SOCIAL INTERACTION AMONG CONDOMINIUM RESIDENTS IN BAHIR DAR CITY ADMINISTRATION

SOCIAL WORK POST GRADUATION PROGRAMS, RESEARCH FOR MASTER GRADUATE

BY: WOSENYELSH BIHONEGN

4/1/2017
BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA
 SOCIAL INTERACTION AMONG CONDOMINIUM RESIDENTS
BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

A THESIS SUMMATED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES OF BAHIR DAR

UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL WORK

BY

WOSENYELESH BIHONEGN ASRESS

ADVISOR: KEREBIH ASRESSE (PhD)

APRIL, 2017
BAHIR DAR, ETHIOIPIA

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 Bahir Dar University

School of Graduate Studies

Social Interaction among Condominium Residents

By
Wosenyelesh Bihonegn

Department of Social Work

Board of Examiners: Name Signature

Advisor --------------------- -------------------------------

Internal Examiner ---------------------- ---------------------------------

External Examiner ---------------------- ----------------------------------

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 DECLARATION

I declare that social interaction among condominium residents is my own work, that it has not

been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources i

have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledge by complete reference.

Signature…………………………………………

Wosenyelesh Bihonegn

This thesis has been submited for examination with my approval as a university advisor

Signature……………………………………….

Kerebih Asresse (PhD)

Bahir Dar University

April, 2017

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 Acknowledgement

I want to forward my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr.Kerebih Asrese who has devoted his

time to guide me by his inspirational discussions, constructive and critical comments that helped

me throughout the thesis work. I would also like to thank Pro Pride staff (specially Selamawit

and Chalachew for providing available sources for my research and let me have time to conduct

my research, and Wubeshet for raising the bold points and for his critical and logical views. I

also would like to thank them for their understanding and covering the works for me when I am

away for my field work.

I am deeply indebted to my family who facilitated things for me to comfortably conduct my

research and for their love and support. A particular debt of gratitude goes to my father

(Abaye) for his knowledgeable advice in my thesis and academics.

Finally, intense thank goes to the love of my life, Alemye my husband. For he has been closely

following the thesis work, to support me and make everything around easy to enable me focus on

this work. Especially he has been my engine to work things against time.

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 Abstract

Social interaction is the process in which people interact each other and has value to maintain

the wellbeing of the human beings. Ethiopians are well known for their social interaction, due to

expansion of urbanization and shortage of houses, building condominium houses is likely to

reduce the problem. Though there is positive impact living in the area, it affects the social

interactions of the residents due to lack of proper entertainment facilities. This study examines

the status of social interaction at condominium residents in Bahir Dar City Administration at

Ginbot-20 sub-city preparatory site. The study employed qualitative approach and case study

design method and data were collected using in-depth from 9 residents from which 4 are females

and 5 are males and key informant interviews from 5 persons who are male. The data is

collected from November 15/2009 to December 25/2009 EC and it is analyzed thematically. The

findings demonstrated that even though living in condominium houses have good opportunities

to strengthen interaction among residents, account of social interaction, the physical structure,

awareness how to live in these areas, turnover of residents, the value and understanding of

social interaction by residents and the heterogeneity of the people living there has threatened

residents’ social interaction. Besides, there are opportunities such as free space, the structure of

the houses and the people themselves are considered as good opportunities which can contribute

positively. The paper concludes that social interaction in this area is weak and needs special

attention to rehabilitate social ties. The concerned bodies i.e, Amhara House Development

Enterprise has big responsibility in facilitating open spaces during planning and building

houses; similarly social workers should advocate the issue to get attention of the public and

government.

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Key Words: Condominium, Social interaction, socially heterogeneous

Table of Contents
Contents Pages

Acknowledgement........................................................................................................................iii

Abstract.........................................................................................................................................iv

1. Chapter One: Introduction........................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study.........................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem........................................................................................................4

1.3. Objective of the study............................................................................................................4

1.3 Research Questions.................................................................................................................7

1.4 Significance of the study........................................................................................................7

1.5 Scope of the study...................................................................................................................8

1.6 Limitation of the study............................................................................................................8

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms............................................................................................8

Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................10

2. Literature Review.....................................................................................................................10

2.1. Definition of social interaction............................................................................................10

2.1.1. Social Life in Ethiopians.....................................................................................................11

2.1.2. Social Interaction for Human Beings..................................................................................13

2.1.3. Social interaction and socialization.....................................................................................14

2.1.4. Residents’ way of life at condominium houses...................................................................15

2.1.5. Residents experience living in condominium houses..........................................................16

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 2.2. Opportunities at condominium residence for social interaction..........................................19

2.2.1.Condominium management committee................................................................................21

2.2.2.Benefit of space for social interaction..................................................................................22

2.3.Challenges inhibiting residents’ social Interaction at condominium Residences.................24

2.4.Summary on the gaps of researches reviewed......................................................................28

Chapter Three...............................................................................................................................30

3. Research Methodology.......................................................................................................30

3.1.Description of the study area................................................................................................30

3.2. Study Design...................................................................................................................31

3.3. Selection of Research participant....................................................................................31

3.4. Method of Data collection...............................................................................................32

3.5. Data Collection Procedures.............................................................................................33

3.6. Data Analysis..................................................................................................................33

3.7. Ensuring Data Trustworthiness.......................................................................................34

3.8. Ethical Considerations....................................................................................................34

Chapter Four.................................................................................................................................35

4. Findings of the study..........................................................................................................35

4.1. Participants’ Biography/profile.......................................................................................35

4.2. Residents account of social interaction...........................................................................36

4.3. Ways of social interaction formation at condominium residences.................................39

4.2.1. Locality...........................................................................................................................40

4.2.2. Being a house owner or rentee........................................................................................41

4.2.3. Similarity in Religious Affiliation..................................................................................41

4.2.4. Gender.............................................................................................................................42

4.2.6. Marital status...................................................................................................................44

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4.2.7. Being in a similar storey level.........................................................................................45

4.3. Opportunities to strengthen social interaction of residents’ at condominium houses.....45

4.3.1. Plenty of people living in the area..................................................................................45

4.3.2. Structure of the building.................................................................................................46

4.3.3. Free/open space...............................................................................................................47

4.4. Challenges influencing residents’ social interactions at condominium houses..............48

4.4.2. Awareness and Background experiences of residents living in condominium...............52

4.4.3. Structure and design of the buildings..............................................................................53

4.4.4. Turnover of residents......................................................................................................54

4.4.5. Less functional Committees at Condominium................................................................56

4.4.6. Many people reside in one area.......................................................................................58

4.4.7. Individualist way of life and Social media......................................................................59

5. Chapter Five........................................................................................................................63

Discussion....................................................................................................................................63

5.1. Account of residents’ on social interaction.....................................................................63

5.2. Opportunities which strengthening interaction of residents...........................................66

5.2.1. Many People reside in one area......................................................................................66

5.2.3. The structure of houses...................................................................................................68

5.3. Challenges inhibit residents’ social interaction at condominium houses.......................68

5.3.1. Design/structure of the buildings....................................................................................69

5.3.2. Turnover of residents......................................................................................................70

5.3.3. Less functional Committees at Condominium................................................................71

5.3.4. Awareness and Background experiences of residents living in condominium...............72

Chapter Six...................................................................................................................................74

6. Conclusion, Implication and Recommendation of the study..............................................74

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 6.1. Conclusion of the study...................................................................................................74

6.2. Implications of the study.................................................................................................76

6.3. Recommendations of the study.......................................................................................79

References....................................................................................................................................80

1.Annex A: Interview Guides.......................................................................................................1

2.Annex B: Consent form...............................................................................................................8

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 Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

Shelter is one of the basic necessities of human beings; but it remains as a major problem

for long period of time. Due to urbanization new types of housing developments have been

spreading worldwide, influencing the evolution of metropolitan areas in terms of their forms and

structures. In many countries, such as, the United States, South Africa and some countries of

Latin America, these new developments take the form of gated communities (Santos &Pinho,

2008). Because of this, people are suffering from inadequate house.

This problem caught the attention of the state and for remedial actions, the government

designed different strategies to reduce the level of the problem. These strategies have two

purposes. The first is, to give house for the needy ones and the second is working for the purpose

of urban growth (Zelalem’s, 2012). For those purposes, since 2004, Integrated Housing

Development Program (IHDP) has been started in Addis Ababa and other regional cities (UN-

HABITAT, 2010). The measure is apparently decisive to minimize the problem of housing

(Gezahegn&Hasselberg, 2013).

However, people who live in these areas did not know each other well. Researches

indicated that, (In Israel), 97% knew at least some of their own floor; where as 67% knew

everyone on their floor. To the contrary, 36% knew above 30% of all the people living in the

residence (Ginsberg & Churchman, 1985). While condominium houses were being designed, it

seems the responsible bodies did not give attention about residents’ social interaction. From its

foundation, there are no places to cultivate the networks of the residents as stated by Gezahegn in

(2013).

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 People are suffering a lot from socio-economic costs of IHDP project, especially the pro-

poor household, because their expenditures on transportation, schooling and other aspects. Not

only this, but also they were forced to detach from their traditional and social lives. Because,

they are moved away from their areas of work, their social networks have shrunk and the

housing and infrastructure they have built up with their savings are lost (Kalayani,2006).

Residents have had strong interaction and linkages for long times which led them to

unite as family. The design of the house by itself might be source of conflict and lack of common

places which may have negative influence on the process of daily interaction (Meysam,

Mohsen,Sahel and Mohhamed, 2015). In the study of (Jo William’s, 2005) study on

condominium design challenge on social interaction process mentioned that, family size and

design of the condominium have an influence on networks of residents in Ethiopia and abroad.

As mentioned by Gezahegn&Hasselberg (2013), Jo Williams (2005), (Meysam et al.

2015) and Zelalem(2012), the place where residents live was socially cohesive and different

community based organizations; like religious, funeral based social organizations were available.

But the new housing program is not complementary to enhance these services.

Next to Addis Ababa, Bahir Dar, which is the capital city of Amhara region, was the first

to implement condominium house developments (Zelalem, 2012). The condominiums come as

new trend compared with the former housing styles. These new residents can affect individuals’

life in both negative and positive way though accessing house solves the housing problem. The

houses have been built without considering the social and cultural life of many Ethiopians

(Tirusew, 2015). Following this, residents were enforced to detach their social relations with

their previous ones and hence, they form new relationship which is weak or nominal. It is known

that there are socially heterogeneous people who came from different sub-cities or out of Bahir

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Dar assembled at condominium houses. This led residents to take much time to build relationship

or network with others since most are unfamiliar to each other (Agazi and Alula, 2013).

Generally the aforementioned researches finding revealed that lower social interaction

and neighborhood relationship is one of the manifestations that condominium residents exhibit

than the ordinary neighborhoods do. Without social interaction and support individuals feel

isolated and are untrusting, which also reduces levels of cooperation within the neighborhood (Jo

Williams, 2005). (Sheldon, 2005) also asserts, social interaction is means of social support in

terms of instrumental, emotional and informational.

As investigated by the abovementioned studies, social interaction at condominium

residences is becoming deteriorating and seems a forgotten issue by concerned bodies. Hence, it

necessitates this particular study to be conducted intending on exploring the social interaction at

condominium residents at Bahir Dar City Administration Ginbot-20 sub-city particularly in

preparatory site.

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 1.2 Statement of the problem

Ethiopia is one of the countries with many nations, nationalities and peoples having

varieties of cultural values, norms, tradition, and peaceful relationship by tolerance. The peaceful

co-existence of these religious communities for centuries is a testament to Ethiopia’s social

cohesion (Beyene , 2013).

Being diversified in nations and nationalities is the source of beauty, unity and having

strong social interaction in affiliated manner in Ethiopia. Different cultural festivities and

celebrations are common in the country; which makes people together and gives opportunities to

strengthen their social interaction. When neighbors are socially connected, there will be social

control system; stable way of life, development will be enhance, and also self-help communities

will be created, (Karbo, 2013, &UNESCO, 2010).

One can understand that social values observed while people interact and live with it

which is manifested by having connection and mutual aid between and among people. But, in

these days, it is becoming shallow and shrunk as researches indicated. Particularly, condominium

residences exhibit this challenge as stated by the above studies. One of the challenges which

hinder interaction is being rentee, 94% of rentees participation is poor in collective

actions/activities. This is because; most are affected by changing places (Robert, 2007).

Children do not have proper place to play with their peers, and it is known and believed

that children are means of interaction for their parents. If there is no place which lead children

getting together, their parents also may have not get the chance to contact. Besides to this,

children may be exposed to anti-social behaviors (Jo, Williams, 2005).This will increase the

number of juvenile Delinquents which challenge the peaceful co-existence of the society. So

condominium residents exhibit such kinds of problems. The study of (Karbo, 2013) reported,

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socially interacted societies are likely to be efficient in terms of manpower therefore making

them to be more productive than in fragmented societies. This means if there is a strong tie

among dwellers, different developmental activities can be accomplished since many people are

living together in one place.

Though, social interaction is one of the values for Ethiopian people; it seems becoming

shallow as it is observed in real setting, especially in condominium residences. The study of

(Gezahegn,2013) reported, social interactions are shrunk and membership status is discontinued

because of new form of settlement. They have been built social support to maintain their life by

the networkings which were established for long years before. People in neighborhood level are

not known each other, but in the former places they know each other even in Kebele level

Gezahegne, (2013).Other authors ( Ashely et al. 2008) also state that social interactions are

diminished in comparison with prior conditions in condominium housing.

There are different indicators which show how social interaction seems becoming weak;

such as people are not seen exchanging greetings, low sense of belongingness and weak mutual

support are some of the examples. There has not been any institutional analysis of the

management system for condominium house till to date as (Zelalem, 2012). This problem may

diminish the social interaction system of individuals at condominium residences.

Limited studies were conducted on the problem under study, since the condominium

housing project has started in recent time (2004). Researchers such as, Gezahen, (2013) has been

studied on the socio-economic problem of resettlement program in Addis Ababa using mixed

design. Zelalem’s study in 2012 focused on the management and governance issues of

condominium in Bahir Dar City administration in qualitative and quantitative way. Alula (2013),

study which was conducted in Addis Ababa and Hawasa using mixed method basically concerns

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on views of residents regarding condominium housing. Gifford & Lacombe, (2007) was

concerned on the influences of high-rise buildings on residents’ experiences of the building,

satisfaction, preferences, social behavior, crime and fear of crime, children, mental health and

suicide in Canada using mixed method. Toney (2013) studied in Ethiopia focused on the overall

Ethiopian social and religion cohesion. Jo William (2005,) studied on the impact of design in co-

housing in England using mixed method.

The aforementioned researchers have been concerned on the impact of condominium

house on economic aspects, residents’ perception towards living in these places, and the impact

of living in condominium residences. Little attention has been given for residents’ social

interaction and cultural values while the houses have been built which will erode the value of

social interaction future, unless effort is exerted to intervene. Social medias influencing everyday

life of individuals’ Charis, (2008). Hence, this study tries to fill the gap of what other studies do

not give more emphasis. These are, in this thesis ways of formations of social interactions are

exhaustively looked over. In addition, unlike the previous studies, not only the challenges but

also the opportunities available to strengthen interactions are looked at. Moreover the residents’

outlook and explanation towards social interaction in Bahir Dar city administration at Ginbot 20

sub city particularly preparatory site condominium house have been examined.

1.3. Objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to examine social interaction of residents at condominium

houses at Bahir Dar city Administration Ginbot-20 sub-city preparatory site.

Specific objectives

1. To explore residents’ account of social interaction.

2. To examine the ways of social interaction formation at condominium residences.

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 3. To investigate the opportunities to strengthen social interaction at condominium

residents.

4. To describe the challenges which inhibit residents’ social interaction at condominium

houses.

1.3 Research Questions

1. The following research questions are employed to understand the social interaction of

condominium residents.

1. How the residents explore social interaction?

2. What are the ways of social interaction formation at condominium residences?

3. What opportunities find to strengthen social interaction of residents of condominium

houses?

4.What challenges influence the social interaction of the dwellers at condominium

residences?

1.4 Significance of the study

The study shows how the current social interaction seems like at condominium residents

and what should be done to re-establish or strengthen interactions of condominium residents and

others. The study also has implications and suggestions for concerned bodies to minimize the

problem. The other implication of the study is for social workers by giving insight, how the issue

needs future research and attention by advocating it.

The study has an implication for Amhara House Development and Construction Agency;

while building house; to have communal places; such as playground and verandas which can

play role in enhancing social networking. It can serve as information for researchers who attempt

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to conduct study on this issue in the case of Bahir Dar city. It also can help every reader to get

information about the issue.

1.5 Scope of the study

This study is delimited at condominium residences only. It is focused on social

interaction among condominium dwellers at Bahir Dar city Administration at Ginbot-20 sub-city,

preparatory site. The study does not intend to compare the extent of social interaction between

condominium and other forms of houses. It does not give due attention for the administrative and

physical aspect of the condominium houses, rather social interaction; even though the study has

explored these issues to some extent.

1.6 Limitation of the study

The study has limitation in conducting FGD that is because getting the persons together at a time

for discussion was difficult. Besides, using mixed approach could be better method to collect

data to have a strengthened data.

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as they are used in this study.

Condominium: is a type of housing build by government, where each resident household owns

its unit, but equally shares ownership and responsibility for the communal areas and facilities of

the building (Zelalem, 2012).

Social interaction is a process of daily communication and contacts of residents, way of

greetings, neighborhood ties and mutual support. Spending time with friends, attending programs

8
like festivities, being involved in societal activities is also part of interaction process. (Danny,

2006).

Strong social tie: is a relationship between people which is characterized by acquaintances for

lengthy period of time for instance in relationship like kinship. It also occupies higher frequency

of contact as well as the longer amount of time spent together. It involves high emotional

attachments which provide a reciprocal a sense of companionship, comfort, and security

(Gezahegn&Hasselberg 2013).

Weak social ties: are usually only activated for a specific purpose, rather than being part of a

multi-layered emotional relationship.

Opportunities: conditions or situations which lead and enable residents to establish or

strengthen their social interaction such as common spaces, festivities, facilities and societal tasks

that residents roll out (Meysam, et.al: 2015).

Socially heterogeneous: residents who came from different place in which they have variety of

experiences in educational status, culture, social interaction type, family background.

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 Chapter Two

2. Literature Review

This research paper provides a review of the literature on the topic of “social interaction

among condominium residents in Bahir Dar city administration”. The literature review part is

organized into seven sections. The first section deals with the concept of social interaction and

related issues. The second section explains the state of social interaction in Ethiopia. And the

third section describes the essence of social interaction for human beings and related issues. The

fourth section discusses on the residents experience while living in condominium houses. And

the fifth section presents the opportunities at condominium residence for social interaction. The

sixth section will present the challenges which hinder social interaction at condominium

residences. The seventh section deals with residents’ way of life at condominium houses. And

finally, the eighth section is about the gaps of researches sited in the literature part.

2.1. Definition of social interaction

Social interaction is a process which enables people to interact each other by spending

time with friends, involving in societal activities, and being a member of clubs. It is a process of

participation and involvement in social activities including spending time with friends, attending

parties, being involved in team sports, being a member of a club, going to local parks, writing a

letter to someone or even phoning a friend or family member (Danny, 2006). It is an asset that

provides security, regulates behavior and improves people’s standards of living, socially

interacted societies are likely to be efficient and capital rich therefore making them to be more

productive than in fragmented societies.

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 In the developmental study (Karbo’s, 2013), it is mentioned that social interaction refers

to a process of enabling people to have common sense, shared values as well as facing the

challenges in shared manner. Besides to this, increasing the level of participation in societal

activities is the other definition of social interaction. Social interaction is an asset which builds

social ties with neighbors who are nearby our surroundings and reach for good or bad time.

Personal experiences and social interaction context makes neighbors to have close or shrink

depending on context and personal experience.

The concept of social interaction is about the way of people’s relation with neighbors as well as

community.

According to Rahel Worku, (2014),

Social interaction is people’s social relation in an organized manner and healthier way.

Society can be understood as any self-perpetuating human grouping occupying a

relatively bounded territory that interacts in a systematic way and possesses its own

culture and institutions

2.1.1. Social Life in Ethiopians

Social interaction in Ethiopia is more of informal. It has different characteristics in the

rural and urban areas. However since the majority of the population, 80% is rural based, the

rural social interaction dominates and influences the urban and metropolitan social interaction. It

is also different from culture to culture and among different religions. However, it can be

generally characterized by strong ties, attachment, and interdependence. It is also influenced by

religions which promote social interaction not only among acquaintances but also strangers. It is

customary to help each other and share foods and drinks even with strangers known as

"abromeblat"(Alexandra and Molly, 2008).

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 In addition to that the presence of large family size and extended families foster the

interaction. Communities as well as villagers tend to interact well, know well about each other's

and help each other out. It is customary to help each other without being asked. The expectation

of receiving assistance among each other is normal that giving (thanks) regards for receiving a

help is not expected. There are some factors that strengthen the social interaction. Among which

funerals, wedding, and different holidays, informal social gathering like edir, and equb (saving

association) can be mentioned (Alexandra and Molly, 2008).

Ethiopia is culturally diversified country in which its citizens come from different ethnic,

family background, life style, education and work experience and individuals have their unique

characteristics. Most Ethiopians are very welcoming, friendly, generous and respectful and

expect the same in return. In certain cases, Ethiopians will go out of their way to please or

entertain others, including strangers.

Ethiopians appreciate warm greetings, handshakes, positive body language (smile or

showing a sign of happiness) and a show of respect. They offer the best they can afford and

give priority to their guests. For example, in most cases, Ethiopians will not take a seat before

their guests. Things like this should not be interpreted as anything other than a sign of respect.

Ethiopian society is very hierarchal i.e., age, wealth, education and social contribution plays a

role to foster or deter of social interaction of the people (Alexandra and Molly, 2008).

Ethiopians tend to exhibit traditional values they are conservative and modest. It is

important to be polite and respectful. Ethiopians generally pride themselves as a culture of

hospitality (i.e, the traditional coffee ceremony). Greetings are very important and it is very

appropriate to ask about family situations like do you have children? do they go to school?,

and so forth. Asking about work is less common but depends on what class or background the

12
person has. The author said: As Westerners we tend to be more inquisitive than Ethiopians

and sometimes our questions are not that appreciated as they wonder why we want to know so

much and may feel suspicious. One has to carefully watch body language to know how the

other is feeling (Alexandra and Molly, 2008).

In Ethiopia elders have remarkable role in strengthening social interaction and solve

disputes. Since their life is more of communal there will be disputes, but elders and community

leaders maintain the peace and security issues of the society.

According to Alexandra and Molly, (2008):

Community leader and elders, in the urban areas, had diminished but is still very

relevant in rural areas. Ethiopians value mutual respect, understanding and good working

relationship more than special treatment. Ethiopians respect rules and regulation as long

as they are implemented in a universal way. Ethiopians live a communal life, i.e. one’s

problem is another’s burden and anything that can alleviate that burden would be

appreciated. The role of community Disputes are settled by elders of the community. The

society respects elders and accepts their admonitions or advice. Interaction is personal,

informal and intimate; a great deal of interdependence is needed to accomplish a task or

solve a problem.

2.1.2. Social Interaction for Human Beings

Human beings are social in their nature; hence it is better to have social interaction and

maintaining healthy and rewarding relationships based on clear communication, cooperation,

resistance to inappropriate social pressure, negotiating solutions to conflict, and seeking help

13
when need. To do this, social skills have role in allowing people to succeed not only in their

social lives, but also in their academic, personal, and future professional activities (Huitt&

Dawson, 2011).

Benefits of Social Interaction are friendships, confidence, self-esteem, having people who

can help, feeling loved, and feeling accepted, feeling like you belong having companionship,

feeling liked. An important key to well-being is being involved in social activities. These

activities are based on doing things with others. Social activities include spending time with

friends, attending parties, being involved in team sports, being a member of a club, going to local

parks, writing a letter to someone or even phoning a friend or family member (Danny Pettry,

2006).

Recent research examined that social interaction is deteriorated; which it is determined

that crime deviant and other societal issues are becoming symptom of inadequate social networks

or luck of collective efficacy. Luck of community involvement, supervision of peers and low

friendship and other social networks are primary causes for anti-social acts. As a result of this,

residents do not know or trust each other, and thus supervision of neighborhood people and

property is limited. Neighbors having socially interacted are characterized by having common

values about what is right and wrong, strong ties based on physical proximity, informal social

control, and high levels of community participation programs and less likely to have anti-social

behaviors (Gerben, et.al, 2013).

2.1.3. 2.1.3. Social interaction and socialization

Social interaction plays role on the process of socialization. Children learn norms and

values from their parents. The failurity in socialization impacts on the later life of children which

also related with attachment of the people. In Ethiopian way of life neighborhood relationship is

14
strong. The In socialization neighbors have great role. They love each other as a family. Children

are take care by neighbors besides to parents. When their parents show strong social interactions

and value for cultural and social aspects, their children also keep it in their future life (Basics of

Sociology, 2005).

2.1.4. Residents’ way of life at condominium houses

Condominium residences are introduced in Ethiopia since 2004 GC to minimize shortage

of housing and to expand urbanization of cities. It is new form of housing and the way people

live also has got modification. The structure of the houses shaped residents’ life style and social

interaction as well. Related with this there is no/low awareness and experience living in this area.

The residents’ previous life was depended on using wide place to perform tasks living in the

ground (Tirusew Habtamu, 2015).

Life styles are based on the way in which people use means and resources they have,

rather than the means and resources themselves, and puts that this is the reason why lifestyles are

seen as a distinctively modern form of status grouping. Architecture is manifestation of culture

that meets the human needs to shelter and artifacts and provides close relationship with culture.

As a social phenomenon, architecture is originated from culture and it affects on culture and

reflects human thoughts from space and aesthetics view point (Tirusew Habtamu, 2015).

When people have a shared culture, that is, shared norms of behavior and values, it

generates the symbols of group identity. Each person wants to be treated as a unique and

valuable individual but also have a simultaneous need to belong to something greater than him;

something more than one; and feelings of something greater than self occur in the experience of

community. A healthy community has a sense of where it should go, and what it might become.

A positive and future oriented role image provides direction and motivation for its members.

15
 Building communal life in newly developed housing area is very important means to

develop socially sound community. Building communal building and facilities without building

positive communal life can contribute negatively to the whole setting, because the users tend to

be less responsible to facilities and in general to participate in betterment of the

neighborhood(Tirusew , 2015).

2.1.5. Residents experience living in condominium houses

The economic impact of relocation is not only explained by the decline of income level

and job opportunities but also by the increasing costs of living in the new areas. The prices of

commodities are higher in the centrally located, old residential places where there are many

shops and markets with competitive prices. Families then had access to the large market centres

where the choice of commodities is wider and the prices are lower. After relocation, residents are

relying on small daily markets traditionally called ‘Gullet’. "Living without ‘idiris’ is stressful.

Death does not inform you to come today or tomorrow." This indicates that individuals without

sufficient financial and social capital may withdraw draw on burial association during bad times,

and they become marginalized and vulnerable to risks in the absence of such associations. It

further reveals that social capital is regarded as an asset that can be used to contribute to their

social and economic security. It was noted that a particular problem in urban redevelopment is

inadequate attention paid to the social costs of resettlement in terms, for instance, of maintaining

social networks (Gezahegn & Jan Hesselberg, 2013).

Apartment and condominium dwelling is now often a desired choice of many urban

residents when multi-family living offers a commute and amenity advantage (Amy & Wendy,

2010). Distress of many families whose entire economic support, built over years of being part of

vibrant social and economic communities in their previous residences, suddenly found they were

16
staring at new areas without customers and business (Melese, 2015). Another important finding

of the study was that following successful acquisition and subsequent relocation by families to

their new homes often in unfamiliar destinations socio-economic problems, previously

unforeseen or unanticipated, emerged.

Researches revealed that rentees’ participation in collective action is inevitable compared

to house owners because of rentees who are most affected by changes that might affect service

provisions and are worried about increases in management fees (Zelalem,2012). A board

member said, “Patterns of interaction can be robustly conflictual, especially when there is no fair

and legitimate allocation of rights and obligations in the community of users and in their values

and goals”. So there should be clear local norms/rules for the elected members of the association

concerning monitoring, decisions on sanctions, and conflict resolution mechanisms. Without

such specific strategies and actions, implementing a nested structure with multiple layers of

activities will be difficult.

Perhaps none of these fears is realistic. Perhaps they simply are salient because so many

people live so close together, and communicate their fears verbally or nonverbally. Perhaps, on a

base rate or per capita basis, no more negative outcomes occur among high-rise residents than

among residents of any other form of housing. On the other hand, perhaps, there truly are more

negative outcomes, but they are caused by factors other than housing form. These extra-

architectural moderators of negative outcomes are considered later (Gifford& Lacombe, 2007).

The sheer number of people who reside in One Big Residence means that, in a sense,

strangers share your dwelling, at least in the semi-public areas of it. This fear of strangers leads

to fear of crime, a felt lack of social support and the absence of community in the midst of many.

Anonymous interaction in visually screened areas within high rises creates the objective

17
possibility of crime. This is more likely when outsiders can enter the building. The very fact that

many high-rises have entrances with keys and guards proves that this fear exists, even if no

strangers manage to enter (Gifford& Lacombe, 2007).

A recent study demonstrated a strong connection between the physical condition of

dwellings and behavior problems among children (Gifford & Lacombe, 2007). However, if

children have access to green space, these problems may be ameliorated; that is, nature may

moderate the relation between high-rise living and behavior problems.

Experience suggests that most social interaction occurs among residents of the same

floor; if this is so, then buildings with many floors will include a few friends and acquaintances

for the typical resident, and many strangers from other floors. In an Israeli study of women who

lived in 8- and 20-storey buildings, 97 % knew at least someone on their own floor, and 67 %

knew everyone on their floor; in contrast, 36 % knew over 30 % of all people living in their

building (Ginsberg & Churchman, 1985). Most women did interact with neighbors, yet reported

no problems with privacy (how men fared in the buildings is unknown). Interview of university

dormitory residents found that the residents’ small living units believed that they facilitated more

social interaction than large, high-rise dormitories.

Communal places in condominium houses are not used for their intended purpose fully

and majority of the communal blocks are abandoned without clear responsible body which led to

their current bad sanitary condition. Even though communal buildings are not given legally to

residents still the buildings have been used for different function such as storage, office and

shop. The condominium residents rarely use communal buildings in non-formal arrangements

with the association but 75% of respondents had never used them at all (Tirusew Habtamu,

2015). To perform activities such as washing clothes and preparing extensive foods larger spaces

18
are needed, which are not available in condominium units. This creates misalignment between

the space provided and the existing situation around condominium housing (Tirusew Habtamu,

2015).

Results of studies indicated that, relocation does not enhance social capital for former

public housing residents. Social networks are diminished in comparison with prior conditions in

public housing. There is very little interaction with homeowners in relocation sites, and

considerable resistance by homeowners. Relocate satisfaction with housing is greater in the low

poverty site, but social networks are not different across sites (Ashely et al. 2008).

Research of Paul Cheshire’s (2005) explored the success and sustainability of mixed

communities from the perspective of residents identifies nine priorities for new communities.

These are: good quality housing; good schools; safe, clean and friendly neighborhoods;

community outreach workers; pre-school child care; well integrated social housing; careful

interagency planning; neighborhood staff; and supervision of open spaces and parks.

Evidence shows that communities without adequate local facilities, services and

community support suffer from a wide range of social problems. Lessons from English new

communities identify higher than average rates of isolation and mental health problems, often

caused by poor transport connections that isolate people from friends, family and local jobs.

Other problems are inflexible housing stock that makes it hard to attract and retain residents, and

a lack of opportunities for residents to influence (Sir Peter Hall, 2011).

2.2. Opportunities at condominium residence for social interaction

It has been mentioned that the government has left social interaction issue while

establishing condominium residence; even though the economic aspects are given more

attention; because dwellers come from different places and unknown each other before, some

19
communal places lead to quarrel. But it does not mean that there are no good opportunities in

condominium residence. Social contacts are enhanced in a community when residents have

opportunities for contact, live in proximity to others and have appropriate space for contact.

Proximity both physical and functional is very important in terms of encouraging social

interaction .Proximity greatly influences patterns of socialization (Jo Williams,2005).

He also asserts immediate neighbors tend to communicate more with each other than

resident living further apart. Communal spaces provide excellent opportunities for social

interaction. Communal spaces (indoor and outdoor) need to be good-quality, suitable for their

use but at the same time flexible. Physical proximity has impact in enhancing social interaction;

thus condominium residences are close and give opportunity to contact now and then. Because

no or narrow communal place, children are enforced to play near their home may be in corridors.

Hence, the more children are contacted, the better their families are becoming close and establish

or strengthen new type of interaction.

As mentioned by (Alula &Agazi ,2013), there are different opportunities found in the

new type of re-housing development; such as the facilities are good and better than the previous

ones, has impact on residents to have new hopes for better life in the future are showed by the

results of the study. Families with children had neighborhood communications versus families

without children. Apartments that had garden and free places have more social interaction among

residents than others which have no such facilities (Meysam, et.al:, 2015).

Research findings reveal that there is a significant social interaction operating at the

block level: residing on the same versus nearby blocks increases the probability of working

together by over 33 percent. The results also indicate that this referral effect is stronger when

20
individuals are similar in socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. both have children of similar

ages) and when at least one individual is well attached to the labor market (Patrick,et.al 2008).

2.2.1. Condominium management committee

There is condominium management association which is legally established by house

development enterprise; it is accountable for the office. The committee is established from each

unit of building from house owners to play different functions in the area. There are properties

which are shared by residents, and all the residents have a right to sue equally the communal

buildings, open spaces and common place by having law to handle it properly. The association

will protect and make sure that residents acts accordingly in order to create a good living

environment in condominium neighborhoods (Amhara house development enterprise).

The association has 13 members with specified task. These persons are working without

salary voluntarily to serve the residents as well as themselves. The association is expected to

resolve disputes among residents caused by noise pollution, sanitary leakage, and usage of

corridor. When difficult issues are arisen the office or third body will mediate it to solve the

dispute. The other task is collect money in monthly base (30 birr) security and garbage collection

from each household with headed legal receipt (Amhara House Development Enterprise).

Another task of the association is; executing rules and creates awareness for residents and

behaves accordingly. New dwellers are also informed the general rule and principle of houses. It

helps to keep harmonious social interaction and keep the building safe in different aspects.

Register residents name, address and identity to control the security issue. No-one is allowed to

leave the building without permission of the association, because sometime there are residents

who did not pay the rent of house and other problems they commit (Biruk Megerssa, 2014).

21
 Most of the homeowners are not yet actively participated in these committees by raising

issues, since they do not have free time or as well they are not interested to be committees’

members.

There is meeting conducted periodically to evaluate the ongoing tasks of the association.

It has noted that distrust arose in service delivering due to mismanagement of committee

members who are unable to discharge the responsibility entrusted on them by dwellers. It is

necessary to create awareness among the dwellers of condominium houses to help closing work

with newly established condo committees and select viable and trustworthy committee members

to ensure transparent relationship (Biruk Megerssa, 2014).

2.2.2. Benefit of space for social interaction

Open space is an essential part of the urban heritage, a strong element in the architectural

and aesthetic form of a city, plays an important educational role, is ecologically significant, is

important for social interaction and in fostering community development and is supportive of

economic objectives and activities. In particular it helps reduce the inherent tension and conflict

in deprived parts of urban areas of Europe; it has an important role in providing for the

recreational and leisure needs of a community and has an economic value in that of

environmental enhancement (Eyerusalem Genet, 2016).

Research findings showed that space has vital role to bring the residents together in one place,

hence the interaction among persons is enhanced. Large amount of persons don’t use the space

for social affairs yet, only 39% of residents use the space for social interaction. The current

condition of the open space which has a lack of sitting area and cleanness is the reason for people

not to use the space for social interaction (Eyerusalem Genet, 2016).

22
 Neighborhood open space has the potential of posing positive influence in the

environmental, health, economic and social aspects. Vital role that opens space play is in

providing space for the expression of diversity, both personal and cultural; the social and cultural

values of open space include attitudes towards nature and the desire for contact with it.

Places have economic benefits besides enhancing social interaction. In condominium

residences free place which are reserved for communal purpose. In some cases there are building

for communal usage, but in others there no such kind of places; so there will be free place for the

purpose of parking, storing materials and other activities. These places have value in adding

economic power for residents by using to different purposes.

According to Eyerusalem (2016),

The existence of open space imposes a positive impression to the community of a place

where they live and add economical value of the neighborhood. Green spaces in urban

areas can provide opportunities for community involvement that can in turn help to

develop a sense of self-esteem and enable individuals and communities to develop skills

new to them creating an opportunity of employment.

Free spaces bring people close proximity or separate they are important issues that are

considered in design phase. Settings for conducive active social communication or those meant

to allow a certain degree of privacy, require careful thought as to the degree of possible eye

contact, and proper within the scale and layout of the setting. Housing addressing from

individual to society level needs to include different demands. According to UN report 1976

cited on Ashenafi Gossaye the residential environment, neighborhood, micro-district or the

physical structure, all service facilities, equipment and devices need for the physical health and

23
social well-being of the family and the individuals are the elements to be incorporated in housing

(Samuel Afework, 2014).

2.3. Challenges inhibiting residents’ social Interaction at condominium

Residences

The fallout from inequity within institutions, the state, civil society, and the household is

increasing social fragmentation, resulting in a decline in social cohesion and an increase in social

exclusion. Poor people report, that by and large, they have not benefited from new opportunities

created by economic and political restructuring .Social interactions are faded because of progress

of science and mechanization of life destruction of old houses, urbanization and the strength of

individualizing urban management should identify the factors of reducing social interaction

(Meysam et.al, 2015).

According to 22 (73.3%) of rentee respondents from the selected sites, before transfer in

condominium house they were living in rental homes and they use to have close relationship and

celebrate holidays jointly with neighbors (Biruk megerssa, 2015). The author asserts one of the

causes that aggravate the rate turnover is absence of joint celebration in condominium sites.

About 21% of the respondents attributed this problem with turnover.

Social interactions in condominium sites are even severely affected, due to lack of proper

entertainment facilities. Adults usually remain at home locking their gate and viewing DVD or

CDS, music and movies from western world (Biruk Megerssa, 2015). In most cases, they prefer

to communicate with people who came from their previous places of residence rather than with

their neighbors. The problem also pertain children and modern computers games, which move

them away from traditional way of life and custom.

24
 In other study it has been mentioned that although there are chains of commands, and

governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises, activities nested are

not working well. Consequently, cooperation among unit users found to be very poor and

complex. Some of the most important points missed in condominium management which

positively influences pattern of interaction are the failure to realize that the success and facility

of association depends on the amount of information provided for residents, creating identity and

high incentives for unit owners for coordination, developing trust, certainty and respect with

owners association. This implies the city administration needs not only to craft institutional

arrangements but also ensuring whether such institution is effectively communicated and

internalized by users. Similarly, owners associations need to strives not only for implementing

management procedures that are not developed by owners through a representative form of self

government but also to develop community spirit and address quality of life Zelalem, (2012)

A study demonstrated a strong connection between the physical condition of dwellings

and behavior problems among children Gifford & Lacombe, (2007). However, if children have

access to green space, these problems may be ameliorated; that is, nature may moderate the

relation between high-rise living and behavior problems. Similarly, Jo.Williams, (2005) study

revealed that, absence of communal places used for playing, refreshing and to celebrate

ceremonies and parties may have influences for social. The closer people are brought to each

other, the greater the chance of meeting one another and the greater the chance of the formation

of friendship and social interaction. Common areas like hallways and the common room in a

It is obvious that economic disruption or inflation is one of the causes for social

fragmentation. Most of the issues are associated with money. Opportunities are around the world

social fragmentation was associated with major economic disruptions; anger over the fact that

25
new opportunities were limited to the rich, the powerful, or the criminal; migration in search of

employment; an overall environment of lawlessness combined with failure of systems of police

and justice; and increased crime and violence (Veronika & Johanna Hoerning,2011).

The cohesion of households, communities, and becomes weak, when men and women are

forced to migrate to find employment or wish for better life. Following this, family members left

behind for long stretches have less time and fewer resources to contribute to and sustain

community relations. Because of being regional city of SNNP, many residents may not be

familiar with living in multi-storey buildings, and many may be recent migrants to the city

(Agazi and Alula,2013).

When community networks are stretched too thin and there is insufficient state support,

community cohesion begins to unravel as norms of reciprocity quickly become norms of

opportunism. Communities without cohesion are often characterized by mistrust between

neighbors and fear accompanied by high levels of interpersonal crime and violence. Lawlessness

degenerates into crime, in the absence of functioning police, courts, and legal systems( Veronika

&Johanna, 2011). When social solidarity breaks down, collective action is difficult and social

norms and sanctions no longer regulate behavior ( Gifford & Lacombe, 2007).

Design has impact on the interaction pattern of the residents. It also affects the behavior

of the people living at these residents. It is therefore important that new residential

neighborhoods are design with this in mind. It follows, therefore, that design should as far as

probable be used to encourage high levels of social interaction. There has been a great deal of

research that has looked at the relationship between residential design and resident behavior.

Proximity greatly influences patterns of socializing ( Jo, Williams, 2005).

26
 "Social interactions are directly attached with a space and the design of that space affects

peoples’ ways of life. The divisions that people draw between things and places harden in too

objective facts which in their turn organize social meanings and social action" (Rahel Worku,

2014 ). In her finding 63 % of the person have mentioned how spaces play role for social

interaction.

The physical environment has a determining influence on human behavior. The

relationship of people and space (the physical and social dimension) is a continuous two way

process in which people create and modify spaces while at the same time being influenced in

various ways by those spaces Matthew Carmona et al, (2010) 82% of the total elderly dwellers

liked to sit outdoor.

There is strong social interaction among immediate neighbors than neighbors who are far. This

indicates how the physical proximity has value in facilitating social interactions among residents.

According to Jo, Williams (2005):

Immediate neighbors tend to communicate more with each other than residents living

further apart. Residents living in the middle of a row of houses communicate with the

other residents more than those who live at the edge of the community. Those on the edge

of the community tend to be more isolated.

Similarly Robert Gifford (2007) mentioned:

On the other side, being big of the building might been cause of having poor relation

among residents; that means in Robert Gifford’s study in 2007 revealed that residents

have good relationship with their neighbors in the same floor than another. The number

of people and building and floors may affect social interaction.

27
 Supporting social contact design principles in common areas of cohousing communities,

Global interactions transform everyday life, constantly shaping the products we buy, the music

we listen to, the medical treatments available to us, and our view of the world. Global

interactions affect more than our personal lives (Chris, 2008).

Common spaces have multiple of services like recreational service, conducting meetings when

necessary, playing, and practicing societal activities. In related with this Lilina,(2010) mentioned

as follows:

Public spaces are serving a key function within these areas; that of connecting individuals
while providing a setting where social relationships could be formed and developed. As
such, while general physical features of the environment associated with sprawl could
either promote or deter the existence of social interactions, the availability and use of
public spaces are the mechanism by which those opportunities are formalized.
Generally culture influences the built environment that, in turn, affects individual
behavior. The organizational values are integrated into the design of the built
environment and facilitate desired behaviors. When cultural changes (national, political
or governmental) occur, old buildings may be adapted to new ways of living, and new
buildings may be altered in form to accommodate them.

2.4. Summary on the gaps of researches reviewed

In summary, there are researches conducted on condominium residences at different times

in national and global level. However, attention has not been given for social aspect of the

house, particularly to the interaction of residents. Hence, Gezahegn’s in 2013 study has

been explained the socio-economic problems of people in Addis Ababa from resettlement

program which is studied qualitatively, however it did not focused on specifically

interaction of dwellers. Tirusew (2015) and Rahel (2016) have conducted research on the

28
 how residents use communal buildings and open spaces respectively using mixed method

in Addis Ababa, but it does not focus merely on social interaction of residents.Whereas

Zelalem’s study in 2012 focused on the management and governance issues of

condominium, not focus on social interaction deeply; though it has been conducted at Bahir

Dar qualitatively.

Similarly, Alula’s study has conducted in AA and Hawasa using mixed method basically

concerns on views of residents regarding condominium housing. It does not focus on what

problems encounter on residents living in condominiums. Toney (2013) studied in Ethiopia

focused on the overall Ethiopian social and religion cohesion, but little attention is given social

interaction at condominium residence and the year in which research conducted was different

from the current study.

The other research work, Gifford & Lacombe (2007), is also concerned about the

influences of high-rise buildings on residents’ experiences of the building, satisfaction,

preferences, social behavior, crime and fear of crime, children, mental health and suicide in

Canada using mixed method. Therefore, the above authors did not address what seems social

interaction at condominium houses which may be different in terms of research method, concern

and timeline.

29
 Chapter Three

3. Research Methodology

3.1. Description of the study area

There are 3711 houses in 5 sub-cities the sites of Bahir Dar city, which were built in to two

rounds. In the first round which means in 1999, 1630 condominium house were built whereas

2220 condominium residences were built in 2000 E.C. These houses have been found in all sub-

cities of Bahir Dar city administration. In these places, a total of 2242 households are living.

In Ginbot-20 sub-city there are 920 houses, from which 35 are located around

preparatory site, a particular area known as Mesgid, which was built in the second round

(2000EC). There are 1050 households in the 35 building living in particular area (Amahara

House Development Enterprise, 2008 EC).

In this area, there is one Church and one Mosque which leads people to contact each

other. There is informal social structure named ‘Idir’ and ‘Equb’ in this place, which enables

residents to contact more or less. Moreover, a committee having 6 members has been established

per building which have mandate to manage the security, sanitation and gardening and water and

electricity issues. This committee is accountable for and governed by Amhara House

DevelopmentEnterprise. There is also community policing office in order to keep the security

aspect of the people.

The classes of condominium residence are narrow and close to each other; there are open

places for common service. There are also facilities such as electric city and water, which are

shared by residents. The buildings do not have proper fence to secure the residents from different

30
problems. Besides, there is no a one to one electric system. And also, the area is ‘regregama’ in

which there is water and mud during rainy season.

3.2. Study Design

The study employed qualitative approach and case study design. Qualitative approach is

appropriate to explore data in different lenses about social interaction. It helps to study complex

phenomena within participants’ contexts in in-depth manner; such as what is going on now, the

challenges they face, and how they cope up with it. It gives chance to offer information about

what the residents have experienced about the issue under study. Case study design also provides

opportunity to use different data collection methods and collecting information from participants

directly, so that it allows the researcher to have broadened understanding of the research

participants beyond the extent and understand what they feel(Creswell,2009).

On the other side, case study allows the researcher to stabilize information from

participants to refine their ideas repeatedly during the dialogue through probing at that moment.

It is useful to explore data in particular arena in the real contexts like social interaction(Creswell,

2009).

3.3. Selection of Research participant

Research participants were selected using purposive sampling technique to gather data as

needed and expected by focusing on particularly on the issue under study. Hence, 9 from which

4 are male and 5 are male residents are selected based on social responsibility, in which the

community assign individuals as idir or equb leaders or individuals who have experience in

participating in programmatic activities. Sex is also set as inclusion criteria (both sexes) whereas,

5(male) participants were selected from Ginbot-20 sub-city, which manage the societal and

31
security issues; Amhara House Development Enterprise, which has the mandate of building

condominiums; and Amhara Tourism, Culture and Parks Bureau, which works on keeping,

recording and transferring the tangible and non-tangible assets of the region, including social

interaction through preliminary discussion.

3.4. Method of Data collection

The study employed key informant interview and in-depth interview to collect data

qualitatively. These methods are helpful to collect data on participants’ personal histories, variety

of practical experiences using structured interview guides and observation checklist. In-depth

interview was conducted with 9 residents to gather information about how the residents explain

social interaction, what challenges have been faced while living in condominium residence in

terms of with social interaction and what kind of opportunities are there to enhance social

interaction in view of their personal experience and context.

Whereas, key informant interview is employed so as to generate data from GOs

(Government Organizations) and offices which are concerned about the issue directly. A total of

5 male participants are selected from Amhara House Development Enterprise, Ginbot-20 sub-

city and Amhara Culture, Tourism and Parks Bureau. Because these bodies have linkages and are

believed to be able to provide information on how the existing condition seems like related with

social interaction. Knowledge and skill based data are gathered from these bodies. The prime

objective is to know participants’ understanding and definition regarding social interaction,

involvement, the response to challenges, and to let them be active participants so as to enhance

social interaction.

32
3.5. Data Collection Procedures

In the first place, attention was given to building good rapports so as to get relevant and

reliable information from participants. Data was collected from participants who are working in

Ginbot-20 sub-city sanitation and greenery department, ACTPB (Amhara Culture Tourism and

Parks Bureau, AHDE (Amhara House Development Enterprise), residents (rentee and house

owners) as well as condominium management committee. Before collecting the information

directly, discussion was held as opening session with study participants so as to make conditions

safe for data collection process.

Then, interview guides were developed and translated in to Amharic language as well as

pre-test interview guides to get the opportunity for feedbacks and amend the questions. The next

procedure was mentioning the objective of the study for participants to make them free to

forward what they feel. Consent and participants free will was asked and got to go ahead as well

as fixing time and place to conduct the session after making good approach with the first or key

person for selecting the participants. Then after, voice recorder was used to record their voice,

not to miss words to transcribe in addition to note book after getting permission to use the voice

recorder. A total of seven sessions are used for collecting the data and the place were in

participants’ office, home and open space.

3.6. Data Analysis

Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Hence, the collected data from different

methods, i.e. in-depth interview and key informant interview was transcribed. Besides, field

notes were written again which were documented when observation was takes place

simultaneously with interview. In this process, attention was given while heard the voice

recording data to document it properly.

33
 Following the first step, similar ideas were collected together and coding them; in this

process, unrelated information were avoided. After this, ideas were placed together thematically

based on questions. Eventually, writing was take place by interpreting and presenting the data in

line with questions and researches reviewed in the previous sessions. After this, ideas were bring

together thematically based on questions. Writing the research was the final step by interpreting

and presenting the data in line with questions and researches reviewed in the previous sessions.

3.7. Ensuring Data Trustworthiness

To ensure trustworthiness, effort was exerted to address the criteria in this regard. To

address credibility, the researcher tried to take photographs to indicate what seems like the

design of the residence, how children play. In order to assure transferability, information was

provided for readers in detailed in the report of the research, how the current condition is similar

with another residences. To ensure dependability the researcher was strived to enable a future

investigator to do it again. Eventually, conformity was attained by putting the information gained

from participants by showing those data are not the predispositions of the researcher.

3.8. Ethical Considerations

From the very beginning, information was provided about what the researcher wants to do how

the research is go through and how the information they give is kept in secrete, so as to make

participants confident enough to provide information. Informed consent was insured with

informants to get their willingness, to participate deliberately in the study. It is believed that if

participants are well informed about the purpose, they were voluntary and free to give

information about the research issue. Besides, the name of the research participants was coded

with nick names in the analysis part to keep their anonymity as per his promise to guarantee

confidentiality.
34
 Chapter Four

4. Findings of the study

Based on the objectives of the study and the research questions the presentation of the

findings is categorized in three thematic areas. The first part of the analysis deals with how the

condominium dwellers explain and understand the concept of social interaction. The second part

of the analysis states the challenges which have influence on interaction of the dwellers living in

condominium residences. The last theme of the result describes that what opportunities are there

in condo house to have strengthened interaction.

4.1. Participants’ Biography/profile

The table below illustrates that the interview participants have a variety of backgrounds in terms

of age, educational status and the length of time they stayed in the condominium site which is

under study.

No. Interviewees Sex Place of Religion Age Educational Length of Rentees/ Marital
pseudonyms origin status time in the House Status
condominium owner
1. Genet F Adet Orthodox 36 Diploma 2 & half HO M
2. Almaz F Gondar Protestant 38 Masters D 3 years R M
3. Tayachew M Wollo Orthodox 35 Degree 4 years HO M
4. Yalew M Adet Orthodox 50 Degree 3 years HO M
5. Belete M Gondar Orthodox 36 Masters 1 & half R S
6. Hiwot F D/Birhan Protestant 35 Degree 3 & half R M
7. Tesfahun M Motta Orthodox 32 Diploma 4 years HO M
8. Amare M Enjibara Orthodox 33 Degree 4 years HO M
9. Haymanot F Addis A. Orthodox 29 Masters 3 years R S

35
The table below shows the profile of key informants who reside outside the condominium site.

No. Interviewees sex Place of Religion Age Educational Marital

pseudonyms origin Status status
1 Azmeraw M Merawi Orthodox 27 Diploma S
2 Sintayehu M Gimjabet Orthodox 52 Degree M
3 Getahun M Addis A. Orthodox 44 Masters M
4 Dagne M Bahir Dar Orthodox 37 Degree M
5 Temesgen M Dangla Orthodox 42 Degree M

The above tables show the background and biography of participants. Hence, the age of

participants range from 27 to 52 years old. Whereas, their educational background is from

Diploma to Masters Degree level. From them 4 are Masters Degree and 3 are Diploma holders

and the rest 7 are Degree holders. Their living experience in the condominium houses

(preparatory site) is from 1 and half year to 4 years. With regard to their religion, there are 2

persons who are protestant and the rest 12 are Orthodox Tewahido religion followers.

4.2. Residents account of social interaction

The findings shows that the meaning residents gave to social interaction varies from

person to person based on their societal background. This means, the value that residents give for

social interaction depends on their culture, family experience, and background. Hence social

interaction is influenced by these issues and the practices vary from person to person

accordingly. The understanding of residents on the concept of social interaction is almost similar;

what make it different is the way informants mentioned and the angle from which they

understand it. Some of them defined it as the process of celebrating together ceremonies such as

coffee and ‘senbete’, ‘idir’, baptism, birth day or religious festivities and holidays.

36
 Others explained social interaction as way of seeking or providing support for neighbors,

friends or anybody else as human being. Few defined social interaction as a way of greeting and

means of expressing their gratitude for their bests. The definition and understanding of residents

on the concept is framed by their background experiences and from the place they grow up. An

informant who comes from a family with strong social connection may have different social

value from others who do not have such kind of exposure.

Getahun who is 44 years old said,” social interaction is the way we communicate each

other.” The other participant Tayachew who is 34 years old, married and living in the area

added,” social interaction, for me, is the way people live by sharing times of happiness and

sorrow.”

The manifestations of social interaction are warm way of greeting, having coffee ceremonies

together, celebrating festivities and holidays with neighbors. Besides, accomplishing tasks co-

operatively is common and well experienced in Ethiopia. In addition, sharing problems together

and finding solution is the measurement of strong social interaction.

Almaz who is 38 years old mentioned,

Human beings are social animals by nature;in the bible God himself promotes
companionship rather than solitary. To find a remedy for every problem people need to
relay on each other. When people are getting together they can share their ideas, values,
and love, or problems. This will help them in finding a solution for their problem, or
make them feel better. However we abuse social interaction focusing on our differences
such as ethnic.

Getting together with people brings emotional stability, strength, and relief. Participant named

Temesgen elaborated,

37
 Social interaction for me is living with people by having strong attachment. For example,
I have friends whom I frequently meet; I just can wait to meet them. As soon as I go
home, one of my tasks will be contacting these persons, because I talk and chat heartedly.
However, at condominium residence the status of social interaction is very weak because
of different factors.

Participants explained that social interaction at condominium houses is different from other

forms of residences. The understanding about the significance of social bond seems very low,

even though there are very few interested persons, who play role to strengthen the bond of

interaction among dwellers. As participants mentioned, the value given for social interaction in

these areas is different from other forms of houses as well. Since the number of rentees is greater

than house owners, they consider it as temporary living place. The other reason mentioned for

the low value given for social interaction is social background. Almaz said, “There is no person

who gives value for this asset. If there is interaction it is not for real, rather nominal. The

residents could not practice it without clear understanding about its function.”

Definition of social interaction can be manifested by working together for common goods

such as supporting each other, helping elders, be power for the powerless, taking patients to

health institutions to save the life of someone during accidents like sickness. In Ethiopia there is

a culture of working together by program locally termed as ‘Debo’wonfel’ which has great

impact in accomplishing tasks at a time.This tradition is a result of strong social connection

which strengthens economical power of individuals. As participants mentioned, if someone has

no strong social ties with the community, he/she will be out of this system. But, social

interactions are becoming deteriorated from time to time.

Getahun mentioned,

38
 Social interaction can be defined or manifested by ‘debos and wonfels,’ strong social ties
of communities and can be lessons for children to practice in their later life. It makes our
lives easier, because there are activities which need many labor force or immediate action
such as rainy season. A widow, widower and elderly individuals have to carry out their
works alone; this time the above mentioned cultures are helpful to support such people.

Therefore, the understanding of the residents on social interaction and the meaning they give to it

is different from person to person. The way they establish relationship differs; personal behaviors

have influence on the daily interaction of residents too.

4.3. Ways of social interaction formation at condominium residences

As the participants’ information shows, they interact each other through different means.

As mentioned above the practice of social interaction is influenced by understanding towards its

value; hence, residents’ interaction is formed by locality, school backgrounds, religious

affiliation, work place, age, the floors they live in(whether similar or not), previous experience,

sex, being rentee or house owner. All the participants explained that there is no responsible

person who facilitate and have passion to build up or strengthen social interaction.

Tayachew who have more than three yearsof living experience in the area mentioned,

No one says welcome while new residents come to the place. Once, my wife and I
prepared coffee ceremony to welcome our neighbors, they were very happy by that. The
couples have built stronger relationship with us, than the other residents around. Still now
their relation is only with us and one person at the ground. It was a very simple ceremony
its value, however, was significant. If we always make such kinds of simplereception and
communication, our relationship will be stronger.

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 4.2.1. Locality

Locality is one of the main ways of building social interaction, which means when

residents come from similar homeland or birth place. It is known that condominium dwellers

come from different areas. Due to this, they do not know each other easily. It is also time taking

process. Residents are afraid of each other because there is no information about their neighbor

to establish relationship. Therefore residents are enforced to find mechanism to select persons

and form relationship. Participants (5/14) mentioned that coming from similar birth place or

background is one of means of social interaction. They develop trust one another because they

know each other before and have information about their background.

Tayachew mentioned,

I do not know a lot of people here in my building except few. This is because social
interaction is made based on some factors such as locality.That is why residents are seen
going to another floor to find their bests. For example in the time of holiday, residents
leave their home and go to their relatives or friends.

Tesfahun who is house owner and a 32 years old resident in the area also explained,

Residents including me find it easy to establish relationship with people whom I know
their background and have come from the same place I grew. I have best friends whom I
contact frequently that live out of this area. In this area people interact each other as they
want; but not with all residents.

As it is observed people form interaction easily based on locality. In fact, common associations

such as religious and business can also be means of forming interaction.

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 4.2.2. Being a house owner or rentee

Inthese condominium residences, the majority of dwellers are rentees. The number of house

owners is smaller than rentees. All of the participants mentioned that social interaction is

established by being rentee or house owner, which means house owners have strong interaction

to one another. This is due to the fact that most owners believe that rentees will not stay long

time in the condominium, so that the relation with rentees is nominal or does not last long.

Almaz whose age is 38 and rentee elaborated,

Residents who are house owners have strong social ties among themselves. They form
different community based associations such as idir are ideal among permanent settlers or
house owners than rentees. These associations are means of developing social ties, as the
members frequently meet to perform different activities like buying common goods for
the idir.The renters also believe that rentees are not living long time in the condominium.

Hiwot who is house owner and 35 years old mentioned, “we house owners have social ties

especially among females. We have idir and materials for facilitating societal activities.Hence,

relationship is formed by being a house owner or rentee.

This shows that permanentsettlement or temporary such as rentee is one of the factors that

influence the social ties.

4.2.3. Similarity in Religious Affiliation

Following same religion is also set as a means to create social interaction among the residents of

condominium. Hiwot explained, “I am the follower of protestant religion as a result of this

neighbors whose religion is different from mine do not want me to form relationship, So I came

to think that religion is one thing that plays a role in forming social interaction.”

41
Residents with similar religion have interaction. Residents use religion as a means of social

interaction. Another participant Almaz who is follower of protestant religion elaborated,

In the building I live there is female social association by the house owners. They always
invited me to socialize. I also like to and I did. However after a while I stopped, as they
discriminate and are negative to the religion I follow. They do not care about how I
would feel but use negative words towards the religion I follow.

4.2.4. Gender

Women have more remarkable participation than men in societal programs as observed in real

setting. Similarly, in condominium residences women have big role in facilitating societal

activities. Women usually communicate with each other through coffee ceremony.Their

participation in informationtransmissionwhen something happens, bringing the females together

using coffee ceremonies, or christening, during birth day festivity, marriage and sorrow time.

Getahun explained, “Females have such kind of gift and they are sociable than males. To

strengthen social interaction of the residents females play vital role.” The other participant

named Tesfahun also added, “The role of females in the process of enhancing societal

ceremonies is very nice.”

The finding showed that, the building in which females’ participation in the societal activities is

strong is different from those with less women participation. The more females participate the

better the interaction among residents is strengthened. Gender is one of the means to form social

ties among residents. Almaz elaborated that,” social interaction has special meaning for females.

It is a golden chance to show their talents like cooking, baking injera, especial ways of preparing

local beer,’tela or tej’; they could also demonstrate their skill to each other and learn on the

spot.” It is usual and observed in real settings that females are gifted in participating in societal

42
activities than males. Had females been weaker in social interaction involvement, the degree of

participation of males would also have decreased.

4.2.5. Children as a means of social interaction

Findings of the study demonstrated that children are one of the means of interaction.

Among the participants 6 have mentioned how children are instrumentals for interaction.

Residents who have children have good social connection with their neighbors. In floor level, or

one floor to another floor the interaction of children is good. In the compound children play

together, they never discriminate based on any criteria.

Besides, parents took their children for recreation in the compound or street; the children

themselves want to communicate and play with each other. Indeed it creates opportunity for

parents to meet, know and greet each other. Parents greet each other when they meet another

day. As it are known children coming from different buildings. Their interaction is not restricted

by building. Similarly, parents’ social relation is developed across buildings; for example two

persons who do not know each other in neighborhood level, they build social bond and

strengthen it because of their children. Getahun mentioned,

It is obvious that social interaction among residents who have children is different from
others who do not have. Children are good means of communication. For example, my
children always join birthday celebrations of neighbors at different floors. Similarly,
when I celebrate my children’s birthdays other children come and enjoy it in a very
pleasant way. Not only this but also my children have strong attachemnt to neighbors’
children; sometimes they spend the night there with them. This helps parents develop
social interaction.

43
Residents with children have better relations with nearby neighbors as well as other floors

dwellers. The other participant Tayachew explained, “I meet residents when I am out with my

son in the ground and discuss about issues such as way of parenting and other related issues.”

Because of children parents form social ties and get chance to share experiences, skills, concerns,

and other issues. This process let residents discuss about their life, share experiences on how to

live in condominium houses and coping mechanism for challenges to create harmonious social

interaction.

4.2.6. Marital status

Marital status is another means of interaction. Participants (5/14) explained that the

involvement of married residents is better than unmarried or single ones. As participants

mentioned, married are expected to participate in collective activities both in good and bad times.

The level of participation also varies among unmarried or single residents; which means females

are better participants compared to males. As participants mentioned males stay the whole day

out of their home and it is difficult to contact and form interaction. Females at least stay at home

and to some extent they participate in social activities like, visiting sick persons, woman who has

just delivered, and involve in festivities. One of the participants named Amare who is a 39 years

old man and working at Amhara House Development Enterprise explained, “From unmarried or

single residents, the degree of participation differs based on sex also. Females have good social

interaction at least with their nearby neighbors. They are great residents.”

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 4.2.7. Being in a similar storey level

People’s social interaction varies from floor to floor. This means the level of participation

in societal activities such as greeting, making coffee ceremony, birth day celebration and others

is different in different floors. Children’s peer interaction is also strong within a floor. All the

participants except 4 mentioned that interaction is established more by story level. Hiwot who is

33 years old woman, house owner and has children mentioned, “……..our relationship is good

especially within our floor. We make coffee together and if there are other ceremonies, we help

each other. There is also room to know neighbors in different ways.” Field observation assure

this information, sometimes they greet each other at similar floor. The other participant

Tayachew also mentioned, “…..for-example at fourth floor interaction of the residents is strong

they communicate each other, their greeting is good along with their contact.”

4.3. Opportunities to strengthen social interaction of residents’ at condominium houses

Contrary to the challenges observed in condominium residences, there are also

opportunities which have positive impact on the enhancement of social ties of residents. In fact,

these opportunities brought, but are practical in strengthening the bond of residents. Among the

opportunities that strengthen social life at condominium houses are: the residence of lots of

people together in an area, the structure of the building, and the presence of common open space.

lots of people are residing together in one area.

4.3.1. Plenty of people living in the area

From the very beginning to have social interaction there should be a person whether the

bond is strong or weak. One individual cannot make relation with him/herself, so that the

presence of some other people are the first issue. Availability of many people in one area has its

45
own function. This means human resource accumulated in a place is a strong arm which could be

used to accomplish tasks at a time. For example, if residents need to make the ground

comfortable for children, to facilitate parking, making fences, to support people who need, or

arrange place for avoiding dust particles, they can do it with limited time and energy. A task may

be burden for a person but for many it could be easy and enjoyable. Genet said, “I am proud

when my neighbors, friends and individuals assist me during occasion life gets it’s meaning

through interaction.”I also would be happy to help when I am needed life gets meaning through

interaction.”

This indicates there are persons who have different life experiences and talents which is

open for others at such circumstances. During this process residents learn lesson which are also

essential for their personal life. These are good opportunities to get relief by sharing our feelings.

Almaz also added,” occasions are very important to accomplish issues like triangulation

(arbitration), and also means of providing or receiving advices not to do wrong actions.”

4.3.2. Structure of the building

Physical distances that bring people into close proximity, or separate them, are important

design considerations, Settings for conducive active social communication, or those meant to

allow a certain degree of privacy, require careful thought as to the degree of possible eye contact,

and proper communication within the scale and layout of the setting. Physical

arrangement/design of the building has positive influence on the process of social bond of

residents. Even though the structure adversely affects social ties of the people, it has positive

impact to strengthen neighborhood interaction. The structure by itself facilitates conditions for

interaction. Belete mentioned,

46
 Assume two persons are in quarrel, ‘wodedum telum hule siwotu sigebu yiteyayalu’.
Whether they like it or not, they have chance to meet face to face. Not only this, common
things like corridors, the common place where they place their clothes to dry and
common issues unavoidably enforce them to interact. In this process, the two persons will
forget the quarrel or leave it behind and think about common issues.

This means it is good to develop tolerance, because the residents feel neighbors especially

immediate ones are the persons who reach for good or bad times prior to other persons. Children

will go to neighbors’ home, parents’ cannot keep children not to go. Hence, physical structure

especially closeness and communal things get together. Haymanot said that, “while I fetch water

in the ground for drinking, I saw new faces; so we contact repeatedly in one or in other way we

can exchanging greetings each other.”

4.3.3. Free/open space

Another opportunity in condominium houses is there is lots of open space compared to

other residences. This helps to build communal places for residents to get them together or for

children. Open spaces are serving a key function within these areas; that of connecting

individuals while providing a setting where social relationships could be formed and developed.

The more the number of contacts increase, the better peoples’ social bond strengthens. Since

there is o room for every individual of residents, there is no option. Hence, individuals have

opportunity to contact everyday if they want to refresh themselves outside their home, want to

dry clothes, or prepare food for man ad cook in their different occasions. These will be good

chance to contact and establish or strengthen their social life. Similarly, children are observed

when they are playing together in a common place. Almaz said,

47
 Te common places are good opportunities for the children are one of the good
opportunities. Our contact determines our bond; when we meet we share ideas, life,
experiences, and the challenges we face, seek support, and share talents.

The common space can be used for building halls for different occasions and organize

community meetings to discuss and increase number and means of physical contact. Through

strong social interaction, libraries, parkings, and green areas as well as making the compound

safe for children can be established. Almaz added,

We are poor so that we need to work hard. Nobody can enforce us to do, rather by our
interest. But, this thing can be achieved through social ties. The other participant Belete
mentioned, “If there is strong social interaction among us we can develop and manage the
excessive free land of the area. By interacting with other building dwellers we can build
fence, play grounds, hole for dusts and solve any societal issues. Because the building
takes only small space, there is plenty of unused free space.

4.4. Challenges influencing residents’ social interactions at condominium houses

While living in condominium houses, there are challenges which inhibit the social

interaction process of residents. The challenges directly or indirectly influence the bond of

residents. Among the major problems which deter the bond with in dwellers: turnover of

residents, structure or design of the buildings, social heterogeneity of residents, numerous people

brought together in one building and others like individualized way of life, economic influence,

and work load can be mentioned.

4.4.1. Socially Heterogeneous residents

One of the challenges which influence practice of social interaction is socially

heterogeneous people residing in condominium houses. People came from various places in the

city or out of the city. It is known that every person’s behavior, social interaction and experience

48
are shaped by the place, family and community they grew up in. Similarly the quality of social

ties varies from person to person; because of this the interaction among residents varies

accordingly. Some might have exercised it better than others; for this reason, social bond of

residents’ is getting low and titular. Relation is formed if persons have similar or nearly the same

behaviors, feelings or attitude towards an issue. Due to this problem people are enforced to form

relationship by setting prerequisite. Related with this, people have preferred condominium

houses to get freedom and lead individualized way of life.

In the first place people are heard opting to rent in the condominium house because they

think there is freedom, no one interferes in other’s life, no one ask someone to do something, and

the house owner is not living nearer to rentee. Hence, these conditions discourage the former

residents from forming relationship with the new comers; sometimes it is difficult even to ask

them to get together. Yalew explained, “From the very beginning the dwellers prefer a

condominium house for its privacy not to be bothered by anyone with other persons. They do not

want to make social interaction, because they have already decided when they first came to this

place.”

As 7/14 participants result indicated, there is no welcoming programs from the older

ones, which is useful to build good relationship with new comers. When a person joins the

condominium residents, no one says welcome. But, this was a big deal to strengthen the weak

social interaction of residents in condominium houses. Most of the residents are young and there

are also adult people in the area. In most cases, relation is formed within similar ages. Tayachew,

34 years old mentioned,

I have 3 years living experience in the area. Surprisingly, there are some people whom I
have not even seen; I do not know which home they live in and there is no greeting

49
 between us. Social interaction can be strengthened using very simple event. However,
being socially heterogeneous, by itself, is difficult. The dwellers want to lead their life
only without worrying about others.

The information obtained indicated that the quality of social interaction is influenced by the

dwellers own active participation to form the interaction. The other participant named Amaz,

mentioned,

Nowadays, people prefer money to person and money hits the balance more than human
beings. As a human being, we were expected to give our time, money, idea and even
ourselves for others to build social interaction and help each other out. The experiences
of the place I grew up taught me how one person should give priority to others than
him/her self. Kids are not only grown by their parents but also by their neighbors; I
remember that before joining the condominium life we do not bother o eat in the
neighbors house if no is prepared in ours. But here such kind of thinking is unthinkable.

Parents in the earlier times have role for all children in the surrounding. They have role in

the socialization process of neighbors’ children. Even foods at the time of coffee ceremony have

a memorable to their future social life. In these areas it is banned to hit, insult or admonish

neighbor’s children. The children develop this trend and practice it in the future life. Hence, it

indicates the more children are socialized, the better they behave. Social interaction has been

playing role as a means of social control for society. There are unwritten rules which govern the

society and have significant function to build harmonious relation among residents.

Heterogeneity makes the behavior of individuals unpredictable. Something considered as

good might not be good in other culture or religion. Hence people restrain from making contacts

freely. Hiwot explained,

50
 Sometimes I am afraid of neighbors, because we come from different background and I
do not have information about them; who knows, they may be thief or may have other
bad sprit. The low interaction among us, wornness the means of knowing each other and
widens the gap between us. In the good old days our mothers leave their infants for
neighbors, where the neighbors look after the enfant responsibility. But nowadays there
is no such culture in the society. One day, while I was out at work away from home, my
servant was locked inside the toilet. When she cried for help; knocked the door
repeatedly, no one reached for her and she stayed the whole day stacked in there.

Participants (11/14) mentioned that, compared to previous times, social interaction is getting

low. However it does not mean it is totally ruined Haymanot explained, ”Previously there was

one saying, “to be secured; your neighbors’ should be secured”. But now to live in peacefully,

only my own life matters; no need to worry about others life. My neighbors’ life has no relevance

with mine.” The definition this participant gave, along with the proverb, tells that, the

understanding of social interaction by those people is bounded by their personal interest and

need. Hence heterogeneity where individuals with different outlook about socialization and

social life such as this one come together and live , creates a burden in the social interaction In

other words the meaning of social interaction is determined by ones’ experience.

To the contrary, 3/14 participant mentioned that, social interaction is not getting low, rather the

form of interaction is changed. The system by itself does not promote such kind of activities as

the previous times. Dagn said, “It is difficult to make social interaction with persons as previous

times. The time we have is very tight. I cannot spend long time at coffee ceremony, because of

tight schedule.” This implies that the residents are heterogeneous in their availability of time,

some may have time for social contacts while others think these time as a luxury. This is also a

factor that affects social interaction.

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 4.4.2. Awareness and Background experiences of residents living in condominium

Condominium housing is new phenomenon in Ethiopia; as a result of this residents do not

have experiences and awareness how to live in these areas; because, in the earlier times, life style

was based in wide places. In other words living in taller buildings is unusual, what is common is

living on the ground by wide area to perform different household activities without problem.

Hence, residents do not know how to deal with neighbors on mutual things. In fact one of the

duties of the committee was sharing rules and regulations to the condominium; but it is not

practiced. Hence, residents do not know how to deal with neighbors on mutual things.

There was a trend of living, working and playing on extensive land. Being accustomed

with that knowingly or unknowingly, residents sometimes do wrong things which would disturb

their immediate neighbors or even the whole building. Such activities may include sound

pollution, the way their sewage is treated, cleaning, the level of their individual houses security

and the like. This in turn becomes source of conflict and reason to limit the social interaction

among them.

Haymanot mentions that “once a resident have spilled a residue of a local birr tella inside

the toilet. It comes out tearing the pipe and was all spilled out in the Veranda of some other

residents in the ground level. It has caused a big problem and quarrel among residents.”

However some residents do not see the relevance of informing residents about the rules

and regulation of condominium. Amare said, “...the residents require no rules and regulations to

follow. The thing that rules them is their common sense.” From this we can understand that, the

people know how to tolerate each other.”

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 4.4.3. Structure and design of the buildings

The design of the condominium buildings is one of the factors that have negative

influence on residents’ social interaction. The structure and design of the buildings have been

challenging the process of social life activities. If there is suitable structure, it promotes the of

residents’ interaction. The rooms of condominium houses are too narrow to lead comfortable

life. From the very beginning, most of the buildings are placed in swampy area, so that during

rainy seasons, the ground dwellers will have a problem due to conflict of interest. This is as they

try to make temporary cannel which intern affects the dwellers of other building by its bad smell.

This has been the cause of quarrel among residents. To solve this problem the authorities of

AHDE have been contacted but do not provide immediate response to alleviate the problem.

Tesfahun who is a 32 years old man and is committee of the condominium association

mentioned : “we cannot solve this problem on our own as a committee; because the government

does not do anything and the solution we bring for the community is causing quarrel among

them.”

As it is observed on the ground there is no proper fencing, inappropriate sewage system,

safety tankers burst and splashes around the compound causing unpleasant smell and making the

place uncomfortable for children; kids are not able to play because of the landscape’s ups and

downs. The structure by itself enforces the dwellers to lead individualized way of life. That is,

toilet, kitchen, electric power and other facilities are household services. There is limited means

to interact each other. As participants mentioned, in the previous times, lending household

materials by itself was means of establishing and strengthening neighborhood. Almaz mentioned,

When our parents are baking injera in the compound, where there is no fence, there will
be a room to meet together and share ideas that could strengthen our social interaction.

53
 This means the housing structure gives room to interact each other. Here the structure
does not invite to bake injera together or do other activities together. If, for example,
there is no electric power accidentally, no other traditional way of baking injera is
supported. Hence, no one can see me while I am doing things in my home. In general the
structure by itself supports individualized way of life.

Ceremonies are means of contacts to establish social relationships such as christening,

coffee programs, holidays and religious celebrations. During these days people get together

which enables them to congregate next time as well. In addition, the pre-established bond can be

strengthened. However, most of the time, the structure of the buildings does not promote this.

Moreover most of the activities are performed inside their home. The narrowness of corridors

prohibited residents from making ceremonies; and the compound by itself is not comfortable for

ceremonies.

4.4.4. Turnover of residents

Turnover of residents is one of the major features of condominium housing that all of the

participants explained as the main factor that influences their social interaction. Due to different

reasons the residents change their house quite often. One of the reasons for this is the frequent

increment of rental; the other factor is that the home may not be comfortable for children. For

example, the residents who live on the ground houses suffer from flooding during rainy season;

the water along with unpleasant rubbish enters into their houses. Since the house owners leave

this house by leasing or selling it, this issue is basically observed on rentees. Dagne, one of the

participants, mentioned,

No problem can be compared with turnover of residents in these areas. Of course there
are factors for this problem. More than 75% of residents are not house owners. People

54
 change houses for better life. It is challenging to form relationships with those neighbors
that will not last long.

The challenge is forming new relationship. It is always difficult because of time and other

related reasons. Because of this, they do not network each other easily. To the contrary, rentees

do not want to establish social interaction with others for long time. During holydays and other

festivities, they go to their families and relatives. Rentees do not even want to participate in idir

and iqub or other pre-established associations in their former places. So that, in most cases

rentees are not active participants in social activities; there are even residents who do not know

each other, but being immediate neighbors, particularly rentees. Genet explained, “People are

seen changing houses repeatedly. This is especially obvious in condominium. Thus, the type of

relationship is nominal and not strong.”

The number of new comers is many. To this end turnover is main challenge for social

interaction. Haymanot mentioned,

Since 2006 I have been living in a condominium. I saw three of my neighbors changing
their house. People come from different places so they want to be isolated instead of
forming social ties with their neighbors simply because there is no information about
them. Hence, people prefer isolation for a while. Establishing social ties within short
period of time is not usual especially with rentees; they are afraid of each other to form
social interaction because of several different reasons.

Turnover of residents is not surprising issue. The houses are also transferred to third

party. House owners change or sell their houses; but the rate of turnover on rentees is high.

Yalew mentioned, “These residence are considered as temporary, so people change houses

much often; thus, it is difficult to know the new comers.” Since the dwellers, especially rentees,

consider the places as tentative residence, they do not have much interest to establish edir, equb

55
and other social institutions. Sometimes they strengthen their former social institutions by

participating in different means such as religious programs, birth day celebrations and the like.

Hiwot mentioned,

People think as if they will not live long time in the condominium; hence, they do not
give attention for social interaction. This leads other persons not to establish new social
ties with new comers. Turnover is one of the main factors that diminish and decline social
interaction.

4.4.5. Less functional Committees at Condominium

To manage the condominium related issues, establishing committees are required. The

committee is formed by house owners because it is believed that house owners can have better

responsibility than rentees. The members are selected from each block and are house owners.

There are six persons who manage five blocks. There are also rules concerning issues such as

security, monthly fee of workers, renters and rentees. Tesfahun mentioned,

It is necessary to establish committee in every block. The house owners are

committee members because of their need of high responsibility and sense of
belongingness to their house than rentees. I remember there were strong and brisk
members that accomplish tasks such as collecting the monthly fee, organizing the
residents and conducting meetings. They persuaded the people to participate in
meetings and social activities.

During that time there was strong relationship , ‘idir’ and other ‘mahibers’ which enable

resident unite and think as a family. Similarly, committee members also play role in facilitating

conditions; such as conducting periodical meeting with the whole residents, collecting money

monthly by coordinating all the residents and settle issue which are used communally. This is

because of the large number of house owners residing there. Genet expressed, “the committee

56
was very strong in establishing idir and others. The fee was also collected always. They alert the

residents to pay.”

The management committee also has energy and inspiration to accomplish tasks. The authorized

office also came and settles issues when the residents call them. These strong management

committee team work and supervision play pivotal role to have strong social interaction among

dwellers.

Currently, the committee does not accomplish its tasks well. Even the committees are

becoming destroyed. Related with this, other societal association likes idir, religious and cultural

programs becoming weak and nominal. This is mainly caused by number of rentees reside there

and not voluntary to attend meetings and arrange compound facilities. But, these kinds of issue

were avoided by these bodies. The committee has responsibility to know the profile of residents

and share rules for the new comers to live according to the rule as well as keep the status of the

social ties of residents more or less. Tesfahun explained,

The management bodies including me are not responsible and the residents especially
rentees have no interest to participate in societal activities. They have no interest to pay
fees for some activities. Sometimes the residents assume as if we get money. I do not
forget one day, there was meeting and I was calling them to participate using trumpet.
Then one of the members of the committee was absent and I decided to call him in his
home; what I saw was, he forgotten the meeting and was reading a book. I felt sorry and
lost my passion to do again. Now I can say there is no committee. These issues kill the
moral of this committee.

Besides, since the task is done voluntarily without turn, it makes the members boring to perform

activities as expected. These members have their own life and job; hence there should be turn or

payment. If there is payable person, the tasks of the committee will be fruitful.

57
Belete, who rentee expressed it as follows:

Of course, there is a nominal committee, but still now no one calls me for general
meeting on issues. Only monthly fee is collected for security guard, beyond this I did not
see anything. The committee could perform different activities like mobilizing the
residents, conduct meetings regularly. But, it committee does not perform tasks with
sense of ownership and responsibility due to residents’ willingness for meeting payment
and other reasons. There should be a regular reform of members to enable the committee
perform effectively.

The performance of the committee shapes the residents social interaction, if the

committee established means for interaction like idir; they contact each other and disputes can be

resolved early. Tayachew mentioned,” the name of the committee is present but, the function is

not visible.”Within three years, the committee collects fee monthly, but it does not present auidit

report clearly. The role of the committee is big.” It is necessary to create awareness among the

dwellers of condominium houses to help closing work with newly established condominium

committees and select viable and trustworthy committee members to ensure transparent

relationship.

As of 8/14 participants mentioned, the residents are very reluctant for monthly fee, participating

in communal issues as well as attending in meetings. It is mainly attributed with most of the

residents are rentees who need temporal life.

4.4.6. Many people reside in one area

The presence of lots of people in one area is another challenge to exercise social interaction

among residents. Compared to other residences, at least 28 to 30 houses are present in one

building. Therefore establishing social ties with all people is difficult as the participants

mentioned. It is known that there are different people residing together with different cultural
58
values, experiences and customs so that tolerating these issues to live together is challenging.

There is also low awareness and trend living in condominium houses.

Amare mentioned,

Awareness of residents about the value of social interaction is not considered to be low,
because there is four pages written document of agreement with the house owner on the
issue of do’s and don’ts. There are different rules such as, how the participants live in
condominium houses, what things should not to be done and to be done. Even when the
house owners rent the house for rentees, as a rule the owner should inform rules for them,
no- one practice even including me.

4.4.7. Individualist way of life and Social media

In general term social interaction is deteriorated time to time because of many challenges

as 12/14 participants mentioned. Only 2 from 14 participants explained that the interaction does

not decrease but the way we interact is shaped or changed accordingly with time. Currently,

social interaction is shaped and influenced by uncontrolled issues like globalization effect.

People are running to win the challenges of life and fulfill needs of family. Though, social ties

are becoming shaped by time and in different way; for-example previously plenty of times were

lost by celebrating coffee ceremony, holidays and other festivities which was unnecessary thing.

But now a days, these problems are decreasing from time to time because of the limited

time people have. A participant named Haymanot who is 29 years old and single resident as well

as not house owner explained” I think there is social interaction currently there is no significant

difference, but the type and time of interaction has become reshaped. Therefore, I can say there

is good social interaction without forgetting the influences round us.” This person wants to

express that there is social connections through different ways. When two neighbors get

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exposure to use their time together it is said to be a good social interaction. In addition to this,

meeting with friends through telephones or social medias can be considered as social interaction.

Hence, people’s sway of life and other external influences shape neighborhood ties of residents.

Individualist ways of life, work load and social media are other challenges which deter social ties

of the people in condominium house; the people themselves do not want make relation with

peoples. Participants explained that everyone is busy in these days; after work each person is

running to fulfill the interest of his/ her family. Almaz explained, “Sometimes I have no time for

accomplishing my personal activities or else other issues’. Caring my children is also another

time taking task. The residents consider interacting with others is time taking, rather than

evaluating its importance for our life.”

However, the interest, value for social relations residents give matters everything. There

are plenty of times, but the way we manage it is improper as participants mentioned. Besides to

this, individuals prefer watching TV rather than contacting with neighbors. People feel that

technological results can substitute everything for life. Sintayehu who is 52 years old

mentioned” there is TV program which makes me relaxed, so what I need better than this. Even

if social interactions are important for me, time by itself inhibits me.” Social interaction cannot

be substitute by material gains; materials do not provide love or care. The other is secondary as

compared to materials.

Though, materials cannot substitute social interaction of human beings. Almaz

mentioned, these days, making social interaction with our neighbors or friend is becoming

symbol of uncivilized life, but when one person doing things lonely, living lonely and decreasing

contacts is labeled as modernized”. In similar way, Temesgen who is 42 years old and house

owner and married lives in the area, described,

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 When people are getting educated, they do not need to interact with others, seeking
individualist way of life seems the characteristics of educated persons. But sometimes
when people have become educated more and getting older their ideas become framed
and sensitive to moral as well as give value and attention for their social interaction.
Celebrating ceremonies with individuals and using sphere times with friends.

This means age has an impact on impact social interaction process.Another participant Getahun

explained,

Social interaction is a valuable asset but we do not know how this essential asset has
become far from us and we lost it, sometimes we think as we cannot lose it. Taking it as a
simple thing, we do not give value. No-one gives attention, if we go back and count our
valuable assets; really many of the values are lost by external influences. As an Ethiopian
we have to keep it and need practical action to save it.”

The above information indicates that how social interaction is deteriorating more. It seems we

are living with our diversified and useful cultures, but we do not care whether the asset eroded or

not. In other words, many of the people believe the value is essential but in practice no-body

does not play his/her role to strengthen or keep it.

On the other direction, economic inflation has influenced residents to buy goods and

services with cheap price. Some activities need money to perform, and difficult to buy

individually. Therefore the best way is creating collaboration with neighbors or friends to share

the cost. Unless, residents become selective to go to other persons’ home to celebrate program

and share happiness, commodities price are not simple to buy in individual level. Getahun

elaborated, “to celebrate societal activities money is one of the essential issue even if there are

other activities which do not money to practice; so persons will lag back because of this

influence. Tayachew also added,

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 I came to Bahir Dar since 1993 EC there was strong social connection, the residents used
to give values to each other, but after millennium something which is very bad sprit has
been spreaded. Social interaction is also eroded it is because of the increment in the price
of goods and services. It damages the quality and quantity of social interaction. So, the
economic influence has diminished the interaction of persons.

It may be something which can be given as a reward to express gratitude and vice versa.

Sociologists mentioned that one of the types of social interaction is exchanging materials which

can be performed by giving and taking process.

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 5. Chapter Five

Discussion

Based on the research objectives the study findings are discussed with previous researchers.

5.1. Account of residents’ on social interaction

As mentioned in the above section, residents’ understanding of social interaction is

almost similar; what makes it different is the value they gave it as well as their expression. They

explain it using symbolic examples like, social interaction is the process of practicing tasks

togetherthrough making coffee ceremony. Human beings by their nature are social. They cannot

live and do tasks independently. So if there are people there is interaction by any means, even if

the degree will varies. The holy bible says man shall not live lonely; this connotation by itself is

enough to indicate how social interactions are mandatory for human beings.

Social interaction is the process of performing good activities by good will and it is a way

the people provide and share support one another. It can be done in simple way; such as

exchanging greetings, celebrating different circumstances like birth days, baptisms, annual

spiritual holy days, and participate in iqub and idir associations. As mentioned by Samson

(2014), social institutions are approved associations by the society and have the purpose of

strengthening social ties, and a means to support each other. Hence, the dwellers can get

opportunity to know the use of social interaction rather than leading individualist way of life.

Social ties are process of scarifying oneself for the sake of others through spending time

with people when needed, exchanging materials and money at trouble times as well as pleasant

occasions. When dwellers contact regularly, they can share materials, ideas, and problem as well.

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This helps the residents to get relief and feeling of security. In this regard, the finding is

consistent with Danny,karbo, which is sharing challenges and occasions together. However, to

some extent (7%), even if social interaction is useful asset; in these days everything is fulfilled in

the home, so what is the relevance to interact each other. This indicates the meaning and gave

value to social interaction those persons gave has great impact on the process of interaction.

The quality of interaction can challenge by, the way residents give meaning and

understanding of social interaction. Residents who are affiliated with running social interaction

always be pioneer participants. Social interactions are like stages to show talents, sharing

happiness, challenges and means of getting immediate solutions as well as sharing experiences

for generations. It is also process of exercising social control which has great role in shaping

children’s behavior and participation in social activities. Social interaction saves children’s life

from bad behavior. As mentioned by Gerben et.al (2013), lack of community involvement,

supervision of peers and low friendship and other social networks are primary causes for anti-

social acts. In addition, social interaction is a means of social support in terms of material,

emotional support, and informational support which is consistent with Sheldon, (2005) that was

focused on how social interaction has great importance for social support.

To the opposite side, not only rentees’ house owners also do not want to form social

interaction with rentees rather other house owners. House owners do not have trust on rentees

because of urn over and value for societal issues is different between the two residents. Hence,

house owners have established idir, equb and other spiritual programs better than rentees.

Rentees will be one of the participants in rare case, but very passive and seems nominal. Related

with this, economic influences have impact to process it which also reported by (Veronika &

Jahana, 2011).

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 Besides, the majority of the dwellers are youngsters as observed and participants

mentioned. It is believed that elders have great role in getting people together and resolving

disputes through peaceful way. As the finding indicates, in other forms of residences, there are

lots of elderly who run such kind of activities compared to condominium houses, even though,

the status of interaction becomes decreased currently as participants mentioned. Hence,

youngsters have less value for societal activities than elders, even if the structure has influence

for elders to live there. The finding is similar with the study of Alula &Agazi( 2013) study which

was focused on how elders have active participation than youngsters.

Residents with common or nearly the same values, experiences, and other issues can

establish strong social interaction. As it is assured by observation, the interaction of residents that

are from similar sector is better than others. Therefore, the interaction of residents does not stick

by floor level. One person may have strong relation with opposite floor or building. This result is

not similar to the result from (Ginsberg & Churchman, 1985), which claimed that interaction is

better in storey level; they know each other better than other storey. To some extent it is similar

with the current study. This may be because of the 2 participants’ personal behavior/active

involvement and experiences they have. In very rare case (1/14) there is welcoming program of

the new comer especially among house owners; this has role in strengthening social ties.

Similarly social interactions have been carried out based on criteria. For example, if two

persons have similar experiences in school, work experience, birth place, religion (1/14), and

even storey level very few (3/14) participants. Besides similar age levels have good/better

interaction which is similar with (Patrick et, al 2008) that was similar demographic

characteristics have good social interaction. It is observed in females, children as well as males.

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5.2. Opportunities which strengthening interaction of residents

There are opportunities to enhance social ties of residents in one or another way. Opportunities

may be structure, common spaces, and people themselves. Based on this, the following are

categorized as opportunities as the information obtained from participants indicated.

5.2.1. Many People reside in one area

In one site there are a minimum of 15 buildings. In these houses huge number of people

are living which is sources for strengthening unity, social ties, and solution providers. Better than

other forms of residences, in these areas heterogeneous people are living together with different

capacity, skill, knowledge and experience with in limited compound. This is a resource to make

business, socialization because every child has one playing site in the compound whether it is

comfortable or not, so it is easy to advise and give correction when children committee faults.

There are people with different professional capacities, which can play role to enhance

social interaction through modeling, arbitration, advising and teaching when need. People who

have the experience of coordinating the people to make friendship are found in these areas.

Besides, there are also persons with the experience of triangulating people when quarrel erupt.

Such people are living within one area which can add value for the social interaction of residents.

Moreover, condominium house is a good place to create business through strong social

interaction. For example, if all persons give 2 birr per month, elders, orphans and street children

or unemployed persons can be supported easily. Through enhanced social connections jobs will

be created for jobless. This place is comfortable for sharing cultures, lessons for life and

transmitting business ideas and other essential skills.

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5.2.2. Open space/free land

The condominium house residences have free space for communal purpose. The

amount of building that takes is less than the free land. That is why the corridors and

rooms are narrow as observed and information collected from participants. Therefore, the

free land is taken as an opportunity to promote social interaction using different

mechanisms. Residents can build fences in collaboration to solve the problem of security

and keep the safety of children. By managing the monthly fee properly, libraries, playing

places, green areas, parkings and hall for conducting discussion can be established. The

finding shows these problems are observed in the study site.

One of the challenges that inhibit social interaction of condominium residents is

absences of hall or proper places to get together which is also reported by (Meysam

et.al:2015) is similar with the current study result. Moreover, using free land residents

can assemble to discuss on development tasks such as keeping the grass safe and selling

it. The residents can build houses for rent; the price of the house is for the whole residents

which is similar with Eyeru’s, study which was conducted in (2016) focused on how

green spaces in urban areas can provide opportunities for community involvement that

can in turn help to develop a sense of self-esteem and enable individuals and

communities to develop skills new to them creating an opportunity of employment.

There are no seats for residents to bring them together, open place are needed for

mental and physical health, but which are not considered while the design developed.

This result is consistent with (Samuel Afework, 2014) that was focused on the residential

environment, neighborhood, the physical structure, all service facilities, equipment and

67
 devices needed for the physical health and social well-being of the family and the

individuals are the elements to be incorporated in.

5.2.3. The structure of houses

Though the structure of the building has influence on social interaction, it has

positive side to promote daily interaction of residents. The physical proximity (closeness)

of homes is the one which enforce residents to contact frequently. At least immediate

neighbors can interact through corridors, children, electric and water services. Children

are means of contacting for their parents, while celebrating children’s birth day, other

neighbors’ children will participate; whether their parents are known to each other or not.

In this process, the parents who were not contacted previously can greet and introduce

each other.

These opportunities are the benefits of structure. This finding similar with

Trusew’ study in (2015) that is the design of the house affects the thoughts, interaction

and culture as well as living styles. Another study report shows how the physical

environment has a determining effect on the behavior humans. It is a continuous two way

relationship that is behavior and physical environment, (Matthew Carmona et al, 2010)

which is consistent with the current study’s finding.

5.3. Challenges inhibit residents’ social interaction at condominium houses

There are problems which influence residents’ social ties at condominium houses directly or

indirectly. Among them turnover of residents, structure or design of the buildings, socially

heterogeneous of the residents, numerous people collected in one block and others like

individualization way of life, and work load are the main problems.

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5.3.1. Design/structure of the buildings

As it is visible for all, the design of condominium house is different from other

forms of residences. The narrowness and lack of free and comfortable communal spaces

as well as the sewage system lacks technical research as the residents mentioned as well

as the Amhara House Development Enterprise. These problems are part of design and let

the residents quarrel. The sewage system is poor in avoiding the flood during rainy

season. During this time, the dwellers are going to quarrel each other, because everyone

gives priority to his or her own interest. But, if the authorized office manages the issue

things will be good and social interactions become smooth. The physical structure

enforces the residents to lead individualist way of life as mentioned by Veronika& Jahana

(2011), how science and mechanization of life destruction of old houses for urbanization

reduced social interaction.

Besides, the proximity or closeness of the homes has negative influence on the

daily interaction of residents. There is no reserve place to discuss, make coffee

ceremonies, to let children play and accomplish home tasks outside home which is

similar with (Lilina, 2010; Bouma; Poelman, 2005) study that was focused on how

structure promote or deter social interaction. It is similar with Mekonen’s, (2013) finding

that is housing problem is aggravated by inappropriate design and physical planning of

dwellings. Their spatial design, layout standards are all problematic, hindering execution

of construction.

When conflicts happen between neighbors in front of or side, physical proximity

aggravates the problem more, because they saw and contact each other at a daily basis.

Moreover there were few residents who magnify the quarrel through gossip. In this

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 process, children interaction also abused and experience negative image for

neighborhood. Sometimes are schemed against for human beings; finally those persons

prefer to live independently. This result is parallel with (Jo Williams, 2005) study. But

slight difference with (Goffman&Lacombo, 2007) that physical proximity has positive

impact to enhance process of social interaction.

5.3.2. Turnover of residents

Hundred percent of the participants mentioned that there is a high turnover from condominium

house; all of the participants mentioned it as the major challenge that influences their social

interaction. There are reasons that residents change places frequently; among them the

discomfort of the houses in particular and the compound in general especially for children to

play, the price of the houses increasing time to time, by its very nature the compound is watery

that challenges the residents during rainy time, the narrowness of the rooms and others. It is

assured by field observation.

Due to high turnover of residents forming new type of relationship is difficult. Though

establishing new social bonds is common process, it is challenging in condominium

residents, because new residents are changed frequently. So they do not know each other

even with their immediate neighbors since it is time consuming. This result is consistent

with Zelalem’s study (2012) which dealt about; the residents were know each other in

kebele level, but in the new forms of residences no one knows each other.

Rentees’ participation in societal activities is poor, because they feel as if they

change the place. Involving in voluntary activities and engaging in collective actions is

not seen in line of them mostly. They consider running money on activities seem not

70
 profitable, because they consider no profit is gained for them. This finding is similar with

Robert Gifford’s study, (2007) that is the involvement of rentees’ is not encouraging.

5.3.3. Less functional Committees at Condominium

It is known that condominium houses are constructed and provided by Amhara house

Development Enterprise in 2004 E.C. The enterprise establishes a committee having 13

members 2 from each building and share responsibilities to manage the over all aspects of the

residence. There are rules which focus on different issues like security, monthly fee, rules for

rentee and house owner and others.

It is formed by house owners because it is believed that house owners can have

better responsibility than rentees. During that time there was strong relationship and ‘idir’

and other ‘mahibers’ which enable residents unite and think as a family were established.

Similarly, committee members also play role in facilitating conditions; such as

conducting periodical meeting with the whole residents, collecting money monthly by

coordinating all the residents and settle issue which serve communally. This is because of

the availability of lots of house owners there. The management committee also has

energy and inspiration to accomplish tasks. The authorized office also came and settles

issues when the residents call them. These strong management committee team work and

supervision play pivotal role to have strong social interaction among dwellers.

Currently, the committee does not accomplish its tasks effectively. Even the

committees are becoming collapsed. Related with this, other societal associations like

idir, religious and cultural programs are becoming weak and nominal. This is mainly

caused by caused by the existence of a number of rentees there and residents are not

71
 willing to attend meetings to participate in activities like arranging compound facilities.

The committee has responsibility to know the profile of residents and share rules for the

new comers to live according to the rule as well as keep the status of social ties of

residents more or less. This result is similar with similar with Zelalem’s study (2012),

that is poor management system in condominium resident.

The committee has no turn even to capacitate the persons to do so, not only this

but also the committees are not known by residents. This indicates there is no meeting

conducted periodically which helps to introduce them with residents. The functionality of

the committee has influence on residents’ social interaction, but the current committee is

very poor. The result is similar to Biruk, (2013) study focused on: it is necessary to create

awareness among the dwellers of condominium houses to help closing work with newly

established condo committees and select viable and trustworthy committee members to

ensure transparent relationship.

5.3.4. Awareness and Background experiences of residents living in condominium

Since condominiums housing is new phenomenon in Ethiopia, residents do not have experiences

and awareness how to live in these areas; because, life style was based in wide places. In other

words living in buildings is unusual, rather on the ground by having wide area, which persons

can perform activities without problem on free place. In fact one of the duties of the committee is

sharing rules and regulations of condominium; but it is not practicing now. Hence, residents lack

information for how to live with neighbors using communal things, even if some of the issues are

performed by common sense. Knowingly or unknowingly residents did wrong things which

disturb their immediate neighbors or another neighbors in the surrounding, such as sound

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pollution, the way to avoid rubbishes, and other communal things. After a while, it becomes

source of conflicts and reason to detach social interactions among them. The finding is similar

with the study of Alula& Agazi (2013).

The other influence is globalization which denies the cultural values. It also affects personal

lives. It affects the family as well as neighborhood interaction. The result is consistent with

(Chris, 2008).

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 Chapter Six

6. Conclusion, Implication and Recommendation of the study

6.1. Conclusion of the study

It is undeniable fact that condominium houses can minimize the shortage of housing problems.

But it negatively affects the social interaction of dwellers in different ways. The result of the

study shows that the interaction among dwellers at condominium residences in Bahir Dar City

Administration, Ginbot-20 sub-city is weak. The major influences are, residents’ social account,

turnover of residents, the physical structure of condominium which affects the status of

residents’ interaction and communal places.

From the very beginning residents’ understanding for social interaction seems different from one

another which affect the status of interaction among residents. There are ways to create

interaction among residents like, religion, children, marital status, gender and other related

issues.

The design of the building does not consider the social life history and culture of

Ethiopian people. Related with this, the other challenge is residents’ awareness on how to live in

these forms of places since it has been established in 1998/1999 E.C. Related with this AHDE

does not make any action to avoid it except providing the houses. Turnover of residents is the

other influence for neighborhood interaction of residents. They took long time to know each

other and form new type of relationship, it is becoming a reason to have weak bond among

residents. The background histories of the dwellers have influence on social interaction. Since,

they come from different cultures, customs and traditions way of interaction is shaped. To have

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strong ties with residents, their previous social life histories matters. Because of low experiences

and low awareness residents, using small places for common purpose is not experienced.

There are also opportunities which have positive influence on residents’ social interaction such

as open space which have a chance to get together. The other is the design of the building which

enables the people contact now and then. The people residing there are the other opportunity.

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 6.2. Implications of the study

Based on the findings of the study the following implications have been forwarded. There is

implication for social work practice, Amhara Culture Tourism and Parks Bereau and Amhara

House Development and Construction Agency and finally for future research.

For Social workers

The result of the study has implication for social work practitioners. Hence social workers can

play role in advocating the issue through conducting research to minimize it. Because it is

expected social workers have skills and experiences to deliver service and they can reach on

policy formulation step.

The study implies how the issue needs attention by different mechanisms. Since social

interaction is the result of multi directional issues, it is not left for one or few individuals rather

unity. Therefore, there should be trainings and must be incorporated in education curriculum in

every discipline, especially for social work and psychology courses. Because, one of the

potential causes of illness is, luck of social attachment and detachment from family, neighbors

and society as a whole. This is the reason why, social interactions play for the co-existence of

socialization. If children are growing in proper socialization, they will exercise it in their future

life. It needs social workers attention, since it is one of the thematic areas of intervention.

On one hand, the issue can be included in clubs in under university level students to enable and

practice it throughout their life. When children learn and practice their day to day ties, they can

be one among good social workers who advocate such kinds of social values and healthy and

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productive citizens will be created. Finally, social interaction and social control will be enhanced

like previous times.

For Amhara Culture Tourism and Parks Bureau

The other responsible office is ACTPB which have the mandate in keeping and developing the

regions and country’s cultural values and tourist places. Using different opportunities, such as

meetings and field visits the office advocate the values of the region and country as well.

As result of the study indicated, social interaction is becoming weak in condominium houses at

Gonbot-20 sub-city Preparatory site. One of the reasons is, that the concerned bodies including

the mass-media, do not give proper attention to rehabilitate the interaction of the condominium

environment.. Hence, the bureau should collect researches on the study area to know its’

magnitude and severity, participate in trainings or workshops related with the issue. Knowing

these issues helps the bureau to take action and announce it for other concerned bodies.

For Future research

As mentioned earlier the result indicated that the issue is thematic area of research for the future.

There are different values found in Ethiopia which will unite the people peacefully in tolerable

way, and which have role in socialization of children for many years as researchers like Karbo,

Alula and others mentioned.

However, the finding of the study revealed that these values have become diminished in different

ways. In condominium houses there is high turnover which means the rentees change houses

frequently so that there is a very low chance to know each other. The other is the understanding

77
and value the residents give as well as the backgrounds and experience they developed has

influence on social interaction practice.

Therefore, future studies should focus on social interaction pattern of residents at new forms of

houses using mixed method research. The research should focus on the current social interaction

compared to previous times. The study should conduct comparative analysis between

condominium houses and other forms of settlements.

In addition to this, the study has traced the level social interaction between rentees and house

owners and house owners with house owners to dig the major cause. The study participants must

be from all parts of society to have variety of information from different angles. These will be

children, elders, married and unmarried, single women and man, spouse with children and

without children. Because this study result shows social ties varies based on these categories.

The future study will also focus on what seems social ties among buildings which have similar

or nearly the same dwellers reside and its impact to their interaction. In general attention should

be given for the issues beginning from parents while socializing their children because

attachment begins from family, neighborhood interaction by occasions and school times.

For Amhara House Development Enterprise

As the result of the study indicated and observation during filed visit revealed, the buildings

seem old and dirty. This is mainly caused by improper utilization of the buildings of residents

which is directly or indirectly related with social ties of residents. Hence, the agency should

focus on establishing places to strengthen societal ties of the residents. It is believed that by unity

the buildings will be kept safe and neat.

78
 6.3. Recommendations of the study

Based on the findings from in-depth interview and key informant interview, the following

recommendations are forwarded:

1. Condominium management committee should be monitored by the authorized office

periodically. Committee members have to be employed or else there must be shift among them.

Because, sites which have employed person have better interaction, having parking, green areas,

making grounds safe for children and strengthened Idir and Iqub also as assured by observation

as well as participants’ information.

2. Amhara house development Enterprise or other authorized office shall better build communal

place like playground, parking, and meeting hall and for cooking and washing to create means of

connection or strengthening social interaction of residents.

3. The society should keep societal activities like ‘senbete’, zikir, and other religious and cultural

festivities,which have role to bring together and discuss about their lives, show their potential,

and exchanging information on challenges and their solutions.

4. In condominium residences there is opportunity to develop business ideas and other activities

for societal development. So, using the existing profession, skill and experience residents’ can

perform activities which can add value for social and economical power.

5. A clear understanding must be created for the residents about the function of social interaction

so that they will practice it. Social work practitioners also play role in announcing the issue for

concerned bodies at kebele level using different opportunitie

79
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urban sprawl,US

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82
 Annex A: Interview guides

1. Personal background

1.1. Gender

1.2. Age

1.3. Residence located

1.4. Marital Status

1.5. Occupation

1. How do you perceive social interaction?

1.1. Do you give value for social networking?

1.2. What is your experience? If different with the current, what will be the reason?

2. What seems social interaction at condominium houses?

3. What opportunities are there in condominium houses for social interaction?

2.1. Is the design comfortable for neighborhood interaction?

2.2. Are there common places used for means of interaction?

4. How do you see neighborhood interaction in your locality?

4.1. Do neighbors have strong connection or not?

4.2. What contribution made to strengthen the bond?

5. How do you see social interaction at condominium residence?

5.1. If it is positive, what are the indicators?

5.2. If it is negative, mention the factors?

6. What do you observe about social interaction at condominium residents?

1
 4.1. Is there social activities for happy and sorrow time?

4.2. Are residents living peacefully? What do you think are the reasons?

If not, why?

7. How did you evaluate the social interaction at this site? And why?

8. Are there nominated persons for facilitating social issues?

8.1. Is there Idir or Iqub committee?

8.2. Other committee for societal affairs

8.3. Do you have role?

9. Is the design of the condominium considers social issues besides to economical aspect?

Observation Checklist

1. Are children playing together?

2. Is the compound clean?

3. Is there free place used for playing, discussion or used for common service?

4. How the neighbors greet each other? Or interact?

5. Is there fence?

5.1. What difference is observed between fenced and non-fenced buildings?

6. Is there parking? If not do children faced playing and recreating problem b/c of enough

place?

Checklist for Key informant interviews

1. How do you explain social interaction?

1. Have you observe what social interaction seems in these new forms residence? In what

way the residents interact?

2
 2. How do you express the current social interaction especially in the public residences?

3. Do you think the new forms of public residents have challenges that shrink interaction of

dwellers?

4.1. Or are there opportunities which strengthen social ties of residents?

5.How social interaction can add value for social wellbeing?

6.Is there committee who manage the overall aspect of condominium?

6.1. What is the role of the committee, especially for social interaction?

6.2. What is your role on social interaction while managing the residence?

7. What do you recommend to enhance social interaction at these new forms of residences?

3
 የቃለመጠይቅጥያቄወችለተሳታፊወች

እኔተማሪወሰንየለሽቢሆነኝበባህርዳርዩንቨርሲቲሶሻልሳይንስፋካሊቲበሶሻልወርክየትም/

ትክፍልየማስተርስዲግሪተማሪነኝ፡፡

ስለሆነምየመመረቂያጥናቴንበጋራመኖሪያቤቶችአካባቢያለዉማህበራዊትስስርምንእንደሚመስልጥናትእያካሄ

ድኩእገኛለሁ፡፡

በመሆኑምለዚህጥናትመሳካትየእርሰዎሚናከፍያለነዉናበዚህሂደትዉስጥበፈቃደኝነትተሳታፊእንዲሆኑእናመረ

ጃእንዲካፍሉንትብብረዎንበታላቅትህትናእጠይቃለሁ፡፡

በዚህሂደትዉስጥእርሰዎየሚሰጡኝመረጃለጥናቱአገልግሎትብቻየሚዉልእንዲሁምለሌላሰዉተላልፎየማይሰጥ

መሆኑንእናበማንኛዉምጊዜቃለምልልሱንማቋረጥከፈለጉየሚችሉመሆነዎትንለማረጋገጥእወዳለሁ፡፡

በዚህቃለምልልስሂደትዉስጥተሳታፊየሚሆኑትበተመረጠዉሳይትማለትምበመሰናዶአካባቢበሚገኘዉየጋራመ

ኖሪያቤትየሚኖሩነዋሪወች፤የመኖሪያአካባቢዉንአጠቃላይሁኔታየሚቆጣጠሩአካላት፤ቤቶችልማት፤ግንቦት-20

ክ/ከተማእናባህልናቱሪዝምመስሪያቤትናቸዉ፡፡

ይህየቃለመጠይቅጥያቄለትምህርትአላማየሚዉልበመሆኑያዩትንናየሚያዉቁትንእንዲገልጹልኝበትህትናእጠይ
ቃለሁ፡፡

1.ጥሬሃቅመረጃወች

1.1.ጾታ

1.2. እድሜ

1.3. ስራ

1.4. የጋብቻሁኔታ

1.5. የሚኖሩበትሳይት

የቃለመጠይቅጥያቄዎች

4
1.በእርሰዎአረዳድማህበራዊህይወትማለትምንማለትነዉ?

2.ለማህበራዊትስስርወይምግንጉነትየሚሰጡትዋጋምንያህልነዉ?

3.ማህበራዊትስስርበኮንዶሚኒየምቤቶችአካባቢምንይመስላል?

3.1.ከዚህበፊትያለወትየማህበራዊትስስርምንይመስላል?

አሁንካለዉጋርይለያያል፤ከሆነምክኒያቱምንይመስለዎታል?

4. የማህበራዊግንጉነትንለማጠናከርበጋራመኖሪያቤቶችምንምንመልካምነገሮችአሉ?

4.1.ጉርብትናንሊያጠናክርየሚችልምቹሁኔታአለ፣ቅርጹስ?

4.2. የጋራየሆነእናመሰባሰብንሊፈቅድየሚችልቦታይኖራል?

5. አንቺ/አንተበምትኖርበትህንጻ/አካባቢየጉረብትናማህበራዊመስተጋብሩምንይመስላል?

5.1. በአቅራቢያሽ/ህያሉነዋሪወችመስተጋብርእንዴትትገልጭዋለሽ/ህ?

5.2. ጠንካራነዉከተባለመገለጫወቹ?

5.3. የላላከሆነስመገለጫወቹ?

6.በደስታምሆነበሃዘንጊዜየሰዎችማህበራዊእንቅስቃሴምንይመስላል?

6.1. ነዋሪዎቹሰላማዊእናጤነኛማህበራዊመሰተጋብርአላቸዉ?ይህከሆነየዚህምክኒያቱምንድንነዉ?

ካልሆንለምን?

6.2. የማህበራዊግንኙነትእርሰዎበሚኖሩበትአካባቢእንዴትይመዝኑታል?

6.3. የማህበራዊግንኙነትንለማጠናከርየተመረጡሰዎችአሉ?ምንምንተግባራትንያከናዉናሉ?

7.እድርወይምእቁብአለ?ወይስሌላማህበራዊትስስርንሊያጎለብትየሚችልኮሚቴካለ?

5
7.1 ከላይበተጠቀሱትኮሚቴወችዉስጥየርሰዎየስራድርሻምንድንነዉ?

8.የኮንዶሚኒየምቤቶችአሰራርከኢኮኖሚያዊጠቀሜታዉባሻገርየማህበራዊመስተጋብርንሊያጠነክርበሚያስች

ልመልኩነዉየተገነባዉወይስእንዴትነዉ?

9.የምትኖሪበትአካባቢያለዉንማህበራዊትስስርለማጠናከርየአንተ/አንቺሚናምንይመስላል?

ምልከታ

1. ህጻናትበጋራሲጫወቱይታያሉ? አካባቢዉስንጹህነዉን?

2. በጋራመኖሪያቤቶችአካባቢነዋሪወቹሰላምታይለዋወጣሉ?በእንዴትአይነትሁናቴ?

3. በአቅራቢያቸዉበጋራየሚጠቀሙበትነገርአለ?ምንምንናቸዉ?

4. ህጻናቱየሚጫወቱበትምሆነነዋሪወቹስለአንድርእሰጉዳይየሚወያዩበትምቹቦታአለ?

5. አካባቢዉየታጠረነዉን?

a. በታጠሩናባልታጠሩመኖሪያአካባቢዎችመካከልየሚታይልዩነትአለ?

6. ለመኪናማቆሚያቦታአለዉን?በዚህምክኒያትህጻናትለመዝናናትሲቸገሩይታያሉ?

ለጉዳዩጋርግንኝኑነትላላቸዉሰዎችቃለ-መጠይቅ

1. እርሰዎማህበራዊህይወትእንዴትይገልጹታል?

2.ማህበራዊህይወትበኮንዶሚኒየምየመኖሪያስፍራምንይመስላል፣እንዴትያዩታል፣የነዋሪወቹግንኙነትእንዴትነ

ዉ?

3.አሁንያለዉማህበራዊህይወትምንይመስላልበተለይምበጋራመኖሪያቦታዎች?

4.አዲሶቹየጋራመኖሪያቤችለነዋሪወቹማህበራዊትስስርመጠናከርምሆነመላላትምቹሁኔታ/ችግሮቹአላቸዉ?

4.1.ምቹነገሮችአሉከተባለምንምንናቸዉ?

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4.2.የማይመቹናቸዉከተባለስመገለጫወቹምንድንናቸዉ?

5. ማህበራዊግንኙነትለሰወችደህንነትያለዉንአስተዋጽኦእንዴትይገልጹታል?

6. አጠቃላይየኮነዶሚኒየሙንሁኔታየሚቆጣጠርኮሚቴአለ? ከሚሰራቸዉተግራትዉስጥየተወሰኑትንይጥቀሱ?

6.1. ለማህበራዊትስስርመጠንከርየተጫወተዉሚናካለቢዘረዝሩ?ካልሆነምክኒያቱምንይሆን?

6.2. በተሰጠዎትስራድርሻዉስጥማህበራዊትስስርንለማጠንከርያበረከቱትአስተዋጽኦአለ?

ይህካልሆነለምን?

7. በጋራመኖሪያቤቶችአካባቢለማህበራዊትስሰርምቹአጋጣሚወችአሉ?ምንምንሊሆኑይችላሉ?

8. በጋራመኖሪያቤቶችማህበራዊግንኙነትንለማጠናከርምንቢደረግይሻላልይላሉ?

7
 2. Annex B: Consent form

Participation in this study is completely voluntary practice and it is for academic purpose, so the

information you provide is keep secret and your names are not posted/written in the study. The

information you provide is essential for the fulfillment of the study. Please be aware that if you

decide not to participate, you may stop participating at any time as well as you may answer any

specific question if you do not know.

By signing this form I am attesting that I have read and understand the information above and I

freely give my consent to participate.

Name of participant___________________________

Signature____________________________________

Date________________________________________

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 የፈቃደኝነትመግለጫሰነድ

በዚህጥናትዉስጥመሳተፍየፈቃድስራእናጥናቱምለትምህርትማሟያነዉ፡፡

ስለሆነምእርሰዎየሚሰጡኝመረጃበምስጢርየሚያዝናየግልመጠሪያስመወትምበጥናቱዉስጥየማይጠቀስነዉ፡፡

እርሰዎየሚሰጡኝመረጃጥናቱየተሟላእንዲሆንመቀሜታአለዉ፡፡

በዚህሂደትዉስጥለማቋረጥቢፈልጉየሚችሉመሆኑንእናመልስመስጠትየማይፈልጉትንጥያቄመተዉየሚችሉመ

ሆኑንእገልጻለሁ፡፡

ስለዚሀከላይየተገለጸዉንመረጃየተረዳሁናበጥናቱዉስጥለመሳተፍፈቃደኛየሆንኩመሆኔንበፊርማየአረጋግጣለሁ፡

የተሳታፊስም_________________________________________

ፊርማ__________________________________________________

ቀን_____________________________________________________

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10