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"Sustainable development is the development that meets the demand of the present generation without
compromising the needs of future generation."
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s_ sf]zL 6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If -;g\ !(*&_
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!_ Globle- 500 - UNEP - 1987
@_ Blue Panel Prize -hfkfg – 1992 7'nf] % nfv # xhf/ 8n/
#_ Goldman Environment Prize- 1989 75xhf/$(jftfj/0f If]qsf]Nobal Prize)
$_Richard and Rhodha Goldmann] ;g\ 1989 df :yfkgf u/]sf] k'/:sf/ -Goldman Award
%_ Galante Conservation Award - 4 xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/M !(*@ :yfklt Disaster Riduction;Fu ;DalGwt k'/:sf/ .

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k[YjLsf] hldg ;txdf 51% IUCN - 1948 :jLh/Nof08
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&_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjGwL u|]h'o6 ;Dd]ng lj=;= @)^& sflt{s @( b]lv d+l;/ # ;Dd sxfF ;DkGg eof] <– sf7df8f}+
*_ æSof]6f] k|f]6f]snÆ s] ;+u ;DjlGwt 5 < – jftfj/0f
(_ cf]hf]g txsf] ljgf;sf] k|d'v sf/s tTa s] xf] < Snf]/f]kmnf]/f] sfj{g
!)_ xl/tu[x k|efjsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] j}1flgs sf] x'g < k|mfG;sf j}1flgs j]l/g lhg km]l/o/ – !(@^
!!_ CFC sf] pTkfbg s;n] slxn] u/]sf lyP < 8f yf]d; ldh–!(#)
!@_ cf]hf]g tx jfo'd08nsf] slt prfO{df kfOG5 < @%–$) ls=ld
!#_ cG6fs{l6sfsf] cGtl/Ifdf b]lvPsf] cf]hf]g txdf /x]s]f KjfnnfO{ s] elgG5 < xf]lnj] -Holyway_
!$_ g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ slt l8u|L ;]N;Lo; tfkqmd j[l4 ePsf] cg'dfg 5 <)=)^ l8u|L ;]
!%_ ;g\ !((^ df xl/tu[x k|efj ;DjGwL /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;fGw;+u ;DjlGwt lzv/ j}7s sxfF ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] < :jL6\h/Nof08
h]g]ef
!^_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjGwL !% cf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ng slxn] / jxfF ;DkGg eof] < ;g\ @))( l8;]Dj/ &–!* 8]gdfs{sf] sf]k]gx+ug
!&_ k[YjL lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 < clk|n @@
!*_ Green Peacesf[ :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !(&!
!(_ jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] ;jeGbf 7"nf] k'/:sf/ x'g xf] <Blue Palnet Award
@)_ EIA sf] k'/f ?k s] xf] <Environment Impact Assessment
@!_ IUCN sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] < ;g\ !($*
@@_ g]kfnIUCN sf] ;b:o slxn] jg]sf] xf] < ;g\ !(&#
@#_ Earth Watch sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] < ;g\ !(&!
@$_ Blue Planet Awards;n] slxn] :yfkgf u¥of < hfkfgn] ;g\ !((@ df
@%_ Blue Planet Award sf] k'/:sf/ /f;L slt 5 . % s/f]8 og
@^_ ;g\ !*^) otf k[YjLsf] tfkqmd ;j}eGbf j9L ePsf] bzs s'g xf] < ;g\ !(() sf] bzs
@&_ ljZjsf] ;jf{lws tfkqmd jif{ s'g xf] < ;g\ @))^
@*_ ;g\ !()^ b]lv ;g\ @))% ;Dd ;o jif{df k[YjLsf] cf};t tfkqmd j[l4 slt eof] < )=&$ l8u|L ;]N;Lo;
@(_ ;g\ @!)) ;Dd k[YjLsf] tfkqmd slt j9g] cg'dfg 5 < !=*– $@
#)_ #) jif{sf] g]kfnsf] tfkqmd cf};t slt j[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 < )=)^ l8u|L ;]N;Lo;
#!_ g]kfndf ljZjsf] slt k|ltzt xl/t u[x UofF; pT;h{g x'G5 < )=)@% k|ltzt
#@_ ;g\ @!)) ;Dd ;d'Gb|L ;tx slt j9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 < #) ;]=dL
##_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjGwL kj{lto /fi6«x?sf] jftfj/0f dGqL :tl/o ;Dd]ng sxfF / slxn] eof] < g]kfn @)!@
#$_ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DjGwL kIf /fi6«x?sf] c7f/f}+ ;Dd]ng sxfF slxn] eof] <;g\ @)!@ gf]j]De/–@^– l8;]Dj/ *
stf/sf] bf]xf .
#%_ stf/sf] bf]xf ;Dd]ngn] Sof]6f] k|f]6f]snsf] ;do slt j9fpg] lg0f{o u¥of . ;g\ @)@)
 ;g\ 1994d] 23-27hfkfgsf] of]sf]xf]dfdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Go"lgs/0f ;DaGwL klxnf] laZj ;Dd]ng .
 ;g\ 2012 clk|n 5-6hnjfo' kl/j{tg ;DaGwL kj{lto d'n'ssf] jftfj/0f dGqL :t/Lo ;Dd]ng g]kfndf ePsf] .
 Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn !((& sf] cg';"rL ! df xl/tu[x UofF; cGt/ut ldy]g, gfO6«;cS;fO8, sfj{g8fOcS;fO8,
xfO8«f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g, ;Nkm/ x]Shfkm\nf]/f] / k/km\nf]/f] sfj{g ul/ ^ UofF; pNn]v 5 .
jftfj/0f ;DaGwL dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L
 g]kfndf lj=;+= !((! df jg hfFr c8\8fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
 g]kfndf j[Iff/f]kgsf] z'?jft lj=;+= @))@ af6 eof] .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg wf/f #) df æ:jR5 jftfj/0fdf jfFRg kfpg] xsÆ ;'lglZrt 5 .
 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! -r_ df lbuf] ljsfz / -5_ df k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f af/]df
gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
 jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"VofËg lgb]{lzsf lj=;+= @)%)–@–$ af6 nfu' ePsf] xf] .
 @)%) r}q ! ut] hnjfo' kl/jt{g dxf;GwL k|ltlglw ;efaf6 kf; ePsf] xf] .
xl/tu[x k|efj (Green House effect)
c02, co, CH4, No, No2, SO2 h:tf UofF;sf] dfqf jfo'd08ndf a9\b} hfgfsf] sf/0f k[YaLsf] ;txsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'g
xl/t u[x k|efj ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(@^ df k|mfG;sf j}1flgs jl/g hLg sf]l/P/ n] NoofPsf 5g\ .
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB4cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
:jL8]gsf j}1flgs cfly{g;g] ;g\ !(*^ df xl/tu[x k|efj sf] c;/ kQf nufP lyP .
xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;h{gsf sf/sx?df
k|b'ifs / kmf]x/ d}nf – @=*Ü , phf{ cfk"lt{ – @%=%Ü , oftfoft ;fwg – !#=!Ü, ejg – &=(Ü ,pBf]u – !(=$Ü , s[lif – !#=$Ü
,jgljgfz !&=$Ü
xl/tu[x k|efjdf –CO2 = %&Ü, CFC = @%Ü, CH4 = !@Ü, N2O = ^Ü k|efj /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljZjJofkL pi0ftf (Global Warming)
xl/tu[x k|efjsf sf/0f k[YkLsf] ;txsf] tfkqmd j[l4 x'g'nfO{ ljZjJofkL pi0ftf elgG5 . ;g\ !(&& b]lv !(($ sf] ljrdf g]kfnsf]
tfkqmd cf};t 0.06c b/n] a9]sf] kfOG5 . ljut!)) jif{df ljZjsf] tfkqmd 0.74OC n] a9]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf sf/0f cgfj[li6,
cltj[li6, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, lxpF kUng], ;d'Gb| ;tx a9\g], h}ljs ljljwtfdf x|f;, s[lif pTkfbgdf x|f;, ljleGg /f]ux? a9\g] x'G5g\ .
cf]hg txsf] x|f; (Ozone Lyer depletion)
 k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 @%–$) ls=ld= prfOdf cf]hf]g UofF;sf] tx /x]sf] x'G5 .
 cf]hf]gtxn] ;"o{af6 cfpg] ljls/0fnfO{ k/fjt{g / zf]if0f u/L k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 /f]Sb5 .
 xfn d"Jotof CFC / cGo Snf]/Lgo'Qm /;fogsf] a9\bf] k|of]un] cf]hf]g tx ljgf; x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
 gf;fn] k|If]k0f u/]sf] …lgDa;–&Ú e"–pku|xn] ;g\!(*% df cG6fs{l6sf dflysf] cf]hf]gtxdf Kjfn k/]sf] hfgsf/L lbPsf] xf] .
 cf]hf]g txsf] IfonfO{ Dobson unit (DU) / gfKg k|of]u ul/g] oGqnfO{ total Ozone Mappng spectrometer
elgG5 .
 cf]hf]gtxsf] x|f;n] ubf{ 5fnfsf] SofG;/, df]tL ljGb', hnr/sf] hLjg rqmdf c;/, h}ljs ljljwtf x|f; s[lif pTkfbgdf x|f; h:tf
c;/ kb{5g\ .
Snf]/f]ˆnf]/f]sfj{g (CFC)
CFC sf] cfljisf/ yfd; ldhn] ;g\ !(#) df lr:ofpg] UofF;sf] ?kdf u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !(&$ df ;j{k|yd Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf j}1flgs
d]lngf / /f]Nof08n] CFC n] cf]hf]g tx ljgf; ug]{ s'/f kQf nufPsf x'g . CFC sf] cfo' $)–!%) jif{ x'g] ePsf]n] ljlss/0fn]
o;nfO{ 5'6\ofpFbf lg:sg] ,k/df0f'n] cf]hf]g txnfO{ gfz ub{5 .
cDn jiff{ (Acid Rain)
snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] sfa{g8fOcS;fO8, gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, ;Nkm/8fO{cS;fO8 h:tf UofF;n] jfo'd08ndf /x]sf]
hnjfik;+u ldn]/ cDn aGb5 / jiff{;Fu} tn emb{5, h;nfO{ cDn jiff{ elgG5 . o;n] s[lif pTkfbgd x|f;, af]6lj?jfdf gsf/fTds c;/
k'¥ofpgsf ;fy} 3/ ejgsf] wft'sf] 5fgf lvofpg] d"lt{x? lvOg] h:tf c;/ ub{5 . ;g\ !*%@ df /j6{ Pªu; l:dy n] cDnjiff{sf]
cjwf/0ff k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
Stone Cancer
ljleGg lsl;dsf cf0fljs lj:kmf]6 / 3fts /f;folgs c;/n] ubf{ jg:klt tyf hLjhGt'sf] cl:tTj nf]k x'g' d?e"lds/0f / 3/,
ejgsf] ?k, /ª, ;+/rgfdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg'{ g} Stone cancer xf] . bf];|f] ljZj o'4df hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fxLdf ul/Psf]
cf0fljs lj:kmf]6sf sf/0f ToxfF b]lvPsf] c;/nfO{ Stone Cancer elgG5 . cDn jif{{fsf sf/0fn] klg o:t} c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
cf0fljs lxpFb (Nuclear Winter)
cf0fljs lj:kmf]6, /f;folgs Uof;sf] pT;h{g, w'Fjf, w[nf]sf] sf/0f jfo'd08ndf afSnf] tx ag]/ ;"o{sf] tfk / k|sfz k[YjLsf] ;txdf
cfpg g;s]df k[YjLsf] ;tx lr;Lg uO{ hLjx?sf] gfz x'g k'U5 . o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ cf0fljs lxpFb elgG5 . ljZjJofkL pi0tf eGgfn]
k[YjLsf] tfdqmd a9\g] xf] eg] cf0fljs lxpFb 36\g] qmd xf] .
k[YjL ;Dd]ng(Earth Summit)
 ;g\ !((@ h'g #–!$ df a|flhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df ePsf] jftfj/0f ;DaGwL ;Dd]ngnfO{ k[YjL ;Dd]ng elgG5 .
 æPs dfq k[YjLsf] :ofxf/ / pkof]u u/f}+Æ eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ljZjsf !&* /fi6«s f #%)) k|ltlglw / &)) /fi6«;+l3o clwsf/L
;lDdlnt ePsf lyP .
 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGq lul/hf k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] efu lnPsf lyP
 o; ;Dd]ngdf ljZjsf !%@ /fi6«n] h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf] lyP .
k[YjL ;Dd]ngsf d"Vo ljifox?df
s_ h}ljs ljljwtf v_ Ph]08f–@! u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g 3_ jg ;+/Iff0f l;4fGt
Sof]6f]k|f]6f]sn
;g\ !((& df hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] zx/df xl/tu[x UofF;sf] pT;h{g 36fpgsf nflu ljZjsf !$! /fi6«n] cg'df]bg u/]sf] b:tfj]hnfO{ Sof]6f]
cle;lGw elgG5 .
of] cle;lGw ;g\ @))% af6 ljZje/ nfu' ePsf] xf] .
o; cle;lGwn] ;g\ @))@ af6 ;g\ @)!@ ;Dddf ;g\ !(() sf] t'ngfdf %=@Ü n] xl/t u[x UofF; pT;h{g 36fpg] nIo lnPsf] lyof] .
o; cle;lGwsf] ;do ;g\ @)@) ;Dd k'¥ofpg] lg0f{o ;g\ @)!@ gf]e]Da/ @^ b]lv l8;]Da/ * ;Dd stf/sf] bf]xfdf ePsf] ;Dd]ngn]
u/]sf] lyof] .
Ph]08f – @!
;g\ !((@ df a|flhnsf] l/of] ;Dd]ngdf @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg /fi6«x?n] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|f?k pNn]v
ul/Psf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] . o; Ph]08fdf $) j6f a'Fbfx/ /x]sf 5g\ .
lu|gj]N6 df]ed]G6 (Green Belt Movement)

sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB5cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ;g\ !(&& b]v clk|msfsf] s]Gofdf jfªuf/L dfyfO{n] dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ hËn kmF8fgL /f]Sg]
cleofg rnfPsL lyOg o;}nfO{ lu|g j]N6 df]ed]G6 elgG5 . o; sfo{ u/]sf]df jfªu/L dfyfO{nfO{ gf]a]n zfGtL k'/:sf/ lbOPsf] lyof] .
/fd;f/ sGe]G;g (Ramsar onvension)
;g\ !(&! df O/fgsf] /fd;f/ df l;d;f/ (wetland) sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ul/Psf] ;Demf}tfnfO{ /fd;f/ sGe]G;g elgG5 . /fd;f/n]
ljZjsf ()) eGbf a9L l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f of]Uo dfg]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ( j6f l;d;f/ If]q o;df ;"lrs[t ePsf 5g\ .
;g\ !(&# dfr{ b]lv ef/tsf] lxdf~rn / u9jfn k|j]zdf ;'Gb/nfn jx'u'0fsf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rflnt jg ;+/Ifs cleofgnfO{ lrksf]
cfGbf]ng elgG5 .
;fOl6; (CITES)
b"n{e tyf ;ªs6u|:t hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf] cj}w sf/f]jf/ tyf cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !(&# dfr{ # df cd]/Lsfsf]
jfl;ª\u6gdf x:tfIf/ eO{ ;g\ !(&% h'nfO{ ! b]lv nfu' ePsf] Convention oninternatioanal trade on endengered
species of wild fauna and flora = CITES nfO{ g} ;fOl6; elgG5 . CITES n] ## xhf/ eGbf a9L jGohLj tyf
jg:kltnfO{ ;+/If0fsf] ;"rLdf /fVg' kg]{ hgfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] klg ;g\ !(&% df g} o;df x:tfIf/ ul/ ;s]sf] 5 .
Ol;df]8 (ICIMOD)
cGt/fli6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| (International Centre For Integrated Mounaineering Development
ICIMOD) sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*# l8;]Da/ % df sf7df8f}+df ePsf] xf] . lxGb's'z lxdfnosf] b]zx?sf] cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo b[li6af6
pko'Qm lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . oo ;+:yfdf g]kfn, ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg, ef/t, rLg, e'6fg, j+unfb]z / Dofgdf/
u/L * j6f b]z ;b:o 5g\ .
g]kfn g]6 (Nepal Net)
ICIMOD n] g]kfndf lbuf] ljsf; ;DalGw ljljw hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;g\ !((* ;]K6]Da/ !& df :yfkgf u/]sf] OG6/g]6
;fO6nfO{ Nepal Net elgG5 .
Blue Planet Prize
;g\ !((@df Rio Earth Summit sf cj;/df hfkfgsf] c;fbL Unf; kmfp08];gn] :yfkgf u/]sf] hfkfgL P\g % s/f]8sf] of]
k'/:sf/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ x/]s jif{ lbOg] ul/G5 .
k[YjL lbj; (Earth Day) ;g\ !(&) b]lv x/]s jif{ clk|n @@ nfO{ k[YjL lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfOG5 .
ljZjjGohGt' sf]if (WWf) The World Wild life fund ;g\ !(^! clk|n @( df of] ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ljZje/Ldf
jGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f cg';Gwfg / vf]h ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy o;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .
hg;+Vof
s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf lglZrt ;dodf j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;sf] ;+VofnfO{ To; :yfgsf] hg;+Vof elgG5 . s'g} b]zdf j;f]jf; ug]{
dflg;x?sf] hDdf ;+Vof g} To; b]zsf] hg;+Vof xf] . hg;+Vof ;DjlGw cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{ Demography elgG5 .
Demography zAb Demos / Graphien ldn]/ jg]sf] xf] . of] u|Ls efiffjf6 pTklt ePsf] xf] .Demos sf] cy{ dflg; /
Graphy s]f cy{ 1fgsf] zfvf xf] . To;}n] Demography eGgfn] dflg;sf] ;+Vof / o; ;DjlGw ljljw kIfsf] cWoog eGg]
j'emfpF5 . s'g} :yfgdf /x]sf] hg;+Vof dWo] d[To' x'g] ;+Vof eGbf hGdg] ;+Vof j9L ePdf To;nfO{ hg;+Vof j[l4 elgG5 . s'g} :yfgsf]
hg;+Vof jflif{s ?kn] @ Ü jf ;f] eGb j9L ePdf To;nfO{ tLj| hg;+Vof j[l5 elG5 . hg;+Vof kl/jt{g ug]{ k|d'v tLg tTj hGd, d[To',
j;fO{ ;/fO{ x'g\ . hDdf hg;+Vof = z'?sf] hg;+Vof + hGd – d[To' + cfk|jf;g – pTk|jf;g
(PT = Po + B - D + I - 0 )
s'g} b]z jf 7fpFsf] Ps ju{ ls=dL If]qkmn leq j;f]jf; ug]{ dflg;sf] cf};t ;+VofnfO{ hg3gTj elgG5 . hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, ;+/rgf
tyf ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ jf kl/jt{g Nofpg] tTjnfO{ hg;+flVosL tTj elgG5 .
hg;f+lVos tTj, k|lqmof / dfkg ljlwx?
hg;flVos tTj k|lqmof dfkg dfkgsf ljlwx? hg;+Vofdf k|efj
hGd k|hgg hGdb/ sf]/f hGdb/ hg;+Vof j[l4 x'g]
(Birth) (Fertility) (Fertility Rate) s'n k|hggb/ pd]/ ljlzi6
k|hgg b/
;fdfGo k|hggb/
d[To' d/0f d[To'b/ sf]/f d[To'b/ hg;+Vof 36\g]
(Dealth) (Mortality) (Mortality Rate) lzz' d[To'b/
jfn d[To'b/
dft[ d[To'b/
a;fO{;/fO{ a;fO{;/fO{ a;fO{;/fO{ b/ cfk|jf;g b/ 36\g] / j9\g]
(Migration) (Migration) (Migration Rate) pTk|jf;g b/
vf; j;fO{;/fO{ b/
s'n j;fO{;/fO b/
hg;ª\Vof tYofª\x?sf ;|f]tx? lgDg rf/ lsl;dsf 5g\ M
!= hgu0fgf -Census_
@= k~hLs/0f Joj:yf -Vital Registration_
#= gd'gf ;j]{If0f -Sample Survey_
$= k|zf;sLo clen]v -Administrative Record_
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB6cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
!= hgu0fgf -Census_
– b]ze/ a;f]jf; ub}{ cfPsf ;j} dflg;sf] Ps} ;dodf lnPsf] u0fgfnfO{ hgu0fgf -Census_ elgG5 .
– hgu0fgfdf /fi6«sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] lnª\u pd]/, dft[efiff, k]zf, hfthflt, wd{h:tf] ljj/0fx? ;ª\sn ul/G5 .
– g]kfndf k|To]s !)÷!) jif{ cjlwdf ;/sf/4f/f lnOG5 .
– hgu0fgf ljlwx? b'O{ tYox? M– jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw / :yfoL a;f]jf; ljlw x'g\ .
– g]kfndf xfn;Dd !! k6s hgu0fgf eO;s]sf] 5 . -;g\ !(!! b]lv ;g\ @)!! ;Dd k|To]s !)÷!) jif{_
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] emns
 lj=;= @)^* c;f/ # b]lv !# ;Dddf ;DkGg
 sl/j *,))) ;'kl/j]Ifs / #@,))) u0fsx? ;+nUg
 lj=;= @)^( dª;L/ !! ut] glthf ;fj{hlgs
s'n hg;+Vof – @,^$,($,%)$ kl/jf/ ;+Vof – %$,@&,#)@
k'?ifsf] ;+Vof – !,@*,$(,)$! -$*=%Ü_ zx/L hg;+Vof – $%,@#,*@) -!&=)&Ü, @)%* df !$=@Ü_
dlxnfsf] ;+Vof – !,#^,$%,$^# -%!=%Ü_ u|fld0f – @,!(,&),^*$ -*@=(#Ü,@)%* df *%=*Ü_
n}lËs cg'kft – ($=!^ -@)%* df ((=*_ sf7df8f}+ hg;+Vof – !&,$$,@$)
hg;+Vof j[l4b/ – !=#%Ü -@)%* df @=@%Ü_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] hg;+Vof– @%,!&,)@#
hg3gTj – !*) k|lt ju{ ls=ld -@)%* df !%&_
pRr hg;+Vof ePsf kfFr lhNnf #= ?kGb]xL – *,*)!(^
!= sf7df8f}+ – !&,$$,@$) $= emfkf – *,!@,^%)
@= df]/ª – (,^%,#&) %= s}nfnL – &,&%,&)(

sd hg;+Vof ePsf % lhNnf #= 8f]Nkf – #^,&))

!= dgfª – ^,%#* $= /;'jf – $#,#))
@= d':tfª – !#,$%@ %= x'Dnf – %),*%*
pRr hg3gTj ePsf % lhNnf sd hg3gTj ePsf kfFr lhNnf
!= sf7df8f}+ – $,$!^ != dgfª – #
@= eQmk'/ – @,%^) @= d':tfª – $
#= nlntk'/ – !,@!^ #= 8f]Nkf – %
$=?kGb]xL – ^$& $= x'Dnf – (
%= 3g'iff – ^$) %= d'u' – !^

;j}eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf % gu/kflnsfx? ;j}eGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf % gu/kflnsfx?

!= sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf – !),)#,@*%hgf != w'lnv]n gu/kflnsf – !^,@^@ hgf
@= kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf – @,^$,((! hgf @= bz/yrGb| gu/kflnsf – !&,$@&hgf
#= nlntk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf – @,@^,&@* hgf #+ eb|k'/ gu/kflnsf – !*,^$^ hgf
$= lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf – @,)$,($( hgf $= Onfd gu/kflnsf – !(,$@& hgf
%= e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf – !,$&,&&& hgf %= gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf – @!((% hgf
;j}eGbf a9L hg3gTj ePsf % gu/kflnsfx?;j}eGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf % gu/kflnsfx?
!+ sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf –@),@*( hgf k|lt ju{ ls=dL !_ cd/j9L gu/kflnsf –!^) hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld
@_ nlnk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf –!$,((^ hgf k|lt ju{ ls=dL @_ sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf –!(* hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld
#_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf –!@,&%# hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld #_ lqo'uf gu/kflnsf –@@# hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld
$_ dWok'/ gu/kflnsf –&,%&$ hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld $_ vfFbaf/L gu/kflnsf –@(# hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld
%_ jL/u~h pkdxfgu/kflnsf –^,%^( hgf k|lt ju{ ls=ld %_ bz/yrGb gu/kflnsf – #!& hgf k|lt ju{ls=ld=
cGo dxTjk"0f{ ljj/0f
!= cfˆg} 3/df j:g] kl/jf/ – *%=@^Ü
@= ;x/L If]qdf ef8fsf] 3/df j:g] kl/jf/ – $)=@@Ü
#= wf/f jf kfOkjf6 lkpg] kfgL pkof]u ug]{ – $&=&*Ü
$= sf7, bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ – ^$Ü
%= L.P UofF; k|ofu ug]{ kl/jf/ – @!=)#Ü
^= ljh'nL k|ofu] ug]{ kl/jf/ – ^&=@^Ü
&= 6]lnlehg k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – #^=$%Ü
*= df]jfOn kmf]g k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ – ^$=^#Ü
(= zf}rfno ;'ljwf gePsf] kl/jf/ – #*=!&Ü
!)= dlxnfsf] gfddf 3/hUuf /fVg] kl/jf/ – !(=&!Ü
!!= dlxnf kl/jf/ d'nL /x]sf] kl/jf/ – @%=&#Ü
!@= !) jif{ eGbf dflysf] ljjflxtsf] tYofÍ – %&=%Ü
!#= !%–!( jif{ ;d"xdf ljjfx ug]{ – $*=(Ü
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB7cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
!$= ckfªutf ePsf] hg;+Vof – !=($Ü
!%= kfFr jif{ eGbf dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ – ^%=(Ü
!^= SLC eGbf dflyNnf] tx plQ0f{ ug]{ – !)=@Ü
!&= ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLsf] hg;+Vof – !( nfv @! xhf/ $($
!*= hg;+Vof j[l4b/ – !=#%Ü -@)%* df @=@%Ü_
!(= hg3gTj – !*) -@)%* df !%&_
@)= ;lqmo hg;+Vof -!%–%( jif{_ – %^=(^Ü
@!= cfl>t hg;+Vof-)–!$ sf #$=(!Ü / ^) dfly *=!#Ü_ – $#=)$
@@= k|lt kl/jf/ ;+Vof – $=**
@#= ;j}eGbf j9L hg;+Vof If]qL – $#,(*,!&(
@$= ;j}eGbf sd hg;+Vof – s';'08f– @&#
@%= g]kfnL efiff – $$=^Ü, d}yLnL – !!=&Ü, ef]hk'/L – ^Ü, yf? – %=*Ü, tfdfª – %=! Ü, g]jf/ – #=@Ü
@^= wd{ – lxGb' – *!=#Ü, jf}4 – (Ü, O:nfd – $=$Ü, ls/fFt – #=!Ü, ls|lZrog – !=$Ü
@&= ;fIf/tf b/ – % jif{ dfly – ^%=(Ü, k'?ifsf] – &%=!Ü, dlxnf– %&=$Ü
@*= pRr ;fIf/tf ePsf] lhNnf – sf7df8f}+ – *^=#Ü, nlntk'/– *@=%Ü
@(= lgDg ;fIf/tf ePsf] lhNnf – /f}tx6 – $!=& Ü, ;nf{xL – $^=#Ü, dxf]Q/L – $^=$Ü
#)= z}lIfs :t/ – ! sIff b]lv % ;Dd #(Ü, lg=df=lj= @)=#Ü, SLC – !)=@Ü
#!= s'n k|hggb/ – @=^, lzz' d[To'b/ – $^ k|lt xhf/, jfn d[To'b/ – %) k|lt xhf/, sf]/f hGdb/ – @$=# k|lt xhf/ /x]sf] 5 .
#@= hDdf efiff – !@#, hfthftL – !@%, hDdf wd{ – !), cflbjf;L – %(
j;fO{;/fO{jf6 kg]{ c;/x? -Effects of migration_
!= hg;+Vof ljt/0fdf c;dfgtf %= hldg dfly rfk
@= ef}lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]udf ;d:of ^= k/Dk/fut wd{ ;+:s[lt / l/ltl/jfh nf]k
#= cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f &= cfw'lgs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
$= k|b'if0f *= ck/flws ultljlw j9\g]
;x/ -City_ / zx/Ls/0f -Urbanization_
kof{Kt ef}lts Pj+ ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/, k|z:t cfly{s lqmofsnfk, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] k|ofKttf, cj;/sf] v'nfkg ePsf j[xt hg;+Vofsf]
jf;:yfg ePsf] If]q g} zx/ xf] .zx/df ljleGg :t/Lo ;]jf ;'ljwf, cfw'lgs k]zf, Joj;fo, gjLgtd k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/Psf pBf]u,
Jofkf/, lzIff, ;+rf/, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ nufot ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf kfOG5 . pRr hg;+Vofsf] rfk, Go"g ;fdflhs ;DjGw,
jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f, k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / :jR5 tyf tfhf j:t'sf] sdL h:tf ;d:ofx? klg ;x/df /x]sf x'G5g\ . ljleGg cfly{s
ultljlwsf sf/0f s/bftfsf] pkl:ytL j9L x'gfn] zx/ g} cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf] .
zx/L If]qsf ljz]iftfx? -Features of urban Area_
 :t/Lo ;]jf ;'ljwf  cfw'lgs k]zf, Joj;fo
 pRr k|ljlw o'Qm pBf]uwGbf tyf Jofkf/  pRr hg3gTj
 j:t' / ;]jfsf] Jofkf/  Go"g ;fdflhs ;DjGw
 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] sdL  k|b"if0f
 Joj;flostf o'Qm >d k|0ffnL  u}/ s[lif k|0ffnLsf] jfx'Notf
 ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf  k"hL ;+sng / kl/rfngdf j'xttf
 kof{Kt jhf/ Joj:yf
zx/Ls/0fjf6 kg]{ c;/x? -Impacts of Urbanization_
 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf vnn k'Ub5 .  ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] sdL x'G5 .
 k|b'if0fdf j[l4 x'G5 .  ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts ljs[ltx? j9\5g\ .
 k/Dk/fut wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] nf]k x'G5 .  ;fdflhs d'No dfGotfsf x«f; cfpF5 .
 pTkfbgdf x«f; cfpF5 .  b]vfl;lv / csf{sf] ;+:s[ltsf] gSsn j9\5 .
 d'No j[l4 x'G5 .
k|b"if0f -Pollution_
jftfj/0fdf /x]sf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs cjojx? jLrsf] cGt/lqmof Pj+ cGt/;DjGwdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kn] kl/jt{g u/L jftfj/0fdf
x«f; Nofpg] k|lqmof g} k|b'if0f xf] . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# cg';f/, k|b"if0f eGgfn] jftfj/0fdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] kl/jt{g u/L
jftfj/0fdf pNn]vlgo x|f; Nofpg], Iflt k'¥ofpg] jf jftfj/0fsf] nfebfoL jf pkof]uL k|of]hgdf xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] lqmofsnfk xf] .
k|b"if0fsf k|sf/x?
!= jfo' k|b"if0f @= hn k|b"if0f #= e"– k|b"if0f $= Wjlg k|b"if0f %= vfB k|b"if0f ^= cf}Bf]lus k|b"if0f &= ljls/0f k|b"if0f
k|b"if0fsf sf/0fx?
!= hg;+Vof j[l4 M %= hgr]tgfsf] cefj
@= cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f ^= cJojl:yt lgdf{0f sfo{ tyf cf}Bf]lulss/0f
#= jghËnsf] ljgf; &= oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] cTolws j[l4
$= ljifflbsf] cTolws k|of]u *= cJojl:yt 9n lgsf;
sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB 8 cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/ 7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
(= kmf]x/j:t'sf] cJojl:yt lgsf;L !!= v]tL of]Uo hldgsf] ljgf;
!)= ;Ld;f/ If]qsf] ljgf; !@= e"–Ifo
Wjlg k|b"if0f
cTolws rsf]{ Wjlg cyf{t Wjlgsf] ltj|tf j9L ePdf To;nfO{ Wjlg k|b"if0f elgG5 . ljleGg j:t'jf6 lg:sg] Wjlgsf] ltj|tf lgDgfg';f/
x'G5 M
WjgL pTkGg x'g] ;|f]t WjgLsf] dfqf WjgL pTkGg x'g] ;|f]t WjgLsf] dfqf
k"0f{ df}gtf ) 8]l;an kftx? xlNnbf pTkGg x'g] WjgL !) 8]l;an
;fptL s'/fsfgL !% 8]l;an 3/df x'g] ;fdfGo s'/fsfgL #) 8]l;an
uNnLsf] xNnf $)–&) 8]l;an ;fdfGo 6«oflkms cfjfh &) 8]l;an
Jo:t sfof{no jf hd36 :yn *) 8]l;an OlGhlgol/ª js{zk, Jo:t 6«oflkms ()–!)) 8]l;an
df]6/sf] xg{ ahfpFbf !!) 8]l;an /s ;+uLtsf] xNnf !@) 8]l;an
df]6/ ;fOsnsf] tLj| j]u !#) 8]l;an h]6 ljdfgsf] p8fg ug]{ j]nfsf] WjgL !$) 8]l;an
/s]6 OlGhgsf] j]u !*) 8]l;an
 ;fwf/0ftof dflg;n] ^% 8]l;ansf] WjgLnfO{ ;xh?kdf ;'Gg ;Qm5 .
 !%) 8]l;an WjgLdf w]/}j]/ a;]df dflg;sf] sfgsf] hfnL km'6]/ alx/f] x'g ;Qm5 eg] !*) 8]l;an Wjlgdf lgs} a]/ a;]df
dfgl;sf] d[To/;d]t x'g ;Qm5 .
 ;+o'Qm /fli6«;+3n] $) 8]l;ansf] cfjfhaf6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo c;/nfO{ zfGt dfg]sf] 5 .
 k|b'lift jftfj/0faf6 dfgj hfltnfO{ arfpg hf]8 lbOPsf] x]u 3f]if0ff !! dfr{ ;g\ !(*( df g]b/Nof08sf] x]u ;x/df ePsf]
lyof] .
 ISO - 14000n] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 Agenda-21cGt{ut ;fd'bflos lbuf] ljsf; sfo{qmd g]kfnn] bfª, ;'v]{t / s}nfnLdf ;+rfng u/]sf] 5 .o;nfO{ Capacity 3
elgG5 .
 ;g\ !(() df Thomas Lindhavist (Sweden)n] Polluters Pays Principle (3p)l;4fGt kltkabg u/]sf x'g\ . of] h;n]
k|b'if0f u5{ p;}n] lgoGq0f ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff xf] .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf /fli6«o ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f ;DaGw ;fdfGo ;jfnx?M

k|fs[lts, ;fF:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs, j}1flgs, cfWoflTds ;f}Gbo{k/s jf ;fdflhs b[li6af6 dfgj hfltsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ dflgg]
jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} klg j:t', :yn, jg:klt tyf hLjhGt'nfO{ /fli6«o ;Dkbf elgG5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%#
k|fs[lts ;|f]t – dfgj pkof]usf nflu k|s[ltåf/f k|bfg ;|f]t
k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf k|sf/ – #– cgGt, gjLs/0fLo, cgjLs/0fLo
cgGt gljs/0fLo cgjLs/0fLo
;f}o{ zlQm :jR5xfjf hLjfjz]if OGwg
jfo' zlQm :jR5 kfgL wft'ut vlgh
hn zlQm pj{/ df6f] cwft'ut vlgh
Hjf/ef6f jg:klt
kz'k+IfL
cgGt >f]t – slxNo} ggfl;g] Ifo gx'g], lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] .
gljs/0fLo – gjLs/0f ug{ ;lsg] jf k'g pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] .
cgjLs/0fLo – gjLs/0f ug{ g;lst] jf k'gM klxn]sf] :yfgdf k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] .

;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf
k"vf{sf kfnfb]lv rNb}, dfGb} / k"Hb} cfPsf ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/nfO{ ;Dkbf elgG5 . ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf d"Vo b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . 7f]; ?kdf
b]lvg] ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/ (Tangible cultural heritage) / 7f]; ?kdf gb]lvg] ;fF:s[lts w/f]x/ (Intangible cultural
heritage)
;f“:s[lts ;Dkbf
7f]; ?kdf b]lvg] -ef}lts ;Dkbf_ 7f]; ?kdf gb]lvg] -cef}lts ;Dkbf_
– b]j dlGb/, u'Daf, :t'k, d"lt{, zflns, j:t'snf, d"ltsnf  wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f /Lltl/jfh, /xg;xg, e]ife'iff,
 P]ltxfl;s ejg, b/jf/, tfd|kq, lznfn]v rf8kj{, rfnrng, d}qL, bof, zfGtL, ;b\effj, b]zelQm
 Clif d'gLsf] tkf]e"ld u'kmf, kxf8 jf}l4s k|v/tf cflb .
 tLy{:yn, wfld{s dxTjsf gbL, tfn u'kmf
 k|frLg u/uxgf tyf xftxltof/

g]kfndf ;+/Ifs k|of;M

– k|lrg :df/s ;+/Ifs P]g, @)!#

sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff Mzfvf clws[t,gf=;'=,vl/bf/,k|f=;=,OG:k]S6/,CMA, ANM,JTA,AMIN / RBB 9 cGt/lqmof sIff M x/]s zlgjf/ / d+unjf/ 7am & 4pm
 Columbia Academy, New Baneshwor, Ktm. Ph:4784657 sf]nlDaof tof/L sIff M nf]s;]jf, a}lsª, ;'/Iff
 k|flrg :df/s ;+/If0f lgodfjnL–@)$^
 ;+/lIft :df/s 3f]lift If]qdf x'g] lgdf{0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 Pjd\ lgb]{lzsf–@)$*
 jftfj/0f ;+/Ifs P]g, @)%#
 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL – @)%$
;fF:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ;+/Ifsdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo ;lxt ;g\ !(&@ gf]e]Da/ @# df ljZj ;fF:s[[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
;+/If0f ;lGw kfl/t eO{ ;g\ !(&@ l8;]Da/ !& af6 nfu' ul/of] .
ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf g]kfn
;g\ @)!@ ;Dddf o'g]:sf]n] ljZjsf &$% :yfgnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;"rLdf g]kfnsf b'O{ ;fF:s[lts If]q
leqsf * :yfg / b'O{ k|fs[lt ;Dkbf u/L !) :yfgnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
!_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf If]q -;g\ !(&(_ #_ ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h -;g\ !(&(_
s_ P]ltxfl;s :yfg $_ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h -;g\ !(*$_
 xg'dfg9f]sf b/jf/ If]q
 kf6g b/jf/ If]q
 eQmk'/ b/jf/ If]q
v_ lxGb' wfld{s If]q
 kz'kltgfy dlGb/ If]q
 rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/ If]q
u_ af}4 wfld{s If]q
 :joDe'gfy :t'k If]q
 af]4gfy dxfr}To If]q
@= n'lDagL If]q -;g\ !((&_

g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q, lzsf/ cf/If / dWojtL{ If]q
 kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng, jGohLj, kz'k+5Lx?, sL6kt+u, b'n{e jg:kltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g u/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] pko'Qm:t/ sfod ug]{
p2]Zon] b]zsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df lgs'~h, cf/If ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
 xfn g]kfndf !@ j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, ! j6f jGohGt' cf/If, ^ j6f ;+/If0f If]q,! j6f lzsf/ cf/If / !# dWojtL{ If]q /x]sf 5g\ .
7'nf] /f=lg=— ;]–kmf]S;'08f]-#%%% ju{ ls=ld=_ ;fgf] /f=lg=–/f/f -!)^ ju{ ls=ld=_lrtjg–h]7f]
dWojtL{ If]q -jkm/ hf]g_
qm=;+= dWojtL{ If]q 3f]lift jif{ If]qkmn ju{ ls=ld= ef}uf]lns If]q -lhNnf_
!= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojtL{{ If]q ;g\ !((^ &%) lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, k;f{
@= alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojtL{{ If]q ;g\ !((^ %)& alb{of
#= nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojtL{{ If]q ;g\ !((* $@) /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, l;Gw'kfNrf]s
$= z] kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h dWojtL{{ If]q ;g\ !((* !#$( 8f]Nkf, d'u'
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