FINAL - AKHP - IEE Report

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
!= kl/ro
cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs cfFv' xfO8«f]kfj/ k|f= ln= xf] . k|:tfjs sf] ;Dks{ 7]ufgf o; k|sf/
5M
cfFv' xfO8«f]kfj/ k|f= ln=
6]lnkmf]g g+=–(&&–!–$)##&%@
Kf]i6 aS;M !@&%^
ˆofS; g+M+(&&–!–$)##&%%
sf7df08f}, g]kfn
cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg df k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f
cWoog ;DaGwL ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|ltj]bg cWoog sf] l;nlznfdf pT3[t ul/Psf
tYofÍ, ;"rgf tyf cGo cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog
k|ltj]bg xfO8«f] ;f]n';G; OlGhlgol/Ë sG;N6fG6\ k|f=ln=, 7'nf]e¥ofË, :joDe" n] u/]sf] xf] . of] k|f/lDes
jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bgn] ljB't\ k|;f/0f lgdf{0f (Transmission line) nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5}g .
k|:tfljt cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q cGt{ut wflbË lhNnfdf kb{5 . o;
cfof]]hgfsf] k|:tfljt afFw l/ uf=lj=;= sf] l/Sr]t ufFp tyf ljB't\u[x sf]bf eGg] 7fFpdf kb{5 .
o; cfof]hgfn] ldlt @)%*÷)*÷@% df g]kfn ;/sf/, phf{ dGqfnoaf6 % d]=jf= ljB't\ pTkfbg ;j{]If0f
cg'dlt kq k|fKt ul/Psf] xf] . tTkZrft cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog cg';f/ xfn o;sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L
$@=( d]=jf= sfod ul/Psf] 5 / tb\cg';f/ @)^^÷)*÷@$ df phf{ dGqfno af6 o; kl/of]hgfn] ljB't\
pTkfbg ;j{]If0f cg'dlt kq k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . pSt cg'dlt kqsf] Dofb @)^*÷)#÷!$ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 .
@= cWoog ljlw
k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bgsf nflu k|fylds tyf ;xfos tYofÍx?sf]
;+sng, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt P]g, lgod tyf sfo{ lgb]{zg, s]lGb«o tYofÍ ljefusf] ;"rgf, kl/of]hgf af6
k|efljt x'g] If]qsf] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt Pj+ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf af6 k|fKt ;"rgfx?nfO{ ;d]t cfwf/ dfgL
k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] l;nlznfdf d"Vo ?kn] /fli6«o jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g
@)%#, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%$, hnljB't\ ljsf; gLlt @)$(, hn>f]t P]g @)@), e"ld clwu|x0f
P]g @)#$ OTofbL nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%$ sf] cg'R5]b – # cg';f/ cfFv'
xfO8«f]kfj/ k|f= ln=4f/f cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf nfuL k]z ul/Psf] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f
sfo{;"rL (TOR) g]kfn ;/sf/, phf{ dGqfnoaf6 ldlt @)^^÷!@÷)# df :jLs[t ePsf] xf] . o;} :jLs[t
sfo{;"rLsf] cfwf/df of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o; cWoog
k|ltj]bgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng cjwLdf x'g;Sg] jftfj/0fLo k|efjnfO{ cfjZos
Go"lgs/0fsf ljwLx? ckgfO{ jftfj/0fnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{' xf] .
cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts / h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] c;/x?
;DaGwdf cfof]hgf k|efljt If]qsf uf=lj=; Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg tyf /fo ;'emfj ;+sng
ug{sf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL – @)%$ cg';f/ ldlt @)^^÷!@÷@^ sf lbg /fli6«o b}lgs klqsf
"cGgk"0f{ kf]i6df" ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} @)^* ;fn h]i7 #) ut]sf lbg
wflbË lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd wflbËa];Ldf cfof]hgf ;DalGw cGt/ls|of sfo{s|d ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . pSt
sfo{s|ddf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L sfo{nosf k|d'v, /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf, k|efljt uf=lj=;= sf k|ltlglw
nufot cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;lxt !%^ hgfsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
#= kl/of]hgfsf] ljj/0f
cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf] /g ckm lb l/e/ k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . wflbË lhNnfsf] l/ uf=lj=;= df cjl:yt
l/Sr]t ufFp df cfFv' gbLdf afFw agfO{ gbLsf] axfjnfO{ gbLsf] bfofF tkm{ kmsf{O{ OG6]s dfkm{t e"ldut ;'?Ë
x'bF} e"ldut lyu|fpg] kf]v/L df k'¥ofOg] 5 . To; kl5 s/La @$=$ 3g dL6/ k|lt ;]s]08 sf] kfgLsf] axfjnfO{
s/La %=!(& lsnf]ld6/ nfdf] x]8/]; 6g]n dfkm{t l/ uf=lj=;= l:yt s'Ttn eGg] 7fpF glhs e"ldut ;h{
:ofˆ6df k7fO{ s/La $)) ld6/ nfdf] k]g:6s kfO{k dfkm{t l/ uf=lj=;=sf] sf]bf eGg] 7fpFdf agfO{g]
ljB't\u[xdf k'¥ofO{ ;s]kl5 $@=( d]ufjf6 hnljB't\ pTkfbg ul/g] 5 . tTkZrft\ ljB't\u[xaf6 lg:s]sf]
kfgLnfO{ s/Lj !) ld6/ nfdf] 6]n/]; gx/ dfkm{t k'gM cfFv' gbLdf k7fOg] 5 . o; kl/of]hgfsf] nfut g]?=
% ca{ &) nfv cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 / lgdf{0f ;DkGg cjwL % jif{ x'g] 5 .
o; kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjogaf6 k|efljt x'g] uf= lj= ;= x? s|dzM l/, bfvf{ / emfnf{Ë x'g\ . kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f
cjlwdf nueu $)) hgf JolStn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kn] /f]huf/L kfpg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . sf7df08f} af6
cfof]hgf :yn k'Ug *$ ls=dL= sf] sfnf] kq] ;8såf/f wflbË a];L / ToxfF af6 @% ls=dL= u|fe]n ;8s af6
lsgtfË a];L ;Dd :yfgLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] dfWod af6 k'Ug ;lsG5 . ljB't\u[x -l/Sr]t ufFp_ k'Ug lsgtfË
a];L af6 * ls=dL= ;8s / x]8jS{; k'Ug csf]{ ( ls=dL= ;8s lgdf{0f ug'{k5{ .
$= kl/of]hgfsf] jt{dfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf
$=! Eff}lts jftfj/0f
cfof]hgf If]q ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^&) b]lv **$ dL6/ dfly n];/ lxdfno If]qdf kb{5 . o; If]qsf] xfjfkfgL
;d– lztf]i0f k|sf/sf] kfOG5 / x]8jS;{sf] hnwf/ If]q -catchment area_$@%=@$ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
cfof]hgf If]qsf] clwstd aiff{ $(*=) ld= ld / Go"gtd jiff{ !!=) ld= ld /x]sf] 5 . hn tyf df};d lj1fg
ljefu sf] tYof+s cg';f/ o; If]qsf] clwstd tfks|d #^=)) ;]= u|]= b]vL Go"gtd tfks|d %=%);]= u|]= /x]sf]
5 . ef}uf]lns ?kn] l:y/ /x]sf] cfof]hgf If]qsf] e"–:yn Dolomite sf] r§fgn] ag]sf] 5 . o; cWoog
cGt{ut cfof]hgf If]qsf] ljBdfg df};d tyf hnjfo', e"ue{ lj1fg, jfo', WjgL, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/, e"Ifo,
kfgLsf] clwsf/ OTofbL cfpb5g\ . ef}lts jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] cfof]hgf If]q /fd|f] /x]sf] 5 .
$=@ h}ljs jftfj/0f

h}ljs jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] cfof]hgf If]q h}ljs ljljwtf /x]sf] If]q xf] . ;du|df cfof]hgf If]qnfO{
jg:ktLo cfwf/sf ?kdf x]bf{ !)! k|hftLsf jg:kltx? kfO{Psf] 5 . tL dWo] #@ HfftLsf ?vx?, @& hftLsf
;fgf a'6\ofgx?, #) hftLsf 3f;] la?jfx?, # hftLsf nx/fx? / ( hftsf pGo"x? 5g\ . o; If]qdf
nf]kf]Gd'v k|sf/sf s'g} klg la?jfx? kfOb}g cfof]hgf If]qdf cGo pkhftLsf ?vx? h:t} lrnfpg], ;fFem
plQ;, 6'gLsf ?vx? cfuf] jfNgsf] nfuL k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf] cnfjf s]xL kmnkm'n P+j cfo"j{]lbs
cf}ifwLsf] nfuL k|of]u x'g] ?vx? klg kfOG5g .
$=# ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts cj:yf

cfof]hgf af6 k|efljt x'g] l/, bfvf{ / emnf{Ë uf=lj=;= sf] s'n hg;+Vof !%,(** /x]sf] 5 h;df *,!(#
dlxnf / &,&(% k'?if /x]sf] 5 . o;} ul/ kl/of]hgfaf6 k|efljt uf=lj=;= sf] cf};t 3/w'/L ;+Vof %=^( /x]sf]
5 -;|f]tM g]kfnsf] lhNnf:t/Lo ljj/0f @))&÷)*_ . 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f cg';f/ k|efljt If]qdf %!=$&Ü dlxnf /
$*=%#Ü k'?if /x]sf] kfOG5 .
wflbË lhNnf sf] lhNnf:t/Lo ljj/0f cg';f/ cfof]hgf If]qsf] -l/, bfvf{ / emnf{Ë uf=lj=;=_ sf cf};t ;fIf/
l:ylt #)=%Ü /x]sf] 5 . 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f cg';f/ k|efljt If]qdf dlxnf ;fIf/ l:ylt @*=*Ü / k'?if ;fIf/
l:ylt %@=@Ü /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf af6 k|efljt l/, bfvf{ / emfnf{Ë uf=lj=;=x? ;du| #! j6f z}lIfs ;+:yfx?
5g\ h;df @% j6f k|fylds ljBfno, $ j6f lgDg dfWolds ljBfno / @ j6f pRr dfWolds ljBfno 5g\ .
k]zfut ljefhg ubf{ k|efljt If]qsf s'n 3/w'/L dWo] *)Ü s[lif, &Ü ;]jf, &Ü j}b]lzs /f]huf/L, $Ü dhb'/L
/ @Ü Jofkf/df ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 . hftLo hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df cfof]hgf k|efljt If]qsf] uf= lj= ;= x?df
*(Ü hg;+Vof tfdfË, $Ü a|fDx0f, $Ü bdfO{ / #Ü u'?Ë hftL /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf dflgg] d'Vo wd{
O{;fO -$(Ü_ xf] . o; If]qsf dflg;x? bz} ltxf/, df3] ;+qmflGt, tLh, k'0f]{, xf]nL cflb h:tf rf8kj{x?
dgfpg] u5{g\ .
cf};t 3/w'/Lsf] :jfldTj hUuf !!=(# /f]kgL - )=^)& x]S6/_ /x]sf] 5 . k|efljt If]qdf hUufsf] d"No
?=!%,))) b]lv ?=!,%),))) k|lt /f]kgL k5{ . hUufsf] d"No hUufsf] k|sf/ -cAan, bf]od, l;d, rfxf/_
cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] 5 .
%= ;Defljt jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?

s= ef}lts jftfj/0f
cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgfx? lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ &=@& x]S6/ dWo] @=@* x]S6/ -$$=%^ /f]kgL_ hUuf v/Lb
eO;s]sf] 5 . afsL $=(( x]S6/ sa'lnot hUufsf] ?kdf kl/of]hgfn] lnOg] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf nflu vl/b
ePsf] hUufdf l;rfO{sf] Joj:yf gePsf] kfvf]af/L hUuf kb{5g\ . kl/of]hgfsf] hUuf v/Lbaf6 :yfoLo tj/df
hUuf wgLnfO{ k'gM Joj:yfkg jf lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g .
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fflwg cjlwdf ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg] k|efjx? d'Vo ?kn] xfnsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
ef}uf]lns agfj6, pTvgg\ sfo{af6 cfPsf] 9'Ëf / df6f] cJojl:yt ?kn] y'kfg]{ sfo{, sl0fo tyf e"Ifosf]
ef/af6 vf]nfsf] kfgLsf] z'4tfdf c;/, cfof]hgfsf] nfuL cfjZos dfn;dfg cf];f/k;f/ ubf{ ;jf/L
;fwgaf6 pTkGg x'g] WjgL k|b'if0f / jfo' k|b'if0fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] k|efjx? x'g\ .
v= h}ljs jftfj/0f
cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, ;Def/ tyf dd{tsf] cjlwdf vf; u/]/ jGohGt' / ltgsf] jf;:yfg,?v km8fgLsf sf/0f
h}ljs ljljwtf, vf]nfsf] hlno cj:yfdf kl/jt{g tyf x]8jS;{af6 crfgs kfgLsf] jxfjnfO{ cfof]hgfn]
5f]8\bf vf]nfdf kfgL lkpg cfPsf :yfgLo kz' tyf jGo hGt'x?nfO{ hf]lvd x'g ;Sb5 .
u= ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts

cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgfsf] nfuL cfjZos hldgsf] vl/bsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g] :yfgLo a;f]af; / s[lif pTkfbgdf
kg]{ k|efj, sfdbf/x?sf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iff tyf sfdbf/x?sf] a9\bf] rfkn] ubf{ :yfgLo k'jf{wf/df kg]{ k|efjx?
d'Vo x'g\ . kl/of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 :yfgLo :t/df /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf, Jofkf/ Jof;fo tyf ljh'nL
pTkfbgaf6 ;/sf/nfO{ /fh:j k|bfg x'g] 5 .
of] of]hgfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ lbg] x'bf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf ;[hgfTds kmfObf lbg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} Jofkf/
tyf afl0fHo ;fy} hg;'ljwfdf kmfObf lbg] b]lvG5 . ;+rfngsf] cjwLsf ;d]t pQm s'/fn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg]
x'bf :yfgLo hg;d'bfo, Jofkf/Lau{nfO{ kmfO{bf k'¥ofpg'sf] ;fy} cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tdf a[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 .
^= j}slNks ljZn]if0f
cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgfx?n] jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] ;sf/fTds kIf / k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ sf nflu
ckgfpg ;lsg] j}slNks pkfo cg';f/ cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgf cfFv' glbsf] afofF lsgf/tkm{ /x]sf] ef}uf]lns
cj:yfnfO{ pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 .
j}slNks pkfo ljZn]if0f ug{ ckgfOPsf a'Fbfx?df cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfof{Gjog, hUuf clwu|x0f, :yfgLo,
ef}lts, h}ljs Pj+ ;fdflhs–cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf Go"gtd c;/ x'g] b[li6sf]0f af6 cWoog
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} cfof]hgf lagfsf] ljsNk, ;'?Ë / ljB't\u[xsf] :yfg, cfof]hgfsf] ;dofjwL / lgdf{0f
sfo{, lgdf{0f cjlwdf rflxg] ljB't\sf] ljsNk / hËn lagfsf] ljsNk nfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ul/Psf] 5 . xfn
b]zdf ljBdfg nf]8 ;]l8Ësf rk]6fnfO{ dWo gh/ /fVbf cfof]hgf lagfsf] ljsNknfO{ ckgfpg ;lsGg
lsgeg] o; ljsNk xfn ljBdfg b]zsf] ljB't\ dfunfO{ cfk"lt{ ug{ cTofjZos 5 .
&= jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fM

k|:tfljt cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f Pj+ ;+rfng sfo{af6 cg'dfg ul/Psf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go"lgs/0f pkfox? o;
k|sf/ x'g] 5g\M
&=! ef}lts jftfj/0fM
lgdf{0faf6 lgl:sPsf j:t' h:t} 9'Ëf, df6f] OTofbL nfO{ of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/Pdf o;af6 x'g]
ef}lts jftfj/0fLo gs/fTds k|efjx? w]/} xb;Dd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;"?Ë vGbf lgl:sPsf 9'Ëfx?nfO{ cGo
lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu rflxg] s+ls|6df ld;fO{ lu§Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{sf] ;fy} pkof]u x'g ;Sg] j:t'nfO{
cfjZos vf8nnfO{ k'g{sf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfof]hgf ;+/rgf If]qdf hfg ;Sg] klx/f], e"–Ifo
cflbnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;'/IffTds pkfox? h:t} l/6]lgËjfn, Uoflaogjfn, afof] OlGhlgol/Ë pkfox? ckgfpg
;lsG5 . cfof]hgf sf] lgdf{0f sfndf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] jfo' / WjgL k|b'if0fnfO{ jftfj/0fLo cg'udg / plrt
k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . ef}lts jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu s'n /sd ?= !&,%&$,^!@ sf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
&=@ h}ljs jftfj/0fM

kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f cjlwdf s6fg x'g ;Sg] #(& ?vsf] IfltnfO{ k"/f ug{ :yfgLo hftLsf ?v lj?jfx? !M
@% sf] b/n] ((@% / ;fn, l;dn, lkkn tyf rfk s6fgsf] nflu !#) lj?jf nufot !))%% la?jf
j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . jGohGtt'sf] cj}w lzsf/ / t:s/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ o;sf]
dxTjsf] af/]df ;r]t agfO{ jGohGt' ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xefuL u/fP/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . hnr/
jftfj/0fnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ !)Ü -)=$&$ So'= ld=_ kfgLsf] axfj cfFv' gbLdf g} 5f]l8g] 5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fLo
c;/ Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ?= #,!@#,#@) sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
&=# ;fdflhs cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fM

cfof]hgf af6 k|efljt If]qsf hgtfx?df ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ul/g]5g
. cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0ffwLg sfndf :yfgLo zLk / bIftfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
;fdflhs cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fLo c;/ Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ?= @,$)),))) sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
*= jftfj/0fLo cg'udg
jftfj/0fLo cg'udg sfo{ jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf cGt{ut sf] Pp6f cleGg sfo{ xf] . o; sfo{ cGt{ut
kl/of]hgf If]qsf] jftfj/0fLo cfwf/e"t ;"rgf, jftfj/0fLo dfkb08 tyf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f u/Lg]
5 . o; cGt{ut ef}lts, h}ljs tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fLo kIf x'g] 5g\ . jftfj/0fLo
cg'udgsf nflu ?= !,^@*,))) sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
(= lgisif{
ef}lts, h}ljs / ;fdflhs–cfly{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] klxrfgsf] cfwf/ tyf o;sf
Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?sf] ;d]t dWogh/ ubf{ jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6 cfFv' vf]nf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf Pp6f
;DefJo hnljB't\ cfof]hgf xf] . cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0fn] xfn ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo kIfx?– ef}lts, h}ljs,
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b]zsf] cfly{s j[l4df ;'wf/ Nofpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Introduction
Ankhu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. is the proponent of the proposed Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project
(AKHP). The contact address of the proponent is as follows:
Ankhu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. (AHP)
P.O. Box: 12756
Tel: +977-1-4033752
Fax: +977-1-4033755
Kathmandu, Nepal
The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report of Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project (AKHP)
presents the study of different environmental aspects associated with AKHP. The information,
data and other related materials collected for the detail environmental study and analysis of
the AKHP is also incorporated in this report.
The proposed AKHP lies in Dhading distict of central development region. The proposed project
alignment is on the right bank of Ankhu khola with its headworks at Richet and powerhouse at
Koda of Ri VDC.
The proponent had initially received survey license for 5 MW from then Ministry of Energy
(MoE), Government of Nepal (GoN) on 2058/08/25 BS. Later on based on the feasibility study
the proponent received survey license with an upgraded capacity of 42.9 MW from Mininstry of
Energy (MoE) on 2066/08/24 BS. The survey license is valid till 2068/ 03/ 14.
The proponent has appointed Hydro Solutions Engineering Consultant (HSL-EC) to conduct
feasibility and IEE study for the AKHP. Therefore HSL-EC is responsible to carry out the IEE study
for the proposed proposal. The proposed IEE study is exclusively for the hydropower generation
excluding the transmission line components.
2. Methodology
The study methodology applied for IEE study of AKHP are literature review, field investigation,
baseline data collection and analysis for physical environment, biological environment, socio-
economic environment through structured household questionnaires, PRA checklists, Key
informants interviews, public hearing. The method followed is random sampling and field
survey for biological parameters.
The major legal documents referred for IEE study are Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 2053
(1996), Environmental Protection Rules (EPR) 2054 (1997), Land Acquisition Act 2034, Land
Reform Act 1964, Forest Act 2049 (1993), Labor Act 2048 (1991), Electricity Act 2049 (1992),
and Water Resources Act 2049 (1992), Hydropower Development Policy 2058 (2001), Leasehold
Forestry Policy 2058 (2003), etc.
The IEE report has been prepared on the basis of approved TOR by Ministry of Energy on
2066/12/03 BS.
In additon to this, a 15 days public notice as per EPR 2054 was published in “Annapurna Post” a
daily newspaper on 2066/12/26 BS to inform the project affected VDCs and stakeholders about
the environmental issues and concerns to arise due to implementation of the project.
3. Project description
The proposed project structures of AKHP will be located in Ri VDC of Dhading District. The
proposed project lies at approximately 28o04'00''N and 28o07'00''N latitudes and the longitudes
84o58'35''E and 85o01'04''E. The headwork is located at Richet village, Ri VDC. Similarly, the
proposed power house is located at Koda, Ri VDC.
The project affected VDCs are Ri, Darkha and Jharlang. The settlement along the tunnel
alignment is sparse. The proposed alignment passes through barren and shrub land and
grassland with scarce patches of open mixed forest. The proposed project construction is
tunnel based which will reduce/avoid the destruction of community forest. The proposed
powerhouse, Koda is on the right bank of Ankhu Khola. The project requires a total of 7.27 ha
(5.27 ha permanent land and 2 ha temporary land) of land for AKHP development of which the
project has purchased 2.28 ha land area. Permanent land are land where project structures will
remain permanently.
The project is planned to generate 42.9 MW of electricity by utilizing the natural head of 216.40
m and the design discharge of 24.4 m3/s. The project will release 0.474 m3/s of water as
downstream flow. The power generated from this project will be connected to national grid
(NEA) through a 31 km long 132 kV transmission line at Malekhu sub – station, Dhading.
The project area can be reached by local transportation from Kathmandu by 84 km all season
blacktopped road to Dhading Besi and it further extends from Dhading Besi to Kintangbesi by 25
km earthen road. The powerhouse site is accessible with the construction of 8 km access road
from Kintangbesi while the headwork site (Richet) needs another 9 km access road from
powerhouse. The local people have started to construct access road on their own initiation with
the support of proponent. Total Project cost without IDC and VAT is expected to be NRs. 5070
Million.
4. Existing environmental conditions of the project

4.1 Physical Environment
The project area lies in a lesser himalayan region with elevation ranging from 670 masl to 884
masl. The climate is sub-tropical to temperate type with hot and wet summers and dry winter.
The catchment area is 3,570 km2 at headworks. Maximum recorded precipitation is 498 mm
and minimum is 11 mm. The maximum recorded temperature of the project area is 36.0 0C and
minimum temperature is 5.5 OC. The project landscape is covered by rocks of dolomite and
slate. This section describes the existing climate, geology, hydrology etc. condition of the
project area.
4.2 Biological Environment
Biologically the project area is rich in biodiversity, altogether 101 plant species have been
enumerated with 32 species of trees, 27 shrubs, 3 climbers, 9 ferns and 30 species are herbs.
The tree composition of the project area indicates that the vegetation is primarily diverse in
species. None of the threatened, endangered and rare species have been found in the project
area. Among the plant species found in project area sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima
wallichi), utis (Alnus nepalensis), mauwa (Engelhardia spicata) and Pinus sp. are prohibited from
cutting and export. Some other plants widely used for the purpose of NTFPs are: chilawne
(Schima wallichi), sajh (Terminalia alata), utis (Alnus nepalensis), tooni (Cedrella toona) are
used as firewood, bans (Bambusa spp.), fruits of medicinal plants such as amala (Phyllanthus
emblica), fruit and bark of chutro (Berberis aristata).
4.3 Socio-economic and cultural Environment

The affected VDCs by the implementation of the proposed AKHP are Ri, Darkha and Jharlang.
The total population of the project affected VDCs is 15,988 of which female population is 8,193
and male population is 7,795. The average household size is 5.69 (Source: District Profile of
Nepal 2007/08). According to the household survey the female population occupied about
51.47% and male population occupied about 48.53%. By ethnicity, about 89% of households are
Tamang, 4% Brahmins, 3% Gurung, and 4% Damai in the project impact area.
According to the district profile the average literacy rate of the project impact area (Ri, darkha
and Jharlang VDCs) is 30.5%. As per the household survey in the project area, the female
literacy rate is 28.8% and male literacy rate 52.2%. Altogether there are 31 educational
institutions available in the project affected VDCs. Among which 25 are primary school, 4 are
lower secondary school and 2 are higher secondary school.
Christian (49%) is the main religion followed in project affected area. People in the project area
celebrate festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Loshar, Christmas,
Shivaratri, Holi, etc.
By profession most of the households in the project impact areas are engaged in agriculture
80% followed by service 7%, foreign employment 7%, labour 4% and business 2%. The average
land holding size per household surveyed is 11.93 ropanies (0.607 ha). The land take price range
from NRs.15,000 to Rs.150,000 per ropani depending on the land type (abbal, doyam, sim and
chahar).
5. Potential environmental impacts

Implementation of the proposed project is likely to create impacts on the existing physical
environment. Changes in existing land use pattern due to construction activities, slope
instability, reduction in the volume of water discharge in the dewatering stretch are the major
predicted impacts on the physical environment.
Although, there will be no major impacts on the natural vegetation of the area due to project
implementation some site specific impacts are likely to occur due to project construction. The
likely impacts on biological environment during construction phase are disturbances to aquatic
species and its habitat, impact on vegetation due to clearance for the project structures, impact
on protected species of flora and fauna, impact on biodiversity and impact on wildlife due to
destruction of habitat. Whereas during operation phase, the likely impacts on biological
environment are impact on aquatic habitat, impact on biodiversity, impact on wildlife due to
fragmentation of habitat, impact on wildlife due to sudden release of water downstream. The
total number of trees to be cut down is 397.
5.3 Socio – economic and cultural Environment

The likely impacts on socio-economic and cultural environment during construction phase are
impact due to land and infrastructure acquisition, impact on occupational health and safety,
impact on farm land and agricultural production, pressure on existing infrastructure facilities,
change in existing water use practice and impact on law and order in the project area.
The project also create beneficial impacts during construction phase such as employment
opportunity, opportunity of trade and commerce and potential improvement of public facilities
and during operation the benefits are employment opportunity to local people and revenue
generation.
6. Alternative analysis
During the feasibility study of the project various alternative options were considered in terms
of project alignment and after scrutinizing the rght bank alignment has been considered as the
best alternative for the development of the project. Other options considered for alternative
analysis are project component alternatives, no project option, design alternatives, technology,
construction planning and energy option. The current scenario of energy crisis obliges to avoid
the “No project option” as it is indispensable to meet the current demand of energy.
7. Mitigation and enhancement measures

The suggested mitigation measures during construction phase for physical environment are
proper landscape management, proper disposal of muck and excavated materials and their
reuse for refilling. Proper management of solid waste and sanitary waste to maximum possible
extent to reduce volume and slope protection measures such as bio-engineering technique,
plantation, etc. Avoid dumping into river, practice proper storage of toxic material, use silencer
in heavy equipment, maintain vehicles and unpaved road and also maintain noise level to 50-60
dB. The estimated cost of mitigation for mitigating impact on physical environment is NRs.
17,574,612.
The mitigation measures suggested for impacts on biological environment are release of 10%
(0.474 m3/s) of dry monthly flow downstream to maintain aquatic ecosystem, effective
awareness campaigns to avoid exploitation of Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), on
importance, protection and conservation of protected species, wildlife, importance of
biodiversity, reduce demands on forest resources, reduce disturbances and illegal poaching and
hunting of wildlife. The mitigation cost allocated for mitigating impact on biological
environment is NRs. 3,123,320.
The mitigation measures suggested for socio-economic and cultural disturbances are provision
of safety equipments to workers, insurance facility to permanent workers, and display of
warning boards at dangerous sites. Awareness campaigns on promotion and preservation of
local culture, traditions and customs, programs on health and sanitation, security issues, etc.
are other mitigation measure so far observed and committed by proponent. The mitigation cost
allocated for mitigating impact on Socio-economic and Cultural environment is NRs. 24,00,000.
The total estimated cost for environmental mitigation and enhancement measure is NRs. 27.79
million.
8. Environmental monitoring
Environmental monitoring provides early warning for significant environmental damages so
that additional actions may be taken. It measures the physical, biological, socio-economic and
cultural parameters within the project area during the construction and operation phases in
order to detect environmental changes that occur as a result of project implementation. The
project proponent will enumerate sector specific experts to conduct the environmental
monitoring. An environmental monitoroing unit shall be established within AKHP project. The
total estimated cost for environmental monitoring is estimated to be NRs. 1.628 million.
Conclusion
According to the detailed study and investigation of the physical, biological and socio-economic
and cultural environment of the project affected area the AKHP is a viable project from the
environmental perspective. Wherever possible, efforts have been made by the project planning
team to limit negative impacts on the environment by selecting best possible design options.
Different alternatives were considered for the optimization of the overall AKHP and the right
bank alignment is taken as the best option. The identified impacts and issues are not much
significant and can be reduced by integrating corresponding suitable mitigation measures.
Environmental issues identified or predicted due to implementation of AKHP are relatively

insignificant and site specific. All the perceived or predicted impacts could be minimized or
mitigated by implementation of environmental management plan. The proposed project
component location selection from environmental point of view seems favorable avoiding less
damage to the existing environment. The development of AKHP in Dhading district could help
to foster local economy and enhance quality of life of local people. On this background, it is
recommended that the proposed project is given environmental approval in conditions that the
proposed mitigation and enhancement measures will be implemented as prescribed in this IEE
report.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTION PREPARING THE

REPORT...............................................................................................................1
1.1 Proponent of the proposal .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Institution/ Organization responsible for preparing the report .................................... 1
1.3 Rationality for conducting IEE study ............................................................................ 1
1.4 Objective of IEE ........................................................................................................... 2
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................3

2.1 Background ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Project location and accessibility ................................................................................. 3
2.3 Project components .................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Diversion weir ....................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2 Intake structure ..................................................................................................... 4
2.3.3 Gravel trap and Gravel flushing canal .................................................................... 5
2.3.4 Spillway and flushing canal .................................................................................... 5
2.3.5 Settling basin ......................................................................................................... 5
2.3.6 Sediment flushing system ...................................................................................... 6
2.3.7 Water conveyance System..................................................................................... 6
2.3.8 Surge tank ............................................................................................................. 7
2.3.9 Anchor blocks and Saddle supports ....................................................................... 7
2.3.10 Powerhouse .......................................................................................................... 7
2.3.11 Tailrace canal......................................................................................................... 8
2.3.12 Switch yard facility................................................................................................. 8
2.3.13 Denil Fish ladder .................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Project salient features ............................................................................................. 10
2.5 Power and Energy Production ................................................................................... 12
2.6 Construction power................................................................................................... 14
2.7 Manpower requirement ............................................................................................ 14
2.8 Land requirement...................................................................................................... 14
2.9 Project cost ............................................................................................................... 14
2.10 Construction planning ............................................................................................... 14
2.11 Construction material stockpiling and muck disposal ................................................ 14
2.11.1 Stockpiling of construction materials ................................................................... 14
2.11.2 Muck disposal area.............................................................................................. 14
2.12 Camp site and construction yard ............................................................................... 15
2.12.1 Camp site ............................................................................................................ 15
2.12.2 Quarry sites ......................................................................................................... 15
2.13 Project area delineation ............................................................................................ 15
2.13.1 Core area (CA) ..................................................................................................... 15
2.13.2 Surrounding area (SA).......................................................................................... 16
3. DATA REQUIREMENT AND STUDY METHODOLOGY .................................... 17
3.1 Desk study and literature review ............................................................................... 17
3.2 Field visit ................................................................................................................... 17
3.3 Physical Environment ................................................................................................ 17
3.3.1 Data requirement and collection methods .......................................................... 17
3.3.2 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Biological Environment.............................................................................................. 18
3.4.2 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 20
3.5 Socio - economic and cultural Environment............................................................... 20
3.5.2 Data analysis ....................................................................................................... 20
3.6 Impact Identification and Prediction.......................................................................... 20
3.7 Public Involvement.................................................................................................... 21
3.7.1 Public Notice ....................................................................................................... 21
3.7.2 Public Consultation.............................................................................................. 21
3.7.3 Recommendation and deed of public enquiry ..................................................... 21
4. GOVERNMENT RULES, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES .................................. 22

4.1 The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)......................................................... 22
4.2 Policy......................................................................................................................... 22
4.2.1 Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 (2001).................................................... 22
4.2.2 National forest policy, 2055 (1998) ...................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Leasehold Forestry Policy 2058 (2003)................................................................. 23
4.3 Plan ........................................................................................................................... 23
4.3.1 Tenth five year plan, 2059 – 2064 (2002-2007).................................................... 23
4.3.2 Three years Interim Plan 2064 ............................................................................. 24
4.3.3 National Water Plan 2059 (2002)......................................................................... 24
4.4 Strategy..................................................................................................................... 24
4.4.1 Water Resource Strategy, 2059 (2002) ................................................................ 24
4.4.2 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2059 (2002) ............................................................. 24
4.5 Acts and Regulations ................................................................................................. 24
4.5.1 Environment Protection Act, 2053 (1997)............................................................ 24
4.5.2 Environmental Protection Rules, 2054 (1997)...................................................... 25
4.5.3 Electricity Act 2049 (1992) ................................................................................... 25
4.5.4 Electricity Regulation 2050 (1993) ....................................................................... 25
4.5.5 Soil and Watershed conservation Act, 2039 (1982).............................................. 25
4.5.6 Forest Act, 2049 (1993) and Regulation, 2052 (1995) .......................................... 26
4.5.7 Labor Act, 2048 (1991) ........................................................................................ 26
4.5.8 Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977)........................................................................ 27
4.5.8.1 Land acquisition process............................................................................... 27
4.5.8.2 Compensation fixation committee................................................................ 27
4.5.8.3 Acquisition through negotiations.................................................................. 27
4.5.8.4 Right to file complaints ................................................................................. 27
4.5.8.5 Compensation payment ............................................................................... 28
4.5.8.6 Land Reform Act, 1964 ................................................................................. 28
4.5.9 Local Self-Governance Act, 2056 (1999)............................................................... 28
4.5.10 Local Self - Governance Rules, 2057 (2000).......................................................... 28
4.5.11 Aquatic Animal Protection Act 2018 (1961) ......................................................... 28
4.5.12 Explosives Act, 2018 ............................................................................................ 29
4.5.13 Water Resources Act, 2049 (1992)....................................................................... 29
4.5.14 Water Resources Regulations, 2050 (1993) ......................................................... 29
4.6 Guidelines and manuals ............................................................................................ 29
4.6.1 National Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, 2050 (1993) ................... 29
4.6.2 Community Forest Guidelines 2058 ..................................................................... 30
4.6.3 Community Forest Inventory Guidelines 2062 ..................................................... 30
4.6.4 A hand book on Licensing and Environmental Assessment Process for Hydropower
process in Nepal, 2006 ...................................................................................................... 30
4.6.5 jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^#........................................... 30
4.6.6 Environmental Management Guidelines (Road) 2054 (1997) ............................. 311
4.7 Conventions .............................................................................................................. 31
4.7.1 Convention on Biological Diversity....................................................................... 31
4.7.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) ...................... 31
4.7.3 ILO-169 Convention ............................................................................................. 31
4.8 Institutions ................................................................................................................ 32
5. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ................................................ 33

5.1.1 Climate ................................................................................................................ 33
5.1.2 Rainfall ................................................................................................................ 33
5.1.3 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 33
5.1.4 Air quality ............................................................................................................ 34
5.1.5 Water quality....................................................................................................... 34
5.1.6 Noise quality........................................................................................................ 34
5.1.7 Geology ............................................................................................................... 34
5.1.8 Sedimentation of Ankhu Khola ............................................................................ 38
5.1.9 Seismicity ............................................................................................................ 38
5.1.10 Land use pattern.................................................................................................. 39
5.2.1 Flora and Vegetation ........................................................................................... 39
5.2.2 Forest resources and use pattern ........................................................................ 42
5.2.3 Fauna and Wildlife............................................................................................... 45
5.3 Socio-economic and cultural Environment ................................................................ 48
5.3.1 General................................................................................................................ 48
5.3.1.1 Demographic characteristics......................................................................... 48
5.3.1.2 Ethnicity and caste group ............................................................................. 48
5.3.1.3 Religions and cultural practices .................................................................... 48
5.3.1.4 Women in the project area........................................................................... 50
5.3.1.5 Disadvantaged groups .................................................................................. 50
5.3.1.6 Education status ........................................................................................... 50
5.3.1.7 Health, sanitation and drinking water........................................................... 51
5.3.1.8 Land tenure and land holding ....................................................................... 52
5.3.1.9 Land transaction........................................................................................... 52
5.3.1.10 Land holding pattern .................................................................................... 52
5.3.1.11 Agricultural production................................................................................. 53
5.3.1.12 Economy ...................................................................................................... 53
5.3.1.13 Food sufficiency............................................................................................ 55
5.3.1.14 Livestock....................................................................................................... 55
5.3.1.15 Energy .......................................................................................................... 56
5.3.1.16 Water use..................................................................................................... 57
5.3.1.17 Local institutions .......................................................................................... 57
5.3.2 Project Affected Families (PAF)............................................................................ 57
5.3.2.1 Demography................................................................................................. 57
5.3.2.2 Income and expenditure of PAF.................................................................... 58
5.3.2.3 Agriculture production ................................................................................. 58
5.3.2.4 Food Sufficiency ........................................................................................... 59
5.3.2.5 Drinking water.............................................................................................. 59
5.3.2.6 Energy use.................................................................................................... 59
5.3.2.7 Preferred compensation modality ................................................................ 60
5.3.2.8 PAF expectation from project ....................................................................... 60
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT .................................................. 62

6.1 Pre - construction phase............................................................................................ 62
6.1.1 Land acquisition................................................................................................... 62
6.1.2 Resettlement Issues............................................................................................. 64
6.2.1 Construction phase.............................................................................................. 64
6.2.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 67
6.3.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 70
6.4 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ................................................................ 71
6.4.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 75
6.5 Beneficial impacts ..................................................................................................... 76
6.5.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 77
6.6 Issues raised by concerned VDCs ............................................................................... 77
6.7 Recommendations from concerned VDCs ................................................................. 78
7. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 79
7.1 Power project versus no power project alternative ................................................... 79
7.2 Hydropower versus thermal power/ Wind power/ Solar power/ Atomic power ........ 79
7.3 Project design alternative.......................................................................................... 80
7.4 Layout including No forest option ............................................................................. 80
7.5 Technology, Operation procedures, Time schedule and Raw materials alternatives .. 80
7.6 Suitability of either Fish Passage or Fish ladder ......................................................... 81
7.7 Environmental management system ......................................................................... 82
8. MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ........................................... 83

8.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase ............................................................................................. 83
8.2 Construction Phase ................................................................................................... 84
8.1.1 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 85
8.3.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 88
8.4 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ................................................................ 88
8.4.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 90
8.5 Benefits of the project............................................................................................... 91
8.5.2 Operation phase.................................................................................................. 91
8.6 Mitigation and enhancement cost ........................................................................... 103
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .............................................................. 105

9.1 Monitoring plan ...................................................................................................... 105
9.1.1 Baseline monitoring........................................................................................... 105
9.1.2 Impact monitoring ............................................................................................. 105
9.1.3 Compliance monitoring ..................................................................................... 109
9.1.4 Human resources requirements and cost breakdown........................................ 113
9.1.5 Monitoring organizational set up....................................................................... 113
10. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 114

LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1: A copy of survey license
Annex 2: A copy of approved TOR letter
Annex 3: Project location map
Annex 4: Project layout map
Annex 5: Construction planning schedule
Annex 6: Map showing camp site, quarry site and muck disposal area
Annex 7: Project area delineation map
Annex 8: Questionnaires and checklist sample
Annex 9: A copy of public notice
Annex 10: Consultation attendance list
Annex 11: Summary of public interaction program
Annex 12: Recommendation letters from project affected VDCs
Annex 13: Deed of Public Enquiry "Muchulka"
Annex 14: Water quality analysis of AKHP
Annex 15: Enumeration of plant species/ Occurrence of plants species in different
sampling plots and forest loss table
Annex 16: Land loss table
Annex 17: Agricultural production loss table
Annex 18: Cost breakdown of protection works for AKHP (Bio-engineering)
Annex 19: Calendar for bio-engineering maintenance
Annex 20: Quantity and cost estimation of boulders required for AKHP
Annex 21: Cost estimation of latrine for construction workers
Annex 22: Emission Standards
Annex 23: Cost break down for compensatory plantation program
Annex 24: Cost breakdown of skill development training
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1 Power and energy production (monthly average)
Table 2-2 Power and energy production on a day (driest month)
Table 2-3 Location of muck disposal area
Table 3-1 Sampling sites for vegetation study
Table 5-1 Mean monthly flow correlated from Budhigandaki
Table 5-2 Plant enumeration
Table 5-3 Community forests of proposed project site
Table 5-4 Various uses of plant species recorded from proposed project site
Table 5-5 NTFPs found in government and community forests of Ri and Darkha VDCs
Table 5-6 List of endangered, threatened , rare and vulnerable species of project area
Table 5-7 Sampling sites and composition of fish in project area
Table 5-8 Nature of movement, habitat and spawning of species
Table 5-9 Distribution and conservation status of the fish species of project area
Table 5-10 Demographic characteristics of project area
Table 5-11 Caste and ethnicity of project area
Table 5-12 Religions of project area
Table 5-13 Literacy rate of age 5 and above
Table 5-14 Educational institutes of project area
Table 5-15 Health facilities in project area
Table 5-16 Sanitation in project area
Table 5-17 Drinking water facility in project area
Table 5-18 Ownership of land (%) in project area
Table 5-19 Local land transaction rate (Rs./ropani)
Table 5-20 Land holding pattern (ropanies) in project area
Table 5-21 Major crop production of the project area
Table 5-22 Occupation of project area
Table 5-23 Annual income (Rs.) of project area
Table 5-24 Annual expenditure (Rs.) of household survey in project area
Table 5-25 Status of food sufficiency of the project area
Table 5-26 Different means to cope with food insufficiency in project area
Table 5-27 Livestock status in project area
Table 5-28 Annual fuel wood use in project area
Table 5-29 Source of fuel wood and ime required for fuel wood collection
Table 5-30 Different public services available at the project area
Table 5-31 Ethnicity and family characteristics of PAF
Table 5-32 Annual income and source of PAF
Table 5-33 Expenditures and item of PAF
Table 5-34 Annual agricultural production and production loss of PAF (MT.)
Table 5-35 Status of food sufficiency of the project area
Table 5-36 Drinking water source of PAF
Table 5-37 Annual fuel wood use of PAF (MT.)
Table 5-38 Preferred compensation modality by PAF
Table 5-39 PAF expectation fro project area
Table 5-40 Use of compensation received by PAF
Table 6-1 Types of permanent/ temporary land to be required for the project
Table 6-2 Loss of houses and other properties of project affected families and households
Table 6-3 Details of estimated quantity of excavation materials
Table 6-4 Total volume and number of each tree species with standing biomass (green) AKHP
Table 6-5 Forest loss and vegetation loss
Table 6-6 Loss of vegetation in number and monetary value
Table 6-7 Environmental release and water balance for AKHP
Table 6-8 Value of Lost of Houses and other properties of project affected families and
Households
Table 6-9 Total loss of land of project affected families and households
Table 6-10 Loss of land of project affected families and households
Table 6-11 Value of total loss of agricultural production due to land acquisition
Table 6-12 Loss of cereal crops production of project affected families and households
Table 6-13 Loss of cash crops productions of affected families and households
Table 7-1 Average minimum flow velocity and discharge recorded form AKHP (2005-2007)
Table 8-1 Estimation of shotcrete works for bioengineering work in AKHP
Table 8-2 Estimation of rock bolts works for bioengineering work in AKHP
Table 8-3 Estimation of bioengineering works (headworks)
Table 8-4 Quantity and cost estimation of boulders required for AKHP
Table 8-5 Cost estimation of latrine construction
Table 8-6 Standards for effluents discharged into Inland water from camp site
Table 8-7 Proposed Noise Exposure Limits for the Work Environment
Table 8-8 Proposed average equivalent sound levels recommended to protect the public Health
and Welfare of the Project site communities
Table 8-9 Emissions standards for 'in-use' vehicles
Table 8-10 Compensatory plantation plan
Table 8-11 Tentative estimation for Compensatory Plantation Program
Table 8-12 Mitigation and enhancement measures for identified environmental impacts
Table 8-13 Assigned/ identified roles and responsibilities of concerned party
Table 8-14 Breakdown of mitigation measure cost
Table 8-15 Breakdown for skill development training
Table 9-1 Impact monitoring
Table 9-2 Compliance monitoring
Table 9-3 Environmental monitoring cost
ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS
AKHP Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project

BK Biswokarma
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
0
C Degrees Celsius
CA Core Area
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
CDO Chief District Officer
CF Community Forest
CFC Compensation Fixation Committee
CFUGs Community Forest User’s Groups
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CO2 Carbon dioxide
DAO District Administration Office
DBH Diametr at Breast Height
DDC District Development Committee
DHM Department of Hydrology ad Metrology
DFO District Forest Officer
DIA Direct Impact Area
DoED Department of Electricity Development
EIA Environment Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Monitoring Plan
EPA Environment Protection Act
EPR Environmental Protection Regulation
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GoN Government of Nepal
GWh Giga Watt Hour
ha Hectare
HH Household
HSL-EC Hydro Solutions Engineering Consultant
IDC Interest During Construction
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
ILO International Labor Organization
INGO International Non Governmental Organization
IUCN International Union for nature Conservation
LB Left Bank
M2 Square meter
MoE Ministry of Energy
MoEnv Ministry of Environment
MoFSC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
MT Metric tonne
MVA Mega volt Ampere
MW Mega Watt
NEA Nepal Electricity Authority
NEWAH Nepal Water for Health
NGO Non Governmental Organization
NO Nitrogen oxide
NRs Nepalese Rupees
NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products
PH Powerhouse
RB Right Bank
ROR Run - of - River
SA Surrounding Area
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science
SO2 Sulphur dioxide
Sq. km. Square Kilometer
ToR Terms of Reference
TSS Total suspended solids
VAT Value Added Tax
VDC Village Development Committee
WECS Water and Energy Commission Secretariat
IEE Document of AKHP Individual/Institution preparing the report Chapter One
1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTION

PREPARING THE REPORT
1.1 Proponent of the proposal
Ankhu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. (AHP) is the proponent of the proposed Ankhu Khola
Hydropower Project (AKHP). The proponent will abide by all the rules and regulations,
guidelines mentioned in survey license under clause 7 (ga) and other relevant laws, acts,
rules and guidelines. A copy of survey license is attached in Annex 1.
The proponent's detail address is as follows:

Ankhu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. (AHP)
P.O. Box: 12756
Tel:+977-1-4033752
Fax: +977-1-4033755
Kathmandu, Nepal
1.2 Institution/ Organization responsible for preparing the report

Hydro Solutions Engineering Consultant (HSL-EC) is responsible to carry out the Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the proposed project. HSL-EC was established in
2009 which renders its services to hydropower projects in carrying out feasibility study,
project design, construction and preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and
IEE study reports. The detail contact address is given below:
Hydro Solutions Private Limited

Hydro Solutions Engineering Consultant
Thulo Bharyang, Swoyambhu
P. O. Box: 19554, Kathmandu, Nepal
Telephone number: 4033752, Fax : 4033755
Email: info@hydro-solutions.org
1.3 Rationality for conducting IEE study

As per schedule 1 of Environmental Protection Rules (EPR) 1997 and its subsequent
amendment, any hydroelectric project with capacity of 1 MW up to 50 MW needs to carry
out IEE study. This project with installed capacity of 42.9 MW falls in the project category
listed in schedule 1 of second amendment of EPR 1997. Therefore, the proposed project is
required to carry out IEE study based on above mentioned legal provision. In addition to
this, the project does not cover any national parks, conservation areas, wild life sanctuaries,
buffer zones, wetlands, historical and archeologically important sites, environmentally
sensitive and fragile zones. Also the total forest area covered by different project
component is about 1.4 ha of Community managed forest (refer to Table 6-1, page 63).
Therefore, IEE study is sufficient for the proposed AKHP. The IEE study was conducted
following clause 7 (ga) of the survey license for feasibility and environmental study of AKHP.
ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 1

IEE Document of AKHP Individual/Institution preparing the report Chapter One
The proposed IEE study is only for hydropower generation excluding Transmission line and
access road components.
The TOR was submitted to MoE through DoED and approved by MoE on 2066/12/03 BS. A
copy of approved TOR letter is presented in Annex- 2.
1.4 Objective of IEE

The objective of the study is to prepare IEE study report for the hydropower generation of
AKHP which include:
 Collect baseline data on Physical , Biological and Socio- economic and cultural
environmental domains of the project area;
 Identify beneficial and adverse impact of the project during construction and
operation phase;
 Suggest environmental mitigation measures for the adverse impact;
 Develop environmental mitigation and monitoring plan;
 Examine the alternative analysis of the project;
 Involve public in decision making process related to environment;
 Advise decision-makers for further implementation of the project in future and
 Recommend whether only IEE study is sufficient for AKHP project.

IEE Document of AKHP Project Description Chapter Two
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Background
Based on the reconnaissance study, Ankhu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. has identified a
hydroelectric project on Ankhu Khola. According to feasibility study report, installed capacity
of project is identified to be 42.9 MW. Ministry of Energy, Government of Nepal, has
awarded survey license (Bi.Bi.Bi./062/063 Bi.U.Sa.0226) for 42.9 MW to Ankhu Khola
Hydropower Project (AKHP) on 2066/8/24 BS. The survey license is valid till 2068/03/14 BS.
The proposed project is a run - of - river type. The power will be evacuated by 31 km long
132 kV transmission line to NEA national grid sub - station located at Malekhu, Dhading. The
intake weir will be located at the lower base of Richet village, and the power house at Koda
(confluence of Anphal Khola and Ankhu Khola), Ri VDC (l/ uf=lj=;=) of Dhading district. Water
from the headwords will be carried through a tunnel with diameter of 3.2 m to the surge
shaft provisioned to be located at Kuttal, Ri VDC (l/ uf=lj=;=).
Approximately 458 m long penstock pipe will carry water from the surge tank to
powerhouse and the tailrace water will be discharged at Ankhu Khola. The existing slope
along the proposed alignment is stable for the construction of such structures.
The VDCs affected by the project construction and implementation are Ri ( l/ uf=lj=;=)
Darkha (bfvf{ uf=lj=;=)and Jharlang (emf/nfË uf=lj=;=). The proposed access road construction
is initiated by the local people; the project has provided only the technical support like
access road survey and technical manpower for construction of access road. Access road
alignment runs through VDCs already mentioned in the Survey License i.e. Darkha (bfvf{
uf=lj=;=) and Ri (l/F uf=lj=;=) VDCs.
2.2 Project location and accessibility

AKHP is located in Ri VDC of Dhading District in the Central Development Region of Nepal.
Geographically, the project lies between the latitudes 28 o04'00''N and 28o07'00''N and the
longitudes 84o58'35''E and 85o01'04''E. The project location map is presented in Annex-3.
On the right bank of weir lies Ri VDC 4 and 5 whereas on the left bank lies Jharlang VDC -7.
Likewise on the right bank of powerhouse and tailrace lies Ri VDC – 2 (Koda) whereas on the
left bank lies Darkha VDC – 1.
The project area is accessible from Kathmandu by 84 km all season black topped road to
Dhading Besi and it further extends from Dhading Besi to Kintangbesi by 25 km earthen
road. The powerhouse site is accessible with the construction of 8 km access road from
Kintang Phedi while the headwork site (Richet) needs another 9 km access road from
powerhouse. Local villagers themselves are interested to construct access road and have
started to construct access road accessible to powerhouse and Ri VDC. The headwork and

the powerhouse sites are located at elevation of 884 masl and 670 masl respectively. The
coloured topographic layout map is attached in Annex-4. The plan and sectional view of the
project components is also presented in Annex-4.
2.3 Project components

The proposed project components are as follows.
2.3.1 Diversion weir

The diversion weir is a low concrete
structure designed to pass the
design flood safely into the
downstream river channel and also
to divert required flow into the
water conveyance system for power
generation. The diversion weir is 35
m long and 5 m high above the river
bed. 5 m width undersluice
equipped with radial gate and a
stoplog is provided to pass the bed
load. The diversion weir is designed
to divert design discharge of 24.4
m3/sec and additional 20% flow for
flushing through side intake located on the right bank. The weir is a concrete gravity type
non-gated overflow weir. The surface of the overflow weir will be finished with high
abrasion resistance concrete to prevent erosion during monsoon floods which generally
carry large quantities of sediments.
The undersluice is a single chamber reinforced concrete structure located at the right end of
the weir having width of 5 m and height of 6.5 m. A divide wall is provided between the weir
and undersluice to avoid the interference of flow regime in undersluice portion and weir
portion.
2.3.2 Intake structure

The intake structure is designed to have four bays with the opening size of 3.5 m width and
1 m height each. Trash racks are provided to prevent entry of floating debris and bed load
larger than 50 mm size. The trashrack will have the inclination of 80⁰ to the horizontal plane.
The intake will draw the design discharge even in the condition of 50% clogging of trashrack.
The average flow velocity in front of intake will be 0.4m/sec for the design discharge.
A stream lined transition will be provided at intake so that the width of structure will be
gradually decreased towards the intake gate. The width of intake section within the
transition part is gradually reduced to the direction of flow from 14 m to 2.5 m. The intake

structure is made of Reinforced cement concrete. The intake gate size is 3.5 m x 1.0 m and a
matching stoplog gate would be erected for the maintenance of the intake gate.
On the downstream of the intake, two gravel traps has been designed. The intake gate will
regulate the discharge into the waterway to maintain the design discharge even in the flood
season and to keep the flow uniform for all the cases of variable discharges in the river.
2.3.3 Gravel trap and Gravel flushing canal

The intake trashracks restrict entry of sediment larger than 2mm diameter. Removal of
sediment, silt has been planned to carry out in two stages. At first sediment particles up to
2mm diameter are trapped in the gravel trap and flushed back into Ankhu River. Further
removal of sediment, silt is to be carried out in the desander. The gravel trap structure is
10.0 m long with a 10 m width. The bottom slope of the basin is 1 in 25. The trapped gravel
will be flushed through the 1.0 m x 1.0m gravel flushing gate. A suitable stoplog will be
provided for the purpose of maintenance of the main gate.
A flushing conduit of size 1.0 m width and 1.0m depth has been designed to flush the
sediment particles back into the source river. The gravel flushing canal is connected to
spillway canal of length 40.0 m. Velocity along the flushing channel will be more than 2.0
m/s which can flush the particle size up to 50 mm. The end of the flushing canal’s invert is
kept above the high flood water level in Ankhu Khola.
2.3.4 Spillway and flushing canal

Two lateral spillways spanning 10.0 m will be provided at each gravel traps to spill flood
water in excess of design discharge. The maximum flood discharge entering through full
opened intake gate is calculated to be 87.07m3/s which has to be spilled through the lateral
spillways. The head over the spillway is 2.0 m. The crest of the spillway is kept at 891.8.
The spilled water will be routed to the spillway canal connected to the gravel flushing canal.
The structure of flushing canal is combined with the incoming gravel flushing canal. The
dimension of the channel will be 2.0 m (width) x 2.0 m (height) each above the bottom
gravel flushing canal.
2.3.5 Settling basin

Two numbers of underground continuous flushing settling basins are proposed to be
constructed of length 124m, 13m wide and 6.23m height.
It is a general requirement that a Settling basin be provided to trap and exclude suspended
sediment particles transported by the source river to minimize wear and tear and damage
to the turbine runner, wicket gates, nozzle and other related hydraulic components.
The largest sized sediment particles will be removed at the entry to the waterway through

undersluice and successively smaller particles will be removed from the gravel trap and then
the Settling Basin.
2.3.6 Sediment flushing system

The under sluicing of flushing system is designed as a manifold system to withdraw
sediment laden water uniformly along the length of the purging channel. The design is
carried out for pressurized flow. The flow velocity will be more than 2.1 m/sec.
This continuous flushing type settling basin will use surplus water (during rainy seasons) for
flushing which is about 10% of plant design flow. This type of basin is more convenient from
a power station operation view point as flushing operations do not interfere with power
production. During the low flow season when sediment inflows are minimal, flushing can be
done intermittently as and when required, so that most of the available water can be used
for power production.
In the sediment flushing system, the flushing gates will be provided for the purpose of
flushing the sediment deposits in the main basin part. There will be separate sand flushing
gate provided in each basin. The size of the flushing gate is designed as 1.00 m X 1.20 m. The
sediment laden water flushed out from the flushing gates will be disposed back into the
Ankhu Khola through flushing tunnel.
2.3.7 Water conveyance System

The water conveyance system in AKHP is
headrace tunnel of size 4.2 m * 4.2 m. The
water conveyance system is designed to be a
tunnel under low pressure. The head race
tunnel will be of 5.197 km in length. The
head race tunnel will be shortcrete lined in
most of the portion where there occurs high
strength rock and an additional concrete
lining where poor quality rock arises. The
thickness of shotcrete will be 100 mm and
that of concrete lining is 300 mm. Three
construction adits will be provided to make
the construction of headrace tunnel easier.
The portals of proposed adits will be near the approach road. There are four horizontal
bends in the head race tunnel alignment. Thus the gross head of the project is 216.4 m. The
hydraulic loss is calculated for each mean monthly considering the particular inflow for that
month.

2.3.8 Surge tank

The size of surge tank has been calculated to take care of upsurge and down surge of water
level in the surge tank due to fluctuation in the generation load at powerhouse. A 45m high
8m diameter cylindrical restricted orifice type of surge tank is provided at the end of
headrace tunnel to safeguard the headrace tunnel from the influence of water hammer
effect. Maximum up surge level in the surge tank will be 905.78 m and minimum down
surge level will be 871.64 m.
2.3.9 Anchor blocks and Saddle supports

Anchor blocks are provided to hold the penstock pipe in place and not allow displacement
during dynamic loads on it. As the slope of ground profile is not gentle the vertical bends
ranges from 50 to 560. The horizontal bends are not provided. The anchor block foundations
are laid on excavation. Altogether 5 numbers of anchor blocks have been provided at each
vertical bend. The anchor block will be made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) blocks.
The penstock pipe is exposed type throughout the sections. The total number of expansion
joints provided in the penstock pipe is 5 sets. The size of the expansion joints will be
matching to the pipe diameter at that section. Saddle supports have been provided to
support the pipe between the anchor blocks. The spacing between the saddles is kept at an
interval of 5-7m centre to centre. The total number of such saddle supports is 60. The
saddle supports are made of RCC (M25) over which pipe support plate will be anchored
which will facilitate for smooth movement of penstock pipe due to various load condition.
2.3.10 Powerhouse
The powerhouse is arranged to have minimum excavation, and to gain maximum natural
head. The powerhouse will be equipped with three units of Vertical axis Francis turbines and
matching synchronous generators. At
this stage of study the size of
powerhouse is worked out to be 30m
long 12m wide and 25.0 m high. The
three turbine units are planned at the
spacing of 8.0m from the turbine
centre lines. An overhead travelling
crane is planned for lifting and shifting
of heavy equipment parts from the
service bay to their respective
locations. The crane will travel over
two RCC beams along the length of the
machine hall. The crane capacity is
proposed to be 40 ton.
The powerhouse will be an RCC frame structure. The walls of the powerhouse building will
be made of RC or masonary. Adequate opening for light and ventilation have been provided
on the wall. The powerhouse roof structure will be made of mild steel pipe truss and
covered with CGI sheets. The machine hall ceiling will be finished with a false ceiling and
illumination will be arranged under it. Entrance to the powerhouse building is through a 5 m
wide rolling shutter gate and the service bay is immediately after the entrance gate.
2.3.11 Tailrace canal

The tailrace canal starts from the draft tube outlet. The invert level of the draft tube is fixed
at an elevation of 671.64m. The design water level at the tailrace will be 675.3 m. Three
separate tailrace canals from the three units will join into a single channel just outside the
powerhouse building. The length of the tailrace canal will be about 10 m. The cross section
size of the tailrace canal is proposed to be 7.65 m wide x 3.4 m height. The 10m long tailrace
canal will safely discharge the flow from the turbines back into the Ankhu Khola. Two draft
tube gates each of 2 m x 2.8 m size will be erected in each tailrace for the maintenance of
runner during the operation period.
Flood protection works along the left river bank of Aaphal khola in front of powerhouse area
will be carried out to safeguard the powerhouse from high floods.
2.3.12 Switch yard facility

Nine numbers of 6MVA single phase transformers to step-up the generation voltage of 11kV
to transmission voltage of 132 kV is proposed to be located nearby the powerhouse. The
switchyard is planned within the dimension of 40 m x 30 m.
2.3.13 Denil Fish ladder

The Denil fishway consists of a channel containing symmetrical closely spaced baffles (or
fins, or vanes) on the sidewall and the floor. The vanes cause part of the flow to turn and
oppose the main stream in the central part of the flume. The baffles conduct a part of the
energy of the main flow to the walls and to the bottom of the channel. This arrangement
provides considerable energy dissipation and establishes low velocity flow in the central
zone of the fishway. Fish ascend in Denil fishways by swimming in the middle of the flume in
the depth they prefer. The fishway has been equipped with special resting pools at 10 m
intervals so that the fish could rest for some time during its journey to the upstream. These
resting pools also function as energy dissipating pools.
The flow in a Denil fishway consists of two interacting parts, namely, of the main stream in
the central portion of the channel and of a series of systematic lateral streams, each one
corresponding to a side pocket created by baffles. The interaction between the main stream
and the lateral ones provides the main mechanism for transferring mass and momentum,
and produces considerable turbulence and energy loss. The water mass on the surface in
this type of fish way is fast moving and reasonably smooth. The highest velocities in the
cross section of Denil fishways are not located in the centerline, but on the sides. The
velocities on the sides are distributed unsymmetrically to the mid-axis.
The hydraulics of Denil fishways studied by Katopodis & Rajaratnam (1984) used the

following equation to scale the results of the studies:
where So is the bottom slope and bo is the free opening. They proposed that dimensionless
discharge of Denil fishways could be expressed by equation
where α and β are constants dependent on the structure geometry, y o is water depth in the
flume and bo is the width of the free opening. A schematic representation of a plain Denil
Fishway is shown below:
After the test and modeling for a long time, Katopodis and Rajaratnam set the standard
dimensions of Denil fishway which are as follows:
Slope of the fish way channel, S : 20%
Baffle width of fish ladder, b : 0.36 m
Total width of fish ladder channel, B : 0.56 m
Spacing between the baffle, a : 0.25 m
Angle of inclination of baffle, Ψ : 450
Single stretch of baffle : 10 m
k = k’ : 0.13
The total length of fish ladder is 27 m which consists of two intermediate resting pools. The
modeling and tests revealed that the velocity inside the fish way channel varies from 1.2
m/s to 2.6 m/s. For the structure geometry of above mentioned standard dimensions, the
values of α and β are 0.94 and 2.0 respectively. Substituting these values, the non
dimensional discharge in the Denil Fishway can be defined as

According to the report of hydrological study, the average minimum monthly flow in the
river is 1.208m3/s in Feb. As per environmental protection act, 10 % of average minimum
monthly flow should be released downstream of the river. That means the flow available in
the river for downstream release is 1.208 m3/s. While releasing 1.208 m3/s in the
downstream, the vertical depth of water in the Fish way will be:
yo = bo * (1.208/0.94)1/2 = 0.634 m
The depth calculated above is the minimum depth. According to the report of fish expert,
average size of fish is 10 cm and the space available between two vanes is 0.25 m x 0.56 m x
0.634 m which is sufficient for easy movement of fish.
2.4 Project salient features

Preliminary Salient Features of AKHP Project is as follows:
General
Name of the project : Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project (AKHP)
Type : Run-of -River
Location : Ri, Dharka and Jharlang VDCs
District : Dhading
Latitude : 28o04'00''N and 28o07'00''N
Longitude : 84o58'35''E and 85o01'04''E
Hydrology
Catchment area at headwork site : 425.24 km2
Mean Annual Precipitation : 1847.76 mm
Mean Annual Flow : 25.07 m3/s
Design Flood (1 in 100 years) : 976 m3/s
Power Development
Type of Power Generation : Run-of-river
Design Discharge : 24.4 m3/s
Minimum Flow (Q90) : 4.74 m3/s
Full Supply Level : EL 891.70 m
Tail Water Level : EL 675.3. m
Gross Turbine Head : 216.40m
Net Turbine Head : 208.50 m
Installed Capacity : 42900 KW
Average Annual Energy : 219.33 GWh
Annual Wet Energy : 192.19 GWh
Annual Dry Energy : 27.14 GWh

Weir
Type : Concrete Gravity Type
Size(weir proper) : 35 m x 18 m x 5m (L x B x H)
Crest Level of Weir : EL 892.5 m
Undersluice width : 5.0m
Length of stilling basin : 48.0m
Intake
Intake Type : Side Intake
Length : 4x3.7m
Height : 1.0m
Invert Level : EL 890.65 m
Desander
Type : Doufer type
No of Basin : 2 (Double chamber)
Size : 124 m x 13m x 6.23 m (L x B x H)
Headrace tunnel
Tunnel Type : Inverted D-Shaped
Tunnel Length : 5.197 Km.
Tunnel Size : 4.2 m x 4.2m
Tunnel Invert Level : 884.60 m (at Inlet)
Tunnel Invert Level : 860.0m (below Surge shaft)
Adit
Adit 1 : 3.8m dia ,D-shape tunnel,L=174m
Aditional Adit in headworks : 3.8m dia ,D-shape tunnel,L=45m
Adit 2 : 3.8m dia,D-shape tunnel,L=398m
Adit 3 : 3.8m dia,D-shape tunnel,L=144m
Surge tank
Type : Simple Surge Tank
Size of Surge Tank (D x H) : 8m x 45m
Upsurge Elevation : 905.78 m
Downsurge Elevation : 871.64 m
Penstock
Penstock Type : Steel Penstock
Length : 400 m
Inner diameter : 2.9 m
Powerhouse

Type of Powerhouse : Surface

Size (L x B x H) : 30 m x 12.0 m x 25 m
Turbine Axis Level : EL 674.68m
Turbine
Turbine Type : Francis
Rated Discharge : 8.13 m3/s
Number of Turbine : 3Nos.
Rated Output : 3x 14300 kW
Rated Net Head : 208.50 m
Tailrace canal
Size (B x H) : 7.65 m x 3.4 m
Tail Water Level : EL 675.3 m
Transmission line
Transmission Line : 36 km, 132 kV Single circuits up to
Malekhu Proposed S/S.
Financial parameters
Total Project Cost (without IDC and VAT) : 5070MNRs.
Total Project Cost (with IDC and VAT) : 6502MNRs.
Cost per KW (with IDC) : 1894 US$
Financial internal rate of return : 13.27 %
Benefit Cost Ratio : 1.2
2.5 Power and Energy Production

The total installed power production from the proposed AKHP is 42.9 MW with a total of
500.5 GWh per year. The minimum power obtained at the driest month is 7.5 MW. The
detail power and energy production is presented in table 2.1 and 2.2 below.

Table 2-1: Power and energy production (monthly average)

S.N. Month Average monthly Total downstream Diversion for Production
discharge at the release including power Power (MW) Energy
3 3
intake (m /sec) environmental flow (m /sec) (GWh)
3
and others (m /sec)
1. Jan 5.60 0.48 5.12 9.0 20.6
2. Feb 4.74 0.48 4.27 7.5 11.9
3. Mar 5.54 0.48 5.06 8.9 13.9
4. Apr 9.05 0.48 8.57 15.1 23.7
5. May 16.20 0.48 15.72 27.6 43.4
6. Jun 35.02 10.62 24.40 42.9 67.3
7. Jul 63.13 38.73 24.40 42.9 67.3
8. Aug 67.88 43.47 24.40 42.9 67.3
9. Sept 48.88 24.48 24.40 42.9 67.3
10 Oct 23.97 0.48 23.49 41.3 64.8
11. Nov 12.45 0.48 11.97 21.0 33.0
12 Dec 7.70 0.77 7.22 12.7 19.9
Average 25.02
Table2-2: Power and energy production on a day (driest month)

S.N. Hour Average monthly Total downstream Diversion for Production
discharge at the release including power Power (MW) Energy
3 3
intake (m /sec) environmental flow (m /sec) (GWh)
3
and others (m /sec)
1. 0-1 4.74 0.474 4.266 7.504 0.007
2. 1-2 4.74 0.474 4.266 7.504 0.007
3. 2-3 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
4. 3-4 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
5. 4-5 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
6. 5-6 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
7. 6-7 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
8. 7-8 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
9. 8-9 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
10 9-10 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
11. 10-11 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
12. 11-12 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
13. 12-13 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
14. 13-14 4.77 0.477 4.293 7.552 0.007
15. 14-15 4.77 0.477 4.293 7.552 0.007
16. 15-16 4.77 0.477 4.293 7.552 0.007
17. 16-17 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
18. 17-18 4.76 0.476 4.284 7.536 0.007
19. 18-19 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
20. 19-20 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
21. 20-21 4.75 0.475 4.275 7.520 0.007
22. 21-22 4.74 0.474 4.266 7.504 0.007
23. 22-23 4.74 0.474 4.266 7.504 0.007
24. 23-24 4.74 0.474 4.266 7.504 0.007
Average 4.75 0.475 4.278

2.6 Construction power

The project area has no electricity facility. Therefore, the project will install a backup
thermal power supply system during its construction phase.
2.7 Manpower requirement

The required skilled, unskilled and semi-skilled human resource during the proposed project
construction phase is expected to be about 400 per day. Local people will be recruited
based on their skills and qualifications.
2.8 Land requirement

Since the project access road construction is under the initiation of local people land is not
required for access road. This road runs along project alignment and ends at Richet, Ri VDC
4, so separate land acquisition for access to project component is not required. Whereas
land required for different project components i.e. camp sites, quarry site, disposal sites,
storage facilities is estimated to be about 7.27 ha (Permanent land is 5.27 ha and temporary
land is 2 ha). Complete breakdown of total required land is presented in Table 6-1, page 63.
2.9 Project cost

The estimated project cost is about NRs. 5070 million (without VAT and IDC).
2.10 Construction planning

Following are the basic assumptions used for the construction planning:
 Working hours per shift is assumed to be eight hours
 July to October is considered to be wet season
 Eight months time period will be required for detail engineering works
 Three months is provided for the mobilization
Construction planning schedule is attached in Annex-5.
2.11 Construction material stockpiling and muck disposal

2.11.1 Stockpiling of construction materials
The stockpiling of construction materials will be on the existing river banks and barren land
area near and around the project vicinity.
2.11.2 Muck disposal area

The quantity of rock and soil produced in the form of muck from surface and underground
excavation shall be transported and deposited in the barren lands nearby project area. The
excavated material from the tunnel is proposed to dispose on the right bank of the Ankhu
Khola just in front of the proposed adit-2 and adit-3. Some of the excavated material
particularly the rock such as stones and aggregates can be used as basic raw material for
construction. The proposed disposal area at adit-2 is presently used as the wet cultivated

land and situated about 10 m above from the Ankhu Khola riverbed whereas the proposed
disposal area at adit-3 is partly on the riverbed and partly on the flood plain. More than
180,000 m2 area land along the right bank of the Ankhu Khola is estimated as muck disposal
area.
Table 2-3: Location of muck disposal area
Location Area (m2) Geo- Land use Stability
morphology
Downstream from confluence > 6000x30 Flat/near Barren land Seems to be
Darkha Khola and Ankhu Khola to riverbed stable
Lapang Khola
2.12 Camp site and construction yard

2.12.1 Camp site
Construction camp will be required for staff from both contractor’s side and employer’s.
One camp site will be located near the headworks site and another near the powerhouse
site. The camp will comprise of office, living quarters, store, workshop, medical post etc. It is
envisaged that at powerhouse site construction camp will be used for accommodation of
the operation and maintenance staff during operation and maintenance period. Most of the
temporary camps will be built from pre-fabricated units, which will be dismantled once the
project is completed. A map showing camp sites, quarry sites, muck disposal area and
access road is presented in Annex-6.
2.12.2 Quarry sites

Disyon Khola river bank and some areas of Hahan Khola are the proposed quarry sites for
extraction of aggregates. Sand, stones and aggregates are abundant in downstream Ankhu
Khola i.e. Disyon Khola and Ankhu Khola confluence. Stone is available elsewhere in the
project area along the river bank and additional quantity of construction raw materials can
also be used from excavated materials such as tunnel muck after ensuring its quality.
2.13 Project area delineation

Project site as well as environmental impacts that could be caused due to project
construction and implementation on physical, socio – economic and cultural and biological
aspects is defined as project area delineation. Adverse and beneficial environmental impacts
are expressed on the basis of proximity of activity and magnitude of impact. Based on the
environmental impacts of the project, the project-affected areas are classified as core area
and surrounding area. The areas as envisaged to fall under the categories are described
herein. The project area delineation map is presented in Annex-7.
2.13.1 Core area (CA)

The core area of AKHP is the immediate vicinity around the project alignment considering
the location needed for construction material, camp facilities, muck disposal site, site
clearance activities as well as mobility of people and vehicles/equipment at headrace,

forebay and powerhouse area. The intake site at Richet village, surge tank area at Kuttal,
powerhouse area at Koda and quarry sites at Hahan Khola and Disyon Khola are the main
core areas of AKHP that are affected by the implementation of the project.
2.13.2 Surrounding area (SA)

The area beyond the extent of core area (CA) which may be affected due to the project
implementation due to mobility of people, vehicles, noise, vibrations, dust, etc. is
considered as the surrounding area. In this project, surrounding area will be settlements and
cultivated lands located in area beyond 150 m from important project components such as
headworks, penstock, powerhouse etc.

IEE Document of AKHP Data Requirement and Study Methodology Chapter Three
3. DATA REQUIREMENT AND STUDY METHODOLOGY

The IEE study of AKHP has been carried out according to the EPR 1997 and its amendments.
The following procedures are carried for the IEE report preparation.
3.1 Desk study and literature review

During the study period, secondary information was collected by reviewing relevant
documents. Information related to physical environment such as geographical location and
land use patterns was obtained by using topographic/engineering maps as well as district
profile of Dhading. The biological information of flora and fauna was obtained from
reviewing relevant articles published from Department of Forest and also by using forest
inventory techniques as outlined in Community Forestry Inventory Guidelines. Information
on community forest will be collected from reviewing operational plan of community forests
(CF). Additionally, protected species of the project area was tallied with the protected
species' list of GoN and other international conventions to which Nepal is a signatory. The
socio-economic information such as demographic pattern, social service centers, religion,
occupation, etc was obtained by primary data collection, reviewing documents published by
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), district profile and other project related documents.
Furthermore, the collected data was categorized in physical, biological, socio-economic and
cultural environment. Existing policies, legislation and guidelines related to hydropower
generation was reviewed and documented for the preparation of IEE report.
3.2 Field visit

The team of experts had field visit on 2066/03/20, 2066/07/28 and 2067/02/ 14 to the
project area to collect baseline information of the project and its probable affected areas.
Questionnaires and checklists were developed as appropriate to collect the baseline
information. Physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environment data
collection method and analysis is as follows.

3.3.1 Data requirement and collection methods
Data required for physical environment such as climate, watershed, soil and geology,
sediment, water quality, noise and air quality was collected from Dhading district profile,
VDC profile and on site observation and reviewing topographical maps respectively.
a. Climate, meteorology and air quality

All the required information on climate has been obtained as secondary data from literature
and data files as well as from the concerned office of Dhading district office and VDC
profiles.

b. Watershed, soil and geology

The stability of slopes and the presence of landslides, fan deposits and rock fall within the
project area were evaluated mainly from site observation and from topography maps.
c. Hydrology
A rain gauge was installed in 2003 at the confluence of Ankhu and Hahan Khola and gauge
reading was recorded daily. One gauge reader was then appointed for the job and since
then daily readings are available.
3.3.2 Data Analysis

The physical data collected were analyzed with the help of SPSS and MS excel.

a. Vegetation Survey
A vegetation survey was conducted at the AKHP proposed site on 2066/3/20. The checklist
used for vegetation survey is presented in Annex-8. The proposed areas for intake, settling
basin, adit portal site, surge tank, penstock alignment, powerhouse, tailrace, camp site, and
muck disposal site were selected as sampling sites for vegetation study. A total of twenty
sampling sites were surveyed for this study. The sampling area selected for study is
presented in table 3-1.
Table 3-1: Sampling sites for vegetation study

Intake site –Right bank
# 1. Intake site right bank above settling basin # 2. Settling basin
# 3. Forest adjacent to intake site
Adit portal site-Right bank
# 4. Adit portal site # 5. Forest near adit portal sites
Surge tank and penstock alignment
# 6. Surge tank site # 7. Penstock alignment below surge tank
#. 8.Penstock alignment just above power house
Power house site and tailrace
# 9. Power house site # 10. Tailrace
# 11. Forest near PH on right bank downstream after
confluence # 12. Forest on left bank opposite to PH
Muck disposal sites
# 13. Downstream from the intake # 14. Below adit points
# 15. On the bank of Aphal khola # 16. Downstream right bank after PH
# 17. Downstream left bank after PH
Labour camp site
# 18. terrace land on left bank near intake # 19. Terrace land near adit portal
# 20. Terrace land near PH site Left bank

Frequency of different tree species was determined within 20 m X 20 m quadrats, while

shrubs were surveyed within 3 m X 3 m quadrats and herbs species were surveyed within 1
m X 1 m quadrats (Zobel et al. 1987). Five replicates were taken at each sampling sites when
using both methods. Plant species (i.e. trees, shrubs and herbs) encountered during the
study was recorded and identified using identification keys from Polunin and Stainton
(1984) and Shrestha (1998). Frequency Rare (R) = 0-30%; Occasional (O) = 31-60% and
Common (C) = 61-100%) was determined for every plant species which occurred at each
sampling site (Zobel et al. 1987; Appendix 1).
The numbers of different tree species that are expected to be cleared during construction
period were estimated from the quadrate study. Quadrate size of 20 X 20 m2 and at least 5
replicates at each sampling sites was considered for the study.
b. Ethno-botany
An ethno-botanical survey was conducted using semi-structured questionnaires. Interviews
were conducted with local residents of Darkha Besi of Darkha VDC and Chake, Ward number
4 of Ri Village development committee. This survey was conducted to understand the
different NTFPs resources that are available in this region and how the different ethnic
groups are using it for different purposes like food, fodder, medicine and others.
c. Aquatic life
The primary data for aquatic life were collected by direct field observations, sampling of fish
diversity and questionnaire survey of the project area.
 Fish abundance sampling: The fish sampling were done at upstream and
downstream of Weir and upstream and downstream of tailrace at Ankhu River help
of cast net. Cast net samplings were done.
 Questionnaire survey: Interviews with the locals was carried out at Dharka, Jharlang
and Ri VDCs with a set of questions for fish catch in different seasons and fish
diversity.
 Identification of fish species: Local name of fish species were identified with the
help of local people. Photographs of fish species were taken to compare and
identify them.
 Fields observations: The river water flow current and fish spawning grounds were
observed during the field visit.
d. Status of endangered, threatened, rare and vulnerable plants

Status of endangered, threatened, rare and vulnerable plants was identified using IUCN,
CITES, Red Data Book (Shrestha and Joshi, 1996) and GoN lists of legally protected plant
species (Ministry of Population and Environment 1998).

3.4.2 Data Analysis

Using Sharma and Pukkal (1990), Tamrakar (2000) and Acharya et al (2003), volume of tree
trunk, branches and standing biomass (green weight) of different tree species were
estimated. Number and volume of each tree species at each site was estimated on the basis
of studied samples and its projections with the possible affected area on project alignment.
The following formula was considered for volume and basal area calculation.
Volume of trees = (DBH2/16) * tree height*0.33 (form factor)

Basal area calculation = (DBH2/4*3.14)
3.5 Socio - economic and cultural Environment

Field observations, village and household-level survey, questionnaires, interviews, group
meetings using Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) technique were used for obtaining the socio-
economic and cultural information of the project area. Questionnaire survey was carried out
with the help of trained and supervised local people. Information such as population,
ethnicity, employment, migration, user groups, and income, education, health and
sanitation conditions was documented during the field survey. A socio-economic
questionnaire is presented in Annex-8.
3.5.2 Data analysis

The collected data from questionnaire survey and other methods i.e. checklists, interviews
was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft excel. The analysis and result is depicted in charts
and tables in chapter 6.
3.6 Impact Identification and Prediction

After collecting baseline field data from the project area on physical, biological, socio-
economic and cultural environment, data was analyzed and interpreted as per EPR 1997.
The analysis was made on the nature, magnitude, duration, extent of the impacts for
construction and operation phase. While categorizing the impacts depending on the nature
of impact, the following aspects were considered to each of the impact:
 Nature : Direct or Indirect
 Magnitude : High, Moderate, Low
 Extent: Site specific, Local and National
 Duration : Short term, Medium-term, Long-term
 Impact quality : Beneficial, Adverse

3.7 Public Involvement

3.7.1 Public Notice
According to the EPR 2054 Article (4), a
15 day public notice for the wider
stakeholder audience is a must in order
to solicit their opinions regarding the
issues to be included in IEE study. In
accordance with this provision, the first
15 day public notice was published in
the national daily news paper
"Annapurna Post" on 2065/05/09 BS
about the project. Subsequently, the
second notice relating to AKHP capacity
amendment was published in
“Annapurna Post” on 2066/12/26 BS.
Further, the notice was affixed in the concerned VDCs Ri, Darkha and Jharlang, office of
DDC, Schools, hospitals and health posts requesting the concerned individuals and
institutions to offer their written opinions, suggestions and comments about the project. A
copy of public notice is presented in Annex-9.
3.7.2 Public Consultation

During the data collection for IEE study, public consultation was carried out at Ghansyang,
Darkaphedi, and Kuttal considering the views, suggestions and comments on the project
implementation. Consultation attendance list is presented in Annex-10. Likewise, a public
interaction program was carried out in Dhading Besi regarding the project and IEE study.
The summary of the program is presented in Annex-11.
3.7.3 Recommendation and deed of public enquiry

As per Rule 7(2) of EPR, 2054; deed of public enquiry "Muchulka" from the project affected
VDCs was collected which is presented in Annex-12. Recommendation letters concern to
AKHP development issued from project affected VDCs i.e. Ri, Darkha and Jharlang is
attached in Annex-13.

IEE Document of AKHP Government Rules, Regulations and Policies Chapter Four
4. GOVERNMENT RULES, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES

Existing government plans, policies, strategies, acts, rules, regulations, guidelines and
international conventions relevant to this project have been reviewed and are summarized
in this chapter in order to inform the decision makers and stakeholders about their
implication on the project. These initiatives on policy and legal provisions open avenues to
ensure the integration of environmental aspects in hydroelectricity development. This has
been given due consideration during the preparation of the report.
The proponent will abide by other laws (plans, policies, strategies, acts, rules, regulations,
guidelines and international conventions) besides those already mentioned. The following
are relevant government rules, regulations, policies and guidelines relevant to this project
due to various activities that will be undertaken as the part of the project.
4.1 The Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063 (2007)

Article 35(5) of the interim constitution required the state to give priority to the protection
of the environment, and also the prevention of further damage due to physical
development activities by increasing the awareness of the general public about
environmental cleanliness, and the state shall also make arrangements for special
protection of the environment and the rare wildlife. Provision shall be made for the
protection of the forest, vegetation and biodiversity, its sustainable use and for equitable
distribution of the benefit derived from it.
Hence, to prevent such damage, the application of this article requires the study of
environmental resources in all developmental works and assesses their impacts, so that
measures could be taken to prevent any harmful effects on the environment.
Similarly, the interim constitution of Nepal, 2007 has also made special provision to make
women equal from a legal point of view and to ensure their economic and social
development as well as their meaningful participation in the development process. Seeing
women as equal partners, rather than passive recipients, in development is particularly
relevant for water and energy sectors, as women are the immediate collectors, users and
managers of the water and energy resources and hence directly affected by the scarcity of
these resources and related environmental degradation. An investigation of social,
economic, cultural and other factors will enhance understanding of the prevailing social
systems as well as the roles, responsibilities, needs and expectations of women in the
sectors, and their abilities and incentives to participate in and benefit from developmental
practices.
4.2 Policy
4.2.1 Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 (2001)
The Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 emphasizes the need for environmental
conservation considering the hydropower as an alternative to biomass and heat energy.

Similar emphasis has been given to minimize the environmental impacts and issues related
to the re-settlement/ rehabilitation (will be conducted as per approved criteria of the (GoN)
of the displaced people during the construction of hydroelectric projects. Similar to the
Tenth Plan’s policy, the strategy of implementing small, medium, and large hydroelectric
projects has been continued to contribute, inter alia, to environmental conservation. The
strategy also focuses on conserving the basins of specific rivers as a base of water resources
development and management. The major strategic thrust on the environment is to release
10 percent of the average minimum monthly flow or as figured out by the EIA study,
whichever is higher, to maintain downstream ecosystem (MoWR, 2001).
4.2.2 National forest policy, 2055 (1998)

Any hydropower project attracts the Forest Policy, 2000 (revised), which emphasizes forest
conservation, management, and their sustainable use through people’s participation. The
long-term objectives of the policy are to meet people’s basic needs for fuel wood, timber,
fodder and other forest products on sustained yield basis; to protect land against
degradation; and to conserve the ecosystems and genetic resources. The implementation of
the project need not hamper the objectives.
4.2.3 Leasehold Forestry Policy 2058 (2003)

There is provision to lease out forest land for industry i.e. Hydropower. The forest land can
be leased out initially for25 years. The project can take forest land on lease. The lease rate
for Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project (High mountain region) is Rs. 200 per hectare per
annum. There will be 10% increment every year.
4.3 Plan
4.3.1 Tenth five year plan, 2059 – 2064 (2002-2007)
The Tenth Plan (2002-2007) has re-emphasized to make EIA system even more effective
prioritizing on environmental monitoring of the projects that have undergone EIA study. It
focuses on the participation of the local people for the environmental conservation through
the local bodies by making them responsible and capable to manage natural resources at
the local level. Another important issue equally emphasized is to minimize adverse
environmental impacts and undertake proper rehabilitation of the displaced people by the
project.
The Tenth Plan encourages the private sector to invest in the hydroelectricity sector from
generation to distribution. The strategic thrust is on implementing small, medium, and large
and the reservoir type hydroelectricity projects by ensuring environmental conservation. In
the Tenth Plan, hydroelectricity has been envisaged as the clean alternative to biomass and
its development will contribute to environmental conservation by reducing pressure on
natural resources specially the forest. A noteworthy fact in the Tenth Plan is the realization
of the saving in foreign currency through the development of hydroelectricity sector.

4.3.2 Three years Interim Plan 2064

The three year interim plan has emphasized to internalize the environmental impact
assessment in all developmental works. The interim plan targets to increase the
hydroelectric energy to 704 MW. In addition to this, budget speech of the fiscal year
2009/2010 has announced a special hydro power development targeting to generate 25,000
MW hydroelectricity in the coming 20 years. In accordance with the primary policy of
developing hydroelectricity as an industry by increasing the participation of the private
sector, some hydroelectric projects are being operated by the private sector. This project
partly contributes to meet the national target.
4.3.3 National Water Plan 2059 (2002)

In the spirit of the Water Resources Strategy (2002), the Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat (WECS) has prepared the National Water Plan, which has identified action
programs to develop cost-effective small and medium hydroelectric projects. The strategic
environmental assessment of the draft plan has also emphasized to conduct EIA at the
project level.
4.4 Strategy
4.4.1 Water Resource Strategy, 2059 (2002)
The Water Resources Strategy, 2002 underscores the interdependency between water
resources development and environmental conservation, and has adopted environmental
principles related, inter alia, to the integration of ecological aspects at every level of
hydropower development process, conserve biodiversity, watersheds, and adopt ecosystem
approach. The activities are also related to ensure compliance with environmental
regulations, promote community participation for the sustainable management of
watersheds and aquatic ecosystems (WECS, 2002).
4.4.2 Nepal Biodiversity Strategy, 2059 (2002)

Endorsed by the then GON in August 2002, this strategy has also emphasized on the
execution of the EIA/IEE. The focus of the strategy is on the conservation, management, and
sustainable use of biodiversity including equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the
usage of biological resources (MoFSC, 2002).
4.5 Acts and Regulations

4.5.1 Environment Protection Act, 2053 (1997)
The Act considers that sustainable development is possible through proper consideration of
interdependence between economic development and environmental conservation by
minimizing adverse impact on physical, biological and socio-economic environments; proper
use and management of natural resources, incorporation of environmental concerns in the
development process, participatory role of communities and stakeholders. The Act has
outlined procedure and framework for:

 Project planning and project approval

 Project implementation and pollution control mechanism
 Punishment and penalties for non-compliance.
4.5.2 Environmental Protection Rules, 2054 (1997)

The Environment Protection Rules (EPR) was endorsed in June 1997 and was made under
the provision of the Environmental Protection Act. The EPR was amended in April 1999 and
later in 2007. The EPR adopts the environmental assessment criteria mentioned in the EIA
guidelines. However, the EPR establishes the administrative framework for assessing,
exhibition and determination of the IEE/EIA in terms of issues needing to be addressed and
the format of the IEE/EIA document.
4.5.3 Electricity Act 2049 (1992)

This act intends to develop electric power and provide standard and safe electricity services.
Section 24 states that there should not be any significant adverse impact on environment
through electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Section 33 deals with land
acquisition. Licensed individuals can apply to the government to acquire land for the
purpose of electricity generation, transmission and distribution. The government shall
acquire the land for the stated objectives under existing regulations. The compensation
incurred to acquire land and other property shall be paid by the applicant.
4.5.4 Electricity Regulation 2050 (1993)

Rule 12 (f) Application for Production License and Rule 13(g) Application for Production
License includes “Analysis of environmental effect, measures to be taken to minimize
adverse effects due to the project on environment, social and economic effect of project on
said area, utilization of local labor, source and material, benefits to be taken by local people
after the completion of the project, training to be provided to local people in relation to
construction, maintenance and operation; facilities to be required for construction site,
safety arrangements and effect on landowners due to operation of the project, details of
people to be evacuated (relocated) and necessary plan for their rehabilitation should also be
shown".
4.5.5 Soil and Watershed conservation Act, 2039 (1982)

Notwithstanding anything contained in the prevailing law, no person shall, without
permission of the Watershed Conservation Officer, carry out any of the following acts in
such land, out of the lands within a conserved watershed area, as specified by the
Watershed Conservation Office as a land that is vulnerable or likely to be vulnerable to
floods or landslide or soil-erosion or soil-cutting:
 To block or collect in any way the water of any stream, canal, rill, lake or reservoir or
ground water or divert the blocked or collected water elsewhere or
 return the same through a ditch, diversion channel, drainage or in any other manner
or use such water in any work by so blocking, collecting,

 diverting, returning or otherwise,

 To cut or otherwise destroy any such trees, plants or other forest products as that
person may deal with according to his/her will pursuant to the prevailing law relating
to forests,
 To cut or otherwise destroy any existing forests, trees, plants, weeds, grasses or
other natural vegetations,
 To carry out any act causing the collection or dumping of stone, sand, mud, etc. or
any act causing the collected or dumped stone, sand, mud etc. to be swept away.
4.5.6 Forest Act, 2049 (1993) and Regulation, 2052 (1995)

The Forest Act, 2049 recognizes the importance of forests in maintaining a healthy
environment. The Act incorporates resource-oriented approach to forest and forest
products.
 Policy, rules, regulation and guidelines to protect and manage forest areas are as
follows:
 National Forestry Plan 1976
 Master Plan for the Forestry Sector 1989
 Forestry Sector Policy 1997
The Act empowers the government to permit the use of any part of government managed
forest, community forest, leasehold forest, if there is no alternative except to use the forest
area for the implementation of a plan or project of national priority without significantly
affecting the environment.
Rule 65 of the Forest Regulation, 2052 stipulates that in case the execution of any project in
any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local individual or community the proponent
of project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to be paid. Similarly, the entire
expenses required for the cutting and transporting the forest product in a forest area to be
used by the project shall be borne by the proponents of the project.
4.5.7 Labor Act, 2048 (1991)

This Act strictly prohibits the concerned parties who hire the work force to over utilize labor
in its different activities. Section - 27 of the Act has made the provision relating to health
and safety. It is the duty of the management to maintain cleanliness in the enterprises.
Likewise, Section 4 states that prior work permit is required for non-Nepali citizens and they
are allowed to work in Nepal for certain period only in the area where the Nepali work force
is not available or not competent. Section - 5 quotes the prohibition of child labors under
the age of 14. Section -18 states that 30 minutes must be allowed for rest and/or
refreshments in every five hours of work. Same section also states that over-time payment
must be given at 1.5 times the normal wage if employees are required to work more than
normal working hours i.e. eight hours per day.

4.5.8 Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977)

Article 3 and 4 of Land Acquisition Act empowers GoN to acquire any land at any place
giving compensation and all other expenses pursuant to the Act for any public purpose.
4.5.8.1 Land acquisition process

The GoN has come up with the policy to acquire land for authorized office through
preliminary action to determine the area of land to be acquired at any specific place (article
5). In case of hydropower projects, area of the land to be acquired is mostly determined
during design phase. According to Article 6, the officer initiating preliminary action for the
land acquisition process has to fix a copy of notice at each of the following locations.
 Around concerned land area with greater mobility of local people
 Appropriate ward and VDC office
 Within the house or compound wall to be acquired
Within three days after a notice is issued, the officer has to prepare a map of such land to be
acquired and demark the area. Article 8 requires submission of findings to CDO within 15
days from the date the officer has to prepare the preliminary action report. The CDO shall
issue a notification with details of land and property such as i) plot number and area of the
land ii) land and houses to be acquired iii) name of VDC and ward number in which the land
is located (article 9). After the notice has been affixed land revenue office shall suspend the
registration of documents relinquishing title to the concerned land (Article 9-4).
4.5.8.2 Compensation fixation committee

Article - 13 of the Land Acquisition Act has made provision for the constitution of a
“Compensation Fixation Committee” (CFC) responsible for determining the rate and amount
of compensation. The amount of compensation may be determined separately in the case
of persons whose land is wholly acquired. The amount of compensation depends on
following criteria (Article 16):
 The guidelines provided by GoN in respect to the fixation of compensation,
 The losses suffered by the owner due to shifting his residence or the place of his
business, and due to land and property acquisition.
4.5.8.3 Acquisition through negotiations

GoN may acquire any land for any purpose through negotiation. In such case it shall not be
necessary to comply with the provisions laid down in the Land Acquisition Act.
4.5.8.4 Right to file complaints

Article 11 and 18 give right to landowners to file complaints. Within 7 days from the date of
publication of the notice, concerned landowner may file a complaint with CDO. Decisions on
complaints shall be pronounced ordinarily within 15 days from the date of receipt of such
complaints.

4.5.8.5 Compensation payment

If the compensation has been determined, Article 12 (2) requires a payment of 50% of the
amount of compensation to the owner before taking possession of it. Article - 13(2)
indicates that compensation payable under this act shall be paid in cash. However Article -
14 has provision of land-to-land compensation if available. Article - 20 is related to tenancy
rights over compensation.
Article - 34 is related to surplus land acquired, which may be returned to landowner after
refunding the compensation.
4.5.8.6 Land Reform Act, 1964

The Act is considered as a revolutionary step towards changing the system of land tenure by
establishing rights of tenants and providing ownership rights to actual Tiller. To date it has
been amended five times. Article has set ceiling on land ownership according to
geographical zones. Article 25 (1) of this act deals with tenancy rights that also exists.
4.5.9 Local Self-Governance Act, 2056 (1999)

The Act follows the spirit of decentralization and strengthening the local government
agencies. It empowers the local bodies for the conservation of soil, forest and other natural
resources and implementation of environmental conservation activities. Sections - 28 and
189 have made the VDC and DDC responsible to formulate and implement the programs
related to the protection of the environment and biodiversity. Sections - 43 and 201 require
the VDC and DDC to give adequate priority to the protection of the environment through
the formulation and implementation of the local level plan/s.
4.5.10 Local Self - Governance Rules, 2057 (2000)

According to the Section - 220 of the Local Self-Governance Act, 2056 there is Rule – 211
that provides provision to share royalty generated from the hydroelectric project/s with the
DDC as well. The Schedule 26 of the Rules mentions that the government should provide 50
percent of the total royalty obtained from the hydroelectric project to the DDC/s. The DDC
having the powerhouse will receive 12 percent of this revenue and remaining 38 percent
should be shared amongst the DDC/s of that development region where hydroelectricity has
been generated.
4.5.11 Aquatic Animal Protection Act 2018 (1961)

The Aquatic Animal Protection Act (AAPA) provides legislative protection of the aquatic
habitats. Section - 3 of the AAPA renders punishable any party introducing poisonous,
noxious, or explosive materials into a water source, or destroying any dam, bridge or water
system with the intent of catching or killing aquatic life. Section - 4 empowers the
government to prohibit catching, killing and harming certain kinds of aquatic animals
through notification in the Nepal Gazette.

4.5.12 Explosives Act, 2018

It is not expected that any use of explosives would be made during the construction of the
project. Section 3 of the Act states that GoN by notification in the Nepal Gazette may
declare any substance as explosives. Section 4 forbids producing, storing, using, carrying,
and importing explosives without license. The Section also provides the concerned to apply
for the license to the Chief District Officer (CDO) with necessary descriptions prescribed in
the provision of the Act. Section - 8 states that GoN must be informed of all explosive
substance related accidents.
4.5.13 Water Resources Act, 2049 (1992)

The Act requires that water resources not to be polluted. In this regard, Section 19 (1)
mentions that the government through notification in Nepal Gazette prescribes pollution
tolerance limits for water resources. Similarly, Section 19 (2) requires any person to abide
by the rule and not to pollute water resources beyond specified limit. Section 20 states that
while utilizing water resources there should not be significant adverse impact on the
environment such as soil erosion, flood and landslide etc.
Sections 16, 19 and 20 of the Act are related to land acquisition. The government shall,
according to existing laws, acquire land for the licensed person or institution and any
compensation in this regard shall be paid by the licensed person (Section 16.3).
4.5.14 Water Resources Regulations, 2050 (1993)

This regulation elaborates the provisions made in the Water Resources Acts, 2049 and
obliges the proponent to analyze environmental impacts of the proposed action and include
environment protection measures including arrangements for the settlement of the
displaced people (Rule 17). While resolving any conflict, the Water Resources Utilization
Investigation Committee should consider environmental impacts likely to occur from a
proposal by collecting site specific information on likely environmental impacts of the
concerned project (Rule 28).
4.6 Guidelines and manuals

4.6.1 National Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, 2050 (1993)
National Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, 1993 insures the consistent and
technically adequate EIA report that is prepared for purposed project. It has provided
guidelines for EIA study. The objectives of this guideline are:
 Assist in the assessment of impacts likely to be caused on the environment by
implementation of the project.
 Facilitate to optimize the benefits of development without degrading environmental
quality, the natural resource base and cultural heritage of the society.
 Help to discover protective and preventive measures to remove adverse impacts
likely to be caused on the environment by implementation of the project.
 Facilitate to integrate environmental considerations into project planning cycle.
 Provide information to decision makers to determine whether or not the proposed

project is to be implemented from an environmental perspective and what more
should to be adapted to implement the proposed project.
4.6.2 Community Forest Guidelines 2058

Community Forest Guidelines has mentioned that there should be identification of
community forest consumer groups, households, existing forest rules, acts and
responsibility as well as duties of forest consumer groups. The community forest guidelines
also has mentioned methodology relating to community forest implementation, forest
preservation, forest data collection, forest resource inventory data analysis and utilization of
information received from resource inventory.
4.6.3 Community Forest Inventory Guidelines 2062

This guideline has mentioned about sustainable management of forest, preparation for
forest resource inventory, data collection, forest resource inventory data analysis, utilization
of information received from forest resource inventory.
4.6.4 A hand book on Licensing and Environmental Assessment Process for

Hydropower process in Nepal, 2006
This book provides a brief outline of policies and acts that has to be reviewed and
incorporated for the implementation of hydropower projects. It also mentions the
importance of environmental assessment of hydropower development to ensure
sustainability of the environment and natural resources.
4.6.5 jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^#
Section -3 of the guideline states that any agency requesting to use forest land areas which
are not attracted by Environmental Protection Act 2053 shall follow environmental
mitigation measures as prescribed by Ministry of Forest.
Section-5 states that tree plantation shall be carried out for trees felled of diameter greater
than 10 cm in the ratio of 1:25. The proponent is responsible to take care of the plantation
for 5 years and then hand it to the concerned district forest office. If the proponent finds
difficulty in carrying out the plantation then it shall provide the required cost including the
cost for nurture upto 5 years to the respective district forest office.
Section - 6 states that project shall compulsorily implement environmental mitigation

measures as mentioned in IEE/EIA report. Concerned Ministry approving IEE/EIA report in
coordination with Ministry of Forest shall monitor implementation of mitigation measures
as stated in IEE/EIA report.

4.6.6 Environmental Management Guidelines (Road) 2054 (1997)

The environmental management guidelines suggest procedures for public participation and
socio- economic considerations, environmental mitigation measures to be included in road
sector projects and strategies are proposed for reducing or avoiding the potential negative
impacts and maximizing the beneficial impacts to local residents.
4.7 Conventions
4.7.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
This study complies with the provision/s of the Convention on Biological Diversity,
particularly with its Article - 14, which is related with carrying out EIA. This convention has
42 Articles out of which those related to the study are Article 2 and 14. Article 2 says that
the contracting party shall as far as possible and as appropriate introduce procedures
requiring EIA of the proposed project that are likely to have significant adverse impacts on
biological diversity with a view to avoiding or minimizing such impacts and allow public
participation in such procedures. In addition, arrangements to ensure that the
environmental consequences of its programs and policies that are likely to have significant
adverse impacts on biological diversity are duly taken into account. Article -14 provides
provision on impact assessment and minimizing adverse impacts. It calls upon the parties to
introduce appropriate procedures for EIA and ensure public participation; exchange
information and consult on adverse effects on biodiversity notify immediately to other
states in case of danger or damage to biodiversity and initiate action to prevent or minimize
such damages; and promote national arrangements for emergency responses and establish
joint contingency plans.
4.7.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild flora and

fauna (CITES)
It is an international agreement of which Nepal became a contracting party in 1975. The
main aim of this convention is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival. The species are protected by CITES
against over exploitation and they are listed in three CITES Appendices I, II, and III for
different levels or types of protection. Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered
among the CITES listed animals and plants. These are threatened with extinction and CITES
prohibits commercial international trade except for scientific research. Appendix II lists
species that are not threatened with extinction at present but may become so unless trade
is closely controlled. Appendix III lists species that are included at the request of a Party that
regulates trade and that needs cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or
illegal exploitation.
4.7.3 ILO-169 Convention

Article 1
1. This Convention applies to:
(a) Tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural and economic conditions

distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and whose status is
regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or
regulations;
Article 7
1. The peoples concerned shall have the right to decide their own priorities for the process
of development as it affects their lives, beliefs, institutions and spiritual well-being and the
lands they occupy or otherwise use, and to exercise control, to the extent possible, over
their own economic, social and cultural development. In addition, they shall participate in
the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans and programmes for national and
regional development which may affect them directly.
Article 15
The rights of the peoples concerned to the natural resources pertaining to their lands shall
be specially safeguarded. These rights include the right of these peoples to participate in the
use, management and conservation of these resources.
In cases in which the State retains the ownership of mineral or sub-surface resources or
rights to other resources pertaining to lands, governments shall establish or maintain
procedures through which they shall consult these peoples, with a view to ascertaining
whether and to what degree their interests would be prejudiced, before undertaking or
permitting any programmes for the exploration or exploitation of such resources pertaining
to their lands. The peoples concerned shall wherever possible participate in the benefits of
such activities, and shall receive fair compensation for any damages which they may sustain
as a result of such activities.
4.8 Institutions
During the construction and operation of AKHP, some of the local and national level
institutions will be directly involved. The project can be implemented through effective
collaboration with the concerned agencies and complying with the existing legal regime on
the environment and natural resources without creating significant adverse impacts on the
environment, species and watersheds during the whole project cycle. The local level
institutions include Ri, Darkha and Jharlang VDCs, district government offices of Dhading
such as District Administration Office (DAO), District Development Committee (DDC), District
Forest Office (DFO), Land Revenue Office, District Water Resources Committee and the local
NGOs. The national level institutions include Department of Electricity Development (DoED),
Ministry of Energy (MoE), Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MoFSC), and Ministry of
Environment (MoEnv).

IEE Document of AKHP Existing Environmental Condition Chapter Five
5. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

5.1.1 Climate
The physiography of Dhading district has a profound influence on the climate of Ganesh
Himal. The climate in the project area is subtropical to temperate, with hot and wet
summers and dry winters. The maximum average temperature of Dhadhing district reaches
more than 36.0°C in summer and minimum average temperature falls down to about 5.5 °C
during winter. According to climatological records of Nepal, estimated maximum and
minimum relative humidity at the project location is 89 percent and 40 percent respectively.
5.1.2 Rainfall
There is a rainfall measuring station established by Department of Hydrology and
Meteorology in Dhading (DHM-Index No 1005), which shows average annual rainfall of
approximately 2400 mm from the year 1971 A.D.– 2000 A.D. Generally, the monthly average
precipitation in this region is highest in July 498.0 mm and lowest in November 11.0 mm.
Ankhu Khola catchment experiences the effects of the southwest monsoon, which occurs
around mid June and continues until the end of September, occasionally extending to mid
October. The period from October to November represents a general climatic transition to
winter conditions. The low flow period starts from November and continues up to March.
The temperature during November to March is much lower. From April snowmelt starts at
the Himalayas and river flow is gradually increased.
5.1.3 Hydrology
Ankhu Khola is a perennial and snow fed river which drains from the Ganesh Himal range
and it is one of the tributary of Budigandaki and Saptagandaki River. The catchment of the
Ankhu Khola is narrow valley and has steep river profile. The river is confined by hard rocks
at either side and is not braided. The slope of the banks at headworks is slightly steeper and
that of powerhouse is flat.
The catchment area of Ankhu Khola at proposed headwork site is estimated as 425.24 km 2.
Hahan khola, Tatopani khola, Bhabil khola, Bata khola and Lapa khola are the main streams
that lie above the headworks. According to the stream flow data available from
Budhigandaki gauging Station-445 is presented in table 5-1 and catchment area adjustment
factor mean monthly data generated for Ankhu khola at intake site has been estimated as
15.4m3/s.

Table 5-1: Mean monthly floe correlated from Budhigandaki

Month Discharge (m3/sec)
January 5.60
February 4.79
March 5.53
April 9.05
May 16.20
June 35.02
July 63.13
August 67.48
September 48.88
October 23.97
November 12.44
December 7.70
Source: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
5.1.4 Air quality

The air quality in the project area is clean. The only source that contributes to air quality
degradation is the vehicular and dust emission during the project construction period. Since
there are no industrial activities in the project site, the only contribution to air pollution is
the plying of vehicle along rural earthen road from Dhadingbesi to Kintangbesi which is
about 3 km to powerhouse site.
5.1.5 Water quality

The color of Ankhu Khola is colorless, cold and clean with low concentration of suspended
and colloidal particles. The pH was found to be alkaline which is an inherent property of the
river is and the water is well oxygenated. Overall the water quality of the Ankhu Khola at the
various sites reveals that the parameters are suitable for the growth of the fish and aquatic
life. The result of water quality analysis of Ankhu Khola is presented in Annex 14.
5.1.6 Noise quality

As reported earlier, the project is remotely situated with no significant number of vehicles
plying and infrastructure besides a water mill, as a result present level of noise pollution is
almost negligible.
5.1.7 Geology
The project area lies in the Midland-meta-sediment zone of the Lesser Himalaya. The area
comprises of Dhading dolomites at the upper reaches and Benighat slates at the lower
reaches. The area is bounded by Thrust fault (DMG 2000). All the project structures area
proposed to be located in slates. Since the rock type is slate, both the material and
discontinuities show high proportion of weathering characteristics the rock in the area is
significantly weathered.

The geological condition of the project components is described below.
a. Intake and weir axis area

The proposed intake and weir axis area on the right bank of Ankhu Khola is partly located on
flood plain (alluvial deposits) and partly in the rock. The hill slope starts abruptly with an
average slope of 40° and increasing of up to 80° in the uphill slope at both banks. The
exposed bedrocks at the site have attitude of foliation 100/30-320/20 (Dip Direction/Dip
Amount). One major (040/30) and other two minor joint systems (095/45-318/80,
118/45-270/80) are observed at the area.
Two rockslides on the right bank of the Ankhu Khola are present upstream from the
proposed intake area. Small block of rock mass has fallen down due to bank undercutting
and a part of the rock mass has crept. The main causes for occurrence of the slide are bank
undercutting, fractured rock and steep slope. Similarly, an active Borang landslide is present
at about 2 km upstream from the proposed headworks site at the left bank of Ankhu Khola.
The dimension of the landslide is 3 km in length and 500 m in width.
Slope stability assessment analysis of the left bank hill slope was carried out on the basis of
interpretation of aerial photographs and geological observations. The dipping of the
foliation plane is favorable to the natural hill slope and the relation between them is
opposite to oblique so the possibility of occurrence of failure is very less. The wedge formed
by the intersection of the joints may result failure. The thickness of colluvial deposits in the
hill surface exceeds 0.5 m at most places and more than 2 m along the riverbed.
Geomechanical classification for jointed rock mass of the headwork using CSIR classification
was carried out based on the surface discontinuities. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) values
range from 40 to 56 at the headwork area. It indicates that the rock mass of headwork site is
categorized as Class III-IV types, which is defined as the fair to poor rock.
Rock mass in the intake and weir axis area is slightly to moderately weathered. Generally,
the rocks along river bank are fresh weathered and the rocks at hill slope are moderately
weathered. Quartzite is fairly strong rock whereas phyllite is the soft rock. At places,
intercalations of phyllite and quartzite are found. These rocks are moderately weathered.
b. Gravel trap and settling basin area

The gravel trap and settling basin are located at on the right bank of the Ankhu Khola. The
hill slope of portal face is steep. The gravel trap lies in front of inlet portal. The exposed rock
beds are competent and are favourably dipping against slope face direction. The attitude of
the rock bands is 20/305-20/340 (dip/dip direction). One major (30/040-45/230) and
two other minor joint sets (45/060-30/320 and 60/020-60/150) are observed in the
exposed area.
The exposed rocks are fresh to slightly weathered with average joint spacing 0.2 to 0.6 m.
The joint surfaces are rough and have some silty clay fillings in the exposed areas. The rock

mass in the area is strong and competent. According to the geomechanical classification, the
rock mass of the gravel trap and inlet portal area falls on fair rock class.
On general, the dipping of the foliation plane is favorable to the natural hill slope. Some
wedges formed by the joints are unstable.
c. Tunnel alignment area

The slope along the proposed tunnel is generally favorable and stable. The foundation of the
tunnel is on the bedrock. This stretch of alignment is on phyllite and phyllitic schist of the
Ranimatta Formation and the surface is moderate steep to steep hill slope. The hill slope
starts abruptly with an average slope of 60°. The attitude of foliation of the rock mass in the
area is 20/210-80/320 (dip/dip direction) and has one major 70/055-40/350 and two
minor (50/060-55/230, 66/095-50/165) joint sets. The exposed rock has average
joint spacing of 0.2 to 1 m. The joint surfaces are rough and stepped; and have some silty
clay fillings in the exposed areas.
There is a landslide at about 500 m upstream of the tributary confluence near Kuttal village.
It brings down significant amount of debris in high discharge period. The dimension of the
landslide is measured 300 m in length and 200 m in width.
The tunnel alignment is covered with the fair rock mass. Some of the location covered with
poor rock also. Rock mass in most of the tunnel alignment is fresh to slightly weathered,
with some moderately weathered rock exposed. Grey phyllitic schist of the Ranimatta
Formation is fairly strong rock.
Generally, the slope stability condition is stable whereas some wedges formed by the joints
may unstable.
d. Surge tank and penstock alignment

The surge tank is located on the right bank of the Ankhu Khola and faces 40/250-55/085.
The hill slope of portal face is steep. The exposed rocks are competent and are favourably
dipping against slope face direction. The attitudes of the rock bands are 20/010-20/350
(dip/dip direction). One major (45/080-55/315) and two other minor joint sets
(45/100-40/300 and 40/200-65/190) are observed in the exposed area.
The rock mass in the area is strong and competent. The joint surfaces are fresh to slightly-
altered with average joint spacing of 0.2 to 1 m. The joint surfaces are rough and have some
silty clay fillings in the exposed areas. The results of the geomechanical classification show
the presence of fair to good rock mass in the surge tank area and fair rock mass in the
penstock alignment. Rock mass is fresh to slightly weathered, with few moderately
weathered exposures. Grey phyllite and quartzite of the Ranimatta Formation are fairly
strong rocks.
The stability of surge tank, penstock alignment and proposed access road to surge tank is
good and some of the wedges formed by joints may be unstable.

e. Powerhouse and tailrace

The powerhouse site is located on the right bank of the Ankhu Khola. The powerhouse and
the tailrace of the project are proposed on surface. The powerhouse area is composed of
thick alluvial with less colluvial deposits and the bedrock is not encountered. But the
bedrocks are exposed on the foothill of the slope. The rocks exposed along the Ankhu Khola
and Aphal Khola near the powerhouse site show three sets of joints. The powerhouse
location is considered suitable from the stability points of view, though the powerhouse
may not have foundation on bedrock.
According to the results of the geomechanical classification, the rocks of the area are found
fair rock. The exposed rock mass in the powerhouse area are fresh to slightly weathered.
Quartzite of the Ranimatta Formation is fairly strong rock.
The stability of powerhouse and tailrace is good because the foundation will be on thick
alluvial deposits. The rock exposed on the uphill has been analyzed on the basis of geo-
technical and geological observations made on the surface of the hill slopes. In general, the
stability condition is good.
f. Adits
The hill slope of adit-1 face is steep with azimuths 50/060-70/108. The exposed rock
beds are competent and are favorably dipping against slope face direction. The attitude of
the rock bands is 25/260 (dip/dip direction). One major (70/310) and two other minor
joint sets (70/070) are observed in the exposed area (Annex-C1). The exposed rock is fresh
to slightly weathered with average joint spacing 0.2 to 1 m. The joint surfaces are rough and
have some silty clay fillings in the exposed areas.
fair rock. Rock mass is fresh to slightly weathered, with some moderately weathered rock
exposed. Grey phyllite of the Ranimatta Formation is fairly strong rock.
The stability of adit-2 is good because the foundation will be on thick alluvial deposits. The
rock exposed on the uphill has been analyzed on the basis of Geo-technical and geological
observations on the surface of the hill slopes. The planes and wedges formed by the planes
were analyzed with respect to the natural hill slope. In general, the stability condition is
good.
The hill slope of adit-3 face is steep with azimuths of 60/158. The exposed rock beds are
competent and are favorably dipping against slope face direction. Major active landslide of
present day lies on left bank of Ankhu Khola upstream from Dharna village near Adit-3 area.
Most of the landslides are present on the left bank of Ankhu Khola as well of Aphal Khola. In
addition bedrocks are exposed at places as a result of high soil erosion and landslides in the
past.
fair rock. Rock mass of the adit-3 area is fresh to slightly weathered, with some moderately

weathered rock bodies. Grey phyllite of the Ranimatta Formation is fairly strong rock. The
planes and wedges formed by the discontinuity planes are analyzed with respect to the
natural hill slope. In general, the stability condition is good.
g. Quarry site
A construction material investigation was conducted in the vicinity of the headwork and
powerhouse sites as well as along the Ankhu Khola in the project area. Since the quarry site
is along the river, there are numbers of old as well as active landslides, within the
catchments. The specific cause and dimensions of the active landslides are described above
in the individual structures.
h. Disposal site
The excavated material from the tunnel is proposed to dispose on the right bank of the
Ankhu Khola just in front of the proposed adit-2 and adit-3. The proposed disposal area at
adit-2 is presently used as the wet cultivated land and situated about 10 m above from the
Ankhu Khola riverbed whereas the proposed disposal area at adit-3 is partly on the riverbed
and partly on the flood plain. The hill slopes at and around the disposal areas identified
downstream from the proposed powerhouse site has moderate to steep slope and the
stability condition is good. There occurs no major mass wasting and soil erosion.
5.1.8 Sedimentation of Ankhu Khola

The sediment study of Ankhu Khola was carried out on 23 July 2009 to 16 September 2009.
The sediment study showed that maximum concentration of Ankhu Khola is 15,857 ppm
measured on 16 August 2009 and the minimum concentration is 41 ppm measured on 7
September 2009. The average concentration of Ankhu Khola as per the sampling is 1,339
ppm. The sediment of Ankhu Khola on an average contains 57 percent of sand fraction
(above 62 microns) and 43 percent contains fine fractions (below 62 microns). The study
also reported the elemental constituents of Ankhu Khola which consist of about 79 percent
of hard minerals and remaining 21 percent are Carbonates, Clay, Mica and other minerals.
5.1.9 Seismicity
The Himalayan zones in Nepal are considered seismically active due to continuous
subduction of the Indian Plate underneath the Tibetan Plate. The existence of major
tectonic boundaries such as Main Central Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust and Himalayan
Frontal Thrust further accelerates the rate of seismic risk. Therefore, Nepal has experienced
a large number of earthquakes over the past few decades.
The Main Central Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust and Himalayan Frontal Thrust are major
tectonic boundaries for seismicity in the Nepal Himalaya. Therefore, for the assessment of
seismicity of the project such structural features are very important. The epicenter map of
Nepal is presented in figure below.

AKHP
Epicenter Map of Nepal
The epicenter map of Nepal Himalayas and adjoining countries show that the seismic events
are mainly concentrated in Far Western and Eastern Nepal. It shows that in the project area
there are relatively less earthquake activities. Even major earthquake event in the past
history were not recorded in the project area.
5.1.10 Land use pattern

In the project area, the main land use pattern is forest, grass and barren land, cultivated
land and settlement area. Within the project boundary cultivated land covers about 40.96
percent of the total area followed by grass and barren land of 34.12 percent, settlement of
14.47 percent, forest covers about 6.62 percent, and river and flood plains of 3.83 percent.
(Source: Topographical map)

5.2.1 Flora and Vegetation
A total of 101 plant species have been enumerated from the proposed AKHP. Out of these
enumerated plant species - 32 species are trees, 27 shrubs, 3 climbers, 30 herbs and 9 are
pteridophytes. The tree components of the proposed project sites indicate that the
vegetation is mainly sub-tropical type. Some epiphytic orchid species (Dendrobium sp.,
Bulbophylum sp., Lucia sp. Folidota sp., and Rhyncostylis sp.) are among the rare,
threatened, endangered or legally protected species found in the AKHP proposed site. As
the right bank alignment is with steep slope, the areas are covered with grasslands and
scattered patches of Schima-Shorea forest. In comparison to right bank, left bank alignment
is with more agricultural land and settlements. The plant enumeration table 5-2 is attached
in Annex-15.
Intake sites
The left bank of intake site consists of loose alluvial debris deposit whereas right bank
comprises rocky cliff with no plant cover. Above intake site the area is covered with
scattered trees of sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima wallichii), siris (Albizia jurislata),
mauwa (Enfelhardia spicata), botdhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), valayo (Rhus wallichii)

and khirro (Sapium insigne). The settling basin site is covered with shrub species like titepati
(Artemisia vulgaris), bilawne (Maesa chisia), vimsenpati (Buddleja asiatica), dhursure
(Colebrookea oppositifolia) and aiselu (Rubus ellipticus).
Forest adjacent to intake site is dominated by Shorea robusta (sal) and Schima wallichi
(chilawne) and the associated tree species are siris (Albizia jurislata), mauwa (Enfelhardia
spicata), botdhaiyno (Lagerstroemia parviflora), amala (Phyllanthus emblica), valayo (Rhus
wallichii) and khirro (Sapium insigne). Commonly available understory plants are kans
(Saccharum spontanum), titepati (Artimesia sp.), bilawne (Maesia chesia), aiselu (Rubus
ellipticus), dhusure (Colebrookea oppositifolia), vimsenpati (Buddleja asiatica) and banmara
(Eupatorium adenophorum and E. odoratum). Some orchids like Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium,
Folidota, Lucia and Rhychostylis were found as epiphyte on trees, which are listed as
threatened species under CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species)
Appendix II.
Adit portal (right bank alignment)

There are three adit portal proposed on right bank tunnel alignment at Ri VDC. The adit
portal site is grassland with some agricultural terraces and patches of Shorea robusta-
Schima wallichi forest adjacent to it. Commonly available shrub species in this site are
titepati (Artemesia vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookia oppositifolia), vimsenpati (Buddleja
asiatica), banmara (Eupatorium odoratum and E. adenophorum). The sal (Shorea robusta)
and chilawne (Schima wallichii) are dominant trees in the forests around this site and the
associate tree species along with them are siris (Albizia jurislata), mauwa (Enfelhardia
spicata), botdhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), amala (Phyllanthus emblica) and valayo
(Rhus wallichii). Highly frequent grasses and herbs in this site are khar (Typha angustifolia),
dhaddi (Themeda arundinacea), vanso (Eragrostis), mothe jhar (Cyperus compressus), dubo
(Cynodon dactylon), kalo kurro (Bidens pilosa) etc.
Surge shaft and Muck disposal site

The proposed surge shaft area is located on the agricultural field at Ri VDC, ward number 4.
Trees like khanayu (Ficus semicordata), chiwri (Aesandra butyracea), pota (Ficus sp.), budhar
(Artocarpus), chilawne (Schima) and saj (Terminalia alata) are found on the edge of
agricultural fields in this site. Commonly available shrubs in this site are titepati (Artimesia
vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookia oppositifolia), and banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum).
Commonly available weedy herbs like ajgandha (Ageratum conizoides), kalo kurro (Bidens
pilosa), nagbeli (Lycopodium clavatum), kurkure ghans (Equisetum debile) and unyu
(Dryopteris spp.) are recorded in this site. Some orchids like Rinchostylis and Lucia sp. are
noticed in this site, which are listed under threatened species under CITES (Convention on
International Trade of Endangered Species) Appendix II.
Surface penstock alignment

Penstock alignment in the first half runs through agricultural terraces and the second half
runs through Bluedolpa community forest, ward number 4. Trees found along the edges of
agricultural lands are of siris (Albizzia julibrissin), chilawne (Schima wallichi), khanayo (Ficus

semicordata), and valayo (Rhus wallichii). Trees i.e. sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima
wallichi), valayo (Rhus wallichii) and botdhaiyno (Lagerstroemia parviflora) are recorded in
the Bluedolpa community forest along the penstock alignment just above the powerhouse
site. Common shrubs along the alignments are titepati (Artimesia vulgaris), dhursure
(Colebrookea oppositifolia), banamara (Eupatorium adenophorum) and sisnu (Urtica dioca).
The ground vegetation is mostly covered by weed species like ajgandha (Ageratum
conizoides), kalo kurro (Bidens pilosa), dubo (Cynodon dactylon), mothe jhar (Cyperus spp.),
kan pate (Inula cappa) etc. Some epiphytic orchids like Folidota, and Lucia are recorded on
Shorea robusta and Schima wallichi trees. The orchids are listed as threatened species under
CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) Appendix II, and has also
been included in the list of Threatened plants by GoN (Shrestha and Joshi, 1996), were
recorded along this alignment.
Powerhouse
The proposed powerhouse site is located at the agricultural terraces at the confluence of
Ankhu Khola and Aphal Khola. Some fruits like guava (Psidium guajava), banana (Musa
paradisica) and bhui kathar (Ananas comosus) and trees like khirro (Sapium insigne) are
found in this site. Common shrubs like titepati (Artimesia vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookea
oppositifolia), kan pate (Inula cappa), bilaune (Maesa chisia), banmara (Eupatorium
adenophoruma and Eupatorium odoratum) and sisnu (Urtica dioca) are found in this site.
The ground vegetation is mostly covered by weedy species like ajgandha (Ageratum
conizoides), kalo kurro (Bidens pilosa), dubo (Cynodon dactylon), mothe jhar (Cyperus spp.),
kan pate (Inula cappa). Several species of ferns (unyu) like Adiantum spp., Dryopteris sp. and
Pteris sp. were recorded in this site.
Tailrace
Proposed tailrace site is a barren land at the confluence of Ankhu and Aphal Khola. No trees
are recorded at this site. The area is mostly covered with shrubby species like titepati
(Artimesia vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookea oppositifolia), kan pate (Inula cappa), bilaune
(Maesa chisea), banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum and Eupatorium odoratum). Ground
vegetation covered species like ajgandha (Ageratum conyzoides), kalo kurro (Bidens pilosa),
ghodtapre (Centella asiatica), dubo (Cynodon dactylon), Desmodium sp.
Muck disposal site

Five different sites have been identified and studied for muck disposal : downstream from
intake, below adit portal site, on the bank of Aphal Khola, downstream right bank after
powerhouse and downstream left bank after powerhouse.
Sampling conducted at downstream from the intake and below the adit portal covers
Shorea robusta –Schima wallichi forest and the associated species along with them are siris
(Albizzia julibrissin), mauwa (Engelhardia spicata), botdhayaro (Lagerstroemia parviflora),
teju (Picrasma javanica), amala (Phyllantus emblica), deudar (Debregeasia salicifolia), valayo
(Rhus wallichii) and khirro (Sapium insigne). Commonly available understory plants are Kans
(Saccharum spontanum), titepati (Artimesia sp.), bilawne (Mesia chesia), aiselu (Rubus

ellipticus), dhusure (Colebrookia oppositifolia), vimsenpati (Buddleja asiatica) and banmara

(Eupatorium adenophorum).
Sampling conducted along the bank of Aphal Khola is mostly covered with shrubs like
titepati (Artemesia vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookea oppositifolia), gai tihare (Inula cappa),
bilaune (Maesa chisea), banmara (Eupatorium adenophorum and Eupatorium odoratum).
Sampling conducted on the right bank along proposed powerhouse area are mostly covered
with Shorea robusta –Schima wallichi forest. Whereas, on left bank there is a Tuguna
Community forest, which falls on Darkha VDC ward number 8. Tuguna community forest is
consisted with sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima wallichi) and other associated species
are khanayo (Ficus semicordata), kutmiro (Litsea monopelata), kabro (Ficus lacor), paiyu
(Betula alnoides), siris (Albizia jurislata), utis (Alnus nepalensis) and badhar (Artocarpus
lakoocha). Forest on the right bank is named as Bichari ban and the main tree components
are sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima wallichi), siris (Albizzia jurislata), valayo (Rhus
wallichi), amala (Phyllantus emblica), botdhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora) and utis (Alnus
nepalensis).
Camp site
Two work force camp sites and work area has been proposed in AKHP proposed site – (1)
the agricultural terraces on left bank near the intake site, (2) the agricultural terraces on
the left bank near power house. All these sites are agricultural terraces with almost no
trees. The common plants on these sites are mostly species like ajgandha (Ageratum
conyzoide), titepati (Artemesia vulgaris), ghodtapre (Centella Asiatica), siru (Cynodon
dactylon), Imparata cylindrical, mothe (Cyperus rotundus) and chari amilo (Oxalis
corniculata). The common fern found in these sites are Dryopteris sp., Nephrolepis
cordifolia, Pteris sp. and Pityrogramma calomelanos. The common shrub species found in
these sites are titepati (Artemesia vulgaris), dhusure (Colebrookia oppositifolia) and gai
tihare (Inula cappai). None of these plant species encountered in these sites are catagorized
as endangered, rare, threatened or protected species.
5.2.2 Forest resources and use pattern

Two different types of forest were observed in the proposed project area- government
forest and community forests. From the district forest office it is learnt that only two
community forests have been registered so far in the proposed site. The two community
forests are Bluedolpa community forest at Ri VDC ward number 4 and Ralla community
forest at Darkha VDC ward number 5. An outline of these community forests is presented in
tabular form on the basis of interview and their action plan. The detail of the community
forests of proposed project site is presented in table 5-3.

Table 5-3: Community forests of proposed project site

Name of VDC and Area Dominant component NTFPs
Community forest Ward no (hectare) in the forest
(CF)
Ballu-Dolpa Ri VDC, 27 Sal, chilawne, jamun, Majitho, kurilo, kukurdiano,
Community Forest ward kyamun, sindure gurjo, amrisho, vyakur,
(Headrace tunnel) number 4 githa, stylo grass
Bole-Mangal Ri VDC ward 13 Chilawne, teju, sal, Amrisho, kurilo, stylo grass
Mahila number 4 mahuwa, jamun,
Community forest kyamun
(Intake)
Source: Field survey, 2009
Similar to other parts of Nepal, people here are also dependent on forest resources mainly
for timber, firewood and fodder. Till date NTFPs have not been used for income generation
in the proposed sites. According to interview carried with local people of Ri, Darkha and
Jharlang VDCs it was learnt that the available medicinal plants are not locally exploited and
no trade as such of medicinal herbs have been recorded. According to the operational plans
of Bluedolpa and Ralla community forests (2065/66 to 2070/71), it is learnt that the
community forest user groups are planning to cultivate NTFPs for income generation. As per
the plan initiative plantation of Stylo grass and Asparagus were observed during the field
visits. The use pattern of forest resources is summarized in table 5-4 below.
Table 5-4: Various uses of plant species recorded from proposed project site
Uses Description
Timber Plant Trees like sal (Shorea robusta), chilawne (Schima wallichii), utis (Alnus
nepalensis), tooni (Cedrella toona) etc. are widely used for timber.
Fire wood Almost all the plant species are used for fire wood. Wood of chilawne,
sal, kutmiro, utis, tooni, dar is mostly used.
Fodder Beside leaves of fodder trees (given in table below), some grasses from
the forest like khar, babiyo etc are extensively used as fodder.
Edible plants Fruits of aiselu (Rubus ellipticus), serroro (Ficus sp.), amala (Phyllanthus
emblica) are edible and collected from the forest. Similarly roots of
vyakur (Dioscorea bulbifera) and flowers of koilaro (Bauhinia variegata)
are also collected from forest as vegetable. Young leaves of kabro (Ficus
lacor) are collected for vegetable or pickle making.
Source: Field survey 2008
a. Fire wood
Fire wood is the major source of energy for the local people of proposed project area. Fire
wood collections from the community forest areas are well managed. Estimation from the
survey showed that per household need about 1 bhari (approximately 45 kg) for 6 days per
5-6 members in a family and domestic animals. The cost of 1 bhari (about 45 kg,) is about Rs
50. Woods of almost all available trees are used as firewood.

b. Fodder
Throughout the project area, goat and cattle rearing is a common practice. Alarming rate of
overgrazing was not observed in the proposed site. This may be due to both availability of
fodder from government forests and less practice of rearing domestic animals among
Tamang community. Each household collect about 1 Bhari fodder (approximately 40 kg)
each day from the forest for 6 months and another six months (during rainy season) they
collect from their own private forest and agricultural fields. Fodder trees are found to be
cultivated at the edges of the terraces or in fallow lands. Some fodder grasses like Stylo and
Melasis have also been found to be growing in private lands and forest. Some of the fodder
trees that were found in the proposed sites are nimaro (Ficus auriculata), kabro (Ficus
lacor), khanayo (Ficus semicordata) and Ficus spp. (Pota and serroro).
c. Non Timber forest Products (NTFPs)

The importance of non timber forest products (NTFPs) in the project areas was studied
based on field observation, action plans of community forests and interviews with Ms Akas
Tamang, Sohan Tamang of ward number 4, Chake, Ri VDC; Sher Bahadur Tamang, Mishek
Tamang and Yomaya tamang of Darkaphedi ward number 9 Darkha VDC. The available
NTFPs in the proposed AKHP project site are listed below in table 5-5 with their uses.
Though in the operational plan of these community forests, majitho (Rubia manjith), kurilo
(Asparagus racemosus), kukurdiano (Smilax aspera), payawli (Trifolium repens L.), gurjo
(Tinospora siniensis), pani amilo (Nephrolepsis cordifolia), ban tarul, sungava, gittha
(Dioscorea bulbifera), bhyakur (Dioscorea deltoidea), mushli (Murdannia scapiflora)etc. are
mentioned as available NTFPs in the forests area, but in the field study very few of them
were encountered in the project area and their distribution in different sites are recorded in
table 5-2 in (annex -14). In the community forest, NTFPs are in the initial stage of protection
and are used locally and have not contributed substantially for economic benefit of the
community. Some Tamang families practice herbal medicine to some extent and allelopathic
medicine practice was also observed in the project area. Medicinal herbs are mostly
collected from high altitude areas (Lekh).
Table 5-5: NTFPs found in government and community forests of Ri and Darkha VDCs
Botanical name Local name Parts used and uses
Thysanolaena maxima Amrisho Inflorescence is used in preparing broom to sweep ground,
leaves used as fodder
Eulaliopsis binata Babiyo Leaves used as fodder and also for preparing rope.
Cymbopogon flexuosus Khar Leaves used as fodder and also for thatching roof.
Asparagus racemosus Kurilo Young shoot is used as vegetable. Root tuber is used for
preparing medicine for cough, heart problem, jaundice and
also a tonic.
Zanthoxylum armatum Timur Fruits are usually used in preparing pickle. It is also used in
curing toothache, fever and indigestion. Leaves are used for
repelling leech. Aromatic oil extracted from fruits is used in
soap, perfume and tooth paste industries.
Rubia manjith Majitho Roots are used for curing skin diseases, allergy, ulcer, and
diarrhea. The tendril is used for curing scorpion bite.

Different natural colours (coffee, golden, orange and deep

red color) are extracted from the stem tendril.
Dioscorea sp. Bantarul Root tuber is used as vegetable
Dioscorea bulbifera Vyakur Root tuber is used as vegetable. It is used in blood
dysentery, constipation and gastritis. Chemical content
Diogenin is used in preparing peels of family planning.
Tinospora sinensis Gurjo Stem is used in curing cough, bronchitis, asthma, fever and
jaundice. Leaf and fruit extract is also used in curing
gonorrhea.
Curculigo orchioides musli Root is used as a tonic and aphrodisiac. It is also used in
curing piles, ulcer, jaundice, and asthma and skin allergy.
d. Status of Endangered, Threatened, Rare and Vulnerable Plants

None of the 101 plant species recorded in AKHP area was identified as endangered.
However, some plants recorded are either legally protected under forest Act (1993), or
included in the red data list of IUCN or CITES Appendix as threatened species (Ram P.
Chaudhary, 1998). Threatened orchid species like Bulbophylum sp., Lucia sp., Dendrobium
sp., Folidota sp., and Rhyncostylis sp. were recorded in different sampling sites. Epiphytic
orchids were mostly present on sal (Shorea robusta) and chilawne (Schima wallichi) trees
present in the proposed project area. The list of endangered, threatened, rare and
vulnerable species of project area is presented in table 5-6.
Table 5-6: List of endangered, threatened, rare and vulnerable species of project area
Botanical name Local name Listed in Legally Listed CITES
protected under Appendix II
Forest Act (1993)
Shorea robusta Sal √ -
Michelia champaca Champ √ -
Dioscorea deltoidea L Vyakur - √
Bulbophyllum sp. Sunakhari - √
Dendrobium sp Sungava - √
Folidota sp. orchids - √
Lucia sp. orchids - √
Rinchostylis sp. orchids - √
5.2.3 Fauna and Wildlife

Mammals:
The proposed project area provides habitat to wildlife like shyal (Cranis aureus), fayawro,
chituwa (Panthera pardus) chowghada (Lepus sp.), bandel (Sus scrofa), ban biralo (Felis
chaus) dumsi (Hystrix indica) monkey (Macaca mylatta), langur (Presbytis entellus) and
bhalu (Selanarctos thibetanus). During the field visit, monkey (Macaca mylatta) and langur
(Presbytis entellus) were observed.

Monkey mostly visits the agricultural fields when maize is ready to harvest. Wild bear is
mostly seen during Kartik/ Mangsir. Cases of encountering with wild bear were recorded
about 6-7 years ago. Dumsi (Hystrix indica) are frequently observed in potato growing fields.
Avifauna:
Birds like kaliz (Gallus gallus), titra (francolinus pondicerianus), koyeli, jureli (white cheeked
bulbul – Pycnonotus leucogenys), sarang (Common Myna- Acridotheres tristis), malewa
(Columba sp), vagera (House sparrow- Passer domesticus and tree sparrow- Passer
montanus), kauwa (House crow – Corvus splendens and jungle crow -Corvus macrorhynchos)
dhukur (dove-Streptopelia cinensis), suga (parrot- Psittacula sp.), lamphuchre (Drongos –
Dicrurus sp.), kingfisher (Pelargopsis capensis), bakula (crane Grus grus) have been reported
to be present in the proposed project area.
Aquatic fauna:
Fishes like Asala (Schizothorax richardsonii), Baduna (Garra gotyla), Kabre (Pseudecheneis
sulcatus), Katle (Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis) are very common in Ankhu river. Asala and
Katle are mid- range migrant fishes, Buduna and Tite are resident fishes whereas Kabre is
local migrant fishes. Cast net is used often for fishing. About 2-3 kg fishes are caught in each
cast net each day. According to interview with the locals it is learnt that no family in the
project site is solely dependent on fishing as major occupation. Most people prefer fishing
as a secondary option when they are free from their normal agricultural or domestic work.
Sampling sites and fishes caught during sampling is presented in table 5-7 below.
Table 5-7: Sampling sites and composition of fish in project area

S.N. Sampling area Available fish species Available Average Average
Local name Scientific name number size (cm) weight (gm)
1. 50 m Upstream Chuche Asala Schizothorax 18 10 50
from headworks progastatus
Katle Acrossocheilus 5 10 50
hexagonolepis
Tite Psilorhynchus 33 6 35
pseudecheneis
2. 50 m downstream Chuche Asala Schizothorax 15 10 50
of headworks progastatus
pseudecheneis
3. 50 m upstream of Chuche Asala Schizothorax 12 10 50
tailrace progastatus
pseudecheneis
4. 50 m downstream Chuche Asala Schizothorax 10 10 50
from tailrace progastatus
Buduna Gorra gotyla 3 15 125

Based on fish sampling results presented in Table 5-7, presence of fish habitat is similar in
headworks area, dewatered zone and quarry sites. Specific description of habitat preference
for particular species is presented in Table 5-8 below.
Table 5-8: Nature of movement, habitat and spawning of fish species

Species Local Spawning Habitat Spawning Migration type Behavior
name season preference substrate
Schizothorax Chhuche Sept.- Oct. Deep run Gravel+pebble Mid range Seen in 20-40
progastus Asala and March - backwater, beds migrant in river fishes during
April Rapids, pools tributaries for spawning,
and ripple spawning female are
circled by male
Gorra gotyla Buduna May- June Back water Gravel bed, Resident Live in group,
pool sand, pebbles mass migration
confluence and algae bed to tributaries,
point rice fields and
springs
Glyptothorax Kabre June Sandy or rock Gravel, sand, School (15- Lives in mass
pectinopterus bottomed rooted 200), local
springs vegetation migration
during
monsoon
Acrossocheilus Katle Sept-Oct Pools and Gravel beds Mid range Seen in group
hexagonolepis rapids migrant in river of 10-15 fishes
tributaries swim, drift and
jump to cross
obstacles
Psilorhynchus Tite June-July Shallow water Resident Live in cohesive
pseudecheneis creeks, mass, migration
irrigation canals to irrigation
and agricultural canal, small
fields creeks
Source: Jeevan Shrestha, 1995; T.K. Shrestha, 1995
Note: For mid range and short distance migratory fishes upstream migration starts at the beginning of
monsoon which triggers spawning behavior, and downstream migration starts when water levels in the
tributaries subside.
Table 5-9: Distribution and conservation status of the fish species of project area
S.N. Local name Scientific name Conservation status
1 Asala Schizothorax progastatus Vulnerable
2 Buduna Gorra gotyla Conserved
3 Katle Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis Vulnerable
4 Kabre Pseudecheneis sulcatus Conserved
5 Tite Psilorhynchus pseudecheneis Endemic
Source: Jeevan Shrestha, 1995

5.3 Socio-economic and cultural Environment

5.3.1 General
5.3.1.1 Demographic characteristics
According to District Profile 2010/11 total population of Jharlang, Darkha and Ri VDC are
4346, 1062 and 6035 respectively. Average family size is largest for Jharlang VDC at 6.01
followed by Ri VDC at 5.71 and Darkha VDC at 5.28.
In total, 51 percent of surveyed population was observed to be female and remaining 49

percent were male. VDC population and discrete age wise and gender wise population
percentage is presented in table 5-10. The population of the proposed area is categorized
based on five major groups i.e. below 5 years, 5 years to 15 years, 15 years to 45 years, 45
years to 60 years and above 60 yr. this kind of grouping makes it easy to identify children of
school going age, working age group population, and population of old age group. Working
age group population is 52 percent of the total surveyed population. 27 percent female and
25 percent male of total population comprise the working age group.
5.3.1.2 Ethnicity and caste group

Tamang, Brahmin, Gurung and Damai are four major castes present in the project area.
About 89 percent of the total households surveyed in the project area are Tamang. Both
Brahmin and Damai share 4.4 percent and rest 2.2 percent of the population are Gurung.
Jharlang and Ri VDCs are entirely populated by Tamang whereas Darkha VDC has diverse
ethnic groups. Ethnicity and caste group data is presented in table 5-11. Tamangs are
indigenous community living in project but there are no other tribal communities residing in
project area.
5.3.1.3 Religions and cultural practices

Majority of the population in project area are Christians (49%) followed by Buddhist (44%)
and Hindu (7%). VDC wise percentage of population following different religion is presented
in table 5-12. It is found that people celebrate all kinds of festivals regardless of religions
they belong to. Festivals such as Dashain, Tihar, Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Loshar,
Christmas, Shivaratri, etc are celebrated in the project area. There is a hot spring at ward
number 7, Jharlang VDC at about 1.0 km away from the project intake site. This is locally
regarded as religious site. Darkha VDC does not possess any such important religious sites
except that Darkha phedi is used by Brahmin communities as cremation site. And there are
five churches in Ri VDC of which two are at ward number 5 and three are at ward number 4.

Table 5-10: Demographic characteristics of surveyed household
VDC Total VDC Average Total population of surveyed household (Age group) Total Overall
population family Total
size Below 5 to 15 yr 15 to 45 yr 45 to 60 yr Above
5 yr 60 yr
female male female male female Male female male female male female male
Jharlang 4346 6.01 3 2 9 8 8 6 1 1 0 0 21 17 38
Darkha 1062 5.28 1 4 14 18 16 16 5 6 1 2 37 46 83
Ri 6035 5.71 11 8 29 29 43 39 9 9 7 0 99 85 184
Total 11,443 15 14 52 55 67 61 15 16 8 2 157 148 305
(%) 4.9% 4.6% 17% 18% 21.9% 20% 4.9% 5.2% 2.6% 1% 51% 49% 100
Population of working age group 67 61 15 16 82 77 159
(%) 21.9% 20% 4.9% 5.2% 27% 25% 52%
Source: field visit, 2008
Table 5-11: Caste and ethnicity of surveyed household

VDC Household belonging to different castes Total
Tamang % Brahmin % Gurung % Damai % HH
Jharlang 5 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Darkha 10 22 2 4.4 1 2.2 2 4.4 15
Ri 25 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Total % 89 4.4 2.2 4.4 100
Source: field visit. 2008
Table 5-12: Religions of surveyed household

VDC Religion Total
Christian % Buddhist % Hindu % HH
Jharlang 5 100 0 0 0 0 5
Darkha 2 14 10 68 3 20 15
Ri 15 60 10 40 0 0 25
Total 22 49 20 44 3 7 45

5.3.1.4 Women in the project area

In the project area 51 percent of the total population was female as per the household
survey. Female literacy rate was 28.8 percent which is lower than the literacy rate of male
population (52.2%). This indicates that women in the project area had less access to
education compared to men. However women were equally involved in income generating
activities as men.
5.3.1.5 Disadvantaged groups

Kami, Damai and Biswokarma (BK) are some of the disadvantaged castes found in the
project area. They still perform their traditional professions. Although their service is
valuable to local society, they are still considered untouchables/ low caste people.
Caste discrimination is still prevalent in project area. Economic condition of these people of
project area is very poor and youths of these castes are abroad for better opportunities and
most of them no longer follow their traditional occupation. Some contrast could be seen in
Damai households, who have expanded their tailoring business and making a good living in
their locality.
5.3.1.6 Education status

The overall literacy rate in the project area is only 40.2%. Male and female literacy rates are
52.2% and 28.8% respectively. Literacy data of the project area is presented in table 5-13.
Table 5-13: Literacy rate of age 5 and above

Population in sampled households
Descriptions Female % Male % Total %
Population above 5 years of age 142 100 134 100 276 100
Literate population 41 28.87 70 52.24 111 40.22
Illiterate population 101 71.13 64 47.76 165 59.78
Altogether there are 31 government education institutions in the project area out of which
25 are primary schools, 4 are lower secondary schools and 2 are higher secondary schools.
There are no colleges. Students have to go to Dhading besi (district headquarter) or to other
city for their higher education. The different levels of schools available in the project
affected VDCs are presented in table 5-14.
Table 5-14: Educational institutes of project area
Educational Institutions
VDC Primary Lower Higher Overall
School Secondary Secondary Total
Jharlang 9 2 0 11
Darkha 10 1 1 12
Ri 6 1 1 8
Over all Total 25 4 2 31

5.3.1.7 Health, sanitation and drinking water

Each VDC is facilitated with a health post and Ri VDC has additional two sub health posts. A
15 bed district hospital is situated in district headquarter Dhading Besi which is at a distance
of 8 hours walking distance from the project site. Fever, dysentery, pneumonia and
tuberculosis are common diseases observed in project area. Local Shamans are widely
consulted in the project area along with Vaidhyas (traditional healers) for treatment. Those
who want to attend doctors for better treatment have to reach Dhading besi or other cities
like Kathmandu for treatment. Availability of health facilities in project area is presented in
table 5-15.
Table 5-15: Health facilities in project area
Health facilities
VDC Sub-health post Health post
Jharlang 0 1
Darkha 0 1
Ri 2 1
Overall Total 2 3
According to the household survey conducted it was found that 51 percent of the household
was facilitated with pit latrine. Those who do not have their own toilet use fields, river
banks, forests and barren land. An organization named NEWAH has supported construction
of toilets for some households in the project area. The sanitation data is presented in table
5-16.
Table 5-16: Sanitation in project area

VDC Toilet Overall
yes no Total
Jharlang 3 2 5
Darkha 10 5 15
Ri 10 15 25
Overall Total 23 22 45
The affected VDCs are facilitated with a piped drinking water supply system. Perennial
streams and water sprout are also other sources of drinking water. Availability of drinking
water facility in project affected VDCs are presented in table 5-17.
Table 5-17: Drinking water facility in project area

VDC Sources of drinking water Total HH
Stream Public pipe Private Muhan ko pani
water pipe water (waterspout)
Jharlang 1 1 2 0 5
Darkha 2 10 2 1 15
Ri 8 10 2 0 25
Overall Total 11 21 6 1 45

5.3.1.8 Land tenure and land holding

According to the household survey about 91 percent have their own land. The detail data of
landownership pattern in the project area is presented in table 5-18.
Table 5-18: ownership of land (%) in project area

VDCs Ownership of land Total Percentage
Yes % No % surveyed (%)
HH
Jharlang 2 40 3 60 5 11
Darkha 14 93 1 7 15 33
Ri 25 100 0 0 25 56
Total HH 41 91 4 9 45 100
5.3.1.9 Land transaction

Land price generally varies with productivity, shape and location of the land. According to
the interview with the locals land transaction rate varies from NRs. 15,000 to 1,50,000.
However, land transaction cost for AKHP is higher than the local rate. The local land
transaction rate of the project area is presented in table 5-19 below.
Table 5-19: Local land transaction rate (Rs./ropani)

Irrigated land Un-irrigated land
VDC Ward Khet Bari Kharbari
Jharlang 1-9 80,000 50,000 30,000
Darkha 1-9 1,00,000 60,000 30,000
Ri 1-9 1,50,000 1,40,000 15,000
5.3.1.10 Land holding pattern

The total cultivated land belonging to 45 HHs surveyed is about 537 ropanies (27.33 ha), all
of them are rainfed. The average land holding size per household surveyed is about 11.93
ropanies (0.607 ha).
Ri VDC has greater average land holding size per HH sampled which is 14.82 ropanies (0.754
ha), followed by Darkha 10.13 ropanies (0.515 ha) and Jharlang 2.9 ropanies (0.147 ha). Out
of 25 HH surveyed in Ri VDC, the total cultivated land is estimated to be 370.5 ropanies
(18.85 ha) all of which are rainfed. Out of 15 HH surveyed in Darkha VDC, the total
cultivated land is estimated to be 152 ropanies (7.73 ha) and all of them are rainfed
agriculture system. Similarly, in Jharlang out of 5 HH surveyed the total cultivated land is
estimated to be 14.5 ropanies. The detail data representing land holding pattern is
presented in table 5-20 below.

Table 5-20: Land holding pattern (ropanies) in project area

Total Land category Average land holding
VDC surveyed (Khet) (Bari) Dry land per household
household (kharbari) Total
Jharlang 5 2 8 4.5 14.5 2.9

Darkha 15 69.5 71.5 11 152 10.13
Ri 25 177 151.5 42 370.5 14.82
Total 45 248.5 231 57.5 537 11.93
5.3.1.11 Agricultural production

Paddy, wheat, maize, millet, potato and ginger are the major crops grown in the project
area. Vegetable and fruits production include onion, tomato, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce
bean, banana, chilly, radish, turnip, carrot etc. Paddy is the highest grown crop in the project
area. Other major crops grown are potato, maize and millet. The detail data of agricultural
production is presented in table 5-21.
Table 5-21: Major crop production of the project area

Type of Crop production in kg per year in different VDCs Total Total
Crop Jharlang Darkha Ri (%)
Paddy 70 2610 3610 6290 32
Wheat 30 30 170 230 1.6
Maize 400 1380 2020 3800 19
Millet 350 500 1400 2250 12
Potato 140 700 4550 5390 28
Ginger 100 610 640 1350 7
Other 10 60 10 80 0.4
Total 1100 5890 12400 19390
(6%) (30%) (64%) 100
5.3.1.12 Economy
a. Occupation
The major occupation in the project affected area is agriculture. Other occupation includes
business, service, labor and foreign employment. Almost 80% of respondents involve in
agriculture followed by service (7%), foreign employment (7%), labour (4%) and business
(2%). The occupation data of the project affected area is presented in table 5-22.

Table 5-22: Occupation of project area
VDC Occupation by population Total no.

Agriculture Service Business Labour Foreign of HH
employment Surveyed
Jharlang 3 1 0 1 0 5
Darkha 11 1 1 0 2 15
Ri 22 1 0 1 1 25
Total 36 3 1 2 3 45
(%) (80%) (7%) (2%) (4%) (7%) (100%)
b. Income and expenditure characteristics

The different sources of income in the project area are agriculture, service, labor, business
and foreign employment. Division of sources of income in percentage is shown in table 5-23.
Surveyed household have an average annual income NRs 53,262 with average per capita
income of NRs 10,342 (138$). 52 percent of the total population belongs to working age
group out of which 27 percent are female and 25 percent are male.
Table 5-23: Annual income (Rs.) of project area

VDCs No. Income from different sources Total Average
0f Agriculture Service Business Labour Foreign Income
HH employment Per HH
Jharlang 5 0 96000 0 110000 0 206000 41200
Darkha 15 193000 382000 48000 0 888000 1511000 100733
Ri 25 387000 60000 0 52800 180000 679800 27192
Total 45 580000 538000 48000 162800 1068000 2396800 53262
(24%) (22%) (2%) (7%) (45%)
According to the household survey, of the total income 34 percent expenditure is on food
items followed by 19 percent on medicine, 18 percent on education, 13 percent on clothes
and 3 percent on others. The expenditure of the project area is presented in table 5-24.
Table 5-24: Annual expenditure (Rs.) of household survey in project area
VDCs No. Items Total Average
0f Foodgrains Education Medicine Clothes Festivals Others Expendi- expen-
HH ture diture
per HH
Jharlang 5 51000 74500 101000 43500 20000 3500 293500 58700
Darkha 15 224650 186000 199500 100600 156500 90000 957250 63817
Ri 25 1027400 437300 407000 356000 311500 2520 2541720 101669
Total 45 1303050 697800 707500 500100 488000 96020 3792470 84277
(34%) (18%) (19%) (13%) (13%) (3%)

5.3.1.13 Food sufficiency

Among the total 45 households surveyed, 6.66 percent HHs have surplus supply of
agricultural products to meet their food demand, 28.88 percent HHs could just meet their
demand for 8 to 12 months, 48.88 percent HHs have food sufficient just for 4 to 8 months
and 15.55 percent HHs have food deficiency for 8 months. The food sufficiency data of the
household surveyed is presented in table 5-25.
Table 5-25: Status of food sufficiency of the project area

Duration of food sufficiency No. of HHs in VDCs
(in months) Jharlang Darkha Ri Total %
Less than 4 1 3 3 7 15
4-8 months 4 6 12 22 49
8-12months 0 4 9 13 29
surplus 0 2 1 3 7
Total 5 15 25 45 100
People generally tackle to food deficiency by taking loans, performing daily wage activities
and working as porter. The data of different means to cope with food insufficiency is
Table 5-26: Differnet means to cope with food insufficiency in project area
VDCs Coping Mechanism Total
Loan Daily wage porter other
Jharlang 3 1 1 0 5
Darkha 7 2 0 1 10
Ri 2 13 0 0 15
Total 12 16 1 1 30
(40%) (54%) (3%) (3%)
5.3.1.14 Livestock
Livestock rearing is a common practice in the project area and most of the households own
livestock i.e. cows, buffaloes, oxen, goat and chicken. Mules are reared for transporting
goods. The average number of livestock per HH is 5. The detail data of livestock rearing is

Table 5-27: Livestock status in project area

VDC No of Livestock Total
HHs Cow Ox Buffalo He- Goat Chicken Mule
surveyed buffalo
Jharlang 5 8 5 2 11 13 31 0 70
Darkha 15 9 21 12 27 38 46 0 153
Ri 25 27 40 23 45 59 114 12 320
Total 45 44 66 37 83 110 191 12
% (8.1%) (12.15%) (6.8%) (15.28%) (20.26%) (35.2%) (2.2%) 543
5.3.1.15 Energy
Fuel wood is primary source of energy for all household surveyed. Fuel wood is used for
cooking, heating and other purpose. Fuel wood is collected from nearby community forest,
government forest and private fields. Table 5-28 provides annual fuel wood use in project
area. It is observed that majority of household use 5 to 10 tons fuel wood per annum. High
dependence on fuel wood puts pressure on existing forest resources in the project area.
Table 5-28: Annual fuel wood use in project area

Use of Fuel wood (tons) Households % Minimum Maximum
Less than 5 ton 5 11.11 3.6 4.8
5 ton to 10 tons 17 37.78 5.04 9.6
10 tons to 15 tons 12 26.67 10.08 14.4
more than 15 tons 11 24.44 17.04 19.8
Total 45 100
Source: Field visit 2008
It is observed that it takes more than an hour to collect fuel wood to more than half
household surveyed, in the project area. On the other hand source of field are personal field
(35.6%) followed by government forest (31.1%) and community forest (33.3%).
Table 5-29: Source of fuel wood and time required for fuel wood collection
Household / Time required for collecting firewood
Sources
1-15min 16-30 min 31-60 min more than an hour Total %
Personal field 1 5 8 2 16 35.6
Forest 0 1 1 12 14 31.1
(government)
Community 1 1 2 11 15 33.3
forest
Total 2 7 11 25 45
% 4.4 15.6 24.4 55.6 100.0
Source: Field visit 2008

5.3.1.16 Water use

Based on field survey and household questionnaire survey it was foung that the water of
Ankhu Khola is neither used for irrigation, water mills nor drinking purpose along the
dewatering stretch at present. There is no possibility of any of water use schemes for
irrigation/ water mills/ drinking water from Ankhu Khola according to District Irrigation
Office, Dhadingbesi. (Based on consultation with Mr. Surya Prasad Devkota, Acting Chief,
District Irrigation Office)
5.3.1.17 Local institutions

The local institutions available in the project area to provide service are agriculture service
center, veterinary, cooperative institutions, police station, sub-post office, telephone and
drinking water supply system. Telephone service and sub post office are found in all three
VDCs. The local institutions available in the affected VDCs are presented in table 5-30 below.
Table 5-30: Different public services available at the project area

Facilities Jharlang VDC Darkha VDC Ri VDC
Agriculture service center -  -
Veterinary -  -
Cooperative institutions -  -
Police Station -  -
Communication/Telephone   
Sub post office   
Water supply   -
The project area does not have electricity facility. People use solar energy for lighting
purpose. The project affected area does not have all weather gravel road facility despite
foot trails. An NGO called Kadoorie is working in Ri VDC providing drinking water supply and
constructing suspension bridge. All VDCs have Ama samuha and youth clubs.
5.3.2 Project Affected Families (PAF)

5.3.2.1 Demography
There are 20 Project Affected Families (PAF). Total population of PAF is 130, out of which 61
are males (46.93%) and 69 are females (53.07%). The average family size is 6.5 members
with maximum 9 and minimum 5. About 55 percent of PAF are Lama followed by 45 percent
Tamang. Table 5-31 shows size of family according to ethnic group.

Table 5-31: Ethnicity and family characteristics of PAF

Size of Ethnicity Total %
family Lama % Taman %
g
Less than 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 to 8 10 50 9 45 19 95
Above 8 1 5 0 0 1 5
Total 11 55 9 45 20 100
Source: Field visit, 2008
5.3.2.2 Income and expenditure of PAF

Major income sources found among PAF are agriculture, service, business, labor and foreign
employment. Table 5-32 shows annual income and income source among the PAF. Foreign
employment is the highest source of income for the PAFs, followed by agriculture, service,
labor and business.
Table 5-32: Annual income and source of PAF

VDCs HH Income from different sources Total
no. Agriculture Service Business Labor Foreign
employment
Darkha 2 25700 50900 6400 0 118400 201400
Ri 18 278600 43200 0 38000 129600 489400
Total 20 304300 94100 6400 38000 248000 690800
Major expenditure items include food, clothes, medicine, festivals, education and others.
Table 5-33 shows annual expenditure among the PAF. Major expenditure item of PAF is food
followed by education, medicine, clothes, festivals and other expenses.
Table 5-33: Expenditures item of PAF

VDCs HH Items Total
no. Food Education Medicine Clothes Festivals Others Expenditure
Darkha 2 29200 24000 25000 13000 20300 11700 123200
Ri 18 739000 314000 293000 256000 224000 1800 1827800
Total 20 768200 338000 318000 269000 244300 13500 1951000
5.3.2.3 Agriculture production

Major agriculture products cultivated by PAF are paddy, maize, millet and potato. The detail
production of PAF household is given in annex 14. Table 5-34 shows annual agriculture
production and production loss due to project of PAF. Land acquisition by project causes
about 18.72 percent loss of maize, 18.41 percent of millet and 16.42 percent loss in potato
production of PAF. Total agricultural production loss of PAF accounts about Rs. 457,655.

Table 5-34: Annual agriculture production and production loss of PAF (MT.)
Type of crop Crop production Production loss %
Paddy 2.94 0 0
Maize 25.37 4.75 18.72
Millet 12.49 2.3 18.41
Potato 109.29 17.94 16.42
5.3.2.4 Food Sufficiency

Among the total 20 PAF, 10 percent HHs have food sufficiency from their own production.
Most of the PAF have food sufficient for 4 to 8 months (40%) followed by 8 to 12 months
(30%), less than 4 months (20%) and sufficient throughout the year (10%).
Table 5-35: Status of food sufficiency of the project area
Duration of food sufficiency (in PAF households Total %
months) Darkha Ri
Less than 4 0 4 4 20
4-8 months 1 7 8 40
8-12months 1 5 6 30
surplus 0 2 2 10
Total 2 18 20 100
People generally tackle to food deficiency by taking loans and performing daily wage
activities.
5.3.2.5 Drinking water

PAF use river water, public tap and private pipe water. It was observed that about 45
percent PAF used public tap, 40 percent used river water and 5 percent used private tap
water.
Table 5-36: Drinking water source of PAF
VDC Sources of drinking water Total
Khola Public tap Private HH
pipe water
Darkha - 2 - 2
Ri 8 9 1 18
Overall Total 8 9 1 20
% 40 45 5 100
5.3.2.6 Energy use

Fuel wood is primary source of energy. It is used for cooking, heating and other purpose.
Fuel wood is collected from nearby community forest, government forest and private field.
It is observed that about 50 percent PAF used 5 to 10 MT. of fuel wood, less than 5 MT. was
used by 25 percent, more than 15 MT. was used by 15 percent and 10 percent used 10 to 15
MT.

Table 5-37: Annual fuel wood use of PAF (MT.)

Use of Fuel wood Households %
Less than 5 5 25
5 to 10 10 50
10 to 15 2 10
more than 15 3 15
Total 20 100
5.3.2.7 Preferred compensation modality

Cash, land, shares and employment were the preferred compensation modality. 45 percent
PAF preferred cash followed by employment (30%), shares (20%) and land (15%).
Table 5-38: Preferred compensation modality by PAF
Compensation modality PAF HH %

Cash 7 45
Land 3 15
Shares 4 20
Employment 6 30
5.3.2.8 PAF expectation from project

PAF expectations were collected by household survey. People expect the project to provide
better employment opportunity, receive good compensation for their property acquired by
the project, better electricity facility and less load shedding and carrying out of various
development works in village.
Table 5-39: PAF expectation from project
Expectation from Project

%
Good compensation 90.3
Good employment opportunity 52.1
Electricity facility 74.5
Development work in the village 60.7
Most of the PAF had plans to buy land, build house, buy livestock, pay debt and start small
business with compensation received. Land is one of the major assets of people in rural
Nepal. Acquiring land of people directly or indirectly affects much important aspect of their
lives.

Table 5-40: Use of compensation received by PAF
Use of compensation PAF %

Buy land 54.3
Pay off debt 15.4
Build new house 12.3
Buy livestock 30.2

IEE Document of AKHP Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter Six
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT

Discussion of environmental issues in the subsequent sub-section is based on the issues
identified during public consultation and as included in the approved TOR from MoE.
Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or anticipated at this stage, if later
discovered during the construction and operation stages of the project, shall be duly taken
care by the proponent himself on his own expenses. The impact assessment of the project is
intended to highlight potential significant adverse and beneficial impacts during the
construction and operation phases. Physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural
environmental impacts related to the development of AKHP are judged based on the
existing and anticipated environmental conditions. The details are as follows.
6.1 Pre - construction phase

The environmental issues identified for the pre-construction phase of KGGHP are described
in the section below.
6.1.1 Land acquisition
The total estimated land area required for AKHP is 7.27 hectare (ha). Out of this 5.27 ha is
permanent land i.e. 1.4 ha Community forest, 2.28 ha private cultivated land and 1.59 ha of
River & floodplain. The remaining 2 ha is temporary land i.e. about 1 ha for quarry sites and
another 1 ha for construction yards and storage facilities.
The breakdown of permanent/temporary land to be required for the project development is
presented below in table 6-1.
So, the impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, site-specific in extent and
short-term in duration.

Table 6-1: Types of permanent/temporary land to be required for the project

S.N. Project Components Land Type (ha.) Total Remarks
Forest Cultivated Barren River &Flood Built area
Plain up/Residential (ha.)
Govt. CF LHF Rel. Pvt. Gvt. Pvt. Govt. Pvt. Gvt. Public Pvt.
PERMANENT
1. Headworks: 0.30** 0.30
Diversion structure/weir 0.07** 0.07
Intake and Gravel Trap 0.07** 0.07
Approach canal 0.39** 0.39
Desander undergroumd
2. Water Conveyance:
Tunnel Adit & Penstock Adit 0.57** 0.57
Headrace tunnel underground
Surge tank 0.01* 0.01
Penstock 0.12* 0.12
Tailrace 0.004* 0.004
3. Power House 0.04* 0.04
4. Sub-station/Switchyard 0.14* 0.14
5. Disposal Sites 0.86* 1.59** 2.45
6. Camp Sites 0.77* 0.77
7. Stockpile site 0.2*
8. Operator house 0.136* 0.136
Sub-total 1.4 2.28 1.59 5.27
TEMPORARY
1. Quarry Sites 1** 1
2. Construction Yards and 1** 1
storage facilities
Sub-total 1 1 2
Total Area 1.4 3.28 2.59 7.27
(Source: Field survey, 2008) [Note: * denotes the land is already purchased by the project; ** denotes the land that will be leased]
Land categorized as permanent are those where project structures will remain permanently (30 yrs, and even when handed over to the government). Whereas
temporary lands are taken on lease during construction phase and handed over to the owner in their original state after completion of construction work.

6.1.2 Resettlement Issues

According to the existing alignment design, one household in surge tank (Ri VDC, Kuttal)
area and a cowshed in powerhouse (Ri VDC- Koda) area fall in the project area.
Compensation amount is mentioned in Table 6-2 below.
The impact is less significant.
Table 6-2: Loss of houses and other properties of project affected families and households
S.N. Owner’s Name and Family Size VDC/ Ward Project Loss Houses
No. Component Res. Cow Others
House Shed
Name Family VDC Ward
Size
1. Krishna Bahadur Lama 6 Ri 2 Powerhouse 1
2. Dhana Lama 9 Ri 2 Surge tank 1
Total 1 1

6.2.1 Construction phase
a. Change on existing topography
Some changes on topography are expected during project construction activities like
headworks (intake site), surge tank, powerhouse, extraction, etc. According to geological
report topography of headworks, surge tank and powerhouse are stable to moderately
stable (refer section 5.1.7). Similarly, other construction activities such as surface
excavation, cutting, filling and deposition of muck will bring some permanent changes to
existing topographical forms of the project area.
medium-term in duration.
b. Impact due to site clearance and muck disposal

The major area of site clearance area is headworks, surge tank, penstock and powerhouse.
The estimated site clearance (for components i.e. Headworks, adits, surge tank, penstock,
powerhouse and tailrace) is approximately 1.574 ha (refer to Table 6-1). Similarly, the
project envisages fulfilling its aggregate requirements from two proposed quarry sites i.e.
Disyon Khola (river) bank and some areas of Hahan Khola.
The estimated muck volume from construction of different project facilities is expected to
be 256707.6 m3. The detail break down of muck generated form AKHP is shown in table 6-3
below. Disposal of muck generated from the tunnel and other excavated areas in the river
banks of Ankhu Khola and Aphal Khola could be washed during monsoon and thus
degrading water quality by deposition of soil and sediment in downstream of Ankhu Khola.
Similarly, unmanaged disposal of muck could deteriorate existing scenic beauty of local
area.

Table 6-3: Details of estimated quantity of excavation materials

S. N. Project facilities Quantity of spoils (m3)
1. Diversion strcture and weir 25960
2. Intake and gravel trap 4280.4
3. Approach canal 4826
4. Desander 35172
5. Headrace tunnel 110600.9
6. Adit and access tunnels 60478.76
7. Surge Tank 3579.5
8. Penstock 4520.06
9. Powerhouse, tailrace and switch yard 7290
Total 256707.6
(Source: Project Feasibility Report, 2007)
Thus, the impact is direct, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-term in
duration.
c. Impact on slope stability, sedimentation and soil erosion

During the construction phase, activities like blasting, drilling, excavation, disposal of mucks
and other wastes may disturb the existing slope stability and trigger slope failure. Problem
of runoff may occur in freshly cut or filled slopes i.e. slope cutting for desander at
headworks and cutting for powerhouse construction, which will be potential to render slope
instability. Similarly, unmanaged excavation at adits, tunnel can cause soil erosion and slope
instability.
medium-term in duration.
d. Impact on water quality

Changes in water quality during construction phase relates to water quality degradation
from construction related wastes i.e. discharge of tunnel draining into water bodies,
discharge of waste water from aggregate plants, disposal of washout and unused concrete
from batching plants into water bodies, disposal of waste grease, lubricants from
mechanical yards into Ankhu Khola. These activities impact water quality by contributing to
total suspended solids concentration of the water. Also there can be possible degradation
from disposal of camp wastes i.e. sanitary wastes, kitchen waste, and open defecation. Such
activities could degrade water quality by increasing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in
Ankhu Khola.
Thus, the impact is direct, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short-term in
duration.

e. Impact due to noise

Construction activity is an unnatural noise generating activity during the work hours
(between 6 am to 8 pm). High noise generating sources are quarrying, aggregate crushing,
operation of mechanical equipments and heavy vehicles. Similarly, the noise generated from
the blasting could be higher than tolerable limit i.e. 140 dBA within 20m distance from the
blasting site. Though, the noise is very high at the origin, as the distance increases it drops
significantly. As there is no settlement within the above mentioned distance, the impact is
very low.
Thus the impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.
f. Impact due to stockpiling of construction materials

Different construction materials like drilling machine, aggregate crusher units, machineries,
vehicles, petroleum products for operation of machines, raw materials like aggregate, sand,
cements, iron rods and others stockpiled in respective construction sites of headworks,
powerhouse, quarry sites, muck disposal area, tunnel portals, etc. It requires total land of
0.2 ha (refer to Table 6-1) nearby headworks, adits, surge tank, powerhouse.
The impact thus is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.
g. Impact on air quality

Different construction activities like excavation works, aggregate processing, and movement
of construction vehicles in the earthen and gravel roads generate large volume of fugitive
dust emissions in and around the construction sites. The amount of emission depends on
the type of activity and operation of construction works and vehicles in relation to climatic
condition (dry or wet). Generally fugitive emissions comprise of large size particulate
fraction above 10 µm and settle down within few meters of the source. Only about 15% of
particulate matters less than 10 µm remain in the air and degrade the ambient air quality.
Gaseous emission from combustion by the operation of machinery/ vehicles and from
cooking activities at construction camps also contribute to some extent to degrading CO,
NOx in ambient air quality.
Thus, the impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short-term
in duration.
h. Impact on water springs due to tunnel construction

Drying out of spring water depends on geological and rock status of the site of spring water.
But, it is hard to predict and examine the level of impact at this stage. Besides, geological
investigation, reconnaissance survey showed no evidence of local spring sources along the
project alignment providing drinking and irrigation water facilities to local people of
Chogegau, Ri VDC (headrace tunnel alignment), Barre and Koda of Ri VDC (surge tank) and
Koda, Ri VDC (powerhouse) area.
As indicated in section 5.3.1.3 a hot water spring is present in ward number 7 of Jharlang
VDC. But, AKHP will not affect the spring as it is on the left bank and the tunnel route of
AKHP is proposed on the right bank.

Thus, the impact is indirect, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-term in
duration.
6.2.2 Operation phase

a. Impact on slope stability, sedimentation, soil erosion
There is possibility of slope failure during monsoon season along road alignment; project
component sites also due to sudden inevitable mishaps of project structures can create
mass washing which could create certain impact downstream. Reduced flow in dewatered
zone will increase sedimentation downstream of weir.
The impact is thus, direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, site-specific in extent and
medium term in duration.
b. Impact on change in micro-climate of dewatering stretch

It is difficult to quantify actual micro climate change in dewatering stretch of Ankhu Khola.
However, micro climate change is expected to occur due to decrease in volume of water in
river in dewatered section of the river between intake and tailrace i.e. differences in
temperature, humidity.
The impact is thus, direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, site-specific in extent and
long-term in duration.

a. Impact on biodiversity
A total of 1.4 ha of community forest area is to be affected by the project structures i.e.
headworks, adit portal sites and 1.0 ha of Pakhobari planted with trees at penstock
alignment, powerhouse and downstream of powerhouse and other facilities permanently.
The recommendation letter from Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) is presented in
Annex 13. Table 6-5 presents the loss of forest area by different project components with
loss of seedling per ha, sapling per ha, trees above 10 cm DBH, crown coverage percentile
and basal area percentile. The forest loss is either at the intake site, adit portal and penstock
alignment. The estimated number of trees to be cut down is 397, among this loss of Champ,
Simal, Sal and Pipal is 78 in number, which are listed as banned from cutting, transportation
and export for commercial purposes pursuant to Section 70 (kha) Forest Act, 1993. The
volume and species wise number of tree species with standing biomass to be affected by
project construction is presented in Table 6-4 below. The forest loss table is presented in
Annex 15.

Table 6-4: Total volume and number of each tree species with standing biomass (green) AKHP
Botanical name Local Avg. No. Standing wood Biomass (kg)
name DBH of volume Usage
(inch.) trees Timber Fuelwood Green wt. Dry wt.
> 4” (cu. ft) volume
DBH (chatta)
Lagerstroemia Botdhaino 12.55 27 304.88 75.92 1888.10 60.42 Timber,
parviflora Firewood
Michelia Champ 13.07 19 474.79 116.28 5591.43 503.23 Furniture
champaca
Schima Chilawne 13.49 64 1269.63 225.99 66807.34 4008.44 Timber,
wallichiii firewood
Debregesia Dar 16.29 14 163.03 52.17 506.21 20.25 utensils
salicifolia
Ficus Khanayo 10.44 17 95.98 33.54 2932.86 131.98 Fodder
semicordata
Sapium insigne Khirro 10.20 59 562.12 367.57 4362.35 161.41 Firewood,
fishing
Engelhardia Mauwa 10.92 23 146.09 73.54 4282.37 381.13 Timber,

spicata firewood
Ficus religiosa Pipal 15.35 2 48.70 11.83 729.19 43.75 Religious
Terminalia Saj 18.44 4 371.22 88.35 1919.28 105.56 Timber,
alata firewood
Shorea robusta Sal 13.29 52 1098.57 270.14 103547.48 2588.69 Timber,
firewood
Bombax ceiba Simal 11.00 5 56.46 28.53 930.87 41.89 Timber
Albizia sp. Siris 12.23 26 353.11 123.48 6830.87 232.25 Timber,
firewood
Alnus Utis 10.31 17 163.17 81.86 3360.90 168.05 Timber
nepalensis firewood
Rhus wallichii Valayo 10.77 31 344.58 120.53 3986.43 279.05 Timber
firewood
Phyllanthus Amala 10.20 17 221.96 97.66 517.51 43.99 Fruit,
emblica firewood
Mallotus Sindure 11.38 8 90.33 31.62 1859.19 92.96 Timber
philippensis firewood
Lam.
Careya arborea Kyamuno 12.40 7 83.98 30.23 1857.31 111.44 Timber
Roxb. firewood
Syzygium Jamun 11.93 5 63.52 287.73 1233.25 67.83 Fruit,
cumini L. firewood
Total 397 5912.10 2116.97 213142.93 9042.31
Thus the impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.

Table 6-5: Forest and vegetation loss

S.N. PROJECT TYPE OF FOREST LOSS OF VEGETATION CROWN BASAL FOREST TYPE
COMPONENT FOREST AREA Seedling per ha. Saplings per ha. No. of trees >10cm DBH COVER AREA
(ha.) (%) (%)
1 Headworks Community 0.83 350 107 112 30-45 0.0184 Sal-chilawne-Utis
forest mixed forest,
shrubland
2 Adit Portal site Community 0.57 75 142 204 40-45 0.010 Bole Mangal
forest Community Forest
(Mixed forest)
Total 1.40 316
Pakhobari planted with trees for the purpose of fodder and timber
3 Penstock Private 0.6 50 158 55 35 0.445 Sal chilawne forest
alignment and shrub land
4 Powerhouse Private 0.4 92 175 26 40-45 0.016 Sal-chilawne forest
and shrub land
Total 1.0 81
Table 6-6: Loss of vegetation in number and monetary value
S.N. Types of Area (ha) Regeneration Crown Number Standing wood Value of lost trees Firewood Fodder (NRs)
forest status cover of trees volume (prevailing market rate) (NRs)
(Saplings/ha) (%) >4" (>4" DBH) (NRs)
Timber Fuelwood Cuft*100 @ @ **NRs.
(cft.) (chatta) *NRs.50/bhari 10/bhari
1 Gvt. - - - - - - - - -
Managed
2 Community 1.40 311 40-45 316 5387.47 1800.27 688747 74460.95 8661.36
3 Leasehold - - - - - - -
4 Religious - - - - - - -
5 Private 1.0 71 40 81 526.8 316.8 102680 11132.70 574.56
Total 2.4 397 5912.09 2116.97 791427 84493.65 9235.92

b. Impact on NTFPs of surrounding forest due to increased project workers

The increased number of outside workers increases pressure in forest for Non timber forest
product (NTFPs) extraction. Influx of large number of people from outside contribute to
indirect impacts on the existing forest resulting firewood demand for cooking, hot water,
warming and construction of office, warehouse, labor camps and making furnitures.
Another indirect impact on forest expected during construction phase is mainly due to
increased demand of local alcohol (Raksi). Preparations of Raksi needs more fire wood,
which in one way or another will come from the forest.
c. Impact on rare, protected and endangered species of flora and fauna

Species like Champ (Michelia champaca), Simal (Bombax ceiba), Sal (Shorea robusta) and
Pipal (Ficus religiosa) are banned from cutting, transportation and export for commercial
purposes and Simal (Bombax ceiba) is listed as Vulnerable Pursuant to Section 70 (kha) of
Forest Act 1993. The approximate number of Champ, Simal, Sal and Pipal to be cut down are
19, 5, 52 and 2 respectively. Orchid species like Dendrobium sp. and Dioscorea sp. are seen
frequently throughout the project area, they are included in Appendix II of CITES.
The impact is thus direct in nature, medium in magnitude, site-specific in extent and
short-term in duration.

a. Impacts on aquatic habitat and obstruction to fish migration in flow reduced area
From October through July there will be drastic change in the river hydrology between
intake and tailrace. The spawning and breeding grounds will be reduced due to increase in
sediment load and flow of nutrient will be constraint, which might result in reduction of fish
population and diversity to some extent. However, less impact on fish is expected as a
tributary named Aphal Khola meets Ankhu khola about 3 km downstream after
powerhouse. This khola will provide sufficient amount of water for the fishes. Only about 3
km stretch falls in dewatering zone where 10% minimum monthly average flow will be
maintained.
So the impact is direct, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and medium-term in
duration.
b. Impacts on wildlife due to destruction of its habitat

Clearance of forest area of about 1.4 ha will have an impact on the habitat of the wildlife
found in the project area. Though, the forest to be cleared is not the prime habitat of the
wildlife, it is just the occasional feeding ground. So direct loss of wildlife is not expected but
habitat of some reptiles may be lost.
Thus, the impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.

c. Impact on biodiversity
The impact on biodiversity is expected very low. There will be improved vegetation cover
due to project related afforestation. However, compensatory plantation will result in
afforestation of degraded areas thus improving the vegetation cover of the project area.
So the impact is direct, moderate in magnitude, site-specific in extent and medium-term in
duration.
d. Dewatering effect
During operation phase from October through July, the river will face drastic change in
hydrology between weir and tailrace. Most of the water will be diverted to energy
generation, relesasing only 10 percent flow of the dry season. The stretch between weir and
tailrace is the dewatered zone and aquatic life especially fishes will be affected. Since, the
water from Ankhu Khola is not used for other purposes like irrigation, drinking water,
domestic purpose, the dewatering effect is less. Downstream water release table is
presented in 6-7.
Table 6-7: Environmental release and water balance for AKHP

S.N. Month Avg. month Downstream Additional downstream Diversion Production
discharge in environmental release (m3/sec) for
the river release Irrigation Water others power Power Energy
(m3/sec) (m3/sec) mills (m3/sec) (MW) (GWh)
1. Jan 5.60 0.48 - - - 5.12 9.01 20.57
2. Feb 4.79 0.48 - - - 4.32 7.59 11.91
3. Mar 5.54 0.48 - - - 5.06 8.89 13.95
4. Apr 9.05 0.48 - - - 8.57 15.08 23.66
5. May 16.20 0.48 - - - 15.72 27.65 43.37
6. Jun 35.02 10.62 - - - 24.40 42.92 67.33
7. Jul 63.13 38.73 - - - 24.40 42.92 67.33
8. Aug 67.88 43.47 - - - 24.40 42.92 67.33
9. Sept 48.88 24.48 - - - 24.40 42.92 67.33
10. Oct 23.97 0.48 - - - 23.49 41.32 64.81
11. Nov 12.45 0.48 - - - 11.97 21.05 33.01
12. Dec 7.70 0.77 - - - 7.22 12.70 19.92
Annual 25.02
Average
So the impact is direct, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and medium-term in

duration.
6.4 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a. Impact due to land and infrastructure acquisition
A total of 20 project affected families (PAF) has been identified in AKHP. One house and a
cow shed falls on the project alignment. These families were not relocated as they had other

houses in the project area. The value and details of property loss is presented in table 6-8.
All in all 2.28 hectare agricultural land has been purchased by the project. Value of land
compensated to owners is NRs. 4,816,084. Total land acquired by project accounts to 0.35
percent of total arable land in project area (Ri and Darkha VDC).
Summary of total land loss of PAF is presented in table 6-9 below and individual percentage
loss of land is presented in table 6-10, Annex 16. It can be expected that as money they
received as compensation can be used for purchasing other productive land, build new
house, starting new business, pay off debt, etc. Therefore, the impact is significant.
Table 6-8: Value of Lost of Houses and other properties of project affected families and
Households
S.N. Owner's Name and Family size VDC/ Project Value of lost houses (NRs.)
Ward No. Component Res. Cow Others
House shed
Name Family VDC Ward
Size
1. Krishna Bahadur Lama 6 Ri 2 Powerhouse 200,000
2. Dhana Lama 9 Ri 2 Surge tank 200,000
Total 200,000 200,000
Table 6-9: Total loss of land of project affected families and households
S.N. VDC Project Component Loss of land in Loss of land Remarks
project area (Ropani) in project
Bari Pakho Bari area (Ha)
1. Ri Surge tank 0.196 0.01
Penstock 2.36 0.12
Powerhouse 0.79 0.04
Switch yard 2.77 0.14
Tail race 0.09 0.004
Camp site (surge tank and 5.89 0.3
power house)
Stockpile 3.83 0.2
Muck disposal 10.07 0.52
Operator house (PH) 2.68 0.136
2. Darkha Camp site 9.27 0.47
Muck disposal 6.71 0.33
Total 0.196 44.46 2.28

Total land available in all VDCs 642.9
% of lost land in all VDCs 0.35
Value of lost land (Rs.) 4,816,084

b. Impact on farm land and agriculture production

The loss of agricultural production is due to acquisition of land required by the project. The
estimated land required by the project is 7.27 ha in total out of which 2.28 is agricultural
land. Based on land area the estimated loss of agricultural production is exhibited in table 6-
11. The land area acquired is fairly productive (based on production information from
household survey of PAF). The total production loss in acquired land of 2.28 ha amounts to
NRs. 457,665.05. Hence the overall impact is significant. Individual loss of agricultural
production due to land acquisition is presented in table 6-12, 6-13; Annex 17.
Table 6-11: Value of total loss of agricultural production due to land acquisition
Crops Total Yield Production Local Amount Remarks
Area Market
Value
(ha.) (Mt/ha.) (Mt) (Rs./Mt) (Rs.)
1. Cereal
Crops
Maize 2.05 2.32 4.75 15,000.00 71,250.00
Millet 1.82 1.26 2.30 12,000.00 27,600.00
Total–1 98,850.00
2. Cash Crops
Potato 1.66 10.83 17.94 20,000.00 358,815.05

Total–2 358,815.05
Grand Total 457,665.05
The impact is thus direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.
c. Impact on occupational health and safety

If the project lacks to provide adequate occupational health and safety instructions, training
and protective equipments to construction workers, there is possibility of occupational
health hazards, accidents leading to disability, sometime causing loss of life. Common health
issues are due to heavy dust generation, noise, manual work and sometime due to
inevitable casualties.
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, site-specific in extent and
medium term in duration.
d. Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities

Influx of large number of workforce from outside is likely to cause pressure on social service
institutions particularly education facilities, health services. Pressures on existing
infrastructures are high in areas closer to construction sites and camp sites like Ri VDC ward
number 2, 4 and 5, Jharlang VDC ward number 7 and Darkha VDC ward number 1.
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short-term
in duration.

e. Impacts on existing social and cultural practices

The project area lies in a remote location and it has its own traditional social and cultural
values intact. With the influx of large workforce and other people from outside in search of
jobs and better business opportunities in the project area tend to disturb the existing
cultural practices. The new bunch of people coming in have different mindset and different
cultural and social values, two separate mind sets and cultural values will not go in harmony,
so this is likely to alter the existing social and cultural norms, thus implying long term
impact.
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and long-term
in duration.
f. Impact on archaeological, historical and cultural important sites

The proposed AKHP takes the right bank alignment route for power development and does
not intrude any archaeological, historical and cultural important sites. As mentioned in
section 5.3.3 a hot water spring (Tatopani) of religious importance is present in ward
number 7 of Jharlang VDC. However, AKHP will not create any impact on the hot water
spring as it is on the opposite bank i.e. left bank of Ankhu Khola. Thus, the impact is
insignificant.
g. Impact on communal resources

Felling of trees in forested lands of project area involve direct loss of standing pole size and
tree timber, fuel wood and biomass worth NRs. 204069.05 (Refer to Table 6-6 ). Other
impacts due to construction of project are impact on NTFPs, other annual loss of timber,
fuel wood and biomass. There will be extraction of local resources like boulders, aggregates,
sand from proposed quarry sites (refer to Annex 20).
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short-term
in duration.
h. Impact on people behavior due to economic activities

With the advent of project there will be large influx of workforce as well as other people in
search of better business opportunities in project area. Lots of people means lot and lot of
business and business will flourish resulting in increase in different economic activities i.e.
entertainment ways (drinking, gambling, etc.). With the increase in economic activities
people’s behavior will change drastically. There will be gender exploitation i.e. girls
trafficking, possibility of opening of brothels in disguise, etc.
The impact is thus direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short-
term in duration.
i. Impact on law and order in the project area due to large work force
The outside workers and people will encroach in the communal resources regardless of the
consent of the local community so this develop a sense of conflict between the local and
project personnel including outside workforce due to clash in mind set. This create
harshness in the relationship between the locals and outsiders which ultimately lead to
obstruction to the construction works causing direct impact in the local law and order

situation. Experience in different development works in Nepal has shown such incidents of
social tension sometime even rendering stoppage of construction works. Also increased
activities of alcoholism, gambling and other means of entertainment is likely to have
negative impact on local law and order situation. With the influx of large workforce petty or
large crimes are possible to occur.
So the impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.

a. Impact on existing water use rights
From reconnaissance survey and household survey, it was found that water from Ankhu
Khola is neither used for irrigation, water mills nor drinking purpose along the dewatered
stretch. Since the water from Ankhu Khola is not being used for any important purpose, the
impact on existing water use rights is very low except river is used for recreational fishing by
local people during their spare time. None of the local people were totally dependent on
fishing as the source of income.
VDC recommendation letter incorporating water use right upstream of weir, dewatered
zone is presented in Annex 13.
So the impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short term
in duration.
b. Impact on people’s safety in dewater stretch due to sudden water release

downstream of dam in the lean flow season
During operation phase if there is sudden release of water down stream of dam flow
season, there is possibility of risk of lives of people (esp. children using the river flood plains
for recreational purpose), wildlife and domestic animals, which might have gone to river to
drink water.
So the impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site-specific in extent and short term
in duration.
c. Impact due to withdrawal of economic activity

With the completion of the construction activities, all the construction personnel and
workforce will leave the area with only limited number of people in permanent camps for
operational activities of the project. The market centers developed around the camp sites
i.e. tea stalls, hotels, restaurants, grocery shops start to experience decrease in business
except small scale to meet local requirements. Many shops will be closed down as business
drop down. Such situation is potential to occur in the project area.
So the impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.

6.5 Beneficial impacts

a. Employment opportunity
The project requires at least about 400 workforces during construction period. The project
will provide first priority in job opportunities to the local people based on their skills and
qualification.
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and medium
term in duration.
b. Business opportunity to local people

The construction project like Ankhu Khola hydropower project involves a large number of
construction workforces for a period of about 4 years. A large number of people will be at
the site will seek variety of services and goods produced locally as well as goods brought
from outside. Fresh vegetables, fruits, milk and milk products produced locally will be in
high demand. The local farmers supplying these products will be benefited to great extent.
Also opportunities of businesses like tea stalls, restaurants, hotels will be demand by the
construction workers. These opportunities increase the business of the local people.
term in duration.
c. Trade and commerce

The construction projects are likely to generate allied construction related industries and
business opportunities such as welding industry, repair and maintenance industry, electrical
fixing industry. As well there will be movement of people in and out so trade and commerce
of the project area will increase with increased people’s movement. All of these industrial
services and increased trade and commerce of the project area will benefit the local people
and in turn enhance local economy.
term in duration.
d. Potential improvement of public facilities

The project has a plan for environmental enhancement of the project affected VDCs, which
includes support to educational institutions, health post, access road , water supply facilities
from the start of the project construction until operation of the project. The above
enhancement programs are envisaged to support local infrastructures and social service
facilities in the project affected VDCs. Project has provided technical support to local people
for construction of access road from Darkha phedi to Jharlang VDC. So the road corridor will
be open to all and local people have improved access facilities.
term in duration.


a. Employment opportunity for local people
During operation phase, the project will create above 20 temporary and permanent job
opportunities for the project operation and regular maintenance works. The local people
will be given preference for these job opportunities.
term in duration.
b. Revenue generation
As per the hydropower policy (2001), the project affected DDC/VDCs are entitled for 12% of
the royalty received from the project by the government for local development including
rural electrification. Along with this, development of local tourism, related business and
industrial development in the project affected VDCs, the local governments (DDCs/ VDCs)
base of revenues, taxes and other royalties will increase than present.
The impact is thus direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, regional in extent and long
term in duration.
6.6 Issues raised by concerned VDCs

Issues from the local stakeholders of project VDCs through VDC secretary were collected as
"Muchulka". The issues raised are addressed in the following section. A copy of muchulka is
presented in annex 11.
Issues raised in Darkha VDC

 The project should provide mitigation measures to reduce the probable impact on
the community forest and communities residing nearby as per their demands and
needs.
Issues raised in Jharlang VDC

 The proponent should discuss the adverse effects of hydropower development in the
VDC with the people.
 The project should give written agreement on mitigation measures for effects such as
drying up of hot water spring, deforestation, soil erosion, displacement of people and
other effects of the hydropower project.
 The hydropower project should give priority to local employment where possible.
 Tunnel construction should not disrupt the source of hot spring situated in the project
area as it is a major source of tourist attraction.
 The project should support cultural heritages and local groups in the project area
Issues raised in District Health Office, Dhading

 Local people should have share of the hydropower project
 Rural electrification should be done in the project area without load shedding
 Employment to local people where possible considering the qualification
 Programs of trainings and awareness should be carried out by the project proponent

 Royalty received should be utilized in local development

 Compensation of forest area should be provided to the community
 Project should support the community in the sector of health, education and
cooperatives.
 Project should support infrastructure development in affected area
 Proponent should be transparent while carrying out construction activities
 People should be made aware of the objective, vision of the project
 The workers should be insured
 Proponent should manage hazardous, non biodegradable wastes
 Proponent should help in management of landslides
6.7 Recommendations from concerned VDCs

As per EPR 1996, recommendation letters from the concerned VDCs (Ri, Darkha and
Jharlang) were collected. It mentions that the project does not affect any infrastructures
and does not hamper water use rights. Also, there is no water use in the dewatering stretch
within project area. A copy of recommendation letter from the concerned VDCs is attached
in annex 13.

IEE Document of AKHP Mitigation and Enhancement Measures Chapter Eight
7. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
There are multiple alternatives to the power generation such as hydropower, thermal
power, wind power, atomic power, solar power, etc. The hydropower project alternatives
range from run-of-river, run-of-river cum peaking storage and storage projects. Similarly,
within the category of hydropower project, various alternatives relating to location, layout,
and design of structures, construction methods and schedule, operation modalities,
environmental management systems during construction and operation phase are
commonly evaluated on environmental ground for project selection. Apart from this, a
power generation project or no power generation project in the current context of the
country is also a part of alternative analysis. The following section evaluates various
alternatives of the proposed project according to environmental perspective.
7.1 Power project versus no power project alternative

Energy is the backbone of development of the country. National livelihood status is often
measured by the per capita energy consumption. No development in energy sector
especially hydropower hinders development in other sector. In the current energy crisis in
urban and industrial areas of Nepal, "No power project Option" for AKHP is absolutely
invalid and illogical because country itself is facing huge power shortage and nationwide
load shedding problem. There is an urgent need to combat the current energy crisis and
solve the problem in the years to come as only 20% of the total population of Nepal has
access to electricity and in terms of rural electrification only 5% of the people have access to
electricity. Regarding the present short supply of power leading to load shedding, economic
activity cannot afford "no project option" and let alone the nation's economic growth. A
vast rural area is still to be covered by sustainable energy network. So in above context, no
project alternative is equivalent to blocking development aspirations of Nepal and so this
alternative is rejected on economic, livelihood and environmental grounds.
7.2 Hydropower versus thermal power/ Wind power/ Solar power/ Atomic
power
In the context of an entire country, viability of the alternative is related to its resource base,
technology at hand, capacity to managed pollution and bi-products and most importantly
economic and financial capacity.
Thermal power plant utilizes coal, oil, natural gas, biomass and waste for electricity
generation. Nepal is resource deficient in fossil fuel i.e. coal, natural gas and oil, if the power
generation is to be based on this alternative raw materials have to be imported, so it
increases the cost. Potential sources that can be used in Nepal are municipal waste,
industrial waste, biomass and other types of waste; however, the volume of waste
generation restricts the plant's capacity to produce required thermal power. Also thermal
plants are based on combustion of coal, natural gas, biomass and waste and contribute to
environmental externalities i.e. CO2, SO2, NO and particulate emissions. So, in the context of
current issues of global warming thermal power plant is undesirable.

Wind power plants offer several important environmental advantages over thermal power
plants, they use no fuel, cause no air pollution, greenhouse gases and toxic waste, consume
no water and other scarce resources. However, wind plant requires regular natural wind
speed to produce reasonable power, also it raises public concerns i.e. they generate noise
and they are visually intrusive for local residents. Natural wind speed in Nepal is highly
variable so they cannot be developed in large scale as sustainable power supply. The solar
power though pollution free, energy production from solar power has many disadvantages
i.e. requires large area, high cost for production, feasible for small scale application and not
a reliable source for continuous energy supply. Solar cell components require special
disposal facilities as they contain hazardous substances. Because of above reasons, solar
power is not acceptable to meet the current energy demand of Nepal.
Nepal has abundant renewable water resources. The characteristics of the drainage network
and available gradient make hydropower project most feasible. In order to meet the
required energy needs and also in economic point to view, hydropower projects are the
best power alternatives in Nepal.
7.3 Project design alternative

Apart from the location alternatives, various design alternatives have also been analyzed
where "No Project Option" concept exists. But, we can clearly make out that the location
alternatives is based on the preliminary field visits by a team of experts, keeping in mind the
various aspects and parameters of physical, biological and socioeconomic & cultural
environments. The high dam alternative is rejected because of high inundation and
consequent effect on forest area so run-of- river option is selected with tunnel option to
avoid damage to larger land area and forest loss.
7.4 No forest option

For ROR projects, the existing topographical conditions and drainage network are
detrimental factors in locating the project diversion structures, layout of the headrace
tunnel and powerhouse. Within these constraints, efforts will be made to locate the weir
site, powerhouse and minimal reservoir area to minimize forest loss. In order to minimize
loss of forest due to project construction, intake weir height is placed at optimum level only.
Selection of muck disposal sites, quarry sites will be done to minimize forest loss. The muck
disposal areas will be located in degraded agricultural land or barren or river banks, while
the quarry sites will be located in low vegetation covered forest areas on parts of barren
rocky cliffs.
7.5 Technology, Operation procedures, Time schedule and Raw materials

alternatives
Labour intensive construction technique has been selected to provide maximum job
opportunity to local people during construction phase. Only machine intensive technology is
rejected because of its potential environmental management difficulties, increased cost and

minimum job opportunities to local people. Consideration will be given to environmental

requirement to release the required environmental flow (10% of the least flow of the dry
season) from the dam to sustain aquatic life (fishery) of river throughout the year in
compliance with the legal provisions of the government of Nepal. To accomplish the project
implementation in the stipulated time, the project will be packaged in contract basis for
different project components i.e. tunnel excavation, powerhouse, intake site, etc.
As far as possible raw materials required for the project will be supplemented from the local
area except for the timber and fuel wood. An alternative provision of cooking energy will be
made to the construction workforce in the construction camps. The available stone, sand
and aggregates will be supplemented from local areas.
7.6 Suitability of either Fish Passage or Fish ladder

To facilitate the migratory fish to move upstream of the river, Denil fish ladder has been
selected. Obviously the velocity of water in the fish ladder should not be so great that it
washes fish back to the downstream or exhausts them to the point of inability to continue
their journey to the upstream. Therefore special care has to be taken to maintain the
velocity of water falling over the fish ladder.
Denil Fish ladder allows the flow velocity between 1.2 m/s to 2.6 m/s. According to the
results of flow measurement near the headworks of the Ankhukhola Hydropower Project,
the average flow velocities in the river in different months are as follow:
Table 7-1: Average minimum flow velocity and discharge recorded from AKHP (2005- 2007)
S.N. Year Month/Date Average Flow Velocity in Average Discharge, m3/s
m/s
1 2005 Dec 28 1.111 13.788
2 2006 Mar 31 1.212 13.376
3 2006 Oct 28 1.315 24.097
4 2006 Dec 15 1.141 14.71
5 2007 Jan 25 1.043 12.43
6 2007 Feb 9 1.182 14.661
7 2007 Mar 18 1.054 14.82
8 2007 May 4 1.419 25.38
9 2007 Oct 29 1.518 26.51
Source: AKHP Feasibility Report
Obviously most of the migratory fish travel upstream in dry season, i.e mid December to mid
April, and the velocity of the flow in these seasons as per above table varies from 1.043 to
1.518 m/s. According to the design, the velocity that will be maintained in Denil Fish ladder
varies from 1.2 to 2.6 m/s. That means the flow velocity in the Denil fish ladder will remain
in the lower limit (near to 1.2 m/s) and matches the velocity available in the river in dry
season. Therefore the fish available in the Ankhu khola River will not find any difficulty in
travelling upstream through Denil Fish way.
7.7 Environmental management system

The project is somewhat sensitive in terms of out coming environmental impacts. The
project planning has analyzed various alternatives of muck disposal, placing of aggregate
crusher units, location of camps and construction sites. While selecting sites for different
activities, consideration will be given to related environmental impacts and management
plan. The project has developed an environmental management plan for the construction
and operation periods considering the environmental aspects of the area.

8. MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES

Mitigation measures for all significant impacts identified during the study will be taken into
consideration. Each of the adverse impacts identified is evaluated in detail and cost effective
mitigation measures are suggested to minimize the adverse impacts. The mitigation
measures provided are specific and developed by applying pragmatic approach by the team
of interdisciplinary experts. Mitigation measures suggested are technically feasible, socially
acceptable and preferably of certain proven effectiveness. The prime responsibility for
implementation of the proposed mitigation measures rest on the proponent. The cost
required for each mitigation measures is identified in detail and incorporated in the report.
The mitigation and enhancement cost is 0.054% of the total cost of the project. Adverse and
beneficial impacts that are not identified or permitted during the study if later discovered
during the construction and operation phases will be explicitly mitigated or enhanced by the
proponent at his expenses.
The environmental enhancement and mitigation measures are as follows.

8.1.1 Pre-Construction Phase
a. Land acquisition
 Rate and amount of compensation was determined by Compensation Fixation
Committee (CFC) pursuant to Article 13 of Land Acquisition Act. Out of 5.27 ha of
permanent land required 2.28 ha of land has been purchased and landowners were
compensated with an amount of NRs. 4,816,084. Remaining 2.99 ha of permanent
land (i.e. 1.4 ha of Community forest, 2.28 ha private cultivated land and 1.59 ha of
River & floodplain) and 2 ha of temporary land will be leased at the rate of Rs. 200
per ha per annum. (Refer to Table 6-1)
 The 1.4 ha of community forest land required by the project will be leased at the
rate of Rs. 200 per ha per annum since AKHP lies in High Mountain region pursuant
to Section 20, Rule 41 and 49 of Leashold Forestry Policy, 2058.
b. Resettlement issues
 One household and a cowshed falling in project alignment have already been
purchased by the project at the rate of Rs. 200,000 each. The total compensated
amount is Rs. 400,000.
 Both the families were not required to be resettled as they had an alternate house
and shed in the same area. With the compensation (money), they have purchased
additional agricultural land in the same area.

8.2 Construction Phase

a. Change in existing topography
 Civil protection and bio-engineering works at landslide and soil erosion prone areas due to
construction of project components. (Refer to Table 8-1, 8-2, 8-3 Annex 18 and calendar
of bio-engineering maintenance operations, Annex 19).
b. Impact due to site clearance and muck disposal

 Muck generated from construction of Headworks structures and 3 adits will be
deposited at Dharna, Ri VDC whereas muck generated from construction of surge
tank and powerhouse will be deposited at Downstream from confluence of Darkha
Khola and Ankhu Khola to Lapang Khola. Total estimated area is 180,000 m2 and both
sites are geologically stable, flat and near riverbed.
 Runoff from muck disposal sites will be passed through sedimentation tank to arrest
the suspended sediment before releasing into water bodies.
 Spoil will be kept in many small benches and compacted.
 Compacted disposal sites will be stabilized by plantation with grasses, shrubs,
bamboo, and grass turfing to maximize resistance to erosion. Breakdown of
stabilization cost and calendar of bio-engineering maintenance operations is
presented in Annex -18 and Annex-19 respectively.
c. Impact on slope stability, sedimentation and soil erosion

 Construction activities i.e. blasting, drlilling and surface excavation at headworks,
surge tank, penstock and powerhouse will be controlled as per the geotechnical
requirements to control excessive soil loss.
 The Borang landslide (mentioned in 5.1.7 (a)) and other landslides will be mitigated
by trimming he hill slope and removing the unstable and slipped blocks.
 The spoil generated will be kept in many small benches to avoid slope overloading
and they will be compacted.
 Estimated excavation works at 3 adits, outlet portal, surge tank and powerhouse will
be protected by shotcrete of 3882 m2 and 488 numbers of 3 m long 25 mm diameter
rockbolts. Breakdown of cost for civil engineering protection works is presented in
Table 8-1, 8-2, 8-3 Annex 18.
 The royalty cost for boulder extraction will be given to the concerned DDC i.e
Dhading DDC. The quantity and cost estmation of boulder extraction for AKHP is
presented in Table 8-4, Annex-20.
d. Impact on water quality

 The oil and grease, lubricants from mechanical yards will be collected in plastic
drums for disposal in proper place.
 Open defecation will be avoided and temporary pit latrine (1 for each 20 workers)
will be made in construction camps. The number of latrine constructed is 20 for 400
workforce. NRs. 980598.2 is expected to incur for pit latrine construction. Detail cost
is presented in Table 8-5, Annex-21.

 Solid waste and kitchen waste generated from camp houses will be segregated into
bio-degradable and non-biodegradable. Bio-degradable waste will be converted to
composed and non-biodegradable wastes i.e. plastics, bottles will be disposed
properly. Waste generated will not be disposed directly into Ankhu River. (Refer to
Table 8-6, effluent standards, Annex-22)
e. Impact due to noise

 Excessive use of high decibel horns by vehicles will be restricted by placing signs
along traffic corridor. (Refer to Table 8-7,Table 8-8 noise level standards, Annex-22)
 Night time blasting from 8 pm to 8 am will be avoided.
 Ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to the construction workers and employees.
f. Impact due to stockpiling of construction materials

 Petroleum products will be placed in separate bounded areas with cemented floor.
 Toxic materials will also be placed in separate bunded areas for proper disposal and
to make it look nice.
 Packs of cements, iron rods will be placed systematically to make it look nice and
systematic.
g. Impact on air quality

 Regular water sprinkling in the road corridors from Darkha phedi, Darkha VDC to
Richet, Ri VDC within the construction sites particularly in the dry season.
 All vehicles and machinery used in the project will be in compliance with emission
standards set for vehicles and machinery by MoE. (Refer to Table 8-9, emission
standards, Annex-22)
h. Impact on water springs due to tunnel construction

 Project will survey the springs likely to be affected by tunnel construction prior to
construction, particularly discharges in dry season and discharges will be
documented.

a. Impact on slope stability, sedimentation and soil erosion
 Slope stabilizing methods applied during construction phase will be regularly
maintained in accordance with calendar of bio-engineering maintenance operations
(Refer to Annex 19)
 In addition to protection shotcrete works and rock bolts done during construction
phase, other civil protective structures will be constructed in slope instability and soil
erosion prone areas around the project alignment observed during operation phase.
b. Impact on change in microclimate of dewatering stretch

 A residual environmental flow (10% of average minimum monthly flow i.e. 0.474
m3/sec) will be released at all time from the weir.

 Restriction of extraction of boulder and gravel materials from the river bed of
dewatered section.

a. Impact on biodiversity
 Only required vegetation will be disturbed by pegging the area and numbering the
trees.
 Forest nursery will be established to produce the seedlings of species mentioned in
Table 5-6 and Table 8-1 required for the compensatory plantation. The area required
for nursery establishment is 2811 m2, the proposed land is at Kuttal, Ri VDC and it is
already purchased by the project.
 Compensatory plantation and management procedure:
- The proponent in co-ordination with the DFO and CFUG will develop a forest
management plan to protect the predicted degradable forest.
- Compensatory afforestation of felled trees will be done in the ratio of 1:25 as
per the Department of Forest guideline 2063. A total of 10,055 seedlings will be
planted in an area of 1.008 hectare. The plantation will be carried out as
allocated by the DFO and the area will be managed for 5 years and then will be
handed to the concerned DFO.
- If the project developer is not able to carry out the compensatory plantation
then the cost required for compensatory plantation along with its management
for 5 years will be given to the concerned DFO.
- The compensatory plantation plan for AKHP is presented in table 8-10. The cost
break down of compensatory afforestation program is presented in table 8-11,
Annex-23.

Table 8-10: Compensatory plantation plan

Botanical name Local name No. of trees loss Compensatory Plantation
> 4” DBH plantation area (ha)
Lagerstroemia parviflora Botdhaino 27 675 0.067

Michelia champaca Champ* 19 570 0.057
Schima wallichiii Chilawne 64 1600 0.16
Debregesia salicifolia Dar 14 350 0.035
Ficus semicordata Khanayo 17 425 0.042
Sapium insigne Khirro 59 1475 0.148
Engelhardia spicata Mauwa 23 575 0.058
Ficus religiosa Pipal* 2 60 0.006
Terminalia alata Saj 4 100 0.01
Shorea robusta Sal* 52 1300 0.13
Bombax ceiba Simal* 5 150 0.015
Albizia sp. Siris 26 650 0.065
Alnus nepalensis Utis 17 425 0.043
Rhus wallichii Valayo 31 775 0.078
Phyllanthus emblica Amala 17 425 0.043
Mallotus philippensis Lam. Sindure 8 200 0.02
Careya arborea Roxb. Kyamuno 7 175 0.018
Syzygium cumini L. Jamun 5 125 0.013
Total 397 10055 1.008
Note: *trees banned from felling, transportation and export for commercial purposes in
Forest Act 1993, Section 70 (kha).
b. Impact on NTFPs
 In case of impact on NTFPs and community forest resources, the community forest
user groups will be compensated as per “jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw u/fpg]
sfo{ljlw @)^#
 Awareness campaign on importance of NTFPs will be conducted to aware local
community to promote NTFPs as income generating source.
c. Impact on rare, protected and endangered species of flora and fauna

 Felling of rare, endangered, endemic species as listed in Table 5-6 will be limited only
to the estimated number shown in forest loss Table 6-4. Excessive felling will be
avoided.
 If felling of these species is required by the project layout, such species will be
planted in compensatory plantation in accordance to compensatory plantation and
management procedure mentioned above.


a. Impact on aquatic habitat and obstruction to fish migration in flow reduced area
 At least 10% average minimum monthly flow i.e. 0.474 m3/sec) will be released all
round the year as per Hydropower Development Policy 2058 to sustain the aquatic
life of the dewatered section.
 Denil Fish ladder has been proposed to facilitate easy movement of fish. Denil Fish
Ladder allows easy movement of fish upstream at velocity of 1.2 to 2.6 m/s. As the
velocity of flow in Ankhu River after diversion is about 1.518 m/s, fish available in the
river will not might difficulty travelling upstream through Denil Fish Ladder. It shall
be provided with proper fencing and total ban on fishing.
d. Impact on wildlife due to destruction of its habitat

 Fragmentation of vegetation does not occur as alignment runs along the border of
forested land.
 Forest and only required vegetation will be felled by pegging the area and
numbering the trees.
 Night time blasting between 18 hours to 5 hours will be avoided as far as possible to
avoid disturbance to wildlife.
b. Impact on biodiversity
 There will be improved vegetation cover due to project related afforestation.
 The loss plant species will be compensated from compensatory afforestation in the
ratio 1:25.
c. Dewatering effect
 Change in aquatic habitat due to dewatering effect will be compensated by releasing
at least average minimum monthly flow throughout the year as per Hydropower
Policy, 2058 to sustain the aquatic life of the dewatered section.
8.4 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

a. Impact due to land acquisition and infrastructure acquisition
 2.28 ha of agricultural land required by project have been purchased and owners
have been compensated with amount of NRs. 4,816,084. Also a house and a
cowshed falling on project alignment has been purchased and compensated with
NRs. 400,000. (Refer to Table 6-8 and 6-9).
 Rate and amount of compensation was determined by Compensation Fixation
Committee (CFC) pursuant to Article 13 of Land Acquisition Act.
 Project will give first priority on employment opportunity to PAF (Project affected
families) but it will be based on skill and qualification.

b. Impact on farmland and agriculture production

 The estimated production loss of NRs. 457,665 from 2.28 ha of purchased land is
compensation in the compensation cost for acquired land.
 If the project chooses to enter into the area before the harvesting of standing crop,
the standing crop will be compensated as per the production potential at market
price.
c. Impact on occupational health and safety

 The project will make provision relating to health and safety of construction workers
pursuant to Section 27 of Labor Act, 2048.
 Working hours of labour force will be according to norms stated in Section-18 of
Labor Act, 2048 i.e. 30 minutes must be allowed for rest and/or refreshments in
every five hours of work. Same section also states that over-time payment must be
given at 1.5 times the normal wage if employees are required to work more than
normal working hours i.e. eight hours per day.
 Provision of first aid facility in each of the construction camps and sites with
instruction to use.
 Construction workers will be insured as per company's policy.
d. Pressure on existing infrastructural facilities

Project will survey all the potential infrastructure like schools and health posts that likely to
be affected during construction phase due to increase workforce expecially at Ri VDC ward
number 2, 4 and 5, Jharlang VDC ward number 7 and Darkha VDC ward number 1.
 First priority on employment will be provided to local people based on their skills
and qualification.
 Project will support in maintenance and upgradation of local infrastructure where
pressure will be observed during construction phase through social enhancement
programs. (Refer to Table 8-12 for cost for enhancement measures)
e. Impact on existing social and cultural practices

 Awareness program in the initial construction phase will be organized to aware
construction workforce and people from outside to learn about the existing social
and cultural practices of the project area and to respect the social norms of the
project area.
f. Impact on archeological, historical and culturally important sites

 No measures required as there is no such sites along project alignments.
g. Impact on communal resources

 Loss of fuelwood and biomass due to felling for site clearance for construction of
different project structure will be compensated by compensatory plantation in the
ratio of 1:25 in an area of 1.008 hectare as per the “jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL

pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^#

 Royalty will be paid to VDC for the aggregate volume excavated (eg. boulder,
aggregate and sand extraction) pursuant to Section 4, rule 70 of Local Self
Governance Act, 2055.
h. Impact on people’s behaviour due to economic activities

 Project will implement awareness campaigns to aware people to respect and
maintain the traditional norms and values of the project area
 Several ethical behavior programs will be organized to discourage people to avoid
doing illegal things i.e. drinking in public places, gambling, etc.
i. Impact on law and order in the project area due to large workforce
 Project will launch community awareness program on maintaining law and order of
the project area.
 Workers identification system will be introduced and if any workers found engaged
in illegal activities will be taken action as per the local law and order .
 Construction workers if found gambling, drinking in public places, involved in illegal
activities like girls trafficking will be taken action.

a. Impact on existing water use rights
 No measure is required at the moment as there is no impact on water use rights of
local people from using water for AKHP.
 Average minimum monthly flow will be released downstream of weir throughout the
year so the table showing average minimum monthly release and water balance is
presented in table 6-5 above.
b. Impact on people’s safety in dewatered stretch due to sudden water release

downstream of dam in the lean flow season
 The project will establish a siren networks in the downstream areas up to 10 km.
 The siren will be blown to inform the local community about the release of excess
water and tell them to move to safe areas and take their animals to safe place.
c. Impact due to withdrawal of economic activity

 There is no measure for stoppage of construction related business opportunities.
 People will seek better opportunities in other places from the experience they have
gained from the project area.

8.5 Benefits of the project

a. Employment opportunity
 Employment opportunities will be provided to local people based on their skills and
qualification. First priority will be given to PAF (20 project affected families), then to
people of affected VDCs (Darkha, Ri, Jharlang).
b. Business opportunity to local people

 Development of market for local products.
 Project will give preference to the local agricultural products for workers staying at
construction camps.
 Opening of new hotels, tea stalls, shops, etc.
c. Trade and commerce

 Due to the construction of project trade and commerce will be enhacec at local level.
d. Potential improvement of public facilities

 Local communities of the project affected VDCs will be provided with environmental
enhancement package to enhance their local service facilities i.e. schools and
education, health facility and health care, access road facility, etc. (Refer to
enhancement measures, Table 8-12)

a. Employment opportunity to local people
 Local people will be given priority for the operation related job opportunities and
maintenance based on their skills and qualification.
b. Revenue generation
 Local government will benefit from project revenue generation 1,318,751,657/-
(revenue of first year)
 Royality for the extraction of boulders, sand and other construction materials from
the local area will be payed to the VDC as per its legal provision.

Table 8-12: Mitigation and enhancement measures for identified environmental impacts
Potential Mitigation measures Responsible Mitigation cost
Extent
Nature
Magnitude
Duration
environmental (NRs.)
impacts
A. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
A.1 Pre-construction Phase
A.1.1 Land  Rate and amount of compensation was determined by Proponent  Land compensation cost
acquisition Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC) pursuant to Article 13 is Rs. 4,816,084/-.
of Land Acquisition Act.  Total cost for leasehold
 An amount of NRs. 4,816,084 compensated for acquisition of of 1.4 ha CF is Rs.
2.28 ha of agriculture land for surge tank, penstock and 7,000/-
powerhouse at Kuttal and Koda of RI VDC.
 The 1.4 ha community forest land required by the project will be
leased at the rate of Rs. 200 per ha per annum.
A.1.2 Resettlement  No families needed to be resettled  Property compensation
 One house and a cowshed falling in project alignment have amount is Rs. 4,00,000/-
already been purchased by the project at the rate of Rs. 2,00,000
each.
B.1 Construction Phase
B.1.1 Change on D Mo SS MT  No specific measure for the impact as some changes in - -
existing topography topography is obvious during developmental work.

B.1.2 Impact due to  Muck generated from 3 adits will be deposited at Dharna, those Proponent Cost included in cost for
site clearance and from surge tank, penstock and powerhouse will be disposed at land acquisition in A.1.1
muck disposal confluence of Darkha Khola and Ankhu Khola to Lapang Khola .
 Muck disposal area estimated is 180,000 m2, it has been
purchased by the project.
 Muck will be kept in small benches and compacted and it will be
stabilized by bio-engineering works. (Annex-18)
B.1.3 Impact on D Mo SS ST  Surface excavation at headworks, powerhouse and quarry areas Proponent Civil protection and
slope stability, will be controlled as per the geotechnical requirements. bioengineering cost: NRs.
sedimentation and 1,03,70,930/-
 Adits, surge tank and powerhouse will be protected by 3882m2
soil erosion (breakdown shown in
of shotcrete and 488 rockbolts. (Table 8-1, 8-2, annex 18)
Table 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, Annex
 Spoil will be kept in small benched and compacted to avoid slope 18)
overloading. It will be protected by bio-engineering works.
(Annex 18)
1.B.4 Impact on D Mo Lo ST  The oil and grease from discharge will be collected in plastic Proponent Latrine construction cost:
water quality drums for disposal in proper place. NRs. 9,80,598.2/- (detail
cost shown in Annex 21)
 Open defecation will be avoided and temporary pit latrine (1 for
each 20 workers) will be made in construction camps.
 Direct disposal of liquid waste (sanitary waste) into water body
from construction camps will be avoided.
B.1.5 Impact due to D L SS ST  Horning by vehicles will be restricted by placing signs along Proponent Cost for ear plugs and
noise traffic corridor. muffs are included in
protective equipments for
 Night time blasting from 8 pm to 8 am will be avoided.
occupational health
 Provision of ear plugs or muffs for the construction workers. hazard.

B.1.6 Impact due to D L SS ST  Petroleum products will be placed in separate bounded areas Proponent Cost for 0.2 ha land for
stockpiling of with cemented floor. stockpiling is included in
construction land acquisition cost point
 Toxic materials will also be placed in separate bounded areas for
materials A.1.1
proper disposal and to make it look nice.
 Packs of cements, iron rods will be placed systematically to make
it look nice and systematic. 0.2 ha of purchased land has been
proposed as stockpiling area.
A.1.7 Impact on air D L Lo ST  Regular water sprinkling in the access road corridors from Proponent 300,000/-
quality Darkha phedi to Richet gau.
 All vehicles and machinery used in the project will be in
compliance with emission standards set for vehicles and
machinery by MoE. (Table 8- 7, Annex 22)
A.1.8 Impact on ID Mo SS ST  Project will survey the springs likely to be affected by tunnel Proponent 200,000/-
water springs due construction prior to construction, particularly discharges in dry
to tunnel season and discharges will be documented.
construction
B.2 Operation Phase
B.2.1 Impact on D Mo SS ST  Slope stabilizing methods applied during construction phase will Proponent The estimated cost is NRs.
slope stability, be regularly maintained throughout operation phase. 500,000/-
sedimentation and  Civil protective structures will be constructed below dam and
soil erosion tailrace to reduce erosion of river bed and river banks.
B.1.2 Impact on D Mo SS LT  A residual environmental flow (10% of average minimum - -
change in micro- monthly flow 0.474 m3sec) will be released at all time from the
climate of weir.
dewatering stretch
 More civil protection works will be constructed at slope
instability and soil erosion prone area.

C. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
C.BIOLOGICAL
C.1 ENVIRONMENT
Construction Phase
C.1.1 Impact on D L SS ST  Only required vegetation will be disturbed by pegging the area Contractor, -Cost for compensatory
biodiversity and numbering the trees. DFO plantation is NRs.
 Forest nursery at 2811 m2 area will be established for 2,623,320/-
compensatory plantation.
 Compensatory plantation at 1:25 as per the Department of
Forest guideline 2063. A total of 10,055 seedlings will beplanted
in an area of 1.008 ha. It will be managed for 5 yrs and handed
over to concerned DFO.
C.1.2 Impact on  In case of impact on NTFPs and community forest resources, the Contractor, Awareness campaign-
NTFPs community forest user groups will be compensated as per “jg Proponent, 500,000/-
If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^# CFUGs, Local
 Awareness campaign on importance of NTFPs will be conducted communities
to aware local community to promote NTFPs as income
generating source.
C.1.3 Impact on D L SS ST  As far as possible, the felling of rare, endangered, endemic Contractor Cost involved in
rare, protected and species will be avoided. compensatory plantation
endangered species  If felling of these species is required by the project layout, such at point C.1.1
of flora and fauna species will be planted in compensatory plantation in accordance
to compensatory plantation and management procedure
mentioned above.
C.2 Operation Phase
C.2.1 Impact on D L SS MT  Average minimum monthly flow (0.474 m3/sec) will be released Proponent Cost involved is included
aquatic habitat and all round the year as per Hydropower Policy, 2058 to sustain the in project cost (Feasibility
obstruction to fish aquatic life of the dewatered section. report)
migration in flow  Denil Fish ladder has been proposed to facilitate easy movement
reduced area of fish. It shall be provided with proper fencing, with total ban
on fishing.

C.2.2 Impact on D L SS ST  Fragmentation of vegetation and habitat does not occur as Proponent -
wildlife due to alignment runs along the border of forested land.
destruction of its
 Forest and only required vegetation will be felled by pegging the
habitat
area and numbering the trees.
 Night time blasting between 18 hours to 5 hours will be avoided
as far as possible to avoid disturbance to wildlife.
C.2.3 Impact on D Mo SS MT  There will be improved vegetation cover due to project related Proponent, Mentioned in point C.1.1
biodiversity afforestation DFO
 The loss plant species will be compensated from compensatory
afforestation in the ratio 1:25 following compensatory plantation
procedure mentioned in 8.3.1 a.
C.2.4 Dewatering D L SS MT  Compensated by releasing at least average minimum monthly Proponent -no cost involved
effect flow throughout the year as per Hydropower Policy, 2058 to
sustain the aquatic life of the dewatered section.
D .SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

A. D.1 Construction Phase
D.1.1 Impact due to D L SS MT  Rate and amount of compensation was determined by Proponent Cost involved in cost for
land and Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC) pursuant to Article 13 and CFC land acquisition in point
infrastructure of Land Acquisition Act. A.1.1.
acquisition  2.28 ha of agricultural land purchased and owners have been
compensated with amount of NRs. 4,816,084. Also a house and a
cowshed falling on project alignment has been purchased and
compensated with NRs. 400,000.
 Project will give first priority on the employment opportunity to
PAFs

D.1.2 Impact on  The estimated production loss of NRs. 457,665 from 2.28 ha of Proponent Cost involved in cost for
farmland and purchased land is compensation in the compensation cost for land acquisition in point
agriculture acquired land. A.1.1.
production  If the project chooses to enter into the area before the
harvesting of standing crop, the standing crop will be
compensated as per the production potential at market price.
D.1.3 Impact on D Mo SS MT  The project will make provision relating to health and safety of Contractor Personnel protective
occupational health construction workers pursuant to Section 27 of Labor Act, 2048. equipments : 500,000/-
and safety  Working hours of labour force will be according to norms stated
in Section-18 of Labor Act, 2048. Insurance of workers :
 Provision of first aid facility in each of the construction camps Workers will be insured at
and sites with instruction to use. 1,000,000 per person
 Construction workers will be insured.
D.1.4 Pressure on D Mo Lo ST  Project will survey all the potential service centers, Proponent Is included in the social-
existing infrastructures, schools likely to be affected during construction enhancement cost.
infrastructural phase due to increase workforce.
facilities
 Project will support in maintenance and upgradation of
local infrastructure where pressure will be observed during
construction phase through social enhancement programs.
D.1.5 Impact on D Mo Lo LT  Regular awareness campaigns and programs will be organized to proponent Logistic cost including
existing social and aware construction workforce and people from outside to learn manpower for social
cultural practices about the existing social and cultural practices of the project awareness is NRs.
area. 500,000/-
 Also they will be made aware to respect the social norms of the
project area and they will be informed of action in case of
violation.
 People will be informed to maintain the local laws and order.

D.1.6 Impact on  No measures required as there is no such sites along project - -

archeological, alignments.
historical and
culturally
important sites
D.1.7 Impact on D Mo Lo ST  Loss of fuelwood and biomass due to felling for site clearance for Proponent Cost incorporated in
communal construction of different project structure will be compensated compensatory cost in
resources by compensatory plantation in the ratio of 1:25 in an area of point C.1.1.
1.008 hectare as per the “jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw
u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^#
 Royalty will be paid to VDC for the aggregate volume excavated
(eg. boulder, aggregate and sand extraction) pursuant to Section
4, rule 70 of Local Self Governance Act, 2055.
D.1.8 Impact on D L SS ST  Project will implement awareness campaigns to aware people to Contractor Cost incorporated in social
people’s behavior respect and maintain the traditional norms and values of the and awareness cost in point
due to economic project area proponent D.1.5.
activities
 Several ethical behavior programs will be organized to
discourage people to avoid doing illegal things i.e. drinking in
public places, gambling, etc.
D.1.9 Impact on D Mo Lo ST  Project will launch community awareness program on Contractor Incorporated in point
law and order in maintaining law and order of the project area i.e discouraging and C.1.5.
the project area consumption of alcohol in public places. proponent
due to large
 Workers identification system will be introduced and if any
workforce
workers found engaged in illegal activities will be taken action as
per the local law and order.
D.2 Operation Phase
D.2.1 Impact on D L SS ST  No measure is required at the moment as there is no impact on - -
existing water use water use rights of local people from using water for AKHP
rights

D.2.2 Impact on D L SS ST  The project will establish a siren networks in the downstream Proponent 400,000/-
people’s safety in areas up to 10 km.
dewatered stretch  The siren will be blown to inform the local community about the
due to sudden release of excess water and tell them to move to safe areas and
water release take their animals to safe place
downstream of
weir in the lean
flow season
D.2.3 Impact due to D Mo Lo ST  There is no measure for stoppage of construction related - Incorporated in C.1.5.
withdrawal of business opportunities.
economic activity
 People will seek better opportunities in other places from the
experience they have gained from the project area.
E. BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
E.1 Construction Phase
E.1.1 Employment D Mo Lo MT  Employment opportunities will be provided to local people Proponent (LS) 7,200,000/- (@NRs.
opportunity based on their skills and qualification. First priority will be given 300/day for 400 people
to PAF (20 project affected families), then to people of affected for 6 months)
VDCs (Darkha, Ri, Jharlang).
E.1.2 Business D Mo Lo MT  Development of market for local products. -

opportunity to local
 Project will give preference to the local surplus products in the
people
camps consumable goods.
 Opening of new hotels, tea stalls, shops, etc.
E.1.3 Trade and D Mo Lo MT  Due to construction of project trade and commerce will be -
commerce enhance at the local level.
E.2 Operation Phase
E.2.1 Employment D Mo Lo MT  Local people will be given priority for the operation related job Proponent Incorporated in point
opportunity to local opportunities and maintenance based on their skills and D.1.1.
people qualification.

E.2.2 Revenue D Mo R LT  Local government will benefit from project revenue generation. DoED/DDC/V - Cost for quarry site :
generation DC 10,505,745 /- @ NRs.
 Royality for the extraction of boulders, sand and other
construction materials from the local area will be payed to the 255/m3 (Refer Annex 20)
VDC as per its legal provision.
F. Social Enhancement
F.1 Issues raised in Jharlang VDC
F.1.1 The proponent should discuss the  Public interaction program was conducted on 2068/02/30 BS to Proponent -
adverse effects of hydropower development inform and aware the local stakeholders about AKHP
in the VDC with the people. development. Such programs will be conducted in the future as
well as per the requirement.
F.1.2 The project should give written  IEE study report of AKHP (containing mitigation measures) will Proponent -
agreement on mitigation measures for effects be available for public study after approval.
such as drying up of hot water spring,
deforestation, soil erosion, displacement of
people and other effects of the hydropower
project.
F.1.3 The hydropower project should give  Project will provide employment opportunity based on skill, Proponent Cost for skill development
priority to local employment where possible. qualification and priority will be given to most affected. is NRs. 1,200,000/-
 Skill development training for carpentry, electrician and Cost breakdown for skill
plumbing will be provided for 1 month training package. development training is
presented in table 8-15,
Annex 24.
F.1.4 Tunnel construction should not disrupt  The hot spring (left bank) does not lie in the project alignment - -
the source of hot spring situated in the (right bank) hence will not be affected.
project area as it is a major source of tourist
attraction.
F.1.5 The project should support cultural  Will be decided later as per the need and requirement. Proponent
heritages and local groups in the project area.
F.2 Issues raised in District Health Office, Dhading
F.2.1 Local people should have share of the  Project share will be open to all as per the company's rules and Proponent
hydropower project. regulations.

F.2.2 Rural electrification should be done in  The power evacuation from AKHP will be connected to the
the project area without load shedding. national grid and will be distributed as per the NEA rules.
F.2.3 Employment to local people where  Mentioned in point E.1.3. Mentioned in point E.1.3.
possible considering the qualification.
F.2.4 Programs of trainings and awareness  Skill Development trainings (i.e. Carpentry and mechanical Cost already included in
should be carried out by the project training, Electrical training, Plumbing, etc.) point F.1.3.
proponent.  Education awareness programs (Education program for adult Coffee farming : (LS)
literacy and child education enhancement) 500,000/-
 Coffee farming.
F.2.5 Royalty received should be utilized in  The royalty amount will be submitted to the concerned
local development. authorities.
E.2.6 Compensation of forest area should be  Compensation forest area will be handed to the concerned DFO
provided to the community. as per jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ljlw @)^#
F.2.7 Project should support the community  Rural Development programs (Sanitation program, local income (LS) 1,000,000/-
in the sector of health, education and co- generating activities, etc.)
operatives.
F.2.8 Project should support infrastructure - (LS) 2,000,000/-
development in affected area.
F.2.9 Proponent should be transparent while  The documents and procedures of AKHP will be transparent and
carrying out construction activities. available for public study.
 Public notice will be published in a national daily newspaper to
notify the stakeholders about the IEE document study of AKHP.
F.2.10 People should be made aware of the  Public interaction and consulation program was conducted to
objective, vision of the project. inform, notify and aware the stakeholders about the project on
2068/02/30 BS. Similar programs will also be conducted in the
future as per the requirement.
F.2.11 The workers should be insured  The workers will be insured as per the company regulations. Mentioned in point C.1.2.
F.2.12 Proponent should manage hazardous,
non biodegradable wastes

F.2.13 Proponent should help in management  Compensatory plantation and bioengineering structures will be Proponent, Mentioned in point A.1.2.
of landslides applied wherever necessary. contractor
Figure 8-1: Organogram for implementation of mitigation/ enhancement Table 8-13: Assigned/ identified roles and responsibilities of concerned party
activities of AKHP of AKHP
S.No. Concerned party Roles and Responsibility Remarks

Construction and Operation Phase:
1. Developer  Identification of additional Developer will have
social enhancement sole responsibility to
measures. implement mitigation
 Review and implementation measures.
of mitigation measures.
2. Mitigation  Committee shall screen out Mitigation committee
measure mitigation measures as will be comprised of 4
committee priority basis and recommend person committee
to the developer. representing from
project affected
people -1, public
relation officer-1,
Environmentalist-1
and design engineer-1
3. Public relation  Public consultation and
officer acknowledging people about
the status of project.
4. Local agencies  Monitoring mitigation
(DFO, VDC, CBOs measures. Provide suggestion
and other to mitigation measure
stakeholders) committee.
 Work as tripartite to resolve
disputes over local issues

8.6 Mitigation and enhancement cost

Environmental mitigation and enhancement cost for AKHP is as follows.
Table 8-14: Breakdown of mitigation measure cost:

S.N. Mitigation programs Cost (in NRs) Remarks
A Physical Environment:
A.1 Pre-construction phase 5,223,084 Acquisition of land and property,
leasehold cost for temporary land
A.2 Construction Phase 11,851,528 Slope stabilization, change in land
use, maintenance of air quality,
check dam, survey of springs to be
affected
A.3 Operation phase 5,00,000 Maintenance of stability and
plantation
Sub total 17,574,612
B. Biological Environment:
B.1 Construction phase 3,123,320 Compensatory plantation and
maintenance, biological awareness
B.2 Operation phase - Cost already included in B.1
Sub total 3,123,320
C. Socio-economic and cultural Environment:
C.1 Construction phase 2,000,000 Protective equipments, social
awareness cost and insurance
package
C.2 Operation phase 400,000
Sub total 2,400,000
Total mitigation cost 23,097,932/-
(A+B+C)
D. CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility)
D.1 Sub total (LS) 5,000,000/-
E Social Enhancement
E.1 Sub total (LS) 4,700,000/-
Grand total (A+B+C+D+E) 32,797,932/-
Summary of Cost Benefit assessment
Cost for Environmental Mitigation measures = 23,097,932/-
Cost for Enhancement measures = 4,700,000/-
Cost for other Social support Programs and CSR = 5,000,000/-
Cost for Environmental Monitoring = 1,628,000/-
Total Project cost = 5,070,000,000/- (without VAT

and IDC)
Total Project Benefit = 1,318,751,657/- (revenue of first
year)
Percentage of total Environmental Cost to the Total 0.67%
Project Cost
Percentage of total Environmental Cost to the Total 2.61%
Project Benefit
Note: Mitigation cost for local demand and other social enhancement measures shall be
based on mutual agreement and understanding between proponent and stakeholders.

IEE Document of AKHP Environmental Monitoring Chapter Nine
9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
This section discusses and outlines the environmental monitoring programs likely to be
associated with the implementation of the environment mitigation program for the AKHP. It
also ensures compliance with environmental laws and in ameliorating the adverse impacts
of the project. Therefore, a monitoring plan is important to ensure the environmental
preservation and enhancement activities to be taken by the project proponent.
9.1 Monitoring plan

A Monitoring plan to undertake various monitoring activities is essential to collect up to
date baseline conditions, environmental impacts and the effectiveness of mitigation
measure implemented. The proponent shall carry out the monitoring activities as per
monitoring plan with close cooperation from various governmental agencies, NGO’s, local
elected bodies. The following sections identify the type of monitoring requirement,
monitoring parameter and monitoring schedule.
9.1.1 Baseline monitoring

This type of monitoring is required to compare the condition of environment before project
implementation and during implementation. Base line monitoring has been carried out to
gather baseline information to be included in baseline chapter in IEE report.
9.1.2 Impact monitoring

The actual impact that will occur due to project implementation should be closely
monitored during construction and operation of the project to make mitigation measure
more effective. The parameters of impact monitoring, its method, schedule and location are
given in Table: 9-1, below.

Table 9-1: Impact monitoring

Parameter Verifiable Indicator Verifiable Methods Schedule Responsible Responsible monitoring
implementing agencies
agencies
Physical Environment (Construction Phase)
Change in existing Landscape change, Observation During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
topography changes in agricultural agencies (VDC, DDC)
and forest area
Site clearance and Changes in landscape, Site inspection, During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
muck disposal agricultural and forest observation, agencies (VDC, DDC)
area affected consultation with
local people, photos.
Soil stability, Surface movement i.e. Site observation, During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
sedimentation and tilted trees, slope measurement of tilt agencies (VDC, DDC)
soil erosion failure
Water quality Dust level and noise Inspection and During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
Noise quality and Air level near project area, measurement of air agencies (VDC, DDC)
quality access road, TSS, quality, noise level,
conductivity, pH and TSS, conductivity,
turbidity BOD, COD, pH,
turbidity.
Stockpiling of Change in landscape Site observation During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
construction agencies (VDC, DDC)
materials
Impact on water Water seepage, Observation during Construction phase Proponent MoE/ Contractor,
springs due to tunnel outburst, ingush and tunneling activity (tunneling activity) Proponent.
construction inflow of water during
tunneling
Change micro- Amount of water in Site observation, During operation phase Proponent MoE/ Contractor,

climate of the river downstream water Proponent.

dewatering stretch quality and
phytoplankton check
up
Biological Environment (Construction Phase)
Impact on Cleared land, record of Recording the felled Initial construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
biodiversity individual species of species, estimating agencies (VDC, DDC,
vegetation area cleared, volume DFO)
of trees cut
Impact on NTFPs Distribution of Site observation, During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
different plant species consultation with agencies (VDC, DDC,
in the project area local people DFO)
Impact on rare, Abundance of these Consultation with Initial and late construction Proponent MoE/ Local government
protected and species, recording local people and phase agencies (VDC, DDC,
endangered species recording and DFO)
of flora and fauna comparison with
baseline data
Impact on aquatic Movement of fishes, Consultation with Initial and late construction Proponent MoE/ Local government
habitat and increasing or local people and phase agencies (VDC, DDC)
obstruction to fish decreasing fish recording and
migration in reduced number, diversity and comparison with
flow area abundance of fishes baseline data
Impact on wildlife Wildlife presence and Consultation with Initial and late construction Proponent MoE/ Local government
due to destruction of distribution local people and phase agencies (VDC, DDC)
its habitat recording during
construction period

Socio – economic and cultural Environment (Construction phase)

Impact due to land Study and estimation Cadastral map, direct Before construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
and infrastructure of land and observation and land agencies (VDC, DDC)
acquisition infrastructures that required for
need to be acquired individual
components
Impact on farm land Loss of agriculture Valuation of Initial stage of construction Proponent MoE/ Local government
and agriculture products/ farm land agriculture loss phase agencies (VDC, DDC)
production based on local rate,
acquisition of
cultivated land
Occupational health Accidents, Consultation with During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
and safety communicable people and health agencies (VDC, DDC)
diseases, human check up of people at
health condition camps
Pressure on existing Number of employees Survey on existing Prior to construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
infrastructure and their children, facilities i.e. schools, agencies (VDC, DDC)
facilities availability of local health post, other
infrastructures service providing
institutions
Impact on existing Cases of violation of Social survey and During construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
social and cultural local cultural norms interviewing local agencies (VDC, DDC)
practices and values people, direct
observation,
recorded crimes at
police station
Archeological, Reduction in tourist, Survey of these sites Pre- construction phase Proponent MoE/ Local government
historical and destruction of scenic along project agencies (VDC, DDC)
culturally important beauty. alignment, direct
sites observation,

Communal resources Loss of communal Valuation of Initial stage of construction Proponent MoE/ Local government
resoures like NTFPs, resources loss from phase agencies (VDC, DDC)
sand, aggregates, local forest and
stones quarry sites
Impact on people' Changes in attitude, Observation, During construction phase Contractor/ MoE/ Local government
behavior due to behavior and living consultation with Proponent agencies (VDC, DDC)
economic activities styles of local and local people and local
people from outside governments
Impacts on law and Consumption of Social survey and During construction phase Contractor/ MoE/ Local government
order in the project alcoholism, girl interviewing local Proponent agencies (VDC, DDC)
area trafficking and people, direct
violation of social observation,
norms recorded crimes at
police station
9.1.3 Compliance monitoring

This type of monitoring is done to check if conditions are in compliance to the recommendation made in IEE study. Notable parameters of
compliance monitoring, its method, schedule and responsibility are given in table 9-2.
Table 9-2: Compliance monitoring

Parameter Verifiable Verifiable Schedule Responsible Responsible Location
Indicators Methods implementing agencies monitoring agencies
Physical Environment (Operation phase)

Change in existing Landscape change, Direct Observation During Proponent MoE/ Local Along project
topography changes in Operation government agencies alignment
agricultural and phase (VDC, DDC)
forest area
Site clearance and Changes in Site inspection, During Proponent MoE/ Local Along project

muck disposal landscape, observation, Operation government agencies alignment

agricultural and consultation with phase (VDC, DDC)
forest area affected local people,
photos.
Soil stability, Soil deposit and Site observation, During Proponent MoE/ Local Project component
sedimentation stability condition measurement of Operation government agencies site, muck disposal and
and soil erosion TSS downstream phase (VDC, DDC) access road
of weir and
tailrace
Water quality Dust level and Inspection and During Proponent MoE/ Local Along access road,
Noise quality noise level near measurement of Operation government agencies powerhouse area, river
Air Quality project area, access air quality, noise phase (VDC, DDC)
road, TSS, level, TSS,
conductivity, pH conductivity, BOD,
and turbidity COD, pH, turbidity.
Stockpiling of Change in Site observation During Proponent MoE/ Local Nearby headworks,
construction landscape construction government agencies adits, surge tank,
materials phase (VDC, DDC) powerhouse sites
Change micro- Amount of water in Measurement of During Proponent MoE/ Local Dewatered stretch
climate of the river, changes water flow, operation government agencies from dam to tailrace
dewatering in surrounding temperature, phase (VDC, DDC)
stretch temperature conductivity and
other water
quality
parameters
Biological Environment (Operation phase)
Changes on Species diversity, Calculation of Two years after Proponent MoE/ Local Intake, surge shaft ,
biodiversity, canopy cover, species operation of government agencies penstock alignment
surrounding ground vegetation, abundance, plant (VDC, DDC, DFO) and powerhouse area
forest, vegetation, species abundance, species density,

protected species density, frequency frequency and

relative density
and frequency
Impact on NTFPs Distribution of Site observation, During Proponent MoE/ Local Ballu Dolpa CF and
different plant consultation with construction government agencies Bole Mangal Mahila
species in the local people phase (VDC, DDC, DFO) CF, Ri VDC ward no. 4
project area and other local forest
around project area
Impact on wildlife Wildlife movement, Consultation with During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Forest in intake,
due to destruction migratory pattern, local people and operation government agencies penstock alignment
of its habitat changes in their direct observation phase (VDC, DDC, DFO)
migratory pattern for inspection of
wildlife habitat
Impact on aquatic Distribution of Fishing sampling in During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Dewatered zone
habitat and fishes and other the upstream of operation government agencies
obstruction to fish aquatic life in intake, phase (VDC, DDC)
migration in dewatered zone downstream of
reduced flow area tailrace and
dewatered stretch
Dewatering effect Effects to fishes, Site observation, During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Downstream of weir
flora and fauna measurement of Operation government agencies and upstream of
temperature and phase (VDC, DDC, DFO) tailrace
water flow (at
least 10% average
minimum monthly
flow)
Socio – economic and cultural Environment (Construction and Operation phase)
Change in existing Irrigation system, Study of irrigation During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Dewatered zone
water use water mills, micro- canals, water construction government agencies
practiceof local hydro plants, mills, micro – phase (VDC, DDC)

people drinking water hydro power

supply plants in the river
stretch to be used
by the project
People’s safety in Casualties of Consultation with During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Dewatered zone
dewatered stretch human and animals people, recording operation government agencies
due to sudden due to sudden of human phase (VDC, DDC)
water release release of water casualties
downstream of downstream, siren
dam network
Impact due to Changes in Observation, During Contractor/ Proponent MoE/ Local Newly set up
withdrawal of attitude, behaviour consultation with operation government agencies settlement, lines of
economic activity and living styles of local people and phase (VDC, DDC) small hotels and tea
local and people local governments shops
from outside

9.1.4 Human resources requirements and cost breakdown

A proper institutional setup is necessary to conduct effective monitoring activities. The MoE
and DoED as well as other concerned agencies will be responsible to supervise
environmental impacts whislt proponent will be conduct monitoring tasks as prescribed by
the prevailing government rules and acts. The proponent has allocated compliance
monitoring cost Rs. 8, 14,000 and same amount for Impact monitoring. The breakdown of
the monitoring cost is as given below.
Table 9-3: Compliance and Impact monitoring cost

Human Resources requirement Duration Rate (Rs.) Total (Rs.)
(Man/ months)
Environmental Engineer 1 40,000 40,000
Ecologist 1 40,000 40,000
Civil Engineer 1 40,000 40,000
Field Assistants 4 15,000 60,000
Impact Monitoring Staffs LS. 4,50,000 4,50,000
Transportation LS. 50,000 50,000
Laboratory analysis cost LS. 60,000 60,000
Total 7,40,000
Contingency (10%) 74,000
Grand Total 8,14,000
Cost for Compliance and Impact Monitoring 1,628,000/-
9.1.5 Monitoring organizational set up

Organizational set up for AKHP environmental monitoring is shown in the chart below.
MoE / DoED
(Monitoring Agency)
Ankhu Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.
Environmental Monitoring Logistic Support Team

Team a. Administration
a. Environmental Engineer b. Accountant
b. Civil Engineer c. Store keeper
c. Hydrologist
d. Ecologist
e. Supporting Staff
Figure 9-1: Organizational chart

IEE Document of AKHP Conclusion Chapter Ten
10. CONCLUSION
Hydropower has been regarded as the most important natural resources, which can be
utilized to accelerate overall economic growth of the country. Power and energy are
required for sustainable growth of industries and commercial activities and have become
the necessity of modern day life. Due to difficult landform of the country, other resources
like gasoline and minerals are scarce and only water resources can be considered bountiful
which are present in the form of numerous rivers flowing from the mighty Himalayas and
mountain ranges towards the Terai plains.
The identification of AKHP with the capacity of 42.9 is technically feasible as it causes
minimal impacts to the surrounding environment and. From an environmental perspective,
none of the identified impacts have been classified as serious enough to prevent the
implementation of AKHP, and socio-economically this project can help to local and regional
development opportunity.
The physical impacts due to construction and operation of the project (in case of their
occurrence, as they are most unlikely to occur) i.e. impact on slope stabilization, erosion,
sedimentation can be mitigated through compensatory plantation, building retaining wall
and applying slope stabilization, primarily bio-engineering measures. The major biological
impacts (in case of their occurrence, as they are less unlikely to occur during construction
and operation phases of the project) i.e. impacts on vegetation, wildlife and other forest
resources can be mitigated to considerable extent through compensatory plantation and
proper compensatory measures. The major social impacts during upgrading process such as
employment opportunity, work distribution, contract opportunities to local people can be
mitigated through awareness campaigns, negotiation with local people and enhancement
measures.
The proponent is responsible to implement identified mitigation measures and

Environmental Management Plans properly during the project construction and operation
phase. Environmental monitoring unit will be established under AKHP. Similarly,
comprehensive negotiation between the company and local community will be conducted
on matters such as employment opportunities to local people. There will be frequent
interactions and communication with the local people and local authorities for successful
implementation of the proposed project. The proponent will obey prevailing government
rules and regulations attracted due to various activities of project.

REFERENCES:
1. District Profile, Dhading
2. HSL, 2009. Terms of Reference for Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Ankhu
Khola Hydropower Project (AKHP). Hydro Solutions, Kathmandu, Nepal.
3. HSL, 2009. Terms of Reference for Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Jumdi Khola
Small Hydropower Project (JKSHP). Hydro Solutions, Kathmandu, Nepal.
4. HSL, 2009. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Jumdi Khola Small Hydropower
Project (JKSHP). Hydro Solutions, Kathmandu, Nepal.
5. HSL, 2009. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Baramchi Khola Small Hydropower
Project (BKSHP). Hydro Solutions, Kathmandu, Nepal.
6. MoEST. Environmental Protection Rules (EPR) 2054. Ministry of Environment, Science
and Technology in collaboration with Royal Norwegian Government and Norwegian
Directorate for Nature Management. Kathmandu, Nepal.
7. MoEST. Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 2054. Ministry of Environment, Science and
Technology in collaboration with Royal Norwegian Government and Norwegian
Directorate for Nature Management. Kathmandu, Nepal.
8. MoWR. Water Resource Policy. Ministry of Water Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal.
9. MoWR. Hydropower Development Policy 2000. Ministry of Water Resources,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
10. MoWR. Water Resource Strategy 2002. Ministry of Water Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal.
11. MoWR. National Water Plan 2005. Ministry of Water Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal.
12.jg dGqfno, @)^#= jg If]qsf] hUuf cGo k|of]hgsf] nfuL pknAw sfo{ljlw, @)^#= jg dGqfno,
sf7df8f}+
13. MoEST, 2006. A Guide to Environmental Monitoring of Hydropower Projects. Ministry of
Environment, Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
14. MoF, 2061. Community Forest Inventory Guidelines. Ministry of Forest, Kathmandu,
Nepal.
15. MoF, 2065. Community Forest Development Guidelines. Ministry of Forest, Kathmandu,
Nepal.
16. R. P. Chaudhary, 1998, Biodiversity in Nepal.
ANNEX – 1
A copy of Survey license
ANNEX – 2
A copy of approved ToR
ANNEX – 3
Project location map
ANNEX – 4
Project layout map
ANNEX – 5
Construction planning schedule
ANNEX - 6
Camp sites, muck disposal area, access road of AKHP
ANNEX-7
Project area delineation
ANNEX-8
Questionnaires and checklist
ANNEX-9
A copy of public notice
ANNEX-10
Consultation attendance list
ANNEX-11
Summary of Public Interaction Program
ANNEX-12
Recommendation letters from project affected VDCs
1. Mr. Bhakta Lama (Nepali Congress- district Karya sammittee member):
 ILO- Convention 169 should be addressed during project implementation
activities.
 Should help to project affected areas: Schools, health post and VDCs during
project implementation phase.
 Need clarification of percentage of share allocation.
 Project activities should be transparent.
2. M. Ram Bahadur Bhandari (Nepal communist party integrated – Maoist):

 Relevant program for the implementation of Aankhu HP.
 Adverse environmental impact might arise due to the project implementation and
that has to be addressed properly.
 Kuttal, proposed Surge tank area should be protected from land slide.
 Local people should be given employment opportunity based on their skill.
 Local people should be provided share.
3. Mr. Shiva Nidhi Khanal (Nepal communist party integrated):

 Local people should cooperate to project.
 Should follow government rules and regulations.
 Local people should be given employment opportunity.
4. Mr. Mohan Kumar Shrestha (Rastrya Prajatantra Party):

 Project implementation shall create District as well as regional level benefit.
 Local stakeholder should cooperate to project.
 During project implementation phase coordination between local people and project
is must.
5. Ram Bahadur Tamang – Ri VDC:

 Project should clearly aware to local people about adverse issues and benefits due to
the project implementation.
 Implementation of project to Ri VDC is positive message to local people.
6. Chij Kumar Tamang (Villager) Darkha VDC-6:

 ILO convention -169 should be addressed during implementation of the project.
 Local coordination committee should be set up during project operation phase.
 Shall be coordination between large number of local people rather selected one.
7. Asst. district Forest officer, Dhading:

 What is the status of IEE report?
 What mitigation measures are proposed in IEE report?
 Adverse issues related to forest should be incorporated in IEE report.
 Local people shall be informed about the environmental consequences due to the
project construction and implementation activities.
8. Mr. Mangal Tamang – Jharlang (Villager):

 Kind of job opportunity to be provided shall be informed to the local people.
 Access road should be blacktopped.
 Compensation to access road land holders.
 Need cooperation between local people and project for successful implementation
of the project.
Photographs of public interaction program

ANNEX-13
Deed of Public Enquiry "Muchulka"
ANNEX-14
Water Quality Analysis of Ankhu Khola
Table: Water quality analysis
S.N. Parameters Observed values at headworks
Physical parameter
1. pH 8.2
2. Conductivity 138 µs/cm
3. Total suspended solids (TSS) 8 mg/L
4. Total dissolved solids 53 mg/L
Chemical parameters
5. Total alkalinity as CaCO3 68 mg/L
6. Total hardness as CaCO3 86 mg/L
7. Nitrate (NO3) 0.67 mg/L
8. Sulphate (SO3) 35.06 mg/L
9. Ammonia 0.08 mg/L
10. Chloride 4.91 mg/L
ANNEX-15
Enumeration of plant species/ Occurrence of plants
species in different sampling plots and forest loss
table
ANNEX-16
Land Loss table
Table 6-10: Loss of Land of Project Affected Families and Households
S.N. Owner's Name Family VDC Ward Project Loss of Land in the project area Total land loss Value of lost Total Land % of
size Component (Ropani) land (Rs.) owned land
loss
Khet Bari Pakho Forest Other Ropani ha Ropani ha
Bari
1 Krishna Bdr. Lama 6 RI 2 Switch yard 1.98 1.98 0.10 277,200 23 1.17 8.61
2 Amrit 5 RI 2 Switch yard 0.61 0.61 0.03 85,400 6 0.31 10.17
3 Bum Bdr Tamang 7 RI 2 Powerhouse 0.79 0.79 0.04 110,600 9 0.46 8.78
4 Taku Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.65 0.65 0.03 91,000 15 0.76 4.33
Tailrace 0.09 0.09 0.005 12,600
5 Kaji Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.72 0.72 0.04 100,800 27 1.37 2.67
6 Dorje Lama 6 RI 2 Camp site 1.50 1.50 0.08 210,000 10 0.51 15.00
7 Kash Lama 8 RI 2 Penstock 2.36 2.36 0.12 330,400 16.43 0.84 14.36
Muck 5.89 5.89 0.30 824,600
disposal
8 Bak Sing Tamang 8 RI 2 Muck 3.79 3.79 0.19 530,600 9 0.46 42.11
disposal
9 Dhana Lama 9 RI 2 Camp site 4.37 4.37 0.22 611,800 11 0.56 39.73
10 Mohan Sing 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.21 0.21 0.01 29,531 5 0.25 4.22
11 Mangal Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.90 0.90 0.05 125,781 9 0.46 9.98
12 Sub Lama 6 RI 2 Stockpile 0.91 0.91 0.05 126,875 8 0.41 11.33
13 Mor Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.44 0.44 0.02 61,600 6 0.31 7.33
14 Copcha Rom Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.46 0.46 0.02 64,859 7 0.36 6.62
15 Bal Bdr Tamang 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.51 0.51 0.03 71,400 11 0.56 4.64
16 Chandra Man Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.40 0.40 0.02 56,109 3 0.15 13.36
17 7 RI 2 Muck 1.53 0.08 213,828 13 0.66 11.75
Baglink Tamang disposal 1.5273
18 6 RI 2 Muck 0.39 0.39 0.02 55,160 12 0.61 3.28
disposal
Tar Lama Surge tank 0.196 0.20 0.01 27,440
19 Bhuman Sing Lama 7 Darkha 8 Muck 6.71 6.71 0.34 335,500 19 0.97 35.32
disposal
20 Barul Lama 5 Darkha 8 Camp site 9.27 9.27 0.47 463,000 26 1.32 35.65
Total 0.196 44.46 44.67 2.28 4,816,084 245.43 12.49
ANNEX-17
Agricultural Production Loss Table
Table 6-12: Loss of Cereal Crops Production of Project Affected Families and Households
S.N. Owner's Name and Family size VDC Ward Project Loss of Cereal Total Cereal Crops % of Cereal Remarks
component Crops due to land Production of the Crops loss
Acquisition (Mt) family (Mt) of the
family (%)
Maize Millet Maize Millet
Name Family size
1 Krishna Bahadur Lama 6 RI 2 Switch yard 0.22 0.10 2.38 1.17 9.25
2 Amrit 5 RI 2 Switch yard 0.06 0.03 0.62 0.31 10.33
3 Bum Bdr Tamang 7 RI 2 Powerhouse 0.07 0.04 0.93 0.46 7.83
4 Taku Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.08 0.03 1.55 0.76 4.79
5 Kaji Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.07 0.04 2.79 1.37 2.68
6 Dorje Lama 6 RI 2 Camp site 0.26 0.08 1.03 0.51 21.48
7 Kash Lama 8 RI 2 Penstock 0.79 0.44 1.70 0.84 48.52
8 Bak Sing Tamang 8 RI 2 Muck disposal 0.47 0.22 0.93 0.46 50.04
9 Dhana Lama 9 RI 2 Camp site 0.44 0.22 1.14 0.56 38.78
11 Mohan Sing 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.02 0.01 0.52 0.25 4.22
12 Mangal Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.09 0.04 0.93 0.46 9.26
13 Sub Lama 6 RI 2 Stockpile 0.09 0.06 0.83 0.41 12.14
14 Mor Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.04 0.02 0.62 0.31 6.12
15 Copcha Rom Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.04 0.03 0.72 0.36 6.12
16 Bal Bdr Tamang 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.04 0.01 1.14 0.56 3.22
17 Chandra Man Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.03 0.02 0.31 0.15 10.67
18 Baglink Tamang 7 RI 2 Surg tank 0.26 0.08 1.34 0.66 16.74
19 Tar Lama 6 RI 2 Surge tank 0.07 0.03 1.24 0.61 5.36
20 Bhuman Sing Lama 7 Darkha 8 Muck disposal 0.63 0.33 1.96 0.97 32.65
21 Barul Lama 5 Darkha 8 Camp site 0.96 0.49 2.69 1.32 36.15
Total 4.75 2.30 25.37 12.49
Table 6-13: Loss of cash crops production of project affected families and households
S.N. Owner's Name and Family size VDC Ward Project Loss of Cash Crops Total Cash Crops % 0f Cash Remarks
component due to land Production of Crops loss of
Acquisition (Mt) the family (Mt) the family
(%)
Name Family size Potato Potato
1 Krishna Bahadur Lama 6 RI 2 Switch yard 1.07 8.92 11.98
2 Amrit 5 RI 2 Switch yard 0.32 2.11 15.07
3 Bum Bdr Tamang 7 RI 2 Powerhouse 0.36 3.66 9.78
4 Taku Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.38 6.77 5.65
5 Kaji Lama 7 RI 2 Camp site 0.37 7.99 4.69
6 Dorje Lama 6 RI 2 Camp site 0.78 4.18 18.59
7 Kash Lama 8 RI 2 Penstock 2.47 8.52 29.05
8 Bak Sing Tamang 8 RI 2 Muck disposal 1.27 4.66 27.14
9 Dhana Lama 9 RI 2 Camp site 2.01 6.70 30.01
10 Mohan Sing 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.11 2.89 3.78
11 Mangal Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.47 4.96 9.38
12 Sub Lama 6 RI 2 Stockpile 0.47 4.55 10.33
13 Mor Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.19 3.21 5.93
14 Copcha Rom Lama 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.19 3.63 5.19
15 Bal Bdr Tamang 5 RI 2 Stockpile 0.23 5.70 4.05
16 Chandra Man Tamang 8 RI 2 Stockpile 0.16 1.55 10.03
17 Baglink Tamang 7 RI 2 Surg tank 0.73 6.74 10.86
18 Tar Lama 6 RI 2 Surge tank 0.25 6.22 4.01
19 Bhuman Sing Lama 7 Darkha 8 Muck disposal 4.32
9.85 43.83
20 Barul Lama 5 Darkha 8 Camp site 1.80 6.47 27.86
Total 17.94 109.29
ANNEX-18
Cost break down of protection works for AKHP
(Bioengineering)
Table 8-1: Estimation of shotcrete works for bioengineering work in AKHP
S.N. Topic Area ( m2 ) Volume Unit Cost Total
cu.m(50mm (NRs.) of 50 Cost
shocrete) mm (NRs.)
shotcrete/cu.m
1 Portal of Adit 1 810 40.5 50,200 20,33,100
2 Portal of Adit 2 447 22.35 50,200 11,21,970
3 Portal of Adit 3 867 43.35 50,200 21,76,170
4 Outlet Portal 1,471 73.55 50,200 36,92,210
5 Surge Tank Area 146 7.3 50,200 3,66,460
6 Powerhouse Area 141 7.05 50,200 3,53,910
A Grand Total 3,882 194.1 97,43,820 97,43,820
Table 8-2: Estimation of rock bolts works for bioengineering work in AKHP
S.N. Topic Nos. Unit Rate Total Cost (NRs.)
1 Portal of Adit 1 102 1,207 1,22,200
2 Portal of Adit 2 56 1,207 67,441
3 Portal of Adit 3 109 1,207 1,30,801
4 Outlet Portal 184 1,207 2,21,937
5 Surge Tank 19 1,207 22,037
Area
6 Powerhouse 18 1,207 21,273
Area
B Grand Total 488 1,207 5,85,697
Specification: 3m long 25mm dia Rockbolts at 2 m c/c staggered.
Table 8-3: Estimation of bioengineering works (headworks)

S.N. Topic Amount Unit Rate(NRs.) Total Cost (NRs.)
2
1 Rooted Grass 270 m 121/m2 32,670
2 Shrub Seedings 30 nos. 43/no. 1,290
3 Bamboos 20 nos. 107/no. 2,140
Planting
4 Planting Live 90 nos. 46/no. 4,140
Pegs
5 Grass Turfing 120 m2 9.78/m2 1,173
C Grand Total 41,413
Total Protection Cost: (A+B+C) NRs. 10,370,930

ANNEX-19
Calendar for bio-engineering maintenance
ANNEX-20
Quantity and cost estimation of boulders required for
AKHP
Table 8-4: Quantity and cost estimation of boulders required for AKHP
S.N. Project component Boulder quantity (m3) Rate/m3 (NRs.) Total cost (NRs.)
1. Coffer dam at headworks 240 255 61200
2. Weir 22564 255 5753820
3. Intake, gravel trap and 890 255 226950
spillway
4. Desander and forebay 288 255 73440
5. Adit portals (1 and 2) 5673 255 1446615
6. Tunnel outlet portal 518 255 132090
7. Penstock line and anchor 5473 255 1395615
block
8. Powerhouse and tailrace 5123 255 1324215
9. Coffer dam at powerhouse 360 255 91800
Total 10505745
Source: Feasiblity report of AKHP
ANNEX-21
Cost estimation of latrine for construction workers
ANNEX-22
Emission Standards
Table 8-6: Standards for effluents discharged into Inland water from camp site
S.N. Parameters Tolerance limits
1 Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max 30- 200
2 Particle size of total suspended particles Shall pass 850 – micron Sieve
3 pH 5.5 to 9
4 Temperature Shall nor exceed 400C in any section of the
stream within 15 meters downstream from the
effluent outlet
5 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 30-100
days at 200C, mg/L, Max
6 Oils and grease, mg/L, Max 10
7 Phenolic compounds, mg/L, Max 1
8 Cynides (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.2
9 Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max 2
10 Total residual chlorine, mg/ L 1
11 Fluorides (as F) 2
12 Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.2
13 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/L, Max 2
14 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, Max 0.1
15 Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3
16 Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1
17 Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max .01
18 Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max 3
19 Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max .05
20 Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5
21 Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50
22 Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max 250
23 Silver, mg/L, Max .1
Source: Standards adopted from MOEST (now MoEnv)
Table 8-7: Proposed Noise Exposure Limits for the Work Environment
(Adopted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
S.N. Noise Exposure (dBA) Permissible exposure (Hours and Minutes)
1 85 16 hrs
2 87 12 hrs – 18 min.
3 90 8 hrs
4 93 5 hrs- 18 min
5 96 3 hrs- 30 min.
6 99 2hrs – 18 min.
7 102 1 hrs- 30 min.
8 105 1 hr
9 108 40 min.
10 111 26 min.
11 114 17 min.
12 115 15 min.
13 118 10 min.
14 121 6.6 min.
15 124 4 min.
16 127 3 min.
17 130 1 min.
Source: Marsh, 1991.
Table 8-8: Proposed average equivalent sound levels recommended to protect the public Health
and Welfare of the Project site communities
S.N. Land use Measure To protect against activity
Interference and Hearing loss
effects (dBA)
1 Residential including farm residences Leq (24) 55
2 Commercial Leq (24) 70
3 Hospitals Leq (24) 55
4 Industrial Leq (24) 70
5 Educational Leq (24) 55
6 Recreational area Leq (24) 70
7 Farmland and general unpopulated Leq (24) 70
land
Source: US, Environmental Protection Agency, 1974
Note: Leq (24)= Equivalent Sound Level in decibels for 24 hours.
Table 8-9: Emissions standards for 'in-use' vehicles
Fuel Wheelers Type Manufacturing Date Emissions
Petrol Four Wheelers Up to 1980  4.5% CO
 1,000ppm HC*
Four Wheeler After 1981  3.0% CO
 1,000ppm HC*
Three Wheeler Up to 1991  3.0% CO
 7,800ppm HC*
Two Wheeler  4.5% CO
 7,800ppm HC*
Diesel Up to 1994  75 HSU
After 1994  65 HSU
LPG/ CNG All categories  3.0% CO
 1,000ppm HC*
Source: Nepal Gazette, BS 2054-9-8, Ministry of Works and Transport
* Nepal Gazette, BS 2057-7-7, Ministry of Population and Environment
CO- Carbonmonoxide; HC- Hydrocarbon; HSU- Hertridge Smoke Unit
OTHER STANDARD TABLES
Table: Drinking water quality standards for camp sites
S.N. Parameters Desirable limits Maximum tolerable limit
1 Colour, Hazen units, Max 10 15

2 Odour Unobjectionable
3 Taste Agreeable
4 Turbidity, NTU, Max 5 10
5 Total dissolved solids, mg/L, Max 500 1500
6 pH value 6.5-8.5 5.5 to the lower and 9 on
higher side
7 Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/L, Max 250
8 Calcium (as Ca), mg/L, Max 75
9 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/L, Max 30
10 Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 1 May extend upto 1.5
11 Iron (as Fe), mg/L, Max 0.3
12 Manganese (as Mn), mg/L, Max 0.1 May extent upto 0.5
13 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/L, Max 250
14 Sulphate (as SO4), mg/L, Max 150
15 Nitrate (as NO3), mg/L, Max 45 No relaxation
16 Fluoride (as F), mg/L, Max 1.5
17 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH), 0.001 May be relaxed upto 0.002
mg/L, Max
18 Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max 0.001 No relaxation
19 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation
20 Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation
21 Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.01 No relaxation
22 Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation
23 Cyanide (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation
24 Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/L, Max 0.05 No relaxation
25 Residual free Clorine (as Cl), mg/L, Min 0.2
26 Ammonia, mg/L, Max 1.5
27 Aluminium, mg/L, Max 0.2
28 Boron, mg/L, Max 0.3
29 Nickel, mg/L, Max 0.02
30 Hydrogen sulphide, mg/L, Max 0.1
31 Zinc, mg/L, Max 3
Source: Standards adopted from Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
ANNEX-23
Cost breakdown of compensatory plantation program
Table 8-11: Tentative estimation for Compensatory Plantation Program
S.N. Programs Cost (NRs.)
1. Nursery Construction
a) Land area for nursery (0.28311 ha) Cost of land already included
in land acquisition for the
project
b) Raw materials for construction of (LS) 300,000
office/store room/ water tank etc.
c) Seedlings for compensatory plantation (LS) 625,000
(grass slips, polypot shrub and tree
seedlings, rooted hard wood cuttings) in
1:25 ratio
d) 1 nursery technician and 2 labors (@ NRs. 900,000
7000/month for technician and @ NRs.
4000/month for the labors for 5 years)
Sub- total 1,825,000
2. Plantation area 1.008 ha (lease @ NRs. 2,520
500/ha/yr for 5 years)
3. Manpower for compensatory plantation (1 18,000
technician form DFO @ 1000/day and 10
laborers @ 500/day for 3 days)
4. Weeding of planted saplings at least 3 times in a 37,800
year for 5 years (@ Rs 2500/ha/yr)
5. 1 person to look after the plantation area (Ban- 240,000
pale) for 5 years @ NRs.4000/year for 5 years
6. Training on management of NTFPs, medicinal (LS) 500,000
and aromatic plant and Forest conservation
Awareness Program for 2-3 days (two times in a
year)
Total 2,623,320
ANNEX-24
Cost breakdown of skill development training
Table 8-14: Breakdown for skill development training
S.N. Skill program Number of trainees Cost (NRs.)
1. Carpentry 20 160,000
2. Masonry 50 400,000
3. Electrical wiring 20 160,000
4. Plumbing 15 120,000
5. Driving 10 80,000
6. Automobile 10 80,000
maintenance
7. Tailoring 25 200,000
Total 150 1,200,000
Note: One month training, estimated tuition fee/persons @ NRs. 3000, stiffen and
transport/person/1 month @ NRs. 5000.

FINAL - AKHP - IEE Report

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4. Existing environmental conditions of the project

4.3 Socio-economic and cultural Environment

5. Potential environmental impacts

5.3 Socio – economic and cultural Environment

7. Mitigation and enhancement measures

Environmental issues identified or predicted due to implementation of AKHP are relatively

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTION PREPARING THE

2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .................................................................................3

4. GOVERNMENT RULES, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES .................................. 22

5. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ................................................ 33

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT .................................................. 62

8. MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ........................................... 83

9. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .............................................................. 105

10. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................ 114

AKHP Ankhu Khola Hydropower Project

1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL/INSTITUTION

The proponent's detail address is as follows:

1.2 Institution/ Organization responsible for preparing the report

Hydro Solutions Private Limited

1.3 Rationality for conducting IEE study

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 1

1.4 Objective of IEE

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 2

2.2 Project location and accessibility

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 3

2.3 Project components

2.3.1 Diversion weir

2.3.2 Intake structure

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 4

2.3.3 Gravel trap and Gravel flushing canal

2.3.4 Spillway and flushing canal

2.3.5 Settling basin

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 5

2.3.6 Sediment flushing system

2.3.7 Water conveyance System

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 6

2.3.8 Surge tank

2.3.9 Anchor blocks and Saddle supports

2.3.11 Tailrace canal

2.3.12 Switch yard facility

2.3.13 Denil Fish ladder

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 8

following equation to scale the results of the studies:

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 9

2.4 Project salient features

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 10

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 11

Type of Powerhouse : Surface

2.5 Power and Energy Production

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 12

Table 2-1: Power and energy production (monthly average)

Table2-2: Power and energy production on a day (driest month)

ANKHU KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT 13

2.6 Construction power

2.7 Manpower requirement