The growth and

metamorphosis of insects
and other arthropods are
controlled by pheromones.
 >> chemicals that are released
in the surrounding environment
by animals.
>> may alter physiological
behavior of the receiver.
>> produced by neurosecretory
cells in the brain of insects.
>>this activates prothoracic
glands to secrete a hormone
called “ecdysone”.
>> induces ecdysis or molting.
>>it stimulates an endocrine
gland to secrete juvenile
hormone that will prevent the
development of adult
characteristics during molting.
 Hormones
>>chemical substances that are
secreted by endocrine cells into
the extracellular fluids and
regulate the metabolic activity
of other cells in the body.
 Hormone Function:
Produced:
PARATHORMONE
Raises the calcium
level in blood
 Hormones Functions:
Produced:
ADRENALINE and Initiate response to
NORADRENALINE stress.
Increases heart rate,
blood pressure and
metabolic rate.
Hormones Produced: Function:

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Makes the body
adapt to long-term
stress.
Hormones Produced: Function:

MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Maintains balance
of Na and K ion
excretion in cells.
Hormone Produced: Functions:

INSULIN Lowers blood glucose

level

Stimulates fat, protein

and glycogen
synthesis
Hormone Produced: Functions:

GLUCAGON Raises blood glucose

level

Stimulates breakdown
of glycogen
Hormone Produced: Function:

ESTROGEN
Stimulates female
secondary
characteristics
development.
Hormone Produced: Functions:

Stimulates the
PROGESTERONE development of
mammary glands.

Completes
preparation for
pregnancy
Hormone Produced: Functions:

TESTOSTERONE Stimulates male

secondary
characteristics
development and
rapid growth at
puberty.
Hormone Produced: Function:

MELATONIN
Regulates biological
rhythm
>> master gland
>> controls the other hormone
>> divided into “anterior” and
“posterior” portion.
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
2. Luteinizing Hormone
3. Growth Hormone
4. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
5. Parathyroid Hormone
6. Prolactin
7. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
>> stimulates spermatogenesis
in males.
>> stimulates ovarian follicle
development in females.
>> stimulates testosterone
secretion in males.
>> stimulates estrogen and
progesterone.
>> stimulates:
- fat breakdown
- muscle growth
- bone growth
- protein synthesis
>> stimulates thyroid gland to
produce thyroxine.

THYROXINE- regulates
metabolism in the body
>> elevates calcium level in the
blood by stimulating bone
breakdown.
>> stimulates calcium re-
absorption in the kidneys and
activates vitamin D.
>> stimulates mammary gland
to produce milk.
>> stimulates secretion of
adrenal cortical homones.
1. Oxytocin
2. Anti-diuretic Hormone
>> targets the uterine which
brings about uterine
contractions during child birth.
>> regulates mammary gland
for milk ejection.
>> maintains water balance in
the body during the process of
re-absorption in the kidney.