PALM TREES AND FRUITS RESIDUES

PALM TREES AND FRUITS RESIDUES

Recent Advances for Integrated and Sustainable Management
Edited by
Mejdi Jeguirim
Besma Khiari
Salah Jellali

Optimizes the performance of palm tree farming and fruit processing industries and reduces their
environmental impact.

The expansion of the palm tree fruit crops as well as of the processing industries (manufacture
of syrup, honey, nonalcoholic beverages, flours, confectionery products, fruit paste, etc.) is
generating growing quantities of wastes in different forms. In fact, the palm tree wastes can
be classified into many categories: fruit falls (discarded fruits), stones, shells, flower stalks,
panicles, leaves, etc. The chemical compositions of these by-products have shown that,
individually, they are highly different, these properties as well as many other characteristics
encourage manufacturers to gain added values from these materials and to recover them
in various applications, mainly in the environmental field (wastewater treatment, gas
purification, climate change mitigation, agriculture, livestock feed, etc.) as well as for energy
purposes (biogas, bio-oil, bioethanol, etc.).

Palm trees and fruits residues aims to place the wastes of palm trees and the fruit residues
in the international context of sustainable development and in a more general context

PALM TREES
of technical progress concerning the best possible rationalization of these lignocellulosic
materials. Each sustainable application is detailed in a specific chapter based on the sector
category; such structure helps readers from a specific field to identify easily the specific

Jeguirim | Khiari | Jellali

application. Furthermore, the successful case study of a palm tree fruit processing by-
products valorization is presented.

Written by an international team of contributors, this title aims at professionals and

enterprises that aspire to develop real, high scale industrial applications for the palm tree
AND FRUITS RESIDUES
Recent Advances for Integrated
and fruit residues valorization.

Key Features
• Includes palm tree wastes and fruit processing by-products, their quantification, and
classification.
and Sustainable Management
• Brings identification, quantification, and characterization of palm tree and fruit wastes.
• Thoroughly explores biotechnological, agricultural, environmental, and energy
applications of fruit processing by-products.
• Contains a case study of a palm tree fruit processing by-products valorization.

ISBN 978-0-12-823934-6
Edited by
Mejdi Jeguirim
Besma Khiari
9 780128 239346
Salah Jellali
To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use
only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Aptara. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print.
This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.

PALM TREES AND

FRUITS RESIDUES
Recent Advances for Integrated
and Sustainable Management

Edited by

MEJDI JEGUIRIM
The institute of Materials Science of Mulhouse (IS2M), University of Haute
Alsace, University of Strasbourg, CNRS,Mulhouse, France; The Institute of
Materials Science of Mulhouse (IS2M), University of Haute Alsace,
University of Strasbourg, CNRS,UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France

BESMA KHIARI
Wastewaters and Environment Laboratory, Water Research and
Technologies Center (CERTE), Technopark Borj Cedria, University of
Carthage, Soliman, Tunisia; Laboratory of Wastewaters and
Environment,Centre of Water Researches and Technologies (CERTE),
Technopark Borj Cedria, Touristic road of Soliman, BP 273, 8020, Tunisia

SALAH JELLALI
PEIE Research Chair for the Development of Industrial Estates and Free
Zones, Center for Environmental Studies and Research, Sultan Qaboos
University, Muscat,Oman; Center for Environmental Studies and Research,
Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud,Muscat, Oman

00033-ELSST258-Jeguirim-978-0-12-823934-6
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only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Aptara. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print.
This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.
To protect the rights of the author(s) and publisher we inform you that this PDF is an uncorrected proof for internal business use
only by the author(s), editor(s), reviewer(s), Elsevier and typesetter Aptara. It is not allowed to publish this proof online or in print.
This proof copy is the copyright property of the publisher and is confidential until formal publication.

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Contents

Contributors 00
About the Author 00
Foreword 00
Acknowledgment 00

1. Identification, Quantification and Characterization of palm-tree

and fruit wastes 00
Mejdi Jeguirim, Besma Khiari and Salah Jellali
1.1 Introduction 00
1.2 Date Palm Tree 00
1.3 Palm oil waste 00
1.4 Coconut palm trees 00
1.5 Sustainable valorization of palm wastes 00
Conclusion 00
References 00

2. Palm trees and fruits residues use for livestock feeding 00

Mubarik Mahmood
2.1 Palm trees and fruits residues use for livestock feeding 00
2.2 Introduction and classification of palm trees and fruits 00
2.3 Palm trees and fruits residual products and their estimated production 00
2.4 Nutrient profile and use of different residual products in
feeding of livestock animals 00
Conclusion 00
References 00

3. Ingredients for food products 00

Nazir Ahmad, Sakhawat Riaz and Anwar Ali
3.1 Introduction 00
3.2 Cultivation 00
3.3 Wastes Production 00
3.4 Impacts of Palm waste on the Environment 00
3.5 Palm waste management 00
3.6 Waste and byproduct utilization 00
3.7 Bioactive ingredients of by byproducts 00

i
ii Contents

3.8 Sustainability 00
Conclusion 00
References 00

4. Palm trees and fruits residues’ usage for human health 00

C. Fiore Apuzzo and Marjorie A. Jones
4.1 Introduction 00
4.2 Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) 00
4.3 Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) 00
4.4 Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) 00
4.5 Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) 00
4.6 Areca palm (Areca catechu) 00
4.7 Açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea) 00
4.8 Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) 00
Concluding remarks 00
References 00

5. Palm wastes for bio-based materials production 00

Selsabil el-Ghezal
5.1 Introduction 00
5.2 Bio-based materials production 00
Conclusion 00
References 00

6. Agricultural applications 00
Sarra Hechmi, Rahma Ines Zoghlami, Sonia Mokni-Tlili,
Saoussen Benzarti, Mohamed Moussa, Salah Jellali and Helmi Hamdi
6.1 Importance of organic matter in agricultural soils 00
6.2 Parts and forms of palm residues used as organic amendments 00
6.3 Impact of palm residues on amended soils 00
Conclusions 00
References 00

7. Palm wastes valorization for wastewaters treatment 00

Mansour Issaoui, Meriem Belhachemi, Khaled Mahmoudi,
Mahassen Ben Ali, Salah Jellali and Mejdi Jeguirim
7.1 Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of
palm-wastes-derived biochars 00
Contents iii

7.2 Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of

palm-wastes-derived activated carbon 00
7.3 Organic compounds removal by raw and modified palm wastes 00
7.4 Application of palm-wastes-derived-adsorbents for heavy
metals removal from wastewaters (raw + modified biochars/activated
carbons) 00
7.5 Nutrients recovery by palm-wastes-derived materials 00
Conclusions 00
References 00

8. Palm wastes reuse for gaseous effluent treatment 00

Madona Labaki
8.1 Introduction 00
8.2 Adsorbents deriving from palm wastes for removal of gaseous pollutants 00
Conclusion 00
References 00

9. Biofuels production 00
Mejdi Jeguirim and Besma Khiari
9.1 Introduction 00
9.2 Biogas production 00
9.3 Biodiesel production 00
9.4 Bioethanol production 00
9.5 Conclusion 00
References 00

10. Thermochemical conversion 00

Mejdi Jeguirim and Besma Khiari
10.1 Introduction 00
10.2 Palm wastes densification and direct combustion 00
10.3 Conversion into a solid coal-fuel by torrefaction 00
10.4 Conversion into energy-rich products by pyrolysis 00
10.5 Conversion into a hydrochar-fuel by hydrothermal carbonization 00
10.6 Conversion into combustible gas by gasification 00
10.7 Conclusion 00
References 00
iv Contents

11. The biorefinery concept for the industrial valorization of

palm tree and fruit wastes 00
I. Dávila, L. Sillero, I. Egüés, M.M. Antxustegi and J. Labidi
11.1 Introduction 00
11.2 Added-value compounds obtained from palm tree and fruit wastes 00
11.3 Antioxidants 00
11.4 Composites 00
11.5 Biofuels and bioenergy 00
11.6 Other compounds from palm and fruits wastes 00
11.7 Integral valorisation of palm trees and fruits wastes 00
11.8 Conclusions 00
References 00

Index 00