GDP ePsf] / klxnf] x'g] tkm{ pGd'v rLgsf] @% k|ltzt Jofkf/
t cd]l/sf;Fu g} 5 . ljZjsf] 7"nf] Factory Country ePs} sf/0f rLg k|b'if0fsf] rk]6fdf klg 5 .
rLgn] u/]sf] csf{] rdTsf/ xf] ul/aL lgjf/0f . uPsf] $) jif{df rLgn] cfkm\gf *) s/f]8 gful/snfO
ul/aLsf] bnbnaf6 dfly psf:of] . of] ;ª\Vof rLgsf] nflu dfq geP/ ljZjsf] ul/aLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f
Go'lgs/0f ePsf] cj:yf xf] . o;nfO{ United Nations n] klg pRr k|z+;f uof{] . rLgn] ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf] nflu ckgfPsf] df]8n x]g{ xfdL UjfG;L k|fGtsf] leotgfd af]8{/ 5]p k'u]sf lyof} . vf;
u/]/ Plss[t a:tL ljsf; u/L To:tf] a:tLdf k"jf{wf/ ljBfno ;'/Iff, c:ktfn / cln k/ /f]huf/Lsf]
nflu pBf]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . ko{6g kz'kfng ;fd"lxs v]tL dflg; tyf kz' ljdf n3'ljQ,
lzIff / :jf:Yosf] Joj:yfn] dflg;x?sf] hLjgdf ax'cfoflds k|efj k/]sf] /x]5 . ;fIf/tf b/ ((
k|ltzt k'u]sf] cf}ift cfo' a9]sf] cfly{s cj:yf ;'l„Psf] ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOof] .
;/sf/n] u/]sf] sfd /fd|f]sf nflu / xfd|} nflu xf] eGg] ;f]rsf] ljsf;n] ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf cf:yf
/ e/f];f a9]sf] cg'ej eof] . ul/aL lgjf/0fdf rLgsf] cg'ej ljZjs} nflu pbfx/0fLo 5 . ljsl;t
b]zsf cg';Gwfgstf{x? ;d]t rLgdf cfP/ cWoog u5{g .
rLg g]kfnsf] l5d]sL ePklg g]kfnn] rLgdf ePsf] k|ult / ljsf;af6 cfzftLt kmfObf lng ;s]sf]
5}g . en} o;sf] ;Defjgfx? klg w]/} 5g\ . o;/L glhs eP/ klg kmfObf lng g;Sg'df g]kfn / rLg
lardf s]xL ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo s'/f t g]kfn / rLg larsf] l;dfgfdf ef}uf]lns
ljs6tf k|d'v r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / rLg lardf Trade connectivity, People to people
connectivity, Cultural connectivity, Language connectivity, Religious connectivity kof{Kt
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~95~
gePsf] x'gfn] klg ;d:ofx? ylkPsf 5g\ . eljiodf oL / o:tf ljifodf Connectivity a9fpg
;lsof] eg] g]kfnn] klg rLgn] u/]sf] k|ult / ljsf;af6 kof{Kt kmfObf lng ;Sb5 . vf; u/]/ rLgsf]
ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] df]8n p:t} e"uf]n / kl/j]z /x]sf] g]kfnsf] nflu gSsn ug{ of]Uo 5 .

~96~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
THE STATE OF CONSTITUTION IMPLEMENTATION:

IN THE CONTEXT OF PROVINCE
Sila Baral Sapkota
Section Officer, P.P.S.C. Gandaki
Nepal is a federal, democratic, republican State on its path to

implement the constitution which has been made with due sacrifice of Nepalese citizens.
With the promulgation of the new constitution, Nepal is constitutionally a federal
democratic republican state. The constitution sets out the basic framework for the exercise
of state sovereignty, the formation of the organs of the state, the determination of their
rights and relations, the form of governance and the relationship between the state and
the citizen. Democracy is the practice of the people ruling over themselves. Therefore,
the legitimacy of the right to rule comes only from the referendum. In a democracy, the
people have sovereignty. The people are both the source and the abode of sovereignty.
Therefore, the fundamental constitutional power lies with the people. Therefore, it is
the most democratic method for the people to make their own constitution through their
representatives. Its historical practice is currently taking place in Nepal.
Concept of Federalism:
One of the major characteristics of the constitution of Nepal is that it adopts the concept
of federalism. Federalism is usually defined as a territorial distribution of power based
on the sharing of sovereignty between central (usually national) bodies and peripheral
ones. The term federalism was originated from the Latin term "foedus" means unions.
Federalism is based on the assumption that its constituent parts are to a considerable
degree self-organized and self-managed. The generally common structural characteristics
of federations, as a specific form of federal political systems are at least two orders of
government, a formal constitutional distribution of legislative and executive authority
and allocation of revenue resources, provisions for the designated representation of
distinct regional views within the federal policy-making institutions, a supreme written
constitution and so on. Federalism has been chosen to bring together formerly separate
units into a new country, or to rearrange a previously unitary country, and even as a
product of both processes together.
Constitutional Provisions:
The Constitution of Nepal provides that the basic structure of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Nepal shall consist of three tiers at the federal, Province and local levels
and the exercise of state power by all three tiers in accordance with the Constitution
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~97~
and the law. Individual rights at the federal, Province and local levels are enshrined in
Schedules 5, 6 and 8 of the Constitution, respectively, and common rights at the federal,
Province and local levels are included in schedules 7 and 9. The details of the list of rights
mentioned in the constitution are mentioned in Schedule-1. The constitution stipulates
that the interrelationships at the federal, Province and local levels are based on the
principles of co-operation, coexistence and co-ordination. These provisions are symbolic
or abbreviated rights.
This constitution has 27 parts, 302 articles and 9 schedules. As one of its major features,
the Constitution pictures three tiers of governments at central, provincial and local with
provision of seven provinces and 753 local levels. Article 56 (2) of the Constitution states
that the exercise of state power in Nepal shall be at the federal, Province and local levels.
According to the constitutional provision, local, Province and federal elections have been
completed and accordingly, there are 753 local, seven province and federal governments
and currently 761 governments are functioning in the country. Policy arrangements
(laws, rules and regulations) have been made from the construction of necessary physical
infrastructure at the province and local level as per the constitution.
The Constitution of Nepal provides for these rights to achieve lasting peace, good
governance, development and prosperity by ending the discrimination and exploitation
created by the past centralized, unitary, autocratic and marginal state system. For a country
like Nepal, which has entered the federal system of government from a unitary system of
governance, the process of distribution of state power is very complicated. The distribution
of state power is based on values and is determined by historical circumstances and other
influences.
• Efficiency and Subsidiarity
• Economies of scale
• Externalities or spill-over jurisdiction
• Equity and inclusion
• Overall economic stability
• National interests and goals
• Accountability and capacity
• Policy, standards, quality, regulation, financial resources, service flow, production
and distribution of services
• Cooperative, coordination and co-coexistence
Based on these principles, the power of federal, Province and local level has been
divided in the constitution of Nepal. The constitution itself clearly defines the functions,
responsibilities and rights of all the three levels.
~98~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
Federal Power:
As the governing and co-governing body of the nation, the federation has exclusive
rights listed in the schedule 5, including defense and military, war and defense, banking,
financial policy, foreign affairs, diplomatic affairs, customs, excise duty, value added
tax, federal government service, central level large electricity and irrigation projects,
Health Policy, International Trade, Citizenship, Visas, Passports, Immigration, etc. In the
Schedule 7 the concurrent rights of the federation and Provinces includes criminal and
civil procedure, supply of essential commodities, prison management, family affairs, and
contracts. It covers topics such as cooperatives, audit, law and business, Province border
rivers, media, insurance business, mining industry, film cinema, poverty alleviation and
more. Fees Penalties Royalties received from natural resources, Tourism fees, Forest
Wildlife, Water Utilization Mining and Mineral Environment, Disaster Management,
Social Security, Personal Events Registration, Archaeological Ancient Monuments etc.
The list of concurrent rights federal, Province and Local level has been included in the
Schedule 9.
Province Power
In the federal structure of Nepal, seven provinces have been outlined as a unit between
the federal levels. The constitution clearly states the functions, responsibilities and
jurisdictions of the Provinces, which have full form of legislature and executive, in which
Schedule 6 lists the exclusive rights of the Provinces. Under this, issues of peace and
security of the Province, police, government services, real estate, vehicles, entertainment,
advertisement tax, etc., Province level electricity, irrigation and drinking water services,
Province universities, higher education, health services, trade within the Province etc. are
covered. Schedule 7 contains a list of concurrent rights with the federation.
According to the Article 57, sub-article (6) of the constitution provides that any law to
be made by the State Assembly, Village Assembly or Municipal Assembly should not to
be inconsistent with the Federal law, and any law made by the State Assembly, Village
Assembly or Municipal Assembly which is inconsistent with the Federal law shall be
invalid to the extent of such inconsistency.
Local level Power:

The constitution defines local level as village municipality, municipality and district
assembly. There will be village council and village executive in the village municipality
and there will be municipal council and municipal executive in the municipality.
Similarly, there is a District Coordinating Committee, which acts as the District Assembly,
to balance and monitor development and construction work within the district, and to
establish coordination between federal, provincial and government offices in the district,
and between villages and municipalities. In the form of federal system of government, the
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~99~
local level also has the right to both self-government and co-governance.
Schedule 8 of the constitution enumerates the exclusive rights of the local level. Including
Town Police, Cooperative Institutions, operations of F. M., local taxes, basic, secondary
education, basic health, sanitation, local market management, environmental protection
and biodiversity, local, rural roads, irrigation, agriculture and animal husbandry,
alternative energy, disaster management, etc. And there is a list of concurrent rights with
the Provinces as well.
On the path of Implementation:

Federalism being a system to distribute state power between center and sub- national units
with constitutionally defined political structures and powers has lots to shape how state
affairs are administered in a country. Based on the principles of co-operation, coexistence
and co-ordination provided by the constitution of Nepal, the co-operation and relations of
the three tiers of government have been consolidated and the governments of all the three
tiers have been moving forward in line with their responsibilities in the implementation of
the constitution. In this context, the province plays a vital role in to create a link between
the federal government and the local level, which actually realizes how the federalism
really feels. Thus, the success of the state government is inevitable for the success of the
federal system of government.
As mentioned in the constitution, all three tiers of government exercise legislative,
executive and judicial functions on their own way. All the province has state assembly
and exercised their legislative rights. These provinces have laready made on the subjects
of their exclusive rights as enumerated in the constitution. Similarly, all the provinces
formulated and practiced allocation of business classification rules and operation
procedure rules to implement executive functions awarded by the constitution. In the
context of judicial functions provinces are limited with few rights to exercise.
Provinces have waved a path on their goal to achieve what the constitution has promised
for them. Provinces have started to formulate the laws in the sector of exclusive rights
where some them are laready in function. The formulation and implementation of annual
policies and program and the annual development program in all province give the scenario
for the execution of their rights. In the same way, the establishment of Province Public
Service Commission can be taken as an example which is mentioned in the schedule of
exclusive rights of Province. However, it is not as easy with new structures and ventures
to practice all their rights as mentioned in the government.
Issues and Challenges:

Although the constitution and the law provide for a system of democratic governance,
that democracy cannot be sustainable unless the people realize it. In order to believe
~100~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
that our future is beautiful and secure in a democracy, it is important to have an open,
transparent and accountable system of governance and to maintain good governance.
The more fundamental this constitution envisions a new Nepal, the more challenging its
implementation remains. The constitution itself has given clear rights and responsibilities
to these three levels. Therefore, it is necessary to be clear about the role and responsibilities
that the federal, Province and local levels have to play on their behalf and implement the
constitution.
In this context, looking at the aspect of implementation of the constitution, it is seen that
the provinces have moved ahead in the responsibilities and roles given by the constitution
to a large extent. In the context of Nepal in the federal structure, the province is the latest
practice, that is why in the initial years, the province is trying to build the institutional
structure and lay the legal foundation. Efforts are being made to implement various
development projects and programs on the basis of legal and institutional framework.
However, the role to be played by the provinces in the full execution of the constitution
by formulating all the policies and laws to be formulated by the provinces has not been
fulfilled yet.
Lack of resources, lack of skilled and technical manpower, lack of coordination and
cooperation are some of the reasons why the provinces have not been able to fully
implement the rights conferred by the constitution. In Nepal, which has been transformed
into a federal structure by ending the unitary system of governance, it does not seem to
have been fully implemented by the federal government. The federal government does
not seem to be able to manage some of the rights in the federal structure and not been able
to build the necessary legal and institutional framework that needs to be transferred at the
province and local levels. With only a handful of rights being transferred from the federal
government to the province and local levels, the province and local levels have not been
able to exercise their rights. The attempt on the part of the federal level to intervene in the
provinces’ jurisdictions relating to internal security, forests, health, education and sports
prompted the provinces to complain the federal government was acting against the spirit
of the constitution. This dissatisfaction finds voice at meetings between province Chief
Ministers and other ministers.
The management of human resource has always been a crucial issue, in the context
of federalism, it remained as the major challenge for all the tiers of government. The
adjustment of civil service in province and local level does not solve the problem but
it has just initiated the issue forward. The failure of federal government to formulate
the federal civil service act, which is also an umbrella act for the province and local
civil service left the field barren for the management of human resources in the province
and local level. One of the major concern in federalism is spill-over effects and lack
of clarity in the delineation of authority between jurisdictions in the different layers of
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~101~
government. This truly applies in the context of province as well. The establishment of
parallel institutions and duplication in budget allocation for many programs shows the
delineation of authority.
Conclusion
Despite the challenges, all three tiers of government should be accountable for their rights
and duties as conferred in the constitution in order to achieve the prosperity and happiness
of Nepalese citizens. Shifting executive power to local and provincial level is an approach
documented to have positive effects on local resource usage through participatory bottom-
up planning and increased accountability. In line with the spirit of the constitution and the
spirit of federalism, it seems appropriate to implement the constitution by empowering
the province and local levels as much as possible. Otherwise, federalism itself seems to
be heading towards failure.
References:
The constitution of Nepal, 2072
Cabinet Unbundling Report, Office of Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, 2074
Anderson, George, Federalism: An Introduction, Newyork: Oxford, 2008
Bahl, Roy W., Implementing Federalism: The case of Nepal, Georgia: International center
for public policy, 2020

~102~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / tflnd

;[hgf vgfn
zfvf clws[t, k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
;f/f+z
s;}nfO{ s'g} vf; lsl;dsf] sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ljlzi6 1fg, ;Lk, clej[lQ / Jojxf/
l;sfpg] k|lqmof g} tflnd xf] . sd{rf/Lsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{, dgf]jn j[l4 ug{, sfo{k|lt pTk|]l/t
ug{ / sfo{;Dkfbgdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg tflndsf] ct'ngLo e"ldsf /xG5 .
g]kfndf lj=;+=@)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g nfu' ePb]lv g} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg]
sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{ lj=;+=@)@% ;fndf ;j{k|yd k|zf;g
Joj:yf ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsfdf kl5 /fh:j tflnd s]Gb|, :jf:Yo, jg, gfkL nufotsf If]qdf
ljleGg tflnd lbg] If]qut tflnd s]Gb|x? :yfkgf eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfP . lj=;+=@)#( ;fndf
g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf eof] eg] xfn ;+3Lotf sfof{Gjog kZrft\ ;ft} k|b]zdf
sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / k|b]z ;'zf;g s]Gb|x? :yfkgf eO{ hgk|ltlglw tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIf0f
ug{] sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .
hgk|ltlglw Pjd\ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg u/L 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] k|d'v
p2]Zo lnPsf k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / s]Gb|x?n] ca gjLgtd k|ljlw, ;dofg's"n kf7\oqmd / dynamic
vfnsf k|lzIfsx?dfkm{t ;do ;fk]If vfnsf tflnd lbg] of]hgf agfO{ Gofok"0f{ ?kdf ;a} sd{rf/Ln]
k|fKt ug{] u/L ljt/0f u/]/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] JolQmut p2]Zo, wf/0ff / d"NodfGotfnfO{ ;ª\u7gsf] p2]Zo /
;+:s[lt cg'?k kl/jt{g u/fpg' kg{] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} sd{rf/Lsf] gofF lgo'lQm lbg]
nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg gofF l;kmfl/; ePsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|lti7fgx?dfkm{t k"j{ ;]jf k|j]z tflnd
k|bfg ug{ cfjZos ;dGjo / kxn ug{] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ .
tflndsf] cy{
Training is teaching, or developing in oneself or others any skills and knowledge or
fitness that relate to specific useful competencies. It has specific goals of improving one’s
capability, capacity, productivity and performance. – Wikipedia.org.
tflnd dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cjoj xf] . ;ª\u7gsf cGo ;+;fwgx?sf] s'zn
?kdf Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{] Ps dfq ;hLj / ljj]sk"0f{ ;+;fwg sd{rf/L xf] . ;ª\u7gsf]
hLjGttf / ultzLntfsf nflu Ps ;Ifd, bIf, h'emf?, pRr dgf]ano'Qm hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~103~
kb{5 . h;sf] nflu hgzlQmx?nfO{ ;]jf k|j]z ug{'k"j{ ;]jf ;+u ;DalGwt ;Lk / bIftfsf] ljsf;
ug{'k5{ eg] ;]jf k|j]z u/]kZrft\ lg/Gt/ ?kdf tflnd k|bfg ub{} pgLx?sf] s'zntfnfO{ ;do ;dodf
ltvfg{' k5{ . sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{' eg]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ af}l4s ?kdf ltvfg{], dfgl;s ?kdf
sfo{ ug{ tTk/ u/fpg], k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;Ifd u/fpg] sfo{ xf] .
hgzlQm Joj:yfkgsf] Ps d'Vo dfWod tflnd xf] . tflndn] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf
nflu cfjZos k|lqmof, k|ljlw, P]g, lgod, gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cflb af/] 1fg k|bfg ub{5, ;fy} tL
1fgnfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{ cfjZos ;Lk ljsf; u/fpF5 . g]kfndf k|rngdf /x]sf tflndx?df
k"j{ ;]jf k|j]z tflnd, ;]jf k|j]z tflnd, ;]jfsfnLg tflnd, ljz]if tflnd, k'gtf{huL tflnd cflb
kb{5g\ .
tflndsf] cfjZostf / dxTj

;ª\u7gdf s'zn sfo{;D‍kfbgsf nflu sd{rf/Ldf tflndsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;Ifdtf
clej[l4sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ cWoog, tflnd, cWoog e|d0fsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpg ;ª\u7g
leqsf] Ps k|d'v sfo{ xf] . sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd pknAw u/fpg' ;/sf/sf] gLltut Joj:yfleq klg
kb{5 . ;ª\u7gdf gofF k|ljlw, k|lqmof / k|0ffnLsf] ;xh sfof{Gjog ug{, sd{rf/Ldf 1fg, ;Lk / k]zfut
bIftf ljsf; ug{, wf/0ff kl/jt{g ug{ / sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu pQ/bfoL agfpg tflnd ckl/xfo{ x'G5 .
;]jf k|jfxdf gofFkg Nofpg, j}1flgs, ldtJooL, b'?:t, :t/Lo / k|ljlwd}qL agfpg sd{rf/Lx?
kl/jt{gzLn, 1fg, ;Lko'Qm / k|ljlw;+u k"0f{ kl/lrt x'g'kb{5 . h;sf] nflu tflnd cfjZos kb{5 .
hgk|ltlglw Pjd\ sd{rf/Ldf g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{, k|lt:kwL{, Ifdtfo'Qm, g}ltsjfG, t6:y, of]Uo, pRr
dgf]jno'Qm, :jod\ pTk|]l/t / ;]jfd'vL agfpg tflnd cfjZos x'G5 .
gjlgo'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf nflu cfjZos k|lqmof, P]g, lgod, k|ljlwjf/] cjut
u/fpg tflnd cfjZos x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd;DaGwL Joj:yf / cj:yf

;+:yfut Joj:yf
• lj=;+=@)@% ;fndf k|zf;g Joj:yf ljefusf] :yfkgf ePkl5 sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ug{]
sfo{sf] ;'?jft ePsf],
• lj=;+=@)@^ ;fndf cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;lgs s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf,
• lj=;+=@)#@ ;fnb]lv n]vf ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ d=n]=lg=sfn] tflnd lbg ;'?jft,
• lj=;+=@)#& b]lv /fh:j k|zf;g tflnd s]Gb|af6 /fh:j / n]vf;DaGwL 5'§} tflnd k|bfg,
~104~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
• x'nfs, jg, gfkL, ;xsf/L, :jf:Yo nufotsf If]qdf k|lzIf0f lbg] 5'§f5'§} k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf,
• lj=;+=@)#( ;fndf g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf eO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{
;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsfnLg / cGo ljljw k|s[ltsf tflndx? lbg yfn]sf],
• xfn g]kfndf ;+3Lotf sfo{Gjog kZrft\ ;ft} k|b]zdf k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf lgjf{lrt, dgf]lgt
/ lgo'Qm sd{rf/L tyf hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ zf;sLo 1fg, ;Lk / bIftf clej[l4 ug{] p2]Zosf
;fy k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / s]Gb|x? :yfkgf ePsf .
gLltut Joj:yf
• @)$^ ;fndf klxnf] k6s tflnd gLlt th{'df eO{ nfu' ePsf],
• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df dGqfno, cfof]u jf ;lrjfnox?n] cfkm\gf] dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{
cWoog tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fdf k7fpgsf nflu k|To]s jif{ cfjZos ljj/0f tof/ u/L
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fpg] Joj:yf,
• @)%* df lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt nfu',
• @)&! ;fndf lghdtL sd{rf/L /fli6«o tflnd gLlt nfu' .
pNn]lvt gLltut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljleGg ;+:yfx?n] k|bfg ul//x]sf tflndx?n]
lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ?kfGt/0fdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf 5}gg\, tflndsf kf7\oqmdnfO{
;do;fk]If agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . tflndsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{
;do;fk]If ?kfGt/0f ug{] sfo{df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf v]Ng g;s]sfn] sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ klg
k/Dk/fut k|ljlw, kf7\o;fdfu|L / k'/ftgjfbL k|lzIfsx?sf] hfnf]df ?dlNnPsf], s]xL JolQmx?nfO{
k|lzIfssf] ?kdf hflu/ v'jfpg] ynf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] eGg] cf/f]kx? nfUg yfn]sf 5g\ . xfn :yfkgf
ePsf k|b]z:t/Lo k|lti7fgx?n] sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIf0f / tflnd lbg] sfo{df s:tf] e"ldsf v]N5g\ eGg]
s'/f cem} x]g{ afFsL g} 5 .
casf] af6f] <

d'n's ;+3Lotfdf uO{ tLgj6} ;+3Lo PsfOx?df sd{rf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg ePsf] cj:yfdf cj ;ftj6}
k|b]z ;/sf/n] of]hgfj4 tj/n], ;a} sd{rf/Lx?n] k|fKt ug{] u/L, Jofjxfl/s vfnsf tflnd k|bfg ug{]
gLlt lng'kg{] x'G5, k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgx?n] :yfgLo / k|b]zsf hgk|ltlglw / sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ of]hgfa4
9ª\un] tflnd k|bfg ug{'k5{, /fli6«o k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgn] klg ;dofg's"n ?kdf kl/dflh{t
eO{ kl/jlt{t Joj:yfsf] cfjZostfcg'?k gjLgtd ljlwx? ckgfO{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzlIft ug{'k5{ .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~105~
hxfF hf];'s}n] tflnd k|bfg ug{] ePtf klg cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q leqsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd k|bfg
sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg, sd{r/Lsf] k]zfut Ifdtf a9fpg Central Personnel Agency sf]
?kdf sfo{ ug{] dGqfno tyf cfof]ux?n] tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfdfkm{t b]xfoadf]lhd sfo{ ug{', u/fpg'
cfjZos x'G5 .
gjLgtd k|ljlw, cjwf/0ff / k4lt cg'?k tflnd k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], ;dofg's"n kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f tyf kl/dfh{g ug{],
tflndsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df ;a} >]0fL / kbsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd
lbg] nIo /fvL tflnd sfo{qmdnfO{ Jofks / lg/Gt/ ug{],
lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;a} kbx?df lgo'Qm ePkl5 pgLx?sf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jf k|j]z
tflnd clgjfo{ ?kdf lbg],
zfvf clws[tsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd slDtdf ! jif{sf] agfpg], /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
klg slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf] ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg],
x/]s % jif{df ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ slDtdf #) sfo{lbgsf] ;]jfsfnLg, k|ljlwut, sfo{ut tflnd
clgjfo{ ug{],
hgk|ltlgwL / sfof{no k|d'vx?nfO{ g]t[Tj ljsf;;DaGwL tflnd lbg],
j}b]lzs cWoog, tflndnfO{ df]km;n s]lG›t agfpg],
ljlzli6s[t tflnd k|fKt hgzlQmnfO{ ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] sfof{nodf /fvL ;]jf lng] Joj:yf ug{],
b'u{ddf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ b'u{dd} uP/ tflnd k|bfg ug{] Joj:yf ug{],
;]jfsfnLg tflnd j9'jfsf nflu dfq} lng] / lbg] c3f]lift k/Dk/fnfO{ tf]8L sfo{Ifdtf clej[l4
sf nflu Jojl:yt ug{'kg{],
cGt/fli6«o If]qsf c;n cEof;nfO{ early adoption u/L ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ r':t,
b'?:t agfpg gLltut Joj:yf ug{] .
lgisif{
cfhsf] of] ljZjJofkLs/0f Pjd\ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] tLj|t/ ljsf; ePsf] ;dodf ;}4flGts 1fg hf]
;'s}n] klg ldg]6e/df OG6/g]6 ;lkm{ª u/]/} k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . clxn]sf gjlgo'Qm sd{rf/L x?nfO{
1fgsf] vf]h ug{ ufx|f] 5}g t/ pgLx?nfO{ sfo{:yndf ug{'kg{] Jofjxfl/s / k|of]ufTds 1fg, ;Lk /
bIftfsf] cfjZostf 5 . h;sf] k"0f{tfsf nflu tflndsf] cfjZostf x'G5 .
Psftkm{ tNnf] txsf gjlgo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] nflu k"j{ ;]jf k|j]z tflnd lbg] Joj:yf g} 5}g, csf{]tkm{
~106~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
k|bfg ul/g] tflnd klg ;}4flGts, sfo{:yndf Jofjxfl/s k|of]udf tfnd]n gx'g], b]vfj6L ?ksf],
k|df0fkq ljt/0fsf nflu dfq, ah]6 vr{ ug{] x]t'n], k'/ftg z}nLdf, bzsf} cl3sf kf7\oqmddf
cfwfl/t /xL, gofF 1fg, ;Lk / /rgfTdstf gePsf k|lzIfsx?dfkm{t k|bfg ug{], k|lzIffyL{n] klg
tflnddf l;s]sf 1fg / ;Lk Jojxf/df k|of]udf gNofpg] k|j[lQn] tflndsf] dd{ g} gsf/fTds aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu Central Personnel Agency sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{]
dGqfno tyf cfof]u, /fli6«o tflnd gLltdf Joj:yf ePsf tflnd lgb{]zs ;ldlt, tflnd cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg ;ldlt Pjd\ ljleGg k|lti7fg ;~rfng ug{ u7g ePsf sfo{sf/L ;ldltx? nufotsf
;/f]sf/jfnx?n] tbf?stf b]vfpg' h?/L b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx? :
–lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
–lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%*
–lghfdtL sd{rf/L /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)&!
–www.wikipedia.org

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~107~
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gM cGt/;DaGw

/ ck]Iff
ch{'g b]j 1jfnL
jfujfgL ljsf; clws[t
!= k[i‍7e"ld
of] n]v tof/ kfbf{sf] ;do;Dd rlr{t ;r{ OlGhg u'undf æ/fhgLlt / k|zf;gÆ zAb vf]hL ubf{ %
nfveGbf a9L ;DalGwt glthfx? kfOPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljifo / ljwfdf olt
w]/} vf]hL glthfx? kfOg' cfkm}df /f]rs k|;Ë xf] . sf]/f]gf efO/;, ;fdflhs ;~‍hfnsf efO/n kf]:6
/ To:t} vfn] efO/n k|;Ë h:t} g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf kk'lni6 dflgPsf] zAbfjnL
xf] æ/fhgLlt / k|zf;gÆ .
!( cf}+ ztfAbLeGbf cufl8 /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ Ps} b[li6n] x]l/g] ul/GYof] . To; ;dodf zf;s g}
k|zf;s x'g] k|rng /x]sf] lyof] . k|mfG;, j]nfot / cd]l/sfdf ePsf] nfdf] ;dosf j}rfl/s /:;fs:;L
kl5 /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ ;}4flGts ?kdf ljefhg u/L x]g{ yflnof] . ;g\ !**& df ljVoft
k|zf;gljb\ p8«f] ljN;gn] k|zf;gsf] cWoog gfds lgaGw (The study of Administration) dfkm{t
klxnf] k6s /fhgLlt / k|zf;g km/s–km/s s'/f x'g eg]/ pNn]v u/]sf lyP . To;kl5 ;g\ !())
df u'8\‍gf]n] ljN;gsf] egfOdf ;dy{g hgfpFb} /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf ;d]t cf}FNofPsf lyP .
pgsfcg';f/ /fhgLltsf] gLlt agfpg] / k|zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] d"n sfo{ / bfloTj xf] . h;sf
nflu /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug{], /fhgLltn] k|zf;gsf] 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ;xL
;b'kof]u ub{} k|zf;gnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf x]g{'kg{] eg]/ atfPsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfn ;Gbe{df lj=;+= @))& ;fneGbf cl3sf] ;dodf zf;s g} k|zf;s x'g] Joj:yf lyof] h;n]
ubf{ Ps-csf{sf] e"ldsf :ki‍6 lyPg. k|hftGqsf] pbo kZrft\ pQm cjwf/0ffn] cs{} df]8 lng uof] /
kl5 @)$^ ;fnsf] kl/jt{gsf] hudf /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]qsf ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn Pjd\
cWoog ;d]t eof] . o;} ;DaGwdf @)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] ;'emfjn] klg /fhgLlt
/ k|zf;g larsf] ;DaGw / e"ldsfnfO{ yk ljlzi‍6Ls/0f ug{ d2t k'‍{ofof] . g]kfnsf] zf;sLo /
k|zf;sLo b'j} k|0ffnL ef/t, j]nfot tyf cd]l/sfsf] l;4fGt / bz{g;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g] u/L cg';/0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= /fhgLlt
/fhgLlt eg]sf] /fHo ;~‍rfng ug{] gLlt cyjf /fHo ;~‍rfng k|0ffnL xf] . /fhgLltnfO{ ;Qf?9
;/sf/ (Government of Day (GoD)) elgG5 . of] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g]t[TjbfoL tyf clGtd
~108~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
pQ/bfoL ;+/rgf xf] . hgtfsf] cfzf, cfsf+Iff, /f]hfO / clwsf/ (Voice, Choice, Right) af6
lgb{]lzt / k|ToIf ?kdf hgpQ/bfoL ;+/rgf xf] . k|zf;gsf] t'ngfdf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] / cj}tlgs
x'g] ePklg o;n] /fhgLlt k|0ffnL, k2lt, ;/sf/sf] :j?k, kbgfd, sfo{lhDd]jf/L / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL
;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf /fhgLlt eG‍gfn] hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf]
d'Vo pQ/bfoL ;+/rgfnfO{ a'lemG5 .
#= k|zf;g
s'g} klg sfo{nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng ug{] k|0ffnL g} k|zf;g xf] . o;n]
;du| sd{rf/L k|zf;gnfO{ a'emfpF5 . of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] pkh dflgg] k|zf;goGqnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ klg
elgG5 . of] j}tlgs / ;/sf/sf] lj1 ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf /xG5 . /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs ?kn] lgi‍kIf
/ t6:y dflgg] k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] cfkm\g} j[lQ k|0ffnL, g]t[Tj ljsf;, pQ/bfloTj / pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf
/x]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;gnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfsf] 1fg]lG›o (Think tank) klg elgG‍5 . o;nfO{ /fhgLlt /
hgtf larsf] ;DaGw ;]t' dflgG5 . ;a} vfn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?nfO{ k|zf;gsf] kl/efiffdf c6fpg
;lsG5 .
sd vr{ / nfutdf w]/} j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug{] vfnsf] sfo{bIftf / ;a} gful/sk|lt ;dfg Jojxf/
ug{] cj}olQmstf k|zf;gsf] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ rl/q dflgG5 . /fhgLltn] cfkm"nfO{ ;dy{g ug{]nfO{
;dfg / gug{]nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ u/] klg k|zf;gn] gful/snfO{ ju{, hft, lnË, e]ife'iff, wd{, cf:yf
cflbsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg Jojxf/ k|bz{g ub{5 .
$= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf / cGt/;DaGw
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] d"ne"t e"ldsfnfO{ b]xfosf] tflnsfåf/f a'em\g ;lsG5 .
If]q /fhgLlt k|zf;g
gLlt :jLs[t ug{] / sfof{Gjogdf d:of}bf ug{] / sfof{Gjog ug{]
k|zf;gnfO{ ;xof]u ug{]
;ª\u7g, ;+oGq / ;+/rgf u7g / dfu{bz{g ug{] ;~‍rfng ug{]
;|f]t ;fwg k|aGw ug{] -ah]6, C0f, cg'bfg / >f]tsf] ;ª\sng, ah]6 th{'df ug{],
;xfotf :jLs[t ug{]_ pkof]u, n]vfkfng, cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; ug{]
cGo lhDd]jf/L / s'6gLlts ;DaGw sfod ug{] /fli6«o lxtsf ljifodf /fhgLltsf]
bfloTj cfb]z lgb{]zg kfngf / sfof{Gjog ug{]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljifo If]q;Fu
;DalGwt ljifodf clen]vLs/0f ug{]
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~109~
hgpQ/bfloTj jxg
ug{]
zf;sLo ;fem]bf/sf]
;zQmLs/0f/;anLs/0f
ug{]
k|zf;gsf] cg'udg /fli6«o lxtsf ljifodf /fhgLltsf]
d"NofÍg ug{] cfb]z lgb{]zg kfngf / sfof{Gjog ug{]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf
ljifo If]q;Fu
;DalGwt ljifodf
clen]vLs/0f ug{]
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf b]lvPsf] låljwf / cGof}ntfsf ljifodf p8«f] ljN;gsf]
lgaGwsf] ;f/ of] 5 ls, /fhgLltn] k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L lgb{]lzt ug{] ePklg sfo{;Dkfbgsf
lx;fadf k|zf;g rflx+ /fhgLlteGbf km/s wf/df x'g'k5{ / k|zf;lgs dfldnfx? /fhgLlt;Fu d]n
vfg' x'b}+g elgPsf] 5 . ljN;gsf] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ljefhg l;4fGt (Political Administrative
Dichotomy)cg';f/ /fhgLlt / k|zf;gnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf x]bf{,
/fhgLltn] hgdtdf cfwfl/t ljifox?nfO{ k"/f ug{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] / k|zf;gn] lgod sfg'gsf]
cfwf/df /fhgLltn] agfPsf gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{'k5{ .
lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/L cyjf ;/sf/df /x]sf] /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ dgk/L lx;fadf rnfpg' x'Fb}g.
sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ /fhg}lts cf:yfsf cfwf/df geO{ l:y/ ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /fhgLltn] dfGotf lbg'k5{ .
/fhg}lts txaf6 sd{rf/LtGqdf /x]sf] 1fg, ;Lk, cg'ej / IfdtfnfO{ gLlt / sfof{Gjogdf pkof]u
ug{'k5{ .
pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf ljifosf ;Gbe{df, /fhgLltaf6 k|zf;g cnu /xg] eG‍b} ubf{ cfd hgefjgfk|ltsf]
;+j]bgzLntfaf6 k|zf;g clnslt klg ljd'v x'g eg] kfpFb}g.
ljN;gn] ljefhgsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/] klg Jojxf/tM /fhgLlt / k|zf;g lar ljefhgeGbf
a9L kl/k"/s ;DaGw x'g'kg{] ts{ 8'lu6 jfN8f] / lnof]gf8{ x\jfO6n] ;d]t u/]sf 5g\ . tTsfnLg
;dodf /fhgLltdf ePsf] Jofks e|i‍6frf/nfO{ /f]Sg /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf k|i6\ofpb}+ b'O{ kIf
cnUu} /xg'kg{] wf/0ff ljN;gn] k|ltkflbt u/]sf] eP tfklg k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltdf /fhgLlts
sfo{sf/Låf/f k|bQ clwsf/ cGtu{t g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;~‍rfng x'g] ub{5 To;sf/0f klg oL b'O{
~110~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
lar lg/k]If k[ysLs/0f ;Dej 5}g . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g /fHosf ;fdflhs cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf
;xhstf{x? x'g, o;y{df /fli‍6«o :jfy{sf] ;Da4{g ug{], k|hftflGqs k4ltsf] ljsf; ug{], hgtfnfO{
pRrtd ;]jf ;'ljwf k'‍{ofpb}+ ;d[4 ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{df /fhgLlt / k|zf;gn] cnu cnu
Jojxf/ ;d]t ug{'x'b}+g. /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ljleG‍g b[i‍6fGtn] JofVof ug{] ul/G5 .
/fhgLlt / k|zf;g Ps} /ysf b'O{ kfË|f, Ps} l;S‍sfsf b'O{ kf6f, /]nsf b'O{ k6«L, gª\ / df;'sf] h:tf]
;DaGw cflb pkgfdn] ;d]t lrlgg] ul/G5 . /fhgLltdf clws :jfoQtf / k|zf;gdf cfTds]lG›t x'g]
efjgf a9\b} uPdf b'j} kIf hgtfk|ltsf] pQ/bfloTjaf6 ljd'v x'g] vt/f ;d]t /xg hfg] x'gfn] b'j}
kIf lar ;Gt'lnt cGt/;DaGw x'g'kb{5 .
%= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gdf leG‍gtf
/fhgLlt / k|zf;g lar ljlzi‍6Ls[t e"ldsf / ;x-;DaGwsf afah't klg s]xL k|0ffnLut leG‍gtfx?
/x]sf 5g\ .
cfwf/ /fhgLlt k|zf;g
Joj;flostf t'ngfTds ?kn] sd Jofj;flos / Jofj;flos rl/q / j}tlgs
cj}tlgs
5gf}6 k|0ffnL jflnu dtflwsf/af6 lgjf{lrt z}lIfs of]Uotf, ;Ifdtf / cg'ej
lbuf]kgf / cfo' Ps lgjf{rg cjlwe/sf] x'g], k|foMl56f]– :yfoL /xg], nfdf] j[lQ >[Înf ePsf]
l56f] kl/jt{g x'g]
ljrf/ / bnLo ljrf/ / k|lta4tf t6:y
k|lta4tf
hgtf k|ltsf] gLlt sfo{qmd th{'dfsf dfWodaf6 gLlt sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L
;]jf hgtf;Dd cfkm\gf] k|lta4tf k'¥ofpg] sfof{Gjogdfkm{t ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx
ug{]
ljz]if1tf k|zf;lgs ljz]if1tf ;fdfGotof x'Fb}g Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf, Ifdtf, ljz]if1tf
h:tf ljifo k"j{ ;t{ /xg]
d'Vo sfo{ gLlt th{'df gLlt sfof{Gjog
d'Vo e"ldsf gLlt lgdf{tf ;Nnfxsf/ / ;xof]uL
Bureaucrats are highly competent but not powerful; Politicians are highly powerful but
not competent.
Bureaucrats are highly professional but not popular; Politicians are highly popu lar but
not professional.
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~111~
^= /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf dfu{bz{g / cfwf/x?
^=!M k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, 2048 k|ltj]bg
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd @)$* ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]un] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw /
e"ldsfsf ljifodf cWoog u/L ;'wf/sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ ;'emfjx? lbPsf] lyof] . ;'emfjsf]
;f/sf] ?kdf, k|zf;gn] b]z lgdf{0fdf /fhgLltnfO{ ;xof]u ug{], bnLo t6:‍ytf k|bz{g ug{],
;/sf/k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/ / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g], /fhgLlt1x? sd{rf/L;Fu lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
;xdt x'g] t/ lg0f{o;Fu ljdlt hgfpg gkfOg], /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg /
sfo{ljlwut :jtGqtf k|bfg ug{], bafa / x:tIf]k gug{], b'j}n] uf]kgLotf sfod /fV‍g], lgi‍7fjfG
rl/q k|bz{g ug{] h:tf ljifox? d'Vo /x]sf 5g\ .
^=@M cGo Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] JofVof u/]sf] /fHosf] gLlt, lgb{]zs l;4fGtx? /fhgLlt /
k|zf;g b'j}sf] ;~‍rfngsf dfu{bz{g x'g\ .
;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~‍rfng_ P]g, @)^$ / ;f]sf] lgodfjnL @)^% n] /fhgLlt /
k|zf;gsf] sfo{If]q, lhDd]jf/L tf]lslbPsf] 5 .
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf If]qdf lghfdtL If]qsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, @)^) n] ;d]t yk :ki‍6 u/]sf] 5 .
cGo ljlzi‍6Ls[t gLltx?df ;d]t /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf tf]lsPsf] 5 .
&= ljBdfg cj:yf / b]lvPsf] ;d:of
xfnsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g{] xf] eg], ;du| ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw / ;xsfo{sf]
;+o'Qm k|of;af6} ;Dkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 . clws[t sd{rf/Laf6 p7fg ePsf] l6K‍k0fL dGqL:t/af6 ;b/
x'g], dlGqkl/ifb\‍sf] lg0f{o d'Vo ;lrj -k|b]zdf k|b]z ;lrj / :yfgLo txdf k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t_
n] k|dfl0ft ug{], sd{rf/L ;?jf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ;d]t /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw /xg]
-pk;lrj ;/xsf] kbeGbf dflyNnf] kbsf] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\‍af6 :jLs[t x'g]_ ljifox?nfO{ /fhgLlt
/ k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw / ;xsfo{sf] b[i‍6fGtsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
PsfTds / s]lG›s[t zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3fTds Joj:yfdf ;dflxt eO/xbf eg] s]xL d'2fx?
ck]Iffs[teGbf km/s klg e]l6Psf 5g\ . ljz]ift :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;+3df /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?df pTk|]/0ff
hufpg] vfnsf sfo{qmd gePsfn] klg sd{rf/Lx?df sfdk|lt pT;fx ghfu]sf] xf] eG‍g] ts{x? b]V‍g
;'G‍g kfOG5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf xf]; of /fhgLltdf ;fdGtL ;+:sf/, ;f]+r / k|j[lQ clxn] klg
plQs} e]6\g ;lsG5 . …Ho"Ú, …xh'/Ú sf] ;+:sf/n] sfd s'/f] Psflt/ s'Dnf] af]sL l7dLlt/ agfPsf] efg
x'Fb}5 . kmn:j?k, hgck]lIft sfdeGbf dflysf] cfb]z, lgb{]zfg';f/ / cx|fPsf] sfddfq ug{] /f]af]6
;+:s[lt df}nfpFb} 5 .
~112~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
;}4flGts ?kdf, /fhgLlt / k|zf;g lar clwsf/ afF8kmfF8 / ;DaGw lglb{i6 ul/Psf] eP tfklg
Jojxf/df /fhgLltn] k|zf;gnfO{ / k|zf;gn] /fhgLltnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L e'n]/
bf]iff/f]k0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;Gbe{df /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw ;Gb]xk"0f{ / ;Gqf;do b]lvb}+
cfPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g Ps-csf{df hf]uL b]v]/ e}+;L tl;{g], e}+;L b]v]/ hf]uL tl;{g] h:tf]
;d]t ePsf] 5 . b'O{ kIflarsf] ;DaGwdf vnn pTkG‍g eO/xbf a'h|'s dflgPsf] t];|f] kIf -af}l4s /
gful/s ;dfh_ n] klg cfjfh;Dd p7fPsf] b]lvb}g. /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] clws :jfoQtfs} sf/0f
/fhgLltn] k|zf;gk|lt ug{] x:tIf]k / cltqmd0fsf ljifo ;d]t b[Zo cb[Zo ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .
kmn:j?k /fhgLltaf6 k|zf;g ;+oGqsf] j[lQ r/0f b'?T;fxg ug{] tyf j[lQ Oiof{sf] dgf]lj1fg ljsf;
x'g] qmd a9]sf] h:tf] efg x'G5 .
xfn b]lvPsf] ;d:ofx?
k|zf;gdf b]lvPsf] ;d:of /fhgLltdf b]lvPsf] ;d:of ;femf ;d:of
glthfd'vLeGbf k|lqmofd'vL clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgdf ;d:of ljZjf;, OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstfsf]
x:tIf]k ;+s6
ljeflht dfgl;stf
;xL ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg' k"jf{u|fxL efjgf
ljlw;Ddt lgb{]zg lbg g;Sg' cltqmd0f, x:tIf]k / /fhgLlts/0f
Joj;flostf / lj1tfdf x|f;
t6:y / lgikIf Jojxf/ gx'g]
g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tfsf] sdL clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgdf ;d:of
x:tIf]k
;xL ;+/If0f ug{ g;Sg'
ljlw;Ddt lgb{]zg lbg g;Sg' ljZjf;, OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstfsf] ;+s6
ljeflht dfgl;stf
k"jf{u|fxL efjgf
cltqmd0f, x:tIf]k /
/fhgLlts/0f
*= ul/Psf] ck]Iff
*=!M gLlt th{'df / sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df
gLlt lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;sn] /fhgLltnfO{ cfjZos, pko'Qm Pjd\ kof{K‍t ;"rgf, cg'ej,
k/fdz{, ;Nnfx, tYofÍ pknAw u/fpg], gLltsf] k|efj / c;/ ljZ‍n]if0f ug{] / ljz]if1tf
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~113~
pknAw u/fpg] sfo{sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 eg] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] k|zf;gnfO{
ljZ‍jf;, clwsf/, cfZ‍jf;g, ;+/If0f / dfu{bz{g lbg] h:tf e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .
*=@M ;]jf k|jfx / k|efjsfl/tfsf ;Gbe{df
k|zf;sn] Odfgbf/L rl/q b]vfpg], gLlt sfo{qmdsf] lgi‍kIf sfof{Gjog ug{], /fhg}lts /
k|zf;lgs t6:‍ytf, cj}lQmstf k|bz{g ug{], ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng / k|of]udf ldtJolotf /
;dfgtf ckgfpFb} kf/bzL{ ?kdf ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx ug{] e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . To:t}
/fhgLltaf6 ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu cfjZos >f]tsf] k|aGw, ;fª\u7lgs k|aGw, kof{j/0fLo
cg's"ntf / ;+/If0f h:tf sfo{x?df e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 .
*=#M clwsf/ k|of]usf ;Gbe{df
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] k|zf;sLo dof{bf sfod /fV‍g], k|zf;lgs bfloTj a'em\g], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg,
sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf / k|zf;gaf6 ;Dkflbt sfdsf cg'udg ug{] e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff k|zf;g
If]qaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . To:t} k|zf;gn] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u gug{], :jljj]snfO{ ;j{:j dfG‍g]
/ k|zf;sLo cxdtf h:tf ljifonfO{ x6fpg] e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff /fhgLlts g]t[Tjaf6 ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
*=$M sfo{jftfj/0f / sfo{;+:s[ltsf ;Gbe{df
/fhgLltn] ljefhgsf/L e"ldsf k|bz{g gug{], sfdsf k|z+;f / dfGotf lbg], ;fdfGo / lgoldt
k|zf;sLo sfo{df a9L rf;f] g/fV‍g], sd{rf/L ;?jfnfO{eGbf hgcfsf+IffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts/0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg] h:tf e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff k|zf;g / cfd hgtfaf6
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
*=%M ;bfrf/ k|j4{g / e|i‍6frf/ Go"gLs/0f ;Gbe{df
/fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;femf k|oT‍gsf] dfWodaf6 e|i‍6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{], lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj
lng] s'/fdf cu|;/tf b]vfpg], ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Gofok"0f{ afF8kmfF8 ug{], ljQLo cg'zf;g k|j4{g
ug{], g}ltstf, OdfGbfl/tf / ;bfrfl/tf k|j{4g ug{], gful/s lzIff, ;r]tgf a9fpg], zf;sLo
;fem]bf/sf] ;anLs/0f / ;zQmLs/0f ug{] e"ldsf ;a} kIfaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 .
;du|df /fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'j}af6 ul/Psf] ck]IffnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
~114~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
/fhgLlt k|zf;g b'j}af6

b'/b[li‍6jfg, :ki‍6 / ;bfrf/o'Qm cg'zfl;t aG‍g] e|i‍6frf/ lgoGq0f
ljZ‍jf; / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg Joj;flostf k|j4{g ug{] / Ifdtf lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTj
cWoogzLn / lrGtgzLn b]vfpg] axg
;+/If0f / ljlw;Ddt lgb{]zg ;bfrfl/tf cjnDjg ug{] ;fwg ;|f]t k|of]udf
clGtd pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{] lgi‍7fk"j{s ;]jf OdfGbfl/tf
hgcfsf+Iff / /fli6«o :jfy{ k|]l/t x'g] OdfGbfl/tf k|bz{g cfk;L ;dembf/L
b}lgs k|zf;g ;~‍rfngdf cgfjZos lgeL{s JolQmTj ljZ‍jf;sf] jftfj/0f
rf;f] gb]vfpg] t6:y Jojxf/ lgdf{0f
ljj]ssf] k|of]u
(= pk;+xf/
gAa]sf] bzsdf ljsf; ePsf] gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] l;4fGtn] k|zf;gnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0faf6
cnu u/L gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df …n]6\; Dofg]h/ Dofg]h’ eG‍g] e"ldsf tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg'kb{5
eG‍g] ;Gbe{;Fu–;Fu} zf;gdf pbf/Ls/0f, nf]stfGqLs/0f, zf;sLo ;fem]bf/sf] ;anLs/0f, lglhs/0f,
ljZ‍jJofkLs/0fsf ldl>t cg'ej kl5 lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg gofF ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf]
cjwf/0ff (serving rather than steering) hlGdPsf] 5 . o;y{df /fhgLlt / k|zf;gdf k|0ffnLut
;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 lhDd]jf/ ;/sf/sf nflu /fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'j}n] hgtfnfO{ s]Gb| laGb'df /fvL
zf;gsf x/]s kIf / If]qdf hgtfsf] kx'+r a9fpg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . jt{dfg ;Gbe{df Joj:yf
ul/Psf] /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] :ki‍6 e"ldsf ;xLtsf] cGt/cfa4tfnfO{ kl/k"/ssf] ;DaGw eg]/ ;f/
lgsfNg ;lsG5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g Ps–csf{sf k|lt:kwL{ xf]Ogg\ t/ kl/k"/s x'g, ;xof]uL x'g\ .
Ps–csf{ ljgf b'j} cl:tTj ljxLg / lgik|efjL /xG5g\ . b'j}sf] ;fy{s ;xof]u / cGt/;DaGwsf
sf/0fn] k|efjsf/L zf;g ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfx k|efjsf/L x'G5 . /fhgLlt / k|zf;g lar ;f]emf] /]vLo,
;sf/fTds / cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /xg] x'gfn] oL b'j}nfO{ Ps–csf{sf ljsNksf] ?kdf ;d]t lng
;lsG5 .
/fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'j} b]zsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf ;Djfxs, lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL lgsfo x'g\ .
pQ/bfloTj ljgf glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g eg] pQ/bfloTjsf] nflu :jfoQtf cfjZos kb{5 . h;n]
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] IfdtfnfO{ k|ikm'6g / k|a{4g ug{ ;xof]u ub{} k|zf;sLo Joj;flostf ljsf;
ug{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . k|zf;gn] cfkm\gf] Joj;flostf, cj}olQmstf, t6:‍ytf, ;bfrfl/tf / OdfGbfl/tf
h:tf rfl/lqs ansf] k|of]uåf/f /fli6«o lxt ljk/Lt x'g glbg sfo{sf/L / ljwflosL zlQmnfO{ ;d]t
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~115~
cª\‍s'z nufpg ;Sg' kb{5 eg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf /xg] /fhgLltn] /fhgLlts
/ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gaf6 xfl;n x'g] ;a} vfn] glthf / h;–ckh;sf] clGtd pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{
;Sg'k5{ . o;y{df /fhgLltsf] e"ldsf k|zf;gsf]eGbf ;+j]bgzLn dflgG5 . /fhgLlt ljgf k|zf;g
cr]t / k|zf;g ljgf /fhgLlt ultxLg x'G5 eg]/ klg b'O{ larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k'li‍6 ul/G5 To;sf/0f
/fhgLlt / k|zf;g b'j}sf] ;dGjo / cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;Dos b[li‍6sf]0fsf ;fy cjnDjg ub{} cufl8
a9\g ;s]df k|efjsf/L zf;g, ljsf; / ;]jf k|jfxsf] dfWodaf6 cfd hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt
u/fpg ;lsg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g .
;Gbe{;"rL
!= Woodrow Wilson, The study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly 2 (2):
197-222, 1887
@= s'df/ /fpt, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGwM /f]rs ;dLIff, /fhwfgL b}lgs, @)&& c;f]h
*
#= u0f]z kf}8]n, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gM ;DaGw / ;Ldf, cgnfOg va/, @)&& h]7 @@
$= uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGw, gofF klqsf, ax; :tDe, @)&* sflt{s !%
%= uf]kLgfy d}gfnL, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaf6 ck]Iff, gful/s b}lgs, ljrf/ :tDe, @)&# >fj0f %
^= uf]ljGbk|;fb s';'d, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] ;DaGw, uf]/vfkq, ljrf//b[i‍l6sf]0f :tDe, @)&&
c;f]h !$
&= r"8fdl0f zdf{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / /fhgLltlarsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf
d"ne"t kIfx?, @)^#
*= efujt vgfn, /fhgLlt / k|zf;g, k|zf;g klqsf c+s !#@ (!)!–!)(), ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+}.
(= z/brG› kf}8]n, /fhgLlt / k|zf;glarsf] ;Gt'ng, k/fu ljz]iffª\‍s -kfrf}+ ;+:s/0f, @)&*
sflt{s_
!) z/bs'df/ clwsf/L, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGw, k|zf;g 86 sd, @)&* ef› !#
!!= l;4/fh hf]zL, /fhgLlt / k|zf;gsf] cGt/;DaGw -!!(–!@@_, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg, k}/aL
k|sfzg, @)&& c;f]h

~116~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
u08sL nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

s[i0f k|;fb kf}8]n
k|f1 ;b:o, u08sL k|1f k|lti7fg
u08sL nf]s ;]jf xf] k|b]z kl/rfos

;'of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] rog ug{ nfos .
lj1 cg'ejL /fd|f] cfof]udf pkl:ylt
;'zf;g xcf];\ eGg] lgsfosf] 5 lrGtg .
kb ;ª\Vof ;a} a'em\b} ;/sf/L lgsfodf
lj1fkg u/L o;n] hf]8 lbG5 5gf]6df .
kf7\oqmd k/LIff g} o'jfg's"n 5g\ ;a}
k|ljlw pkof]u}df lqmofzLn ;bf x'Fb} .
ljifolj1 5fg]/ agfOG5 k/LIfs
j}1flgs k/LIffdf zª\sf b[li6 sxfF 5 / <
bjfjdf s'g} sfd gug{] k|0f ub{5 .
kljq o; ;+:yfdf cfj4 ;a alGbt .
ljut 5}g nfdf] t t}klg ul/dfdo
k|b]zsf] agf];\ :tDe oxL 5 z'esfdgf .

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~117~
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ult ljj/0f

!= cfof]usf] jt{dfg cj:yf
!=! ;+:yfut cj:yf
-s_ cfof]usf] u7g
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$$ df k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg], k|b]z nf]s ;]jf
cfof]usf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|b]z sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] / ;+3Lo ;+;bn] sfg'g agfO{
cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ePsfn] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -cfwf/ / dfkb08
lgwf{/0f_ P]g, @)&% adf]lhd u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)&^ th{'df eP/
ldlt @)&&÷!@÷!! ut] k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u u7g eO{ sfo{ k|f/Ee ePsf] xf] .
-v_ sd{rf/L b/jGbL / sfo{/t hgzlQm
cfof]un] ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f u/L tof/ ePsf] ;ª\u7g ;+/rgfsf] sd{rf/L b/jGbL
t]l/h k|b]z ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t eO{ xfn b/aGbL / sfo{/t hgzlQm b]xfocg';f/ /x]sf] 5M
tflnsf g+= !M cfof]usf] b/jGbL t]l/h / sfo{/t hgzlQm
:jLs[t sfo{/t
qm=;= kb >]0fL÷ tx
;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof
! ;lrj /f=k= k|yd >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ !!÷!@ tx ! !
@ pk– ;lrj /f=k= låtLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ (÷!) tx, k|zf;g @ !
# pk– ;lrj /f=k= låtLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ (÷!) tx, lzIff ! !
$ pk– ;lrj /f=k= låtLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ (÷!) tx, sfg'g= ! !
% zf=c= /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ &÷* tx, k|zf;g $ %
^ zf=c= /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ &÷* tx, lzIff !
& n]=c= /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ &÷* tx, n]vf ! !
* s=OlGhlgo/ /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL÷clws[t:t/ &÷* tx, ljljw !
( sfg'g clws[t /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL÷ clws[t:t/ &÷* tx, sfg'g !
!) clws[t clws[t:t/ ^ tx, k|zf;g ^ %
!! clws[t clws[t:t/ ^ tx, ljljw # @
!@ ;xfos ;xfos:t/ %÷$ tx, k|zf;g !) $
!# sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ ;xfos:t/ %÷$ tx, ljljw # @
!$ ;xfos ;xfos:t/ %÷$ tx, n]vf !
~118~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
!% x=;=rf= >]0fLljlxg -;]jf s/f/df_ ^ ^

!^ sf=;= >]0fLljlxg -;]jf s/f/df_ & &
hDdf $( #^
o;/L hDdf $( j6f :jLs[t b/jGbL dWo] xfn;Dd hDdf #^ j6f dfq k"lt{ eO{ !$ kb l/Qm
/x]sf] 5 .
-u_ ef}lts ;+/rgf tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw
cfof]usf] sfof{no kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= &, d':tfª rf]sdf gful/s p8\og k|flws/0fsf]
ejgdf /x]sf] 5 . cfof]usf kbflwsf/L / sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu sfo{sIf Pjd\ ;jf/L
;fwgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sfof{nodf OMR d]l;g !, 8'Knf] d]l;g @, kmf]6f]skL d]l;g
^ / kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{sIfx?df cfjZostf cg';f/ sDKo'6/, lk|G6/, OG6/g]6,
6]lnkmf]g, kmlg{r/ cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cfof]usf] j]e;fO6 / cgnfO{g b/vf:t
k|0ffnL lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .
!=@ sfg'gL Joj:yf

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ xfn;Dd lgdf{0f eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf /
sfo{ljlw b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M
tflnsf g+= @M sfg'gL Joj:yf
1 k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgw{f/0f_ P]g, @)&%
2 k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)&^
3 cfof]usf] lgodfjnL, @)&*
4 kbflwsf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] ;t{ / ;'ljwf;DaGwL P]g, @)&^
5 cfof]usf] -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgb{]lzsf,@)&*
6 cfof]usf] a}7s ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&&
7 cfof]usf] vr{ -Joj:yfkg_ sfo{ljlw, @)&*
8 cfof]usf] b:t'/ tyf z'Ns lgw{f/0f sfo{ljlw, @)&*
9 cfof]usf kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/L, bIf jf ljz]if1sf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)&*
@= xfn;Ddsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] l:ylt

cfof]un] :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Dd b]xfo cg';f/sf sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5M
-s_ ;ª\u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;j]{If0f / :jLs[lt,
-v_ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lgodfjnL, a}7s ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, sfo{;~rfng lgb]{lzsf,
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~119~
vr{ Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw, b:t'/ tyf z'Ns lgwf{/0f sfo{ljlw / kbflwsf/L Pjd\ sd{rf/L,
bIf jf ljz]if1sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f,
-u_ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)&^ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|b]z ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu
k|ToIf / :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/lx?;Fu er{'cn 5nkmn,
-3_ cgnfOg b/vf:t k|0ffnL lgdf{0f,
-ª_ ljleGg txsf kbx?sf] kf7oqmd th{'df,
-r_ ljleGg txsf kbx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] lgwf{/0f,
-5_ bIf jf ljz]if1sf] gfdfjnL ;ª\sng÷cBfjlws,
-h_ cfof]usf] jflif{s sfo{tflnsf :jLs[t,
-em_ k|b]z / :yfgLo txx?af6 l/Qm kbx?sf] dfu ;ª\sng / k|ltzt lgwf{/0f,
-`_ kbk"lt{sf] nflu lj1fkg / b/vf:t k|flKt Pjd\ :jLs[lt,
-6_ k|Zgkq tof/L, kl/dfh{g / 5kfO{,
-7_ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng,
-8_ lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg,
-9_ cGtjf{tf{ tyf ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/;,
-0f_ lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg,
-t_ cfof]usf] k|yd jflif{s k|lta]bg @)&&÷)&* k|b]z k|d'v ;dIf k]z, /
-y_ sfo{ ;~rfngsf] qmddf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/ / o; k|b]zsf
lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx? / cGo k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?;Fu ;~rf/ /
;dGjo u/L ;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u k|fKt .
#= sfo{ k|ult÷k|d'v pknlAwx?

-s_ ;xof]u k|fKt
cfof]usf] sfof{nonfO{ sfo{;~rfngsf nflu rflxg] sd{rf/L / ef}lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] nflu k|b]z
;/sf/af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / hgk|ltlglw, sd{rf/L / ;'/IffsdL{sf]
;fy} l5d]sL lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, :yfgLo txsf sd{rf/Lx?, ;fd'bflos Pjd\ lghL
If]qsf sn]h Pjd\ ljBfnox? ;d]taf6 ck]lIft ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
-v_ ;xefuLtf
nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?sf] sfd sf/jfxLdf Ps?ktf Nofpg] / Ps csf{sf] c;n cEof; cfbfg
k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] cGt/ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?sf] bf];|f] ;Dd]ng ldlt @)&* k'if !* / !(
ut] lj/f6gu/df ePsf] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ldlt @)&* kmfu'g @# /
~120~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
@$ ut] j'6jndf ePsfdf tL b'j} ;Dd]ngdf o; cfof]usf kbflwsf/L tyf ;lrjaf6 ;xefuLtf
hgfOPsf] lyof] .
-u_ P]g, lgod, lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f
sfo{;~rfngsf nflu dfly k|s/0f !=@ df pNn]v ePadf]lhd P]gcg';f/ lgodfjnL, lgb]{lzsf,
sfo{ljlw / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ;fy} cgnfOg b/vf:t k|0ffnL lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf]
5.
-3_ kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f
cfof]usf] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ dWo]] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f klg Ps xf] . o; jif{ cfof]un] ljleGg ;]jf
;d"xsf k|fljlws / k|zf;lgstkm{sf rf}yf] txb]lv gjf}F tx;Dd %@ k|sf/sf kbx?sf] kf7\oqmd
lgdf{0f u/L lj1fkg k|sfzg u/]sf] lyof] . kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ubf{ d"ntM nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]
kf7\oqmdnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lj1x?sf] ;xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] . lgdf{0f ePsf kf7\oqmdsf] ljj/0f
b]xfosf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
tflnsf– # M kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f

qm=;+= ;]jf, ;d"x, kb tx
1 :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn hg/lni6 ;d"x, gjf}+
2 :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;d"x, hg/n d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]hL gjf}+
pk;d"x,
3 :jf:Yo ;]jf, Kofyf]nf]hL ;d"x hg/n Kofyf]nf]hL pk;d"x, gjf}+
4 :jf:Yo ;]jf, 8df]{nf]hL ;d"x, sG;N6]06 8df]{nf]lh:6 gjf}+
5 :jf:Yo ;]jf, Kofyf]nf]hL ;d"x, dfOqmf]afof]nf]hL -AofS6«f]nf]hL_ pk;d"x, gjf}+
6 :jf:Yo ;]jf, /]l8of]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}+
7 :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8l;g ;d"x, sG;N6]06 hg/n lkmlhl;og gjf}+
8 :jf:Yo ;]jf, Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}+
9 :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;fO{lsof6«L ;d"x, gjf}+
10 :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;h{/L ;d"x, cyf]{k]l8s ;h{g gjf}+
11 :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;h{/L ;d"x hg/n ;h{/L pk;d"x, gjf}+
12 :jf:Yo ;]jf, cA:6«]l6S; tyf ufO{gf]sf]nf]hL ;d"x, gjf}+
13 :jf:Yo ;]jf, k]l8ofl6«S; ;d"x, k]l8ofl6«s d]l8l;g pk;d"x, gjf}+
14 :jf:Yo ;]jf, k=x]=P= ;d"x, gjf}+
15 :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG:k]S;g ;d"x, gjf}+
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~121~
16 :jf:Yo ;]jf, hg/n x]Ny ;le{;]h ;d"x, gjf}+

17 :jf:Yo ;]jf, hg/n gl;{Ë ;d"x, gjf}+
18 :jf:Yo ;]jf, ;a} ;d"x, ;a} pk;d"x, gjf}+
19 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo ;]jf, h=x]=;= ;d"x, -k|b]z÷:yfgLo tx_ cf7f}F+
20 :jf:Yo ;]jf, ljljw ;d"x, , afof]d]l8sn OlGhlgo/ ;ftf}F+
21 :jf:Yo ;]jf, klAns x]Ny gl;{ª -sDo'lg6L gl;{ª_ ;d"x, ;ftf}F+
22 :jf:Yo ;]jf, lkmlhof]y]/fkL ;d"x, ;ftf}F+
23 :jf:Yo ;]jf, kmfd{];L ;d"x, ;ftf}F+
24 :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]hL ;d"x, ;ftf}F+
25 :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG;k]S;g ;d"x, ;ftf}F+
26 :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, x]Ny cl;:6]G6 jf ;f] ;/x, kfFrf}F}
27 :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, Nofj 6]lSgl;og kfFrf}F}
28 :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, klAns x]Ny g;{ kfFrf}F}
29 :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, :6fkm g;{ kfFrf}F}
30 :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b slj/fh, kfFrf}F}
31 :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, /]l8of]u|fkm/ kfFrf}F}
32 :jf:Yo, ljljw, Pg]:y]l;of ;xfos kfFrf}F}
33 ljljw, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ kfFrf}F}
34 lzIff, lzIff k|zf;g, lg/LIf0f, k|fljlws ;xfos kfFrf}F}
35 s[lif, dT:o / nf=kf]=P08 8]=8]=,/ e]6]l/g/L, sf kfFrf}F}
36 s[lif, k|fljlws ;xfos kfFrf}F}
37 Ol~hlgol/Ë, l;len ;d"x, ;a OlGhlgo/ kfFrf}F}
38 cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYofÍ ;]jf, tYofÍ ;d"x, tYofÍ ;xfos kfFrf}F}
39 Gofo / k|zf;g -PsLs[t_ ;]jf, sfg'g / ;f=k|=/ n]vf / cf=n]=k= ;d"x, ;xfos kfFrf}F}
40 vf=kf=;=6]=, OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len ;d"x, :oflg6/L pk;d"x, rf}yf]
41 cl;:6]G6 ;j–OlGhlgo/, OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jf, l;len ;d"x, rf}yf]
42 gfoj kz' ;]jf k|fljlws, s[lif ;]jf, nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= ;d"x, rf}yf]
43 gfoj kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlws, s[lif ;]jf, e]6]l/g/L ;d"x, rf}yf]
44 gfoj k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, KnfG6 k|f]6]S;g, Pu|f]gf]dL, xl6{sn\r/, Pu[= PS;6]G;g, rf}yf]
:jfon ;fOG; / Pu[=Osf]=P08 dfs{]l6ª ;d"x
45 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo ;]jf, x]Ny OG;k]S;g ;d"x, rf}yf]
46 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo ;]jf, klAns x]Ny gl;{ª ;d"x, rf}yf]
~122~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
47 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]=Nof=6]= ;d"x, h=d]=Nof=6]= pk;d"x, rf}yf]

48 j}B, :jf:Yo ;]jf, cfo'j{]b ;d"x, hg/n cfo'j{]b pk;d"x, rf}yf]
49 ljljw ;]jf, ;xfos dlxnf ljsf; lg/LIfs rf}yf]
50 ljljw ;]jf, ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/ rf}yf]
51 Ol~hlgol/Ë, ;e{], cldg rf}yf]
52 k|zf;g ;]jf, ;f=k|=/ n]vf ;d"x, ;xfos rf}yf]

-ª_ lj1fkg k|sfzg
xfn;Dd k|b]z ;/sf/ / *) j6f :yfgLo txx?af6 dfu eO{ cfPsf] ^* kbx? dWo] k|b]ztkm{
$) kbdf !@) hgf / :yfgLo txtkm{ @* kbdf !,@*^ hgf u/L hDdf !$)^ hgzlQm k"lt{sf
nflu rf/ r/0fdf lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 . lj1fkg;DaGwL ljj/0f b]xfosf] tflnsfdf
b]vfOPsf] 5M
tflnsf g+= $M lj1fkg k|sfzg
qm=;+= lj1fkg g+. kb, ;]jf ;d"x, tx kb ;ª\Vof
1 158÷2078-079 gl;{ª k|zf;s,:jf:Yo,hg/n gl;{ª,gjf}+ 1
2 159-161÷2078-079 hg:jf:Yo k|zf;s, :jf:Yo,x]=O{=,gjf}+ 4
3 162-163÷2078-079 d]l8sn ;'kl/6]08]G6,:jf:Yo,h=x]=;=,gjf}+ 3
4 164÷2078-079 :jf:Yo k|zf;s, :jf:Yo, k=x]=P=,gjf}+ 1
5 165-166÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 lkl8ofl6l;og, :jf:Yo, k]l8ofl6«S; / d]l8l;g, gjf}+ 2
6 167-168÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 cA6]:6]l;og, :jf:Yo, cA:6«]li6s / ufOgf]sf]nf]hL, gjf}+ 2
7 169-170÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 ;h{g, :jf:Yo, ;h{/L, gjf}+ 2
8 171-172÷2078-079 cyf]{k]l8s ;h{g, :jf:Yo, ;h{/L, gjf}+ 2
9 173÷2078-079 ;fOSofl6:6, :jf:Yo, ;fOSofl6«, gjf}+ 1
10 174-175÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]i6, gjf}+ 2
11 176-177÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 hg/n lkmlhl;og, :jf:Yo, d]l8l;og, gjf}+ 2
12 178-179÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 hg/n /]l8of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]nf]hL, gjf}+ 2
13 180÷2078-079 sG;N6]06 Kofyf]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, Kofyf]nf]hL, gjf}+ 1
14 101-102÷2078-079 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 3
15 501-502÷2078-079 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 10
16 149-151÷2078-079 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, OG6f]df]nf]lhi6 :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+, 6
17 152-153÷2078-079 d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, ;ftf}F+ 2
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~123~
18 154-154÷2078-079 kmfd{];L clws[t, :jf:Yo, kmfd{];L, ;ftf}F+ 1

19 155-155÷2078-079 sDo'lg6L gl;{ª clws[t, :jf:Yo, s.g., ;ftf}F+ 1
20 156-156÷2078-079 lkmlhof]y]/flki6, :jf:Yo, lkmlhof]y]/fkL, ;ftf}F+ 1
21 157-157÷2078-079 afof]d]l8sn OlGhlgo/, :jf:Yo, ljljw, ;ftf}F+ 1
22 563-563÷2078-079 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+ 7
23 123-124÷2078-079 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f= k|=, kfFrf}F} 5
24 125-125÷2078-079 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]= tyf tYofÍ, tYofÍ, kfFrf}F} 1
25 126-130÷2078-079 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 19
26 131-132÷2078-079 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 5
27 133-133÷2078-079 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L / nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= / lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F} 3
28 134-134÷2078-079 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 1
29 135-135÷2078-079 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 1
30 136-139÷2078-079 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 6
31 140-141÷2078-079 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 2
32 142-143÷2078-079 Nofa 6]lSgl;og, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, kfFrf}F} 3
33 144-144÷2078-079 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 1
34 145-146÷2078-079 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 2
35 526-530÷2078-079 ;xfos, Gofo / k|zf;g, ;f=k|= / n]vf / cf=n]=k=, kfFrf}F} 84
36 531-532÷2078-079 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]= tyf tYofÍ, tYofÍ, kfFrf}F} 2
37 533-537÷2078-079 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 61
38 538-538÷2078-079 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 28
39 539-539÷2078-079 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L / nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= / lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F} 40
40 540-540÷2078-079 k|fljlws ;xfos, lzIff, lzIff k|zf;g, kfFrf}F} 9
41 541-541÷2078-079 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 2
42 542-542÷2078-079 Pg]:y]l;of ;xfos, :jf:Yo, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 1
43 543-543÷2078-079 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 2
44 544-545÷2078-079 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 3
45 546-547÷2078-079 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 15
46 548-548÷2078-079 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 2
47 549-551÷2078-079 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 65
48 103-104÷2078-079 j}B, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 2
49 105-106÷2078-079 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf] 2
~124~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
50 107-111÷2078-079 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{Ë, rf}+yf] 8

51 112-116÷2078-079 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 8
52 117-117÷2078-079 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, df6f] lj1fg, rf}+yf] 1
53 118-120÷2078-079 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, afnL ;+/If0f rf}+yf] 4
54 121-122÷2078-079 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 3
55 147-148÷2078-079 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, rf}yf] 3
56 503-503÷2078-079 j}B, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 7
57 504-504÷2078-079 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf] 9
58 505-509÷2078-079 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{ª, rf}+yf] 226
59 510-514÷2078-079 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 301
60 515-515÷2078-079 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, rf}+yf] 70
61 516-517÷2078-079 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 66
62 518-519÷2078-079 gf=k=;]=k|f=, s[lif , nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]=, rf}+yf] 59
63 520-524÷2078-079 c=;=O=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, ljlN8Ë P08 cfls{6]S6, rf}+yf] 118
64 525-525÷2078-079 vf=kf=;=6]=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, :oflg6/L, rf}+yf] 6
65 552-555÷2078-079 ;xfos, k|zf;g, ;f=k|=/ n]vf, rf}yf] 59
66 556-560÷2078-079 cldg, Ol~hlgol/ª, ;e{], rf}yf] 17
67 561-561÷2078-079 ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, rf}yf] 1
68 562-562÷2078-079 ;xfos dlxnf ljsf; lg/LIfs, ljljw, rf}yf] 16
s'n hDdf 1406
-r_ b/vf:t ;ª\sng Pjd\ :jLs[lt

k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ ;/n / ;xh ?kdf cgnfOgaf6 b/vf:t lbg ;Sg]
/ cgnfOgdfkm{t g} b/vf:t jfktsf] b:t'/ e'QmfgL x'g] Joj:yf ldnfO{ b/vf:t ;ª\sng ul/Psf]
5 . xfn;Dd lj1fkg ePsf kbx?df s'n ! nfv ($ xhf/ @ ;o ^! b/vf:t ;ª\sng
ePsfdf k|b]ztkm{ #*,&%^ / :yfgLo txtkm{ !,$@,#%^ u/L hDdf !,*!,!!@ b/vf:t :jLs[t u/L
k/LIffsf] Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] lyof] . b/vf:t ;ª\sngsf] cj:yfsf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~125~
tflnsf g+ %M b/vf:t ;ª\sng Pjd\ :jLs[t
lj1fkg g+=
qm=;+= kb, ;]jf, ;d"x, tx dlxnf k'?if hDdf
@)&*–)&(
1 101-102 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, , h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 100 254 354
2 103-104 j}B , :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 218 206 424
3 105-106 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf] 870 348 1218
4 107-111 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{Ë, rf}+yf] 3547 7 3554
5 112-116 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 2369 3378 5747
6 117-117 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, df6f] lj1fg, rf}+yf] 1365 1245 2610
7 118-120 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, afnL ;+/If0f rf}+yf] 2142 1656 3798
8 121-122 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 531 1258 1789
9 123-124 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, kfFrf}F} 708 968 1676
10 125-125 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]= tyf tYofÍ, tYofÍ, kfFrf}F} 26 190 216
11 126-130 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 528 6428 6956
12 131-132 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 779 1324 2103
13 133-133 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L / nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= / lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F} 184 456 640
14 134-134 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 121 491 612
15 135-135 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 46 123 169
16 136-139 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 1666 2 1668
17 140-141 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 547 1 548
18 142-143 Nofa 6]lSgl;og, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, kfFrf}F} 307 328 635
19 144-144 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 71 138 209
20 145-146 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 329 861 1190
21 147-148 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, rf}yf] 587 867 1454
22 149-151 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, OG6f]df]nf]lhi6 :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+, 280 317 597
23 152-153 d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, ;ftf}F+ 68 90 158
24 154-154 kmfd{];L clws[t, :jf:Yo, kmfd{];L, ;ftf}F+ 53 95 148
25 155-155 sDo'lg6L gl;{ª clws[t, :jf:Yo, s=g=, ;ftf}F+ 56 56
26 156-156 lkmlhof]y]/flki6, :jf:Yo, lkmlhof]y]/fkL, ;ftf}F+ 11 23 34
27 157-157 afof]d]l8sn OlGhlgo/, :jf:Yo, ljljw, ;ftf}F+ 8 22 30
28 159-161 hg:jf:Yo k|zf;s, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, gjf}+ 10 39 49
29 159-161 hg:jf:Yo k|zf;s, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, gjf}+ 9 39 48
~126~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
30 165-166 sG;N6]06 lkl8ofl6l;og, :jf:Yo, k]l8ofl6«S; / d]l8l;g, gjf}+ 4 6 10

31 167-168 sG;N6]06 cA6]:6]l;og, :jf:Yo, cA:6«]li6s / ufOgf]sf]nf]hL, gjf}+ 4 6 10
32 169-170 sG;N6]06 ;h{g, :jf:Yo, ;h{/L, gjf}+ 10 10
33 171-172 cyf]{k]l8s ;h{g,:jf:Yo,;h{/L,gjf}+ 19 19
34 174-175 sG;N6]06 Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]lhi6, gjf}+ 1 6 7
35 176-177 sG;N6]06 hg/n lkmlhl;og, :jf:Yo, d]l8l;og, gjf}+ 7 7
36 178-179 sG;N6]06 hg/n /]l8of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]nf]hL, gjf}+ 3 3
k|b]ztkm{sf] lj1fkgdf k|fKt s'n b/vf:t ;ª\Vof 17545 21211 38756
37 501-502 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 174 551 725
38 503-503 j}B, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 340 430 770
39 504-504 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf] 2302 1669 3971
40 505-509 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo, klAns x]Ny gl;{ª, rf}+yf] 13683 47 13730
41 510-514 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo, x]=O=, rf}+yf] 7837 11512 19349
42 515-515 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, rf}+yf] 6098 5023 11121
43 516-517 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 2387 5090 7477
44 518-519 gf=k=;]=k|f=, s[lif , nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]=, rf}+yf] 2075 4575 6650
45 520-524 c=;=O=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, ljlN8Ë P08 cfls{6]S6, rf}+yf] 1564 9506 11070
46 525-525 vf=kf=;=6]=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, :oflg6/L, rf}+yf] 550 4121 4671
47 526-530 ;xfos, Gofo / k|zf;g, ;f=k|= / n]vf / cf=n]=k=, kfFrf}F} 4384 6908 11292
48 531-532 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]= tyf tYofÍ, tYofÍ, kfFrf}F} 49 216 265
49 533-537 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 595 7013 7608
50 538-538 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 1102 1925 3027
51 539-539 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L / nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]= / lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F} 307 698 1005
52 540-540 k|fljlws ;xfos, lzIff, lzIff k|zf;g, kfFrf}F} 4513 3872 8385
53 541-541 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 211 738 949
54 542-542 Pg]:y]l;of ;xfos, :jf:Yo, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 2 21 23
55 543-543 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 103 173 276
56 544-545 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 65 152 217
57 546-547 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 2881 7 2888
58 548-548 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 615 2 617
59 549-551 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 1357 3905 5262
60 552-555 ;xfos, k|zf;g, ;f=k|=/n]vf, rf}yf] 4515 7056 11571
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~127~
61 556-560 cldg, Ol~hlgol/ª, ;e{], rf}yf] 436 1839 2275

62 561-561 ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, rf}yf] 149 528 677
63 562-562 ;xfos dlxnf ljsf; lg/LIfs, ljljw, rf}yf] 5764 89 5853
64 563-563 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+ 286 346 632
:yfgLo txtkm{sf] lj1fkgdf k|fKt s'n b/vf:t ;ª\Vof 64344 78012 142356
s'n hDdf 81889 99223 181112
plNnlvt ljleGg kbsf] lj1fkgdf dlxnftkm{ *!**( -$%Ü_ / k'?iftkm{ ((@@# -%%Ü_ hgf
u/L hDdf !*!!!@ hgfsf] b/vf:t :jLs[t ePsf] 5 .
k|b]zut b/vf:t :jLs[tsf] cj:yf b]xfosf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5M

tflnsf g+= ^M k|b]zut b/vf:t :jLs[tsf] ljj/0f
l;=g+= kb ! g+= k|b]z dw]z afUdtL u08sL n'lDagL s0f{fnL ;'b"/klZrd
1 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 14 71 52 175 29 6 7
2 j}B , :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 33 143 17 43 64 54 70
3 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, 77 175 116 391 212 163 84
h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf]
4 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{Ë, rf}+yf] 245 627 245 1177 453 559 248
5 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 297 1960 257 1158 595 1020 460
6 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, df6f] lj1fg, rf}+yf] 275 228 188 336 389 872 322
7 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, afnL ;+/If0f rf}+yf] 378 321 291 531 619 1207 451
8 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 137 304 181 378 216 380 193
9 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, kfFrf}F} 79 201 88 733 248 216 111
10 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]= tyf tYofÍ, tYofÍ, kfFrf}F} 6 36 17 62 51 18 26
11 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 403 2702 587 890 702 707 965
12 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 158 188 151 250 395 595 366
13 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L/nf=kf]=P08 8]=8]= / 43 124 90 90 105 83 105
lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F}
14 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 68 130 36 174 109 66 29
15 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 4 56 8 18 53 16 14
16 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 79 279 136 685 217 166 106
17 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 25 88 61 229 62 50 33
18 Nofa 6]lSgl;og, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, kfFrf}F} 42 142 73 206 88 49 35
~128~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
19 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 17 52 22 45 17 46 10

20 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 46 418 36 181 86 249 174
21 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, rf}yf] 74 215 68 589 215 189 104
22 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, OG6f]df]nf]lhi6 49 88 81 182 94 44 59
:jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+,
23 d]l8sn Nofa 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, 16 24 19 69 20 10
d]=Nof=6]=, ;ftf}F+
24 kmfd{];L clws[t, :jf:Yo, kmfd{];L, ;ftf}F+ 9 29 13 64 19 6 8
25 sDo'lg6L gl;{ª clws[t, :jf:Yo, s=g=, 5 5 5 33 5 1 2
;ftf}F+
26 lkmlhof]y]/flki6, :jf:Yo, lkmlhof]y]/fkL, ;ftf}F+ 3 11 3 8 6 1 2
27 afof]d]l8sn OlGhlgo/, :jf:Yo, ljljw, ;ftf}F+ 4 7 5 9 2 3
28 hg:jf:Yo k|zf;s,:jf:Yo,x]=O{=,gjf}+ 3 5 9 18 5 2 7
29 hg:jf:Yo k|zf;s,:jf:Yo,x]=O{=,gjf}+ 3 5 8 18 5 2 7
30 sG;N6]06 lkl8ofl6l;og, :jf:Yo, 1 1 1 7
k]l8ofl6«S; / d]l8l;g, gjf}+
31 sG;N6]06 cA6]:6]l;og, :jf:Yo, 1 9
cA:6«]li6s / ufOgf]sf]nf]hL, gjf}+
32 sG;N6]06 ;h{g, :jf:Yo, ;h{/L, gjf}+ 2 2 1 5
33 cyf]{k]l8s ;h{g, :jf:Yo, ;h{/L, gjf}+ 1 9 8 1
34 sG;N6]06 Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, 3 4
Pg]:yf]l;of]nf]i6, gjf}+
35 sG;N6]06 hg/n lkmlhl;og, :jf:Yo, 7
d]l8l;og, gjf}+
36 sG;N6]06 hg/n /]l8of]nf]lhi6, :jf:Yo, 1 2
/]l8of]nf]hL, gjf}+
37 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 43 220 100 262 74 15 11
38 j}B, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 69 256 27 60 105 92 161
39 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, 339 805 344 709 789 543 442
h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf]
40 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{ª, rf}+yf] 1774 2482 1465 2457 1950 2031 1571
41 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 1975 6095 1169 2073 2475 3405 2157
42 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, rf}+yf] 1314 896 929 1033 1761 3089 2099
43 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 802 1256 819 743 1024 1680 1153
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~129~
44 gf=k=;]=k|f=, s[lif , nf=kf]= P08 8]=8]=, rf}+yf] 768 1177 697 625 878 1515 990
45 c=;=O=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, ljlN8Ë 893 3591 940 827 1114 1991 1714
P08 cfls{6]S6, rf}+yf]
46 vf=kf=;=6]=, OlGhlgol/Ë, l;len, 388 1233 318 284 391 1247 810
:oflg6/L, rf}+yf]
47 ;xfos, Gofo / k|zf;g, ;f=k|= / n]vf 679 1675 697 3680 1858 1742 961
/ cf=n]=k=, kfFrf}F}
48 tYofÍ ;xfos, cf=of]=tyf tYofÍ, 10 43 21 81 60 19 31
tYofÍ, kfFrf}F}
49 ;j–OlGhlgo/, Ol~hlgol/ª, l;len, kfFrf}F} 433 2978 677 958 748 786 1028
50 k|fljlws ;xfos, s[lif, kfFrf}F} 232 269 278 351 626 757 514
51 s[lif, e]6]l/g/L / nf=kf]=P08 8]=8]= / 75 168 174 135 187 113 153
lkm;l/h, kfFrf}F}
52 k|fljlws ;xfos, lzIff, lzIff k|zf;g, kfFrf}F} 762 1006 581 2679 1396 1176 785
53 sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 79 219 56 261 178 95 61
54 Pg]:y]l;of ;xfos, :jf:Yo, ljljw, kfFrf}F} 1 13 1 3 3 2
55 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 20 74 26 61 20 58 17
56 slj/fh, :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, kfFrf}F} 5 73 10 23 67 21 18
57 :6fkm g;{, :jf:Yo, hg/n gl;{ª, kfFrf}F} 149 467 269 1093 408 286 216
58 klAns x]Ny g;{, :jf:Yo, k=x]=g=, kfFrf}F} 28 95 68 260 69 53 44
59 x]Ny cl;:6]G6, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, kfFrf}F} 397 2012 338 513 523 815 664
60 ;xfos, k|zf;g, ;f=k|= / n]vf, rf}yf] 558 2019 624 3875 1811 1757 927
61 cldg, Ol~hlgol/ª, ;e{], rf}yf] 179 582 106 92 358 641 317
62 ;xfos sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, ljljw, rf}yf] 63 140 34 209 117 76 38
63 ;xfos dlxnf ljsf; lg/LIfs, ljljw, rf}yf] 342 392 366 2597 1029 744 383
64 hg:jf:Yo clws[t, :jf:Yo, x]=O{=, ;ftf}F+ 52 87 99 197 91 43 63
s'n hDdf 15024 38961 14112 34925 25192 31557 21341
dflysf] tflnsfaf6 x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L dw]z k|b]zsf #*(^! pDd]bjf/x?af6 k]z ePsf
b/vf:t :jLs[t ePsf] / ;a}eGbf sd afUdtL k|b]zsf !$!!@ pDd]bjf/x?af6 k]z ePsf
b/vf:t :jLs[t ePsf] b]lvG5 . u08sL k|b]zaf6 #$!!@ pDd]bjf/x?sf] b/vf:t :jLs[t ePsf
lyP .
-5_ /fh:j ;ª\sng
b/vf:t b:t'/ jfkt xfn;Dd sl/a ? ( s/f]8 /fh:j ;ª\sng ePsf] 5 .
~130~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
-h_ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng

lj1fkg k|sfzg ePsf ^* kbdWo] ^$ kbdf dfq b/vf:t k/L ;f]xLcg';f/ clwsfª\z kbsf]
lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng e};s]sf] 5 . k/LIff ;~rfngsf] qmddf Ps} lbg, Pp6} ;dodf sl/a @)
xhf/ k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff (# j6f ;/sf/L tyf lghL ljBfno tyf dxfljBfnodf xfn;Dd s'n
&#% s]G›df k/LIff ;~rfng ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
lj1fkg ePsf rf}yf] txb]lv gjf}F tx;Ddsf ljleGg kbdf :jLs[t b/vf:t hDdf !,*!,!!@ dWo]
k/LIff x'g afFsL gjf}F txsf]] afx]s hDdf !,!&,$#! hgf pDd]bjf/x? k/LIffdf ;xefuL ePsf]
cj:yf 5 .
k/LIffnfO{ :jR5 dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ pk;lrj:t/sf sd{rf/LnfO{ s]G›fWoIf,
clws[t:t/ ;ftf}F+, cf7f}F+ txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pks]G›fWoIf / cGo clws[t tyf ;xfos
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;xfos s]G›fWoIf, ;dGjostf{ / lg/LIfssf] ?kdf kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
k/LIff Joj:yfkgdf b}lgs %) b]lv #))) ;Dd hgzlQm kl/rflnt lyP eg] k|d'v ;lrj,
k|b]z ;lrj, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, k|x/L gfoj dxflg/LIfs h:tf kbflwsf/Lx?åf/f k/LIffsf]
;'kl/j]If0f ePsf] lyof] .
-em_ pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f, glthf k|sfzg / l;kmfl/;
j:t'ut pQ/k'l:tsfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf k/LIf0f ug{ OMR d]l;gsf] k|of]u ul/of] . o; jfx]s
cfFvLem\ofn -j:t'ut_ pQ/k'l:tsf k|of]u u/L ;~rfng ul/Psf j:t'ut k|Zgsf] pQ/k'l:tsf
cfof]usf clws[t sd{rf/Lx?af6 / ljifout k|Zgsf] pQ/k'l:tsf ;DalGwt lj1åf/f cfof]udf
g} k/LIf0f u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
xfn;Dd :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] cf7f}F+ tx, d]l8sn clws[t / :jf:Yo ;]jf / s[lif ;]jfsf rf}yf] txsf
k|b]ztkm{ * / :yfgLotkm{ # u/L s'n !! kbx?sf] hDdf %% hgf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/; e};s]sf
5g\ .
:yfgLo txtkm{ @@^ j6f c=g=dL= kbsf] lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg / cGt/jftf{ ;DkGg eO{
l;kmfl/;sf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txtkm{ #)! l;6 ;ª\Vofsf] nflu :jf:Yo ;]jf rf}yf] tx
c=x]=j= / &) l;6 ;ª\Vofsf] s[lif ;]jf, rf}yf] tx, gf=k|f=;= kbsf] lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg
u/L o; r}q dlxgfdf cGt/jftf{ sfo{qmd lgwf{l/t 5 . To;}u/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txtkm{sf rf}yf]
/ kfFrf}F} txsf k|zf;lgs kbx?sf] k|f/lDes k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfzg u/L bf];|f] r/0fsf] k/LIff
tflnsf k|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 .
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~131~
xfn;Ddsf] glthf k|sfzg / l;kmfl/;sf] cj:yfnfO{ b]xfosf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
tflnsf g+= & M lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg / l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f

ln=k=af6 5gf}6
l;kmfl/; ;ª\Vof
qm=;+= lj1fkg g+= kb, ;]jf, ;d"x, tx ;ª\Vof
dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if
1 101-102 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, , h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 4 4
2 103-104 j}B , :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 4 2
3 105-106 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf] 6 4
4 107-111 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{Ë, rf}+yf] 27
5 112-116 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 7 27
6 117-117 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, df6f] lj1fg, rf}+yf] 1 8
7 118-120 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, afnL ;+/If0f rf}+yf] 13 7
8 121-122 gf=k=:jf=k|f=, s[lif, e]6]l/g/L, rf}+yf] 4 6
9 123-124 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, kfFrf}F} 322 545 bf];|f] r/0fsf] lnlvt
k/LIffsf] nflu 5gf}6
ePsf]
10 147-148 ;xfos, k|zf;g / ;f=k|=, rf}yf] 197 461 bf];|f] r/0fsf] lnlvt
ePsf]
k|b]ztkm{ hDdf 585 1064 !( !@
11 501-502 d]l8sn clws[t, :jf:Yo, h=x]=;=, cf7f}F+ 5 10
12 503-503 j}B , :jf:Yo, cfo'j{]b, hg/n cfo'j{]b, rf}+yf] 3 9
13 504- Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo, d]=Nof=6]=, 14 12
504 h=d]=Nof=6]=, rf}+yf]
14 505-509 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{ª, rf}+yf] 396 0
15 510-514 c=x]=j=, :jf:Yo , x]=O=, rf}+yf] 128 366
16 515-515 gf=k|f=;=, s[lif, rf}+yf] 127 37
17 526-530 ;xfos, Gofo / k|zf;g, ;f=k|=/n]vf/cf.n].k., 1436 3177 bf];|f] r/0fsf] lnlvt
kfFrf}F} k/LIffsf] nflu 5gf}6
ePsf]
18 552-555 ;xfos, k|zf;g, ;f=k|=/n]vf, rf}yf] 1417 2995 bf];|f] r/0fsf] lnlvt
ePsf]
:yfgLo txtkm{ hDdf 3526 6606 ( !%
s'n hDdf 4111 7670 @( @^
~132~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
dflysf] tflnsf x]bf{ lnlvt k/LIffaf6 dlxnf $!!! -#$=*(Ü_ / k'?if &^&) -^%=!!Ü_
5gf}6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L xfn;Dd hDdf %% hgf l;kmfl/; ePsf]df dlxnf @( -%@=&^Ü_
/ k'?if @^ -$&=@&Ü_ l;kmfl/; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
tflnsf g+= *M k|b]zut l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= k|b]z l;kmfl/; ;ª\Vof k|ltzt
! k|b]z ! # %=$%
@ dw]z k|b]z !% @&=@*
# afUdtL k|b]z $ &=@&
$ u08sL k|b]z !^ @(=)(
% n'lDagL k|b]z % (=)(
^ s0ff{nL k|b]z % (=)(
& ;'b'/klZrd k|b]z & !@=&#
hDdf l;kmfl/; %% !))
k|b]zut l;kmfl/;sf] cj:yfnfO{ x]b{f l;kmfl/; x'g] pDd]bjf/ ;a}eGbf a9L u08sL k|b]z /
dw]z k|b]zaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd k|b]z g+= ! sf /x]sf 5g\ .
-`_ lg/LIf0f
xfn;Dd k'tnLahf/ gu/kflnsf :ofª\hf / afun'ª gu/kflnsf afun'ª u/L b'O{ :yfgLo txdf
lg/LIf0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
-6_ jflif{s k|lta]bg k]z
k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u P]g, @)&^ sf] bkmf %) df ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd cfof]usf] k|yd
jflif{s k|lta]bg @)&&÷)&* k|b]z k|d'v ;dIf ldlt @)&* ef› !# ut] k]z ul/Psf] lyof] .
-7_ ah]6 / vr{sf] l:ylt
cfof]u :yfkgf ePb]lv rfn' cfly{s jif{sf] kmfu'g d;fGt ;Ddsf] ah]6 vr{sf] l:ylt b]xfoadf]lhd
5.
tflnsf g+= ( ah]6 nflu / vr{sf] l:yltM
cf=j= ljj/0f ah]6 vr{ k|ltzt
@)&&÷)&* rfn' &#))#)))÷– !#)!@**%÷– !&=*%
k"Flhut !^%)))))÷– !%^#*)!%÷– ($=%%
@)&*÷)&( -kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd_ rfn' 99358000÷– 46457115÷– 64.72%
k"Flhut 10000000÷– 5539652÷– %%=#(%
:dfl/sf–@)&* ~133~
-8_ a]?h'sf] l:ylt

ut cfly{s jif{ @)&&÷@)&* df cfof]usf] ah]6 vr{sf] cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg
ePsf] / j]?h' g/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .
$= sfo{;Dkfbgdf b]lvPsf k|d'v ;d:of
-s_ sfo{;Dkfbgsf l;nl;nfdf k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf P]g algg;s]sf]n]
sd{rf/Lx/sf] v'nf k|lt:kw{fåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbx?afx]s j9'jfåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] kbx?sf] nflu
lj1fkg ug{ ;xh gePsfn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;df c;/ kl//x]sf] / cfof]un] cfkm\gf
lgoldt sfd k"0f{ ?kn] ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] 5 .
-v_ k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txx?af6 l/Qm kb ;a} dfu u/]/ k7fpg g;s]sf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ dfu eO{ lj1fkg ePsf kbx?df klg ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 ;do ;dodf ;+3 / csf]{ :yfgLo
txaf6 sd{rf/L ;?jf ul/lbg] sfo{n] cGof]ntf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
-3_ :yfgLo txx?n] cfkm"v';L dgf]dfgL tj/n] cfof]usf] k/fdz{ glnO P]g agfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] j9'jf
ug{] k|j[lQ a9]sf]n] o;af6 of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf k|Zg v8f ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ cfof]usf] b/jGbL adf]lhdsf] hgzlQm k"lt{ x'g g;s]sf] / sfo{fno ejg, ;jf/L ;fwg, d]zLg/L
h:tf ef}lts ;fwg / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] Joj:yf ck]Iffcg';f/ x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
%= efjL sfo{of]hgf
-s_ kf7\oqmd lgd{f0f / k/LIff ;~rfngb]lv pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/;;Ddsf sfo{x?nfO{ cem} kl/is[t
kfb{} kbk"lt{ k|lqmofnfO{ yk u'0f:t/Lo / do{flbt agfpFb} n}hfg],
-v_ cfkm\g} :jfldQ\jdf hUuf k|flKt u/L ejg lgd{f0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg],
-u_ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;jf/L ;fwg tyf d]l;g/L cf}hf/ nufotsf ef}lts ;fwgsf] Joj:yf /
;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ a9fpg],
-3_ b/jGbL adf]lhdsf] sd{rf/L k"lt{sf] nflu kxn ug{] / sd{rf/L k"lt{ jf ;?jf cfof]usf]
;xdltdf dfq ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
-ª_ sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{],
-r_ lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udgsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg],
-5_ sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% cg';f/ ldlt @)&% r}q !! ut];Dd ;dfof]hg ;DkGg ePkZrft\
k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txx?af6 l/Qm kbdf dfu eO{ cfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg],
~134~ :dfl/sf–@)&*
-h_ k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / :yfgLo ;/sf/L ;]jf;DaGwL P]g xfn;Dd gaGbf cfof]un] k"0f{ ?kdf
sfo{ ug{ gkfPsfn] To;sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu k/fdz{ tyf 5nkmn a9fO{ kxnsbdL
lng], /
-em_ ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]u / k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]ux?;Fu Ps cs{fsf] c;n cEof;x?sf]
cfbfg k|bfg ug{] s'/fdf cu|;/tf lng] .

:dfl/sf–@)&* ~135~
~136~ :dfl/sf–@)&*

16907889168882 - स्मारिका २०७८

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THE STATE OF CONSTITUTION IMPLEMENTATION:

Nepal is a federal, democratic, republican State on its path to

Local level Power:

On the path of Implementation:

Issues and Challenges:

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/fhgLlt / k|zf;gM cGt/;DaGw

/fhgLlt k|zf;g b'j}af6

u08sL nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

u08sL nf]s ;]jf xf] k|b]z kl/rfos

k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ult ljj/0f

!% x=;=rf= >]0fLljlxg -;]jf s/f/df_ ^ ^

!=@ sfg'gL Joj:yf

@= xfn;Ddsf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] l:ylt

#= sfo{ k|ult÷k|d'v pknlAwx?

tflnsf– # M kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f

16 :jf:Yo ;]jf, hg/n x]Ny ;le{;]h ;d"x, gjf}+

47 Nofj cl;i6]G6, :jf:Yo ;]jf, d]=Nof=6]= ;d"x, h=d]=Nof=6]= pk;d"x, rf}yf]

18 154-154÷2078-079 kmfd{];L clws[t, :jf:Yo, kmfd{];L, ;ftf}F+ 1

50 107-111÷2078-079 c=g=dL=, :jf:Yo , klAns x]Ny gl;{Ë, rf}+yf] 8

-r_ b/vf:t ;ª\sng Pjd\ :jLs[lt

30 165-166 sG;N6]06 lkl8ofl6l;og, :jf:Yo, k]l8ofl6«S; / d]l8l;g, gjf}+ 4 6 10

61 556-560 cldg, Ol~hlgol/ª, ;e{], rf}yf] 436 1839 2275

k|b]zut b/vf:t :jLs[tsf] cj:yf b]xfosf] tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5M

19 /]l8of]u|fkm/, :jf:Yo, /]l8of]u|fkmL, kfFrf}F} 17 52 22 45 17 46 10

-h_ lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng

tflnsf g+= & M lnlvt k/LIff glthf k|sfzg / l;kmfl/;sf] ljj/0f

-8_ a]?h'sf] l:ylt

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